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APPENDIX G

SWCA VEGETATION STUDY

(SWCA, 2011)

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of
Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County,
Utah
Prepared for
EnergySolutions
Prepared by
SWCA Environmental Consultants
January 2011

FIELD SAMPLING OF BIOTIC TURBATION OF SOILS AT
THE CLIVE SITE, TOOELE COUNTY, UTAH

Prepared for

EnergySolutions
423 West 300 South
Suite 200
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101

Prepared by

Hope Hornbeck, Bridget Crokus, Eleanor Gladding, Amanda Childs

SWCA Environmental Consultants
257 East 200 South
Suite 200
Salt Lake City, Utah 84111

January 12, 2010

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 1 
1.1 Field Sampling Locations ............................................................................................................. 1 
2 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 4 
2.1 Vegetation ..................................................................................................................................... 4 
2.1.1 Plot 1: Mixed Grassland ........................................................................................................ 4 
2.1.2 Plot 2: Juniper-sagebrush ...................................................................................................... 6 
2.1.3 Plot 3: Black Greasewood ..................................................................................................... 7 
2.1.4 Plot 4: Halogeton-disturbed .................................................................................................. 8 
2.1.5 Plot 5: Shadscale–Gray Molly .............................................................................................. 9 
2.1.6 Plant Root Densities and Rooting Depths ........................................................................... 10 
2.2 Mammals ..................................................................................................................................... 13 
2.2.1 Mammal Trapping............................................................................................................... 13 
2.2.2 Mammal Burrow Surveys ................................................................................................... 18 
2.3 Ants ............................................................................................................................................. 22 
2.3.1 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 22 
2.3.2 Ant Identification Results ................................................................................................... 23 
2.3.3 Mound Dimension Results .................................................................................................. 23 

APPENDICES

Appendix A – Ant Collection Results
Table A-1. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 1 ............................................................................................ A-1 
Table A-2. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 2 ............................................................................................ A-4 
Table A-3. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 3 ............................................................................................ A-4 
Table A-4. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 4 ............................................................................................ A-5 
Table A-5. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 5 ............................................................................................ A-7

FIGURES

Figure 1. Mixed grassland vegetation association (Plot 1). ......................................................................... 5 
Figure 2. Juniper-sagebrush vegetation association (Plot 2). ....................................................................... 7 
Figure 3. Black greasewood vegetation association (Plot 3). ...................................................................... 8 
Figure 4. Halogeton-disturbed vegetation association (Plot 4). ................................................................... 9 
Figure 5. Shadscale–gray molly vegetation association (Plot 5)................................................................ 10 
Figure 6. Mojave seablite biomass measurements in Plot 4. ..................................................................... 11 
Figure 7. Plot 3 soil cross section with compacted clay layer at approximately 60 cm depth. .................. 13 
Figure 8. Trapping station layout, where X represents extra-large traps and x represents large traps. ...... 14 

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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TABLES

Table 1. Plot 1 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities (plants per 100m2; nd = no data) ................................................................................................................................................. 5 
Table 2. Plot 2 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities (plants / 100 m2;
nd = no data) ................................................................................................................................................. 6 
Table 3. Plot 3 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities (plants / 100 m2;
nd = no data) ................................................................................................................................................. 7 
Table 4. Plot 4 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities (plants / 100 m2; nd = no data)* ............................................................................................................................................... 8 
Table 5. Plot 5 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities (plants / 100 m2;
nd = no data)* ............................................................................................................................................... 9 
Table 6. Average root density (roots per cm) and maximum rooting depth (cm) of dominant plant species
in Plots 3 and 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 12 
Table 7. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 1 .......................................................................................................................... 15 
Table 8. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals Recaptured, and Number Found
Deceased in Trap in Plot 2 .......................................................................................................................... 15 
Table 9. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals Recaptured, and Number Found
Deceased in Trap in Plot 3 .......................................................................................................................... 16 
Table 10. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals Recaptured, and Number Found
Deceased in Trap in Plot 4 .......................................................................................................................... 17 
Table 11. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 5 .......................................................................................................................... 17 
Table 12. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 1 ..................................................................................... 18 
Table 13. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in the Southwestern Quadrant of Plot 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 19 
Table 14. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 2 ..................................................................................... 20 
Table 15. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in the Northeastern Quadrant of Plot 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 20 
Table 16. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 3 ..................................................................................... 21 
Table 17. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in the Northeastern Quadrant of Plot 3 .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 
Table 18. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 5 ..................................................................................... 22 
Table 19. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in Plot 5 .......................................... 22 

MAPS

Map 1. On-site field plots. ............................................................................................................................ 2 
Map 2. Off-site field plots. ............................................................................................................................ 3 
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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1 INTRODUCTION
EnergySolutions operates a mixed-waste nuclear disposal facility at their Clive Site in Clive, Utah on
privately-owned lands. Nuclear waste emits radiation for thousands of years. Over the course of time entire landscapes may change due to biologic, climatic, and geologic shifts. Because site conditions may
radically change before nuclear waste is entirely depleted, careful consideration must be given to
projections of future site conditions.
Waste products at the Clive Site are buried in an impermeable clay layer and covered with concrete.
Small amounts of radiation may be absorbed by surrounding soils. Soil turbation (mixing) by plants and animals is a potentially important pathway through which buried waste can be transported to the soil surface or to different layers of the subsurface soil profile. Studies indicate that ants, burrowing mammals,
and deeply rooted plants are the primary biota of interest for movement and mixing of soils in arid ecosystems. Ants and burrowing mammals provide constant mixing of the soil column, whereas plants can move buried wastes through root uptake and translocation of contaminants to various parts of the
plant.
SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was contracted by EnergySolutions to gather soil turbation
data at five sites in and around the Clive Site. Sites were established in three locations at the Clive Site,
and two locations off the Clive site on lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM).
SWCA’s field sampling objectives were to 1) identify ant species present and nest density of each
species, and quantify surface features of each nest; 2) identify plant species present and estimate the
percent cover and stem densities of grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees in each vegetative association; and 3) identify burrowing mammal species present and density of mammal burrows in each vegetative
association, and quantify volume of soil excavated at each mammal burrow. In addition to the field
sampling objectives, site excavations were conducted at six locations in two field plots (Plot 3 and Plot 4) located on the Clive Site. The objective of the site excavations was to measure the aboveground and
belowground biomass of dominant plant species, and to determine the maximum rooting depth and width
of root masses for dominant plant species.
The following report presents the field sampling data. These results, along with other variables, will be
placed into a predictive landscape model currently being developed by Neptune and Company, Inc. Once complete, the model will contribute understanding of future conditions at the Clive Site.
1.1 Field Sampling Locations
Field sampling was conducted in September and October 2010 in five 1-ha plots (100 × 100 m; 10,000 m2) that were each subdivided into four 50 × 50–m subplots. Field plots were oriented from north to
south. Three plots were established in each of the three primary vegetation associations present at the
Clive Site: 1) shadscale–gray molly, 2) black greasewood, and 3) halogeton-disturbed (Map 1). Two plots were established off of the Clive Site in vegetation associations that represent 1) potential vegetation on
elevated soil mounds with lower soil salinities, and/or 2) potential future climatic conditions that would be cooler than present-day conditions at the Clive Site (Map 2). The two off-site field plots were on lands
administered by the BLM: one in a mixed grassland association and one in a juniper-sagebrush
association. Additional field sampling of plant stem densities was conducted on December 13, 2010.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Map 1. On-site field plots.
Plot 05
Plot 03
Plot 04
CLIVE COMPLEX RD
SA
H
A
R
A

R
D
DESERET WELL RD
CLIV
E C
OMPLEX RD
CLIVE COMPLEX RD
Great
Salt Lake
Desert
Low
AragoniteKnolls
80
Contains Privileged Information: Do Not Release
Imagery taken from National
Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP)
natural color aerial photography 1-m
resolution, 2009.
0 0.25 0.5
miles
0 0.25 0.5
km
On-site Plot Locations
Local Roads
Land Ownership
BLM
Private
Tuesday, October 5, 2010 8:51:30 AM
V:\16s\16981\Maps\Report\On-site_plot_locations.mxd
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
3

Map 2. Off-site field plots.
Plot 02
Plot 01
CEDAR MOUNTAIN RD
OLD MUTTON RD
RECLAIMED RD
Great
Salt Lake
Desert
Low
AragoniteKnolls
80
Contains Privileged Information: Do Not Release
Imagery taken from National
Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP)
natural color aerial photography 1-m
resolution, 2009.
0 0.25 0.5
miles
0 0.25 0.5
km
Local Roads
Off-site Plot Locations
Land Ownership
BLM
National Wilderness Area
Private
Tuesday, October 5, 2010 9:26:32 AMV:\16s\16981\Maps\Report\Off-site_plot_locations.mxd
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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2 RESULTS
Five field plots were established: three in the primary vegetation associations present at the Clive Site
(shadscale–gray molly, black greasewood, and halogeton-disturbed), and two in nearby upland areas (mixed grassland and juniper-sagebrush).
2.1 Vegetation
Vegetation sampling was performed from September 30 through October 12, 2010. In each field plot, two
of the four subplots were randomly selected for sampling. Five 50-m-long transects were oriented south to
north every 10 m from the southeastern corner of the subplot. Ten 1-m2 sampling quadrats were sampled at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 35, 40 and 45 m along each 50-m transect for a total of 50 sample quadrats per
subplot, or 100 quadrats per plot (100 m2 or 1% of each 10,000 m2 plot area).
Plot 1 (mixed grassland) and Plot 2 (juniper-sagebrush) were located to the southeast of the Clive Site on BLM-administered lands. Plots 3 and 4 (black greasewood and halogeton-disturbed) were located in the
Clive Site. Plot 5 (shadscale–gray molly) was located immediately west of the Clive Site on adjacent
private property.
Additional field sampling of plant stem densities was performed on December 13, 2010. In each plot, one
transect comprised of 10 quadrats was randomly selected in each of the previously sampled plot quadrants. A total of 100 quadrats, or 20 quadrats per plot, were sampled and vegetation cover and stem densities were recorded for each species in each quadrat. Stem counts were made as follows: individual shrubs were counted
as 1 stem; perennial bunchgrasses were counted as 1 stem; annual grass culms (grass stems) were each counted as 1 stem; and annual forb species were counted where plant condition allowed counting. Plants were counted
only if rooted in the plot. Bunch grasses were counted if 50% or more of the plant base was rooted in the plot.
From these data we modeled species-specific relationships between percent cover and plant density and used the model parameters to calculate stem densities from percent cover for the entire data set.
Forty-one plant species were identified in the five field plots. Because many desert forbs are spring ephemerals
and field sampling was conducted at the end of the growing season, the plant species diversity and cover, particularly for herbaceous forbs, is underrepresented. Of the few forb species that were detected during
vegetation cover sampling, all were dead or senesced, with the exception of Halogeton (Halogeton
glomeratus), a late-season invasive annual weed.
Biological soil crusts are a dominant feature of vegetation communities throughout the Great Salt Lake
basin. Soil crusts were present in all five vegetation associations sampled, but were more prevalent in the
low desert vegetation associations (e.g., black greasewood, haltogeton-disturbed, and shadscale-gray molly) present on and adjacent to the Clive Site.
2.1.1 Plot 1: Mixed Grassland
Plot 1 comprised a mix of native and non-native grass species with a few scattered shrubs and forbs (Figure 1,
Table 1). The ground cover was dominated by biological soil crust (52%). Twenty plant species were recorded. Eleven species of grass, dominated by needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), comprised
approximately 25% of total cover. The mixture of primarily desirable non-native grass species present in Plot 1
and surrounding grasslands is the result of recent fire disturbance and subsequent seeding with a mixture of needle-and-thread, intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium), bluegrass (Poa spp.), crested
wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum), tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum), slender wheatgrass (Elymus
trachycaulus), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and other species. The reseeded area covers a large portion of uplands surrounding the Clive Site, and these desirable non-native grass species have become
established in the area and are likely to persist.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Table 1. Plot 1 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and
Stem Densities (plants per 100m2; nd = no data)
Cover Type Name Percent Cover Plants / 100m2
Shrubs Broom snakeweed 2.0% 48.6
Forbs Bur buttercup 2.2% nd
Grasses Needle-and-thread grass 12.3% 495.6
Cheatgrass 3.7% 20,783.5
Intermediate wheatgrass 2.6% 47.9
Sandberg bluegrass 2.3% 360.4
Crested wheatgrass 1.6% 37.3
Slender wheatgrass 1.1% 111.5
Tall wheatgrass 1.1% 13.5
Western wheatgrass 1.0% nd
Indian ricegrass 0.7% 39.2
Ground Cover Biological soil crust 51.6%
Plant litter 16.1%
Bare ground 1.7%
Total 100.0%

Figure 1. Mixed grassland vegetation association (Plot 1).
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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2.1.2 Plot 2: Juniper-sagebrush
Plot 2 comprised an overstory of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma; 6.2%) with a multilayered mid-level canopy of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis; 17.1%), and a subcanopy of
broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae; 1.0%), grasses (9.8%), and forbs (1.4%) (Figure 2, Table 2).
This plot was the most diverse of the five field plots with 25 plant species recorded. The ground cover was dominated by biological soil crust (44.9%) and plant litter (23.5%), with some bare ground (9.9%)
where game and livestock trails pass through the plot.
Table 2. Plot 2 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem
Densities (plants / 100 m2; nd = no data)
Cover Type Name Percent Cover Plants / 100 m2
Trees Utah juniper 6.2% 7.0
Shrubs Big sagebrush 17.1% 36.9
Broom snakeweed 1.0% 24.7
Varying buckwheat 0.3% 11
Prickly phlox 0.3% 9
Spiny hopsage 0.2% 1
Forbs Curveseed buttercup 1.2% nd
Globemallow 0.1% nd
Milkvetch 0.1% nd
Grasses Cheatgrass 3.7% 20,417.6
Needle-and-thread grass 2.9% 128.3
Muttongrass 1.4% 207.7
Bluebunch wheatgrass 0.6% 23.1
Sangberg bluegrass 0.6% 170.7
Fringed fescue 0.4% 16,045.9
Indian ricegrass 0.2% 17.0
Ground Cover Biological soil crust 44.9%
Plant litter 23.5%
Bare ground 9.9%
Total 100.0%

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Figure 2. Juniper-sagebrush vegetation association (Plot 2).

2.1.3 Plot 3: Black Greasewood
Plot 3 comprised primarily black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus; 4.5%) and halogeton (0.7%) (Figure 3, Table 3). The ground cover was dominated by biological soil crust (84.8%). Six plant species
were recorded within the sample quadrats. Total cover was greater than 100% in some areas due to the
presence of a shrub overstory. Total cover is slightly less than 100% due to rounding error.
Table 3. Plot 3 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities
(plants / 100 m2; nd = no data)
Cover Type Name Percent Cover Plants / 100m2
Shrubs Black greasewood 4.5% 11.5
Mojave seablite 0.3% 6.6
Gray molly 0.2% 34.4
Shadscale saltbush 0.1% 16.4
Forbs Halogeton 0.7% 720.5
Fivehook smotherweed <0.1% 1.5
Ground Cover Biological soil crust 84.8%
Plant litter 6.1%
Bare ground 2.3%
Total 99.1%
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
8

Figure 3. Black greasewood vegetation association (Plot 3).

2.1.4 Plot 4: Halogeton-disturbed
Plot 4 comprised scattered native shrubs (5.2%) and halogeton (3.3%) (Figure 4, Table 4). The ground cover is dominated by biological soil crust (85.6%). Nine plant species were recorded. Crested wheatgrass
and squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) are not included in Table 4 because they were detected at trace levels (less than 0.005%). Total cover was slightly less than 100% due to rounding error.
Table 4. Plot 4 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem
Densities (plants / 100 m2; nd = no data)*
Cover Type Name Percent Cover Plants / 100m2
Shrubs Shadscale saltbush 2.3% 107.2
Mojave seablite 1.5% 19.3
Gray molly 1.2% 68.9
Black greasewood 0.2% 0.4
Forbs Halogeton 3.3% 3534.0
Fivehook smotherweed 0.5% 28.9
Bur buttercup <0.1% nd
Ground Cover Biological soil crust 85.6%
Plant litter 4.3%
Bare ground 0.2%
Total 99.2%
*Two plant species were detected at trace levels (<0.01%): squirreltail and crested wheatgrass.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
9

Figure 4. Halogeton-disturbed vegetation association (Plot 4).

2.1.5 Plot 5: Shadscale–Gray Molly
Plot 5 comprised native shrubs (13.3%) and scattered weeds (1.1%) (Figure 5, Table 5). The ground cover is dominated by biological soil crust (70.7%) and plant litter (11.7%). Fifteen plant species were recorded.
Nine of these plant species are listed in the footnote in Table 5 because they were detected at trace levels
(less than 0.01%). Total cover was slightly greater than 100% due to the presence of a shrub overstory.
Table 5. Plot 5 Average Vegetation Percent Cover, Ground Cover, and Stem Densities
(plants / 100 m2; nd = no data)*
Cover Type Name Percent Cover Plants / 100m2
Shrubs Shadscale saltbush 12.5% 430.1
Gray molly 0.6% 34.7
Black greasewood 0.2% 0.6
Forbs Halogeton 0.9% 959.1
Bur buttercup 0.1% nd
Grasses Cheatgrass 0.1% 126.1
Ground Cover Biological soil crust 70.7%
Plant litter 11.7%
Bare ground 3.8%
Total 100.6%
Nine plant species were detected at trace levels (<0.01%): squirreltail, fivehook smotherweed, rockcress sp., burningbush, alkali
birdsbeak (Cordylanthus maritimus), broom snakeweed, Sandberg bluegrass, Mojave seablite, and an unknown forb species.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
10

Figure 5. Shadscale–gray molly vegetation association (Plot 5).

2.1.6 Plant Root Densities and Rooting Depths
Excavations were conducted to examine the root density and maximum rooting depth of dominant plant species on the Clive Site. Excavations were performed in the two plots on the Clive Site: Plot 3 (black
greasewood) and 4 (halogeton-disturbed). Three excavation locations were selected in each plot and
excavated using a backhoe. Six locations were excavated.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
11

Figure 6. Mojave seablite biomass measurements in Plot 4.

The focus of the excavations was to obtain cross-sections of the rooting mass of dominant plant species in each field plot. The roots were carefully exposed by gradual removal of vertical layers of soil with the
backhoe and hand tools. Root density measurements were collected by measuring the width of the rooting mass and by counting visible roots across a set of sample widths or for the entire width of the root mass. Root density measurements were taken at the soil surface and at 10 cm increments until no roots could be
detected. Roots were continuous at just below the soil surface in all excavated soil profiles. A summary of the average root densities and maximum rooting depth of dominant plant species in Plots 3 and 4 is given
in Table 6.
Root densities were higher near the surface of the soil, where roots were mostly fibrous with few woody structures. A few large, woody roots were encountered in deeper soils. Rooting depths were shallower
than expected, with the maximum rooting depth of dominant woody plant species ranging from 40 to 70
cm. Woody plant species maximum rooting depths were proportional to aboveground plant mass with an aboveground height:root depth ratio of 1:1 and an aboveground width:root depth ratio of approximately
1.4:1. The herbaceous dominant in Plot 4, halogeton, had higher ratios of plant height and width to
maximum rooting depth (1.4:1 and 1.7:1, respectively). The low proportion of roots to aboveground biomass is expected for annual plants, which invest the bulk of their energy in reproduction and little
energy in root systems.

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Table 6. Average root density (roots per cm) and maximum rooting
depth (cm) of dominant plant species in Plots 3 and 4
Plot 3 Plot 4
Excavation Number Excavation Number
1 2 3 1 2 3
Rooting Depth (cm) Black greasewood
roots/cm

0 2.7 0.9 1.8 – – –
10 2.7 2.0 0.9 – – –
20 0.7 0.4 0.4 – – –
30 0.3 0.2 0.2 – – –
40 0.1 0.2 0.2 – – –
50 0.2 0.1 0.0 – – –
60 0.1 0.2 0.0 – – –
70 2.0 0.0 – – – –
80 0.0 – – – – –
Rooting Depth (cm) Halogeton
roots/cm
0 – – – – – 2.0
10 – – – – – 2.0
20 – – – – – 0.2
30 – – – – – 0.0
Rooting Depth (cm) Mojave seablite
roots/cm
0 – – – – 2.4 –
10 – – – – 0.5 –
20 – – – – 0.5 –
30 – – – – 0.2 –
40 – – – – 0.1 –
50 – – – – 0.0 –
Rooting Depth (cm) Shadscale saltbush
roots/cm
0 – – – 2.0 2.0 1.6
10 – – – 2.0 0.5 0.9
20 – – – 0.7 0.3 0.5
30 – – – 0.5 0.2 0.2
40 – – – 0.1 0.1 0.3
50 – – – 0.3 0.0 0.0
60 – – – 2.0 – –
70 – – – 0.3 – –
80 – – – 0.0 – –
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
13
In Plot 3, a compacted layer of clay was encountered at approximately 60 cm depth in all three excavation sites. Plant roots spread out laterally across the top of this dense clay layer that appears as a smooth line
of soil across the bottom of the soil cross section in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Plot 3 soil cross section with compacted clay layer at approximately 60 cm depth.

2.2 Mammals
2.2.1 Mammal Trapping
Each 1.0-ha plot was subdivided into 25 20 × 20–m subplots. At the center of the each subplot, two Sherman® live traps were placed, for a total of 50 traps per plot. Of the 50 traps, 37 were large traps
(approximately 8 × 8 × 23 cm) and 13 were extra-large traps (approximately 10 × 10 × 40 cm). One large
trap was placed at each trapping station and one extra-large trap was placed at every other station. The remaining stations had one additional large trap placed in them. Figure 8 illustrates the trapping station
design.

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Xx xx Xx xx Xx
xx Xx xx Xx xx
Xx xx Xx xx Xx
xx Xx xx Xx xx
Xx xx Xx xx Xx

Figure 8. Trapping station layout, where X represents extra-large traps and x represents large traps.

The traps were placed at trapping stations for a minimum of three days prior to the beginning of trapping efforts in order to acclimate the animals to the presence of the traps. The traps were set during the week of the new moon (October 4–7, 2010) before dusk, and checked the following mornings. The traps were
baited with a four-grain horse feed rolled in molasses. Cotton balls were also placed in the traps to be used as bedding by any captured small mammal.
Captured mammals were identified to species and released. Mouse species were marked with nail polish
before release; however, kangaroo rats did not tolerate the marking process. Additionally, during the course of trapping, it became apparent that at least some mice were chewing off the mark or pulling out
marked fur, making recapture information difficult to obtain. For these reasons, no attempts to analyze
recapture data were made.
2.2.1.1 PLOT 1
The mixed grassland plot yielded three species of small mammal: deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus),
northern grasshopper mouse (Onchomys leucogaster), and Great Basin kangaroo rat (Dipodomys
microps). Deer mice accounted for 22 of the 24 captured mammals (92%). One northern grasshopper
mouse and one Great Basin kangaroo rat were captured. Northern grasshopper mice were only trapped at
Plot 1. Plot 1 experienced the only mortalities during trapping (13% of captures). No cause of death was apparent in any of the three mortalities. Table 7 summarizes the mammal captures at Plot 1.
20 m
20 m
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
15
Table 7. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 1 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
10/5/2010
P. maniculatus 4 0 0
Subtotal 4 0 0
10/6/2010
P. maniculatus 4 0 1
Subtotal 4 0 1
10/7/2010
D. microps 1 0 0
O. leucogaster 1 n/a 0
P. maniculatus 6 3 1
Subtotal 8 3 1
10/8/2010
P. maniculatus 8 4 1
Subtotal 8 4 1
Total 24 7 3

2.2.1.2 PLOT 2
The most individuals (43) were captured at the juniper-sagebrush plot. Deer mice comprised 84% of the captures, Great Basin kangaroo rats 14%, and Ord’s kangaroo rat (D. ordii) 2%. Ord’s kangaroo rats were captured only at this site. One deer mouse gave birth to four live young in a trap. Table 8 summarizes the
mammal captures at Plot 2.
Table 8. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 2 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
10/5/2010
P. maniculatus 7 0 0
Subtotal 7 0 0
10/6/2010
P. maniculatus 8 2 0
Subtotal 8 2 0
10/7/2010
D. microps 3 n/a 0
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
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Table 8. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 2 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
D. ordii 1 n/a 0
P. maniculatus 10 0 0
Subtotal 14 0 0
10/8/2010
D. microps 3 n/a 0
P. maniculatus 11 3 0
Subtotal 14 3 0
Total 43 5 0

2.2.1.3 PLOT 3
Two deer mice were captured in the black greasewood plot. Table 8 summarizes the mammal captures at
Plot 3. Table 9 summarizes the mammal captures at Plot 3.
Table 9. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 3 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
10/5/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
10/6/2010
P. maniculatus 1 0 0
Subtotal 1 0 0
10/7/2010
P. maniculatus 1 1 0
Subtotal 1 1 0
10/8/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
Total 2 1 0

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
17
2.2.1.4 PLOT 4
One deer mouse was captured during the last night of trapping in the halogeton-disturbed plot. Table 10
summarizes the mammal captures at Plot 4.
Table 10. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 4 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
10/5/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
10/6/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
10/7/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
10/8/2010
P. maniculatus 1 0 0
Subtotal 1 0 0
Total 1 0 0

2.2.1.5 PLOT 5
Four deer mice were captured in the shadscale–gray molly plot. Table 11 summarizes the mammal captures at Plot 5.
Table 11. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 5 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
10/5/2010
Subtotal 0 0 0
10/6/2010
P. maniculatus 1 0 0
Subtotal 1 0 0
10/7/2010
P. maniculatus 1 0 0
Subtotal 1 0 0
10/8/2010
P. maniculatus 2 1 0
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
18
Table 11. Summary of Species Captured, Number of Individuals
Recaptured, and Number Found Deceased in Trap in Plot 5 
Species Captured Recaptured Deceased
Subtotal 2 1 0
Total 4 1 0

2.2.2 Mammal Burrow Surveys
Each 1.0-ha plot was surveyed for mammal burrows by walking transects approximately 3 m (10 feet)
apart, depending on topography and vegetation. These surveys were conducted September 28 and 30, October 21, and November 4, 2010. The universal transverse mercator (UTM) location was recorded
using a handheld global positioning system (GPS) unit for individual burrows or a group of similar
burrows. If a group of burrows was recorded, an approximate area was recorded. Burrows were identified to species level when possible; however, in many cases burrows were assigned a likely “group” of
burrowers (i.e., mouse/vole/rat). Considering the large number of deer mice captured during trapping
efforts, it is possible burrows in this particular category are deer mice burrows.
The plots on the Clive Site (Plots 3–5) were found to have far fewer burrows than the reference plots
(Plots 1 and 2) on BLM land. Though the Clive Site field plots had fewer burrows, those burrows had
larger amounts of displaced soil at their entrances than the BLM field plots.
After burrow surveys were completed, soil volumes were collected in a randomly selected ¼-plot (0.25
ha) in each plot. The obviously mounded or disturbed soil around a burrow entrance was collected and measured (in L).
2.2.2.1 PLOT 1
A total of 235 burrow locations were located during the burrow survey (see Table 12). The majority
(56%) of burrows were identified as mouse/vole/rat burrows.
Table 12. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 1 
Burrow Type Number of Burrows
Ground squirrel 2
Kangaroo rat 102
Mouse/vole/rat 131
Total 235

The southwest quadrant of Plot 1 was randomly selected for burrow soil volumes. Because of heavy disturbance in the area from cattle grazing, human foot traffic, and winds, it was somewhat difficult to
determine exact amounts of disturbed soils at burrow entrances. Only small amounts of soil were found around burrow entrances. This may indicate burrowing activity is only taking place in a shallow sub-surface layer. Table 13 summarizes soil mound volumes in Plot 1.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
19
Table 13. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in
the Southwestern Quadrant of Plot 1 
Burrow ID Kangaroo Rat (L) Mouse/Vole/Rat (L) Total (L)
1SW104 3.500 – 3.500
1SW105 – 0.010 0.010
1SW106 – 0.200 0.200
1SW107 – 0.010 0.010
1SW108 0.050 – 0.050
1SW110 1.250 – 1.250
1SW111 0.300 – 0.300
1SW112 0.560 – 0.560
1SW113 – 0.030 0.030
1SW114 – 0.010 0.010
1SW115 0.250 – 0.250
1SW116 0.050 – 0.050
1SW117 2.500 – 2.500
1SW118 – 0.080 0.080
1SW119 0.030 – 0.030
1SW120 0.030 – 0.030
1SW121 0.090 – 0.090
1SW122 0.030 – 0.030
1SW123 0.030 – 0.030
1SW124 0.200 – 0.200
1SW125 0.150 – 0.150
1SW126 0.100 – 0.100
1SW127 – 0.010 0.010
1SW128 2.860 – 2.860
1SW129 0.050 – 0.050
1SW130 – 0.040 0.040
1SW131 – 0.050 0.050
1SW132 – 0.030 0.030
1SW133 – 0.100 0.100
1SW134 – 0.020 0.020
Total 12.030 0.590 12.620

Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
20
2.2.2.2 PLOT 2
A total of 239 burrows were located during the burrow survey (see Table 14). The majority (93%) of
burrows were identified as kangaroo rat burrows.
Table 14. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 2 
Burrow Type Number of Burrows
Badger 1
Kangaroo rat 222
Mouse/vole/rat 16
Total 239

The northeast quadrant of Plot 2 was randomly selected for burrow soil volumes. Because of the extreme
sandiness of the soil in the northeastern quadrant and windiness at the site, it was difficult to determine the amount of disturbed soil outside of burrows. Burrows with no recent digging (prior few days) had
very small amounts of soil disturbed at their entrances. The eastern portion of Plot 2 is very sandy and
dune-like. This sandy area is most likely experiencing constant soil mixing at the surface and shallow subsurface. Most burrows in Plot 2 appeared to be shallow, sub-surface burrows and only one deep
badger burrow was identified. Table 15 summarizes soil mound volumes in Plot 2.
Table 15. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in
the Northeastern Quadrant of Plot 2 
Burrow ID Badger (L) Kangaroo Rat (L) Mouse/Vole/Rat (L) Total (L)
2NE002 – 0.050 – 0.050
2NE006 – – 0.010 0.010
2NE007 – 0.010 – 0.010
2NE009 – 0.150 – 0.150
2NE010 – – 0.060 0.060
2NE012 – 0.225 – 0.225
2NE015 6.000 – – 6.000
2NE019 – 1.350 – 1.350
2NE020 – 6.830 – 6.830
2NE021 – 2.975 – 2.975
2NE025 – 0.060 – 0.060
2NE026 – 0.185 – 0.185
2NE027 – – 0.100 0.100
2NE028 – 0.050 – 0.050
2NE029 – 0.200 – 0.200
2NE037 – – 0.010 0.010
2NE040 – 0.010 – 0.010
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
21
Table 15. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in
the Northeastern Quadrant of Plot 2 
Burrow ID Badger (L) Kangaroo Rat (L) Mouse/Vole/Rat (L) Total (L)
2NE041 – 0.040 – 0.040
2NE044 – – 0.010 0.010
2NE046 – 0.300 – 0.300
2NE048 – 0.100 – 0.100
2NE051 – 15.010 – 15.010
2NE052 – 9.500 – 9.500
2NE104 – 0.800 – 0.800
Total 6.000 37.845 0.190 44.035

2.2.2.3 PLOT 3
Three burrows were located during the burrow survey (see Table 14).
Table 16. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 3 
Burrow Type Number of Burrows
Ground squirrel 1
Kangaroo rat 1
Mouse/vole/rat 1
Total 3

The northeastern quadrant of Plot 3 was randomly selected for burrow soil volumes. One burrow was
found in this quadrant (see Table 17).
Table 17. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in
the Northeastern Quadrant of Plot 3 
Burrow ID Mouse/Vole/Rat (L) Total (L)
3NE003 1.000 1.000
Total 1.000 1.000

2.2.2.4 PLOT 4
No burrows were found in Plot 4.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
22
2.2.2.5 PLOT 5
One burrow was located during the burrow survey (see Table 18).
Table 18. Number of Burrows, by Type, in Plot 5 
Burrow Type Number of Burrows
Mouse/vole/rat 1
Total 1

The southwestern quadrant of Plot 5 was randomly selected for burrow soil volume. One burrow was
present in the quadrant (see Table 19).
Table 19. Summary of Soil Mound Volume (in L) by Burrow Type in
Plot 5 
Burrow ID Mouse/Vole/Rat (L) Total (L)
5SW001 13.750 13.750
Total 13.750 13.750

2.3 Ants
2.3.1 Methods
2.3.1.1 FIELD METHODS
Each field plot was surveyed via pedestrian transects to ensure 100% coverage of the whole plot. Ant
mounds were located, the UTM location of each mound was recorded using a handheld GPS unit, details regarding the mound were recorded, and sample specimens were taken from the mound. Each plot was
surveyed three times. The first time was the most intensive and required mapping and data recording of each mound, whereas the other two visits were only to collect additional specimens. Multiple specimen collection was done to determine if more than one species was utilizing the same mound, because data on
desert ant species suggest that this is possible. At minimum, 10 individuals from each mound were collected on the first survey, and then 5–10 each survey thereafter. At each mound, sample specimens were collected with either forceps or aspirator and placed into a vial filled with a 95% ethyl alcohol
solution and labeled with the sample number and date.
The following information was collected at each mound:
 Height and width/diameter (in order to calculate the surface area of the mound)
 A photograph of the mound
 A brief description of the mound and its location, i.e., soil and vegetation features
 The orientation of the mound entrance, i.e., N, S, NNE, etc.
 Date, observer, plot number, subplot number, and UTM coordinates
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
23
2.3.1.2 ANT IDENTIFICATION METHODS
Identification of ant species was performed by Kenneth J. Kingsley, a Ph.D. entomologist with extensive
experience in insect identification. He examined all of the 188 vials containing the collected species under
a binocular dissecting microscope, and identified each of the 1,628 collected ants to genus and all
Pogonomyrmex individuals to species, using the keys in Allred (1982)1.
2.3.2 Ant Identification Results
A total of 1,624 ants in the genus Pogonomyrmex was collected in all plots and determined to be the
western harvester ant, (P. occidentalis [Cresson]). Four other ants collected in Plot 1 were determined to be in the genus Lasius, with species not positively determined but most likely niger (Linnaeus). The
western harvester ant is a widely distributed ant occurring throughout most of Utah and many other
western states. It frequently occurs in areas that are relatively flat and have been recently disturbed by human activities2. A table for each field plot listing the number of ants collected by mound, date, and
species can be found in Appendix A.
2.3.3 Mound Dimension Results
Because the mounds were roughly conical in shape, the formula for surface area of a cone was used to estimate area of the mounds. The maximum (basal) diameter of each mound, as measured by the field
crew, was then entered into a Microsoft Excel© spreadsheet, which was used to calculate the surface area
of the mound. It is possible that the basal area of the mound may have some mathematical relationship to the depth and subterranean area of the nest and the quantity of soil excavated, but that relationship has not
been clearly established for P. occidentalis mounds in the particular soil types present on the sampling
sites. Table 20 summarizes the results of the mound dimension survey.
Table 20. Mound Surface Area and Density By Plot
Plot Average surface area
(dm²)
Average mound density
(mounds/hectare)
Plot 1 95 33
Plot 2 39 2
Plot 3 120 7
Plot 4 84 16
Plot 5 138 6
Average across plots 97 13

Density of the mounds was determined by tallying the number of mounds observed per plot and
calculating the density per hectare.
1 Allred, D.M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42(4):415–511. 2 Allred, D.M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42(4 ):415–511.
Field Sampling of Biotic Turbation of Soils at the Clive Site, Tooele County, Utah
24
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Appendix A
Ant Collection Results

A-1
PLOT 1
Four Lasius individuals and 804 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis individuals were collected in Plot 1.
Table A-1. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 1 
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P1-NE-20 10/5/2010 13 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-20 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-20 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-21 10/5/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-21 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-21 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-22 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-22 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-22 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-23 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-23 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-23 10/6/2010 2 Lasius sp.
P1-NE-23 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-24 10/5/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-24 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-24 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-25 10/5/2010 20 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-25 10/6/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-25 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-31 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-31 10/6/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-NE-31 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-17 10/5/2010 17 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-17 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-17 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-18 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-18 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-18 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-19 10/5/2010 15 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-19 10/6/2010 9 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-19 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-26 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-26 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-26 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis

A-2
Table A-1. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 1 
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P1-NW-27 10/5/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-27 10/6/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-27 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-28 10/5/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-28 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-28 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-29 10/5/2010 15 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-29 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-29 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-30 10/5/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-30 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-NW-30 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-1 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-1 10/6/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-1 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-10 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-10 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-10 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-11 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-11 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-11 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-12 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-12 10/5/2010 2 Lasius sp.
P1-SE-12 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-12 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-13 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-13 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-13 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-14 10/5/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-14 10/6/2010 9 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-14 10/7/2010 4 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-15 10/5/2010 13 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-15 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-15 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-2 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-2 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SE-2 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis

A-3
Table A-1. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 1 
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P1-SW-16 10/5/2010 17 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-16 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-16 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-3 10/5/2010 13 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-3 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-3 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-4 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-4 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-4 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-5 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-5 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-5 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-6 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-6 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-6 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-7 10/5/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-7 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-7 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-7 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-8 10/5/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-8 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-8 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-9 10/4/2010 9 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-9 10/5/2010 13 P. occidentalis
P1-SW-9 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
Total 806

A-4
Plot 2
A total of 20 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis individuals were collected in Plot 2.
Table A-2. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 2
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P2-SE-2 10/4/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P2-SE-2 10/5/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P2-SE-2 10/6/2010 7 P. occidentalis
Total 20

Plot 3
A total of 148 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis individuals were collected in Plot 3.
Table A-3. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 3
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P3-NW-4 10/4/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P3-NW-4 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P3-NW-4 10/9/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-3 10/4/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-3 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-3 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-5 10/5/2010 9 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-5 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P3-SE-5 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-1 10/4/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-1 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-1 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-2 10/4/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-2 10/6/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-2 10/7/2010 9 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-6 10/5/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-6 10/6/2010 2 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-6 10/7/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-7 10/5/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P3-SW-7 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
Total 148

A-5
Plot 4
A total of 477 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis individuals were collected in Plot 4.
Table A-4. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 4
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P4-NE-13 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-13 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-13 10/7/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-14 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-14 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-14 10/7/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-15 10/4/2010 18 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-15 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-15 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-16 10/4/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-16 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NE-16 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-1 10/4/2010 19 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-1 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-1 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-2 10/4/2010 17 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-2 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-2 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-3 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-3 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-3 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-4 10/4/2010 14 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-4 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-NW-4 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-10 10/4/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-10 10/6/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-10 10/7/2010 10 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-11 10/4/2010 15 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-11 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-11 10/7/2010 8 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-12 10/4/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-12 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-12 10/7/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-9 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-SE-9 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis

A-6
Table A-4. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 4
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P4-SE-9 10/7/2010 15 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-5 10/4/2010 22 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-5 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-5 10/7/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-6 10/4/2010 20 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-6 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-6 10/7/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-7 10/4/2010 17 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-7 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-7 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-8 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-8 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P4-SW-8 10/7/2010 5 P. occidentalis
Total 477

A-7
Plot 5
A total of 177 Pogonomyrmex occidentalis individuals were collected in Plot 5.
Table A-5. Ant Species by Mound in Plot 5
Mound No. Collection Date Number of Ants Collected Species
P5-NW-5 10/4/2010 11 P. occidentalis
P5-NW-5 10/5/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P5-NW-5 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-NW-6 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P5-NW-6 10/5/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-NW-6 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-1 10/4/2010 20 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-1 10/5/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-1 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-3 10/4/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-3 10/5/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-3 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-4 10/4/2010 15 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-4 10/5/2010 7 P. occidentalis
P5-SE-4 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-1 10/4/2010 12 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-1 10/5/2010 5 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-1 10/6/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-2 10/4/2010 16 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-2 10/5/2010 6 P. occidentalis
P5-SW-2 10/6/2010 5 P. occidentalis
Total 177