DRC-1979-001081 - 0901a06880b0317a

Iintnl i,r u nee -osi6
enuironmcnlal
SIAICMCNI
relatad b operatbn of
W}IITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
Dockot to. l0-80ti
U. S. llluclear Rcguhtory Gonrmbabn Off,c. of tuclcar Matcrial
S.f.ty and Safcguardr
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NUREG-0556
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
related to the
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.,
llHITE MESA UMNIUM PROJECT
(San Juan County, Utah)
Docket No.40-8681
I'lay 1979
prepared by theU.S. Nuclear Regulatory CormissionIiashington, D.C. 20555
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Thjs Final Environmental Statement was prepared by the staff of the U.S. Nuclear RegulatoryConmission and issued by the Conrnission.'s 0ffice of Nuclear Material Safety and Safiguards.
l. This action is administrative.
2. The proposed action is the issuance of a Source Material License to Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc" for the construction-and operation of the proposed }Jhite Mesa uranium project with aproduct (U30r) production limited to 7.3 x l0s i<g it.O x fOs-fbi-p"; v..".
3. The following is a surmary of environmental impacts and adverse effects.
a' Impacts to the area from the operation of the White lrlesa Uranium project will includethe fol lowing:
. l]!:llli.ns 9f_yp to r95 ha (484 affes) that win be occupied by rhe miil, miilfacilities' tailings area, and roads. _Approximately .I35 ha (33i acies) niti be per-manently conmitted to ta.ilings disposal,
r An increase in the existing background radiation leyels of the mill area as aresult of continuous but smail releases of uranium, radium, raaon, anO-ottre"-radioactive materials during operation.
t Socioeconomic effects on the towns of Blanding and Monticello, Utah, where themajority of mill workers will be housed during mill construction ani op..itiJn.
o Production of waste-material (tailings) from the milI, which will be producedat a rate of about 1.8 x 106 kg (2000 tons) per day f6r 15 years ana iiii-ue-deposited onsite in subsurface pits.
b. Surface water will not be affected by normal mllling operations. Mi11 processwater will be taken from the l{avajo aquifer, and process water will be iischargedto the tailings-impoundment at about l.l8 m3 (310 gal) per minute. ApproximatEly5.9 x lOs m: (480 acre-ft) of water per year will 5e utilized uy ttre initt, and thisis not expected to have an effect on the Navajo aquifer.
c. There wi'll be no discha-rge-of liquid or solid effluents from the mill and tailingssite. The discharge of pollutants to the air wltl be small and the effects negli-gible. The estimated total annual whole-body and organ dose conmitments to th!population within 80 km (50 miles) of the proposed mill site are presented below.Natural background doses are also presented f6r comparison. Thesi dose estimates werebased on the projected population in the year 2000.' The dose conmitnents from normaloperations of the proposed Hhite l'lesa mill wtlt represent only very small increasesfrom those due to current background radiation souices. Radiition-dose cormitments toindividuals living in nearby residences will not be permitted to exceed the 25-r,rillirems-per-year EpA limit (40 CFR part .l90).
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Annual population dose coNilnitmentsto the population within an 80-km(S0<nile) radius of the plant site in the year 2000
Dose (man-rems/yr)
Receptor orlan Plant effluents Natural background
Total body
Lung
Bone
Bronch ia I
epithel ium
3.4
7.1
6.4
13.2
7 ,5007,500
7,500
23,000
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d. Constructjon and operation of the !l/hite Hesa mill will rsqu.ips the commitment of smallamounts of chemicals and fossil fuels, r:elative to the.ir abundance.
e. Construction and operation of the Hhite Mesa mill will provide employnent and inducedeconomic benefits for the region, but may also result in some socioeconomic stress.
f. The area devoted to-the-milling operations will be reclaimed after operat.ions cease,but.the approximateiy l35 ha (333 acres) tailings area may be unavaliauie roi ir"tne.productive use. However, when reclamation is cornpleted and testing tto*r tnat radiat.ionievels have been reduced to acceptable levels, it rfay be possible [o return the tailingsarea to its former use as grazing land,
9. Historical and archeological surveys have identified archeoloqical and historic siteswrthrn the proposed project area. pursuant to 36 CFR part 63.3, the NRC ""qr.it.d udetermination from the Secretary of the Interior that the area on which the archeolog-ical sites are locatec is eliqible for inclusion in the National Register of-Hisio"icPlaces (llational Register) as-an Archeological Disari;i. -The .ei,iriing aeteriinationwas that the lllhite Mesa Archeological District is eligible for inclusion"in thef1!ionat- Register. Although a similar. request was made for determinations of eligi-bility for the historic sites, these deteiminations await supplementary doiumentation.It is anticipated that the NRC will enter into a Memorandum of'Aqreemeni unO..-36 CFR Part 800, "Procedures for the Protection of Historic and dultural nroperties,,,to ensure adequate mitigation of impacts to curturar resources.
4. Principal alternatives considered are as follows:
a. alternative sites for the mil1,b, alternative mill processes,c, alternative of using an existing mill,d. alternative methods for tailingi management,e. alternative energy sources, andf. alternative of no Iicensing action on the mill.
5. The.following Federal, State, and local agencies were asked to corment on the DraftEnvi ronmental Statement :
Department of Conrnerce
Department of the Interior
Department of Health, Education, and lJelfareFederal Energy Regulatory CommissionDepartment of Energy
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection AgencyDepartment of AgricultureAdvisory Council on H.istoric preservation
Department of Housing and Urban DeveloprcntUtah Board of Health
Utah State Planning CoordinatorUtah Division of 0il, Gas, and l.lining
ihis Final Environmental Statement was made available to the public and to the specifiedagencies in Hay 1979.
7. 0n the basis of the analysis and evaluation set forth in this Environmental Statement, it isproposed that any license issued for the [.{hite Mesa mill should be subject to the fotiowingconditions for the protection of the environmnt.
a. The applicant sha'll construct the tailings disposal facitity to incorporate the featuresdescribed in Alternative I of Sect. 10.3 and in Sect. 3.2.4.7 and to meet the safetyeriteria specified ln NRC Regulatory Guide 3.11.
b. The^applicant shall implement an interim stabiliiation program that minimizes to themaximum extent reasonably achievable dispersal of blowihg iailings. Ttris progiim-shaltinclude the use of written operating procedures.that specify the use of splcii.ic controlmethods for all conditions. The effectiveness of the control rnethods used shall beevaluated weekly by rEans of a docurnnted taflings area inspection.
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c.The applicant shail implement the environmental monitoring program sunmarized in
Table 6.2 of this document. The applicant shall establish a control program that
shall include written procedures and instructions to control ali environmental
monitoring prescribed herein and sha1l provide for periodic management audits to
determine the adequacy of implementation of these environmental controls. The
applicant shall maintain sufficient records to furnish evidence of compljance with
these environmental controls. In addition, the applicant shall conduct and document
an annual survey bf land use (grazing, residences, etc.) in the area surrounding the
proposed proiect.
Before engaging in any activity not assessed by the NRC, the applicant shall prepare
and recori in environmental evaluation of such activity, When the evaluation indi-
cates that such activity may result in a significant adverse environmental impact
that was not assessed, or tirat is greater than that assessed in this Environmental
iiatement, the applicint shall provide a written evaluation of such activities and
obtain prior approval of the NRC for the activity'
If unexpected harmful effects or evidence of irreversible damage not otherwise
ident.ified in this Environmental Statement are detected during construction and
op..ition, the applicant shall provide to the NRc an acceptable analysis of the
ploUi., irA a pliir of action to eliminate or reduce the harmful effects or damage'
The applicant shall conduct a meteorological monitoring program as specified in
Section 6.1 of this document. The data obtained frorn this program shall be tabuiated
and made available for NRC inspection.
The applicant shall provide for stabilization and reclamation of the mill site and
tailinbs diaposa'l areas and mill decormissioning as described in Alternative I of
Section 10.3 and in Section 3-3 of this document'
The applicant shall provide surety arrangements to ensure completion of the mill site
and tailings area stabilization, reclamation, and deconm'issioning plans,
The applicant shall consult and coordinate with the Utah 0ivision of fJildlife Resources
regarding the extent of fencing and other ways to mitigate any adverse impacts that
may occur to deer.
The applicant shall routinely monitor the tai'lings discharge system at 4-hr intervals
and document the results. The applicant shall monitor the use of the impoundment bywildlife in conjunction with the program to monitor the tail'inqs discharge system.
l.
0n the basis of the analysis and evaluation set forth in this Environmental Statement, it
is proposed that any license issued for the }lhite Mesa mill should be subject to conditions
for the protection of historic, archeological, architectural, and cultural resources. The
conditions shou'ld be similar to those outlined in the proposed Memorandum of Agreement in
Appendix E.
The pos'ition of the NRC is that, after weighing the environmental, economic, technical,
and other benefits of the operation of the l.Jhite Mesa Uranium Project against
environrrental and other costs and after considering available alternatives, the action
called for under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and l0 CFR Part 5l is the
issuance of a Source ltlaterial License subject to conditions 7a through 7j and in 8, above.
As announced in a Fedez,al Regiater notice dated 3 June 1976 (41 FR 22430), the NRC ispreparing a generic environmental statement on uranium milling. Although it is the
NRC's position that the tailings impoundnent method discussed in this Statement represents
the most environmentally sound and reasonable a'lternative now available at this site, any
l{RC I'icensing action will be subiect to express conditions that approved waste-generatingprocesses and uranium mill tailings managernent practices may be subject to revision in
accordance with the conclusions of the final generic environmental impact statementand any related rule making.
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CONTENIS
D:na
SUIi-1ARY AND CONCLUSI0NS iii
C0NTENTS vi i
LIST 0F FIGURES xi
LIST 0F TABLES . xi.i i
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INTRODUCTIONt.i iiEnii;r-lianr;s'pnopoini. : : . : . : . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
r.3 FEDEML AND srATE AurHoRrTrEs'Ano-nisponsiaiririei : : : : : : : : : : : : : :1.45TATUs0FREvIEt{s.ANDAcTIoNsavriDERAl-nrro_irniEneirrilis.:...
I. INTRODUCTION I.1r.l THE AppLrcANls pRoposA[ : : : : :,''r.? aAcrcnouNo'iHronnRrton ..,' : :'.1-lr'3 rgoemr-nno-lrArEAurHoRrTrEs'nno-nisponsiaiririei:::::::::::::: i:l1.4 STATUS 0F REVTET{S AND ACTTONS AV riDeRAL nno-irniE neiniris . r_3REFERENcEsFon-iicrron-r-.-.'.:::::"' 1-3. l_6.:2. THEEXISTINGENVIR0NMENT ;... z-l2.1 CLIMTEz.t.t-eeneiaiiniruencet'::.::" ""::'! 2-1
Z.l.q p"eiipit.,o;.:-. :: :::: : : : : . : ::::: :: :: : :,: : : i_l2.1.3 Uinds?.1.4 storms : : : : . : : : : : : ' 2-1
z.z nii'qudiii' 2-1
3.
2.4 oiuoenapnveHoioiroeionuripnoriri::' ' "',-' '. 2-4gEpgmflI^119-3gi1geignuri pnoriri : : : . : : : : : : . : : : : : : ::.: : :?.4.1 Demography of the area . :-. . : : : '
2.4.2 Socioecbnomic orofiles . . : : : : : : : : : : : : . : : : : : :': : :LAI{DUsE ..:.::;i, g.#;:#i,;l;ffi,li:: : : : : : : : . : : : : : :. : : : : : :: : : i.i2.5 LAI{D USE 244
2.5.2 ii;ao;i&i, scenic, ano i.ir,ioioiti.i r"ior";.; : : : : : : : : : : : : rr_ii
2.6 I{ATERz.o.t surricerui"i.::.:::.:: " .."' 2-20
z.a.z e.iuniwaie" ..,' "*"' 2-20z.t geqroev,iiiisiiri-nesouncei,eno-siriniciri::.:::::::.:::;:::: i-trt ,
,?.1.1 9"-olory ,i 2_36?^.7_.2 Mlneral resources2.r.1 j"i*iitir'-.'.'::-, ' "':'.. ?-36
z.B iorii :-:-:":'.' 2-3ez.s BioiA:::::"' ?-3ez.i.t i.""isi.iai:.:..:..:::' ":'... z-40
^ -- ?:g.2 Aquatic biota . " "i" " 2-40z.romiunnr.inoiniroi.eHvlnomrttr-:::::.:::::::...::::i::::i-x,,
z. s. t -[ano'r"torr."r'
?:1:? ii;ao;i&i,-li"ni", ino i.ir,"oioiri.i r"ior"..iI.IATER
OPERATIONS
1.1 r,rinineopinnrions':..::.:::::' .i.. . 3-r
3.2 riE-riiri:'.':-.-.::.:::. " 3-r .3.2.1 Externat .pp".r.n." ot'tf,"'rifi : " ' 3-l
3.2.2 The mill circuit 3-l I
e.z.i lron"ioio.iitrirastei ina.tirr"nt; : . : : : : : : : : : : :r: : : : : 3:l ;3.2.4 Radioactive wastes and effluenia . . . 3_8
vil
4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
4. I AIR QUALITY4.1 . I Construction4.1.2 0peration
LAND USE4.?.1 Land resources4.?.2 Historical and archeolog'ical resources
IiATER4.3.1 Surface waters4.3.2 Groundwater
MINERAL RESOURCES
4.2
4.3
page
3.3 INTERIM STABILIZATION, RECLAMATION ANO DECOI'$IISSIONING 3-]5
J.l.f Interim stabi lization of the tailings area 3-15
3.3.2 Reclamation of the mill tailings area 3-15
REFERaNCESF0RSECTI0N3:. 3'?0
SOILS
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BIOTA
4.6. i Terrestrial4.6.2 Aquatic4,7 MDIOLOGICAL IMPACTS4.7.1 Introduction4.7,2 ExposurePathways . -:.4.7.3 Radiation dose conmitments to individuals
4.7.4 Radiation dose cormitments to populations
4,7.5 Evaluation of radiological impacts on the public
4.7.6 Occupational dose '4.7.7 Radiological impact on biota other than man4.8 SoCIoECoNol.lIC IIIPACTS4.8.1 Demography and settlement pattern
4.8.2 Social organization4.8.3 Pol itical organization4.8.4 Economic organization4.8.5 Transportation... .4.8.6 Impact mitigation .
4-8.7 Conclusions
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
4.4
4.5
4.6
5.2
5.3
5.ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDETTTS5.I I(ILL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVITY
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5. l. I Trivial incidents5.1.2 Small releases
5. I .3 Large releases
NONMDIOLOGICAL ACCIDEIITS
TRA}ISPORTATIO}I ACCIOENTS .5.3.I Shifnents of yellow cake5.3.2 Shifnents of ore to the mill5.3.3 Shipnents of chsnicals to the mill
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5
5. I'IONITORING PROGRAI.IS 6.I
6. I AIR QUALITY 6-I
6.2 LAND'RESOURCES AND RECLiAI{ATION . 6-l
6.2.1 Land resources 6-l
6.2.2 Reclamation . 6-l6.3 WATER 6-2
6.3.1 Surface water 6'?
6.3.2 Groundwater 6-26.4 SoILS 6-2
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I. INTROOUCTIOT{
THE APPLICAI{I'S PROPOSAL
pursuant to Title 10, Coile of Fe&wL Regalatiorc (CFR), Part 40.31 and to l0 CFR Part 5l ,
Lneiqv fuels Nuclear, Inc.'(the apPllcant), on February 6,'1978, applied to the lluclear
i"quiitorv Comnlssion (NRC) for an tlRC Source lhterlal License to construct and operate a
urinlum processing mill. This mlll, hereafter referred to as the llhite ihsa Uranium.Project,
will process ores from independent and company-omed mlnes. There will be no uranium mining
at the Proiect site.
The project will consist of constructlon and operation of a mi'll with a nminal processing
capaiity of 1800 retric tons (l{I; 2000 tons) per day xith provlsion for recovery of vanadium
as well as uranitn.
The applicant presently controls by ownership, lease, or contract, ore reserves of approximately
8600 ilT (9500 tons) of U30g with an ayerage ore grade of 0.125I. The prcposed operating
schedule is 24 hr/day, 340 days per year. At this schedule, there are about ll years of ore
supply. The applicant has designed for a IS-year project lifetlm wlth the expectation that
other ore sources will be discovered later. Based on these figures and a 94X recovery, themill will produce approximately 730 MI (800 tons) of U30s per )ear.
l{aste materials (tailings) fron the mlII will be pnoduced at aDout 1800 }ff (2000 tons) of
solids per day and stored onsite. Sequential preparatlon, fllling, and reclamation of tailings
impoundrcnt cells are planned (Sect. 3.2.4.7). Ihls rlll decrease the arnount of tailings exposed
(and radon exhaled) durlng operation of the mlll.
In accordance rith NRC Guldes 3.5 and 3.8, the applicant has submitted a Source ilaterial
License Appllcation (Form AEC-2),I an Envlromental Report (ER),2 and supplerents to the ERin response to questions by the t{RC staff.
1.2 BACKGROUIID II{FONfiATION
The proposed Energy Fuels Nuclear, lnc., mill will be located in San Juan County, Utah, about8 km (5 miles) south of Blandlng, Utah (Fig. l.l). Ore for the mill feed wlll be provided
through two exlsting ore buylng stations, one near Hanksvll'le in l{ayne County, Utah, and theother adjacent to the planned mill on the sare site (Fig. 2.1). These buying stations, ornedby Energy Fuels, purchase ore from independent mines and will also receive ore from company-
owned mlnes.
The surface area of the project site is owned by Energy Fuels Nuclear, [nc., or controlled bymill slte claims. The mtll will occupy about 20 ha (50 acres) of the site, including 6 ha(15 acres) presently occupied by the eiisting ore buylng station. At the ind of the-proposedl!:Iear prgiect llfetime, the tailings dlsposal cells will occupy approximately another'135 ha(333 acres).
The purpose of thls Envirormental Statement is to discuss ln detail the envlronmental effectsof project construction as well as monitoring and mitigating rrEasures proposed to minimize theeffects of the project on the irnndiate area and surrounding environs.
I.3 FEDEML A}ID STATE AUTHORITIES ANO RESPONSIBILITIES
Under l0 CFR, Part 40, an NRC license is required in order to "receive title to, receive,
possess, use, transfer, deliver ... import ... or export ... source material ..." (i.e.,
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Flg. I.l. Locatlon of the slte of the t{hlte_}lesa.Uranlum proJect [0gS, ore buying:!:tigil:" !oqrcg.. : Plateau Resources, Ltd., nwtieation foi a-ili" thteri^al Licenaefor the ara.dhs-ore Brqirrc station, cr;a jun;[i;"1-c"iril'ni":"5,'i9il";ft: "r37.
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rrranium and/or.thorium in any form or-ores containing 0'05% or.mOre of uranium' thorium' or
i:ll*i:i{i.:ffi"i] ,nlo,,!il"l:i',i},lfi,lllii,'iiriii il:':i't;88 ?l,i^i";ll::dtEnvironmen'Lal
i;il;;;-tf an NRC Iicense to authorize uranium millins'
rrre NEpA became effective on January l, 1970. Pursuant to Section 102(2)(C), in every nnjor
l[".ii uitlon significantly affecting the quality-of the human envlronment, Federal agencies
i,ili'in.ira. a de[ailed statsnent by the responsible official on
l. the environmental impact of the proposed action'
Z. any adverse environmntal effects that cannot be avoided should the proposal be
implemented '
alternatives to the proposed action'
the relationship between local short-tenn uses of man's enviroment and the maintenance
and enhancement of long-term productlvity, and
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5. any ireversible and irretrievable comitnrents of resources that rould be involved in
thl proposed action should it be impleonnted.
This detailed Environnental Statement has been prepared in response to the above requirements.
The State of Utah implenrents other rules and regulations affectlng the proJect through -ntiessary permits and approvals provided by State agencies. The Utah Division of 0il' Gas'
and lliniirg'is the responsible agency for all mine and mill sites within the State under the;Uiatr Hinia Land Reclimation Aci of'1975." Title II of the nUranium l{lll Tailings Radiation
Control Act of 1978" gives the NRC direct Ilcensing authorlty over uranium mill tailings.
Bonding arrangements iill be required to assure funding for-reclarnation of the tailings
impoundnnnt and mlll site grounds and for decornissloning of the facility.
I.4 STATUS OF REVIE}IS AND ACTIOI{S BY FEDEML AIIO STATE AGEI{CIES
The only regulatory actlon requlred from the NRC is the issuance of a Source lhterlal License.
In additlon, before construction and operation of the ilhite l,lesa Uranlun Project can be
completely implemnted, the State of Utah requires that pemlts or licenses be obtained prior
to the initiation of varlous stages of construction and operation of the mill. The current
status of these regulatory approvals and permits is given in Table l.l.
1.5 NRC I.IILL LICENSIIIG ACTIOflS
In June 1976lred. Reg'iat.4l(I08): ?2430-22431 (June 3, 1976)1, the l{RC specified that
applicants requestlng a Source llaterial License prior to the llRC's issuance of lts generic
envlronmental impact staterEnt on uranium milling (scheduled for release ln 1979) should
address five criteria that wlll be weighed by the Comnission in licensing and relicensingactions. These criterla arc consldered belor as they apply to the t{hlte }lesa Uranium Project.
l. It ie Li.laly th* aoh indiuihul Licenoing action of thia type wuld hase a utilitytlat ia independar* of the utility of othat lbenaing actioru of thie type.
Thls statement is manifestly true for uranium mills in general and for the l{hite l.lesamlll in particular. This mill is located near multiple mining operations producing
low-grade ore (=9.131;. The costs of hauling this ore over longer distances-make thisproject virtually independent of other milling operations. This milling project can
be considered on its om rnrits, licensingractions with respect to other mills are
independent of this mill, and a separate cost-benefit analysis can be performed.
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'Explsrticr ol rou,ym nd initirlirrr: t oh srn Ertti't.lt ottb, t sEo; t t ,r grrs of wrtrr ou.liiy,u8wo; t oh th.. Polltnioo conrot comnitt .. t wpct; lJr.i Ernr ol Ak odrrv, uBAe u$ r\ir Qnrr-v.tior Committ-, t ACC; t tlh 8gner olsolid Wrn lrrr.e..rt ri. Ug$Ut; U.g O,rs of frnO-ff_nfnrrr,r,ELtl; u'g ilrrd- R.t,hay comarirrim. TJSNRC; tJoh gwro of Srirrdan, uls; r{ us. Erri.m,n-t lft orcrion Ag.nc!r, tf SEPA"
ri ie not Likelv ilat the.taking of oq patrllto riceneing actiot of, thie type furingthe -t*ne frurc md'en onsid,eruiioi wu-Ld eonetitute a corrti.-ailt-'ir *rorrro"e tlut r,tould.tend. to siaifiwttlu forecloee ile alternatir"" iitooii-riti'irp"* to oty othenitldidAtal Liceneing- acti.ott of tbie type. -
The Proposed actlotl involves the construction and operaHon of a olll to prcduce yellowcake frn local uranlur ore bodles. ns pointea od-i;-;;;'r;;pinli to the ftrst criterion,uranltm mllls a,t normally locrtcd closc'io economlcally expi;iffiic orr bodles. The orerould not lrkerv be exproited to provioi;aJ-i;;;-il.i iiliiiliirr. As to the cormit-ment of resources' none.of the maierlali rnvorveo in'iiri;;il;;.;ion ano operation of thenill are untque or tn short suppii; trince,"iicenit,ii iiiis-iiir''iiuia not effect anylicensing action with respect tb 6irrer miirs. .Air,-rana, ina'riiii."rorr.". nould beused locallv but not to ah extent to-p"eiiuii u," i"iiii6n'lno"iiI"o6on of another mi1.rt ie Likely tlat oq erasircnsftal inpacte aseoehted, dth oq indivia.d tit:o*irgaction.of -thlo Wry. tnutd, be awh ttui t-! ;;U-;;"4r;;:iy-bz ";;e*"ed, vittrin ttseontert of the indidaul tioensc qpli.ation o"iirr-rt'i"l"t*fi"7-ry c,,ailatioeenlirv?rner.tal irrpat.
This Envlrormental stateonnt contains an assessrrcnt of the envlrornental lmpacts associatedwith the proposed Ilcenslng.action ina-ifreii severity,-anO incirO"s proposed ronitoringprograms and actions to.rlalgrte.ttre fupaits. cmuiiirvl-iiriiiii-i.r" been addressedwithin the context of thc iilrvrduii iia;;;: The rerative irJiitii, or the pruposedsite virtuatlv ensunes that.a-rr rppropriill-enrironrpnlii'i,,e;;i;';;, bc adequatervaddressed rn thrs srte-spccrric eirirrlnnpiiai ii;;ffiil:' ffiil :il#r"ffi;iiieirr.i.of a'lI uranft'm millr rili ue evaiuaiea"ii"i-iortncomlng generrc envrrcmntar statenent.
Gnnting autho.ityt tlrt ot lodic.tion Dltr granlrdPmitdlaail
lvrtrrePcgLdoo fm'tr
47r(F((11689'
.73rn-lo*E721
ftt t (b.litY Coostlrcliql F t'n't
Plrdic*ir*lne rttwt.m
Ai, (bdttY Coi.rnatial Prmit
Mill trillttt di$dl
B-adlng ol mill tit dliml
Sosrc. tltntid Uc.n,
Sltirrdor ,rcilirir
Prn lntion o, .i9ifi ca,tt daEiailidr
USEO
u8rvo, uwrcc
uBwo, t wFoc
UBAO (AOC
u8swil
BLII
IJSNRC
u5i
TAIEPA
1fJ-17.77
+?7-77
:+.12.79
+20-7?
ln rrvirw
Nmr rrquind
l+'t2-79
t{drr rrqdnd
ln rwirs
l,
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The major objective of the generic statement is the generation of proposals lo mit'igate
such effects'
4.
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;:l1.;;ffi-in"'iipii.iilt;i-.r.iuitroni'and, rn 'dgili91:^11: ::1I:*9 ?:l::^t::lli"r[;,:;:''iii-ii",l!::"*:l:i:l::i":[9: 3[:iff:ll'.ll{.ll'l}"[n:"i:!l;i],li'li:.:li:
'iiv-iiir. durins review are.resolvabl" {!!in^lh:l cens 1 n9
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Ilirli.,,'i"l'i'rli ii-i[i'-rirt is. independent 9r-9!!:I-ii11::-^I1"'11iii3n',:]: 'l:":::ffii"il;ffiili;.} ii'requi"eo-uy iiL p"a"rot Resi.ater notice.of June 3, 1976' to permit
::;;.;;"-;i waste qeneration, waste management, and other practices';;;;t;;t-#-;isie-geniration, wasie management, and other practices'
5, A defetruL on Lice*airq actiorp of thia tgpe vnuld-teau^Lt-in eubato*iaL hanr to the'oublnc nntereat aa itldicdted aboie becans; of utwti.m fuel reEtiranents of opez'ating
'oeactote od teoctons nott utdct constn'ction'
As oreviously stated by the t{RCl "the full capacity of the.exlsting mllls will.be
.;Jiil-;; iupport-piisinitv oierattng nucleir porer reactors and those expected to--
il;;;;; ii"iiiion ri lili:; rire lrhtt6 Hesa mili ls one of a small ntmber of nevr mills
that have been propoied-ln the last several years and a.deferral of its operation could
jllli.iii-t[i-ir'ppiv-oi-u"anium ana extend ttrl tlrne requlred.for the deliverv of fuel to
il;6; noi opli.aifng or-Jnair construction. This cdu'ld adversell affect.the abilitv
fi".J.li.It"ti'Jeiir.i needed electrlcal power. Such a short-fall of electrical enerqv
ii qenirattv construed to be harmful to the publlc interest. (See also Sects. 10.5 and
tO.5 ano ApPendix B. )
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REFERENCES FOR SECTION I
l. Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Application,for Source trlaterial License (llRC-2)"'
Feuriiry 6, 1,r8, "eiii.a Septemuer 26' 1978'
2. Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Enviror{tfllal Report, Ihite }lesa uraniun Proiect'
san Juan county, ut"i"l"Jiiuary 30, 1978' revised llay 15' 1978'
3.
4.
Energy Fuels Nuc'lear, Inc., Ietter to NRC' Novenber 8' 1978'
,,UranirIl llllllnq. tntent tO Pr€Pare a Generic Environmntal Impact StatenEnt'" Federal
Reglster (41 FR-22430), June 3, 1976.
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?. THE EXISIIT{G ENVIROTI}IEIIT
2.1 CLIi{ATE
2.1.1 General influences
Although varying somerhat with elevatlm and terraln ln-the vlclnlty of the slte, the climatecan generally be descrlbed as semlarld. Skles arc usuitiy-cieir"wittr aouniant-r,iniiiini.'"'precipitation is light, hunrldlty ls lol{, and evaporatlon 1s hlgh. Oafiy-ringjs-in-[.rii..tr".are relatively large' and-winds,are normally tight to nroderate] Influeices itit ,ouia'..rrrtln synoptic meteorological condltrons are rLlatively reak; as a resuli, a;p"t;pht-;;J io..rmicrometeorological effects play an lmportant role in determlnlng cllmite ir-tn! iegion.--
Seasons are well defined in the region. l{inters arc cold but usually not severe, and surmersare }raril. rhe normal mean annual temperature reported for glandlng, utah, is auout to;c (io;r),as shorn in Table 2.1. January-is.usually the cbldest month ln thi'region, ,.iitr-i-no"rat'reanmonthly tenperature of about -3'C (27.F). Temperatures of -lgoC (OoF)-or below may acur inabout ttdo of every three.years, but teilperatures be'low -26'C (-l5dF) iri riie.-Jriy-ii-g.n""-ally the warmg!! mgnt!,,having-a normal nean monthly temperature of about Z3"C (13"i).- i.rp""-atures above 32"c (90'F) are not uncormon in the suiner inA-iie-reported to occur aU6ut :+ oaysa year; however, tcmperatures above 3goC (lOo"F) occur rarely.
2.1.2 Precipitation
Precipitation in the vicinlty of the.l{hite llesa Uranium Project is light (Iable 2.2). Normalannual-precipitation is about 30 cm (12 in.). llost_preclpliation-ln itre irea is riinraii, ritnabout 25t of the annua'l total in the fornr oi snovfali.
There are tro separate rainfall seasons ln the region. The flrst occurs ln late surmer andearly autumn when molsture-laden air masses occasionally.move in frm the Gulf of ltexico, -
resultlng in shorers and thunderstorns. The second raiiria'll peilod occurs aurtng ttre wiiterwhen Paciflc storms frequent the region.
2.1.3 lJlnds
t{ind speeds are generally llght to moderate at the slte durlng all seasons, rlth occasionalstrong winds durlng late_wlnter and sprlng frontal actlvity and durlng thunderstorm in thesYBeI: Southerly wlnd dlrectlons are reported to prevall-thrurghout-the year. Sunmaries ofwind direction and wind speed dlstrlbutlons are givln ln Tables 6.1 and 0.2 of Appendlx D.
2.1.4 Stoms
Thunderstorms are frequent durlng the suttmer and early fall when moist air.moves lnto the areafrom the Gu'lf of llexlco. Related preclpitrtlon is usually llght, but a heivy local storm canproduce over an inch of raln ln one day. The maxinunr 24-hr precipitation reported to havefallen during a 30-year perlod at Blanding was 5.02 orr (1.98 ln.). Hallstorms are uncornpn inthis area. Although winter storms may occasionally deposlt cornparable amottnts of molsture,
maximr,m short-tenn precipltatlon is usually associated rlth surmer thunderstoms.
Tornadoes have been observed-in the general reglon, but they occur lnfrequently (seeSect. 5.1.3.1 for estimate.of probability). siron! winai iin-ociur in ail-;;;i iiong wrththunderstorm actlvity in the sprlng-and iinner. rfie xtrite-ttesi-iite rs srsiepttoii io o.C.-sional duststoms, whlch vary greaily ln intenslty, duratlon, ina iime of occurrence: iil'baslc conditions for blowltg dust in-the region aii-created 5v iiai areas of expoiea-a"y iop-soll and strong, turbulent ilnds. Duststoris usuatly ociur i6timing iiontar-iiiiiig.i'iu.i;,gthe wanrler months and are occasionally assoclated wlitr itrunOeriiorm'actirlti"s.I
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Tablc 21. TmPlttilrr ran!.nd 'rltm" 'l Ehd'tng, Ulri'
Extren*l IOrilY
maxifitrm
"c
D.ilY
minimm
Rccord
hi$6t
Rccsd
lolrtJt
'c "c 'F 'c
J.nuty
FGbrury
Marctr
April
M.y
Juno
July
Ar$rn
9ptmb.r
Octobcr
Novrmbor
Dactmbat
Anru.l
3.9 39.1
6.5 ll3.7
11. t 5t.9
17.0 62.6
trLz 71.92*2 8a8
3r.7 89.130.3 s.5a.2 79.319.0 68.2lo.t 50.8s3 4t.6
17.7 6:1.8
15.8 -2.820.t1 0.1
26.1 3.9
xt.7 &9
4r.3 13.749.2 1&9
56.9 27.8
55.5 21.1.7-7 t 7.6
38.9 10.9
24.1 3.t1&6 l.t
35.5 9.8
27.1 16
32.r 1939.0 22
48.1 2A
56.6 33
68.0 38
73.O 397r.0 3763.6 355r.6 tlt37.5 2t30.1 16
,19.7 39
60 195867 rsl272 193482 llxl92 r95',1lm t95ar(B rcll98 t95a95 r9a8c, rglT@ l$rt6r 1940
r03 &ly tg]l
-27 -17-.3t -t317212 '11
-5 13
-2 2A286 /t2
-2?3_10 14
-xl -7-2a -tl
-3r -?3
r937
193
1948tgn
r93l
19.17
r93a
r950
1Clal$5
l93t
rgts
Fcbruty l93il
-9.1
-€.tl
-3.3
0.9
5.2
9.0
13.8
!3"1
8.7
2.74.1
-7.1
1.9
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T
,Pcriod ol record: 193t-1900 {I) Yc..s).
Sourcc:PhtcrrBcrourer,Limilcd.A1tptlitztior fotSriutcttbtorblLian*'TtblcL2{'p'24'Apr'3't978'
Ttbb 2.2. ft.citfi.rion mrnt.nd Gt.tn ! 't Eltldint, Utif
Maan monthly Muimum mondily Grrrtct drily
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January
Frbruery
M:rch.
April
Mrv
Ju nc
July
Augun
S.prrmb.t
Octob.t
NoYmbar
Dccoobcr
a(x
2.95
2.38
zr8
!.Glt.,
2.13
3.Ol
3.fi!
351r.8
3.20
1.m
r.r8
o9aos
0.84
o55
0.84
l. t9
r.l9
1.38
o7a
1.28
r0.31
4.39
5.m
5.4t
5.1 I
5.5r
7.79
12.59
9.60
r6.79t2!
9.29
tt.(E
r.73
1.97
2.r3
2.0r
2.17
3.07
4.$
3.78
6.6t
2.O5
3.66
2.U
2.62
2.il
2.6e
2.30
3.56
3.35
5.Gt
3.07
3.9a
2.at
3.58
r.(r
r.(B
!.m
l.(E
0.94
1.4{'
r.32r.s
l.2t
t.55
0.95
t.tl{,
1952
!937
r937
r957
l9a7
1gts
199'
1951
r9:B
r940
rgE
r 90t
tPeriod ol rsd: 1S11-1960 (A) vcrr).
Sourcc: Plrlran Raourcrs, Limirc., Atqtiutiot' fu sr,ut.i. lvlt'tid Li('','T,t,le L2'2'c' 2'8' Apr'
3, 1978.
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2-3
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?,? AIR QUALiTY
The proposed mill s'ite lies.within the jurisdiction of the Four Corners Interstate Air Qua.lityControl Region No. l4'.which encunpassei parts of Colorado, l"i.oni, New l,lexico, and Utah. Theair quality of-the region is evaluated according to a clasiificition system that was establishedin l97l for all Air Quali.ty Control Resions (AQin) in the UniteJ SiJtei-[En,-i.itl-i.).,i.21.- --
The classification systeni rates the five major air pollutants (particulaie matter, ;rlir;-dioxide, nitrogen ox'ides, carbon monoxide, and photbchemical oiiaantii ii-niri,id-i p.i."ityof I, II, or III- A priority I rating means that a portlon of the region ls slinificanttyviolating Federal standards for a particular pollutant and special emission conlrols are ieeded.If the emissions are predominately from a single-point source, then it is further classified asIA. A priority rating of II indicates a better quality of air in the region; a priority IIIrating classifies the highest quality. The concentrations that define t[e ciassification areoutlined in Table 2.3.
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TaUa 23. FcdcrC rcAimal priority ds$ific.timr be-d
on mbicnt rir qrality
Air quality fu each pricity granp'Average time il
Sulfur ox ides
Particulate
matter
Carbon
monoxide
Nitroqen
dioxide
Photochemiel
ox idant3
)l0O sglm3
)455 gglm3
)95 s9lm3
)325 y9lm3
)14 nr9/m3
)55 m9/m3
)1 10 pglm3
X 95 rrglm3
60-100 pglm3
260-455 !q/m3
't 300 g9lm3
60-95 rrglm3'l50-325 !9/m3
(60 pglm3
(260 sglm3(1300 pglm3
(60 gglm3
(150 gglm3
(14 mg/m3
(55 mg/m3
(1r0 pglm3
(195 s9lm3
Annual
24 hr
3hr
Annual
24 hr
8hr
Ihr
Annual
thr
tln the abrene of measured data to the contrary, any region containing an area
whose 1970 "urban place" population exeds 200.000 wilt be classified orisiW l. Alt
others will bo classified priority lll. Hydrocarbon classifications will be same as forpholochemi6l oxidants.
Source: EB, Table 2.7.T.
The-priority classifications for the Four Corners Interstate AQCR, which inc.ludes the proposedmill site, are presented below:
Su I fur
di ox l des
Parti cul atematter Nitrogen Carbon Photochemicaloxides monoxide oxidants (Hc)
Pri ori tyclassification IA IA III III
J!9 lrioritl IA.ratings.for particulate matter and sulfur dioxlde for the AQCR are due to emis-sIons from fossil-fueled power plants located within the region (ER, Sect; 2.Z.C.i).--Xowere",
i?1.-91,!1" Power plants.Iie within 50 km (31 rniles) of the-mill'iiie, which suggeits trii ttrearr.guality in the vicinity of the site may be better than the prioriiy m ctasiirtcationi ndi cates .
The Utah Division of Heatth monitors total suspended particulates and su'lfur dioxide at astation located 105 km (66 miles) west-southweit of tire site at Bull Frog ilarina. Exceot forthe short-term (24-hr) particulate measurement, alt reportia vituei (En,'rauie z.z-eii'Ii""
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well belovr the Federal and State of Utah air quality standards. The 24-hr particulate
violations are believed to have been caused by dust blown by high winds.
Based on data collected from four samp)ing Iocations on the project site for one year, dust-fall averaged 33 g/m2 per month; the highest monthly average was 102 g/m2 occurring in August.I
Total suspended particulate monitoring from 0ctober I977 through February 1978 revealed a geo-
metric mean of l8'.g/m3.I Dustfall for this same time period averaged ?3 g/nz per month. If
a linear relationship between total suspended particulate matter and dustfall is,assumed, the
annual geometric mean for total suspended particulates is expected to be 26 uglm3. This valueis well below the Federal and State air quality standard of 60 ug/m3. The maximum 24-hr con:
centration was 79 pglm3, or approximately one-half of the Federal and State standard of
150 uglm3. Sulfation-rate monitoring for one year at four'locations on the site-indicate
that iulfur dioxide concentrations at the site vicinity are less than 0.005 ppm.l The Federal
and State standard for the annual average of sulfur dioxide is 0.03 ppm'
?.3 TOPOGRAPHY
The site is Iocated on a "peninsula" platfonn tilted slightly to the south-southeast and sur-
rounded on almost all sides by deep canyons, washes, or river valleys. 0nly a narrow neck of
land connects this platform with high country to the north, forming the foothills of the Abaio
Mountains. Even along this neck re'latively deepstream courses intercept over'land flow from the
higher country. Consequently, this platform (t{hite t'lesa) is well protected from runoff flood-
ing, except for that caused by incidental rainfall directly on the mesa itself. The land on
the mesa irmediately surrounding the t{hite Mesa site is relatively f1at.
2.4 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIOECONOI.IIC PROFILE
The site of the proposed tlhite Mesa Uranium Mill is in San Juan County in southeastern Utah(Fig. 2.1), approxirnately 8 km (5 miles) south of the city of Blanding. Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc., currently operates an ore buying station on this property. Energy Fuels also operates an
ore buying station near Hanksville, Utah. It is intended that ore will be transported fromthe Hanksville facility to the proposed mill on Utah Route 95, passing through portions of
l{ayne, Garfield, and San Juan counties (ER, pp. 2-4 to 2-71. It should be noted that Plateau
Resources Limited currently operates a uranium ore buying station in Elanding at a site'locatedapproximately 3 km (1.9 miles) north of the Energy Fuels' llhite I'lesa site.
Because of its close proximity to the proposed mill site, the city of Blanding is fikely toreceive the Iargest share of this project's socioecononic impacts, The conmunities ofHonticello and Bluff also are likely to share the effects of mi'll-induced population increasesand ensuing social impacts. These three cormunities and Hanksvil'le have been studied for socio-econqnic impacts. The counties of San Juan, llayne, and Garfield have been examined where effectsare likely to be generalized over a Iarger area.
2.4.1 Demoqraphy of the area
2.4.I..l Curent population and distribution
Compared to most eastern states, Utah is rather sparsely populated xith a 1977 population of
1,271,300 -a 20ir, increase since 1970. This population represents an overall density of
39.9 persons per square kilometer (15.4 per square mile), but nearly 70X of Utah's population
lives in the counties of Salt Lake, Utah, and l,{eber where Salt Lake City, Provo, and 0gden,
respectively, are located.
San Juan County, where the proposed Hhit€ Mesa miII would be constructed, has a population of
13,000 (an increase of 35.31 from 1970). Uayne County, the slte of the Hanksville ore buying
station, has a population of 1800 (a 21.41 increase since 1970). Garfield County has a totalpopulation of 3600 (an increase of 141 from 1970). The data in Table 2.4 illustrate that while
these three counties have experienced growth in recent years, thelr overall density has remained
I ow.
The closest city to the proposed mlll site is Blanding (Table 2.5), nhich had a 1977 population
of 3075, up 37X fron 1970. Monticello, the county seat, has 2208 residents, 541 more than in'1970. Between them, these two cornunities account for nearly 40X of San Juan County's popu-'lation (ER, p. 2-18). Another 46t of the total is made up of l{avajo Indlans living on or near
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-.9;r;;;"" ;
^No ou.^Y
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Trblc Ztl. Ar.. md pop{Lrion for lrth rnd Weync, Grrfidd,
rnd Sro Jum countic!. t970.rd tgT,
6020€
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li ^ Fig. 2-l' Regional map of the l{hite Mesa Uranium Project site. Source: plateauResources, Ltd..,_ Application for a soutee tb,terial rii^ri"iii ii"-it*rffibr"' ;;;;;Station, Grand Junction, Colo., Apr. 3, I97g. ! -- -"r- v
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State s
cNnty
Land area
Irrt rc -t",
Total population Population per square kilometer
Changc
(%l
19m lqi7,
km2 3q. mile km2 rq. mile
20.0
21.4
r4.o
35.3
t2,34
2.4&)
5,217
7,8U
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Utah, tot l 2t3,tmWaym 6,444
Garf ield 13,507
San Juan 20,412
r,059.273 r.271,3q,1,48:l .t,gx)
3,157 3,6fi)9,606 13,000
5.0
0.2
o.2
0.5
r 5.4
o.7
o.7
r.6
12.9 5.90.6 0.30.6 0.31.2 0.5
'Preliminary data.
Source: U.S. 8ureil ot Census, l9Z0; UrCr poputatim Work Committ.r, 1977.
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Table 2-5. Population centen n.rr thr
Whire Mes Uranium ProiEt
. tde2.2.1. birUtry+ .,\
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r30
140
140
10
120
Approx imate distance from
the proiect sitet
Blanding site Hanksville site
km
Coltrado
Grand Junction'
Corte/
Du rango'
Utah
Blanding
Monticello
Bluff
Hanksville
Moab'
New Mexico
Farmingtont
290 t80 260140 85 346210 130 4n
8520948 30 22532 20 225225 140 t6130 80 r93
r60
215
260
dPopulation greater than 4500 according to lg75 c€nss
the Navajo Reservat'ion in southern San Juan county (ER, p. 2-I5). The town of Bluff has apopulation of 280, more than double its populatio-n in igTO (ER,'p. Z_iA).
t{ithin a 290-km (180-mile) radius of the proposed mill there are several larger cities thatare important regional centers (See Table 2.5 for distance relationships to lhe project sites).Moab, Utah' the closest and also the smallest, has a population of appi-oximately'4560 iccordingto I975 census records (ER, TabIe 2.2-1). Cortez, Colorado, has a population siightly under6800 and Durango, Colorado, has nearly 12,000 residents. Both Grand Junction, Coioraio, andFannington, New Mexico, have populations approaching 28,000.
Approximately 16 km (10 miles) from the Hanksville ore buying station is the town of Hanksville,which had a 1975 population of 160.
The area within an 8-km (S-mile) radius of the proposed mill is sparsely populated and primarilyagricultural. It is estimated that about 70 to 80 people currently reside here. The closestcurrently inhabitated dwelling unit is approximately 5 km (3 miles) north of the site (Appli-
cant's responses to ER questions, Enclosure 2, p.2), but most area residents live to thesouth in the Ute Mountain cotmunity of l,lhite Mesa. The Blanding airport also'lies within this
8-km (5-mi1e) zone, and approximately 30 to 40 people use that facility daily.
?.4.1.? Projected population and distribution
Between now and the year 2000, Utah's population is expected to rise steadily accordlng to
projections prepared by the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (Table 2.6). Both high and
low projections assume a gradual decline in mortallty and constant fertility. The difference
between them is that the high figures also assume a posltive net mlgration while the low
figures are based on no net migratlon at all. Projections for San Juan County indicate a
muih greater growth rate than for the State as a whole (Table 2.6).
According to the city manager of Blanding, a population increase of almost.lSO9 !l expected
within tfie next threl yeari, bringing thi numbei of city residents to 4540 by 1981 .(City ]lanager
of Blanding, Utah, personal cofinrnication, JuIy '10, 1978). This estimate represents.. an increaseof 47.6% over the 1977 population and is based on the assumption that the proposed l{hite Mesa
uranium milt wilI be built. [,{ontice'llo's city manager is also predicting growth, but at a
lesser rate than for Blanding. Between nor and 1983, an increase of approximately 600 (or
Ziij-*.ip."i.a (City ttanagEr of ilonticello, Utah, personal comtunication, July 30, 1978).
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Table 2.6. Population proi*tionr," San Juan, Wayre, and Garlietd@unti6, compared to th€ Stat!
78
11
Utah
High
Low
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I 9750 I 980 1 990 Percent rrcrear
( 1975-20@)
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San Juan County
High
Low
Wayne County
High
Low
Garfield County
High
Low
1,216.843 1,420,55,31,206.584 1,302.8t5
r 2.816 17 .37312.716 ,3.954
1,960 2,660t,950 2,060
3,4&) 3,9403,470 3,760
1,803,985 2.163,927
l ,4u.23t 1.655.528
26.@2 33.300
16.91 7 19.753
3,770
2,310
4,530
2.5r 0
160
55
13r.1
28.7
7t.3
47.6
4,670 5.9604,460 5,120
tHigh proiections assume a gradual dtrline in mortality, conrtant tertility, and positive netmigration- Low proiections assume a graduar decrine in mortarity, constanr fertirity, and no net
t,
6 u s c"nr,, estimation tor t 975 indictes that 4tual population td the state and all threcounties was below th€ ,,low,'proj€ction preented in this table.
Source: EB. labte 2.2.22.
The Blanding airport, about 5.6 krn (3.5 miles) north of the-prospective mill site, has plansto expand its existino runway and sio.age aieas by sr*." or'i6i5]'An in....se in fliqhtsto and from the facirity-;;y'.;;;r;;;v'iil1.';;r;".r;;;il; ii.iisi" or Brandins city Aiiport,personal cormunication, Aug. 2,1978i. The ute l'lountain InJiin'conmunltv of white ilesa iscurrentlv considerins requistins rhe'use;a ai; i;i;-Bi;.e;;s'i_.r.in Site, part of the r,rhiteSands Missile Range, from ttre u]S. Rrmy. -Inis property, wtriif,-ii".pp.orimate.ly G km (4 miles)
::lijJlr:r. miil site, wourd be used ?or u co,,muniiy-i,in[""-.ni-*Jurd not have pennanent
mr9ratiOn.
2.4.1.3 fransient population
Although the_permanent-population in southeastern utah is relatively Iow, thisa substantial number of.tourists-eact yea" (ijoie z.ii. -ciiiiii'n".r Nationalneariv 0.5 million visitors in 1976. ine "iact numbers flultuite irom year tooverall trend appears to be toward increasing visitaii;n.'-M;;ti:La sal Forest,miles north of Blanding, is the nearest recriation area.
2.4.? Socioeconomic profi les
2.4.?.1 Social profile!*+
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area receives
Park alone hadyear, but thewhich is six
I 9landinq. From-1972-to-191!:_appryximately l2 new units were added each year, but in 1976 thatfigure rose to 37.2,3 In 1977,'43 new aweiling units weri-aJaea,-ina this accelerated rate ofconstruction-?ppears to be continul|g (city Hanager of Blanding,'uiah, personat iormunicition,Julv 10, I978). lt|obile homes in thii irea-are oiten found on i,iaiiiJ,iai-i;i;-ir-iifiieliamtrvneighborhoods as well as in mobile home parks.
At present, the supply of new housing is keeping up with the number of residences, and the
I?::TI_"!!._i:-r.l{-19*:.Approximately_200 lots are avai.tabre ror sinsie-iiriii'r,ori.i lnulanolng to accormodate future growth. There are also around 25 curren[ vacancils in a localmobile home-park (ER, p: l:lg). The supply of rental uniii in-srinatng,.i-in-rinv,riri"cities, is low (ER, p. 2-50)
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Tablc 2.7. Viritor nati3ti6. recreation arer: in rcutheastrn Ubhr
Visitors (thousandsl
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 (January-Septemb€r)t
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Glen Canyon National Hrcreation Area
Canyonlands National Park
Manti- La Sal National Forest
{visitor dayslo
Caprtal Reef National Park
Hovenmep National Monumen/
Natural Bridg€s National Monument
60.8
60.8 62.6
r 05.3 100.9
272.0 31t .2
12.1 12.0
58.5 42.7
59.0 7 r .8
88.7 76.4
234.0 292.1
l 1.0 13.2
40.3 48.4
67.3
NAC
31t4.2
(through August)
r 6.2
67. I
80.0
469.6
19.4
71.9
aData reler to actual visitations for each area except Manti.La Sal National Foresl. Here, data indicate recreation vilitor
dayr. A visitor day is the equivalent of one pcrson entsing an area ior 12 ht.
t Oata refr to the Monticello Ranger District only.
c lndicates data not &ailable.
dOata refs to the Squ.re Tower Ruin Unit, mar Elanding.
Source: ER. Table 2.2-5-
Honticello. During the five years of 1972 through I926, the supply of housing in Monticello
wal-Tncreasing at approximately six units p€r )€oF.ars In 1977 this figure jumped to around
60 units per year, and between 60 and 80 new units are expected to be constructed in 1978;
however, the demand for housing has not yet exceeded the supply (City t'tanager of Monticello,
Utah, private cormunication, July 20, 1978). An expected annexation will double the size of
the city and provide room for at least 150 more single-family homes. Approximately 35 vacancies
noe, exiat in Iocal mobile home parks (ER, p. 4-18). As in Blanding, rental housing is scarce.
A 23-unit apartment is cumently being constructed to accormodate some of the demand for this
kind of houiing (City I'lanager of t'lonticello, Utah, private ccnmunication, July 20' 1978).
Bluff. 0ver the last five years, the supply of new housing in Bluff has increased at a rate
6T-TIve or six new housing units annually and the demand has not exceeded the supply. The
existence of approximately 70 vacant lots with water connections and available spaces in two
mobile parks trithin the city limits indicate that Bluff is capable ofaccormodating future
growth (ER, p. 2-55).
Hanksville. Hanksville currently has no excess housing supply, and the majority of familiesTT!-e in mobile homes. Hanksville is presently installing a new water system to service theexisting conmunity and to provide service for 24 new building sites for permanent housing.
Publ ic services
Blandinq. Ilater is obtained from surface runoff and underground nells, and an 0.ll-m3/sec
n-Sgg-qem) sewage treatment plant ls operated by the city. l{ater consumption in 1976 averaged
0.023 ms/sec (547,000 gpd). The current system is adequate to handle moderate population
increases, and improvenents are being planned to hand'le the inf'lux of new residents expected by'1981 (Citi ilanagei of Blandlng, Utah, personal cmilunicatlon, July 10, 1978). Sewage treatmentis provided through a lagoon system, and improverEnts are planned for the near future. Elec-trility is providid through a clty-of.ned dlstributlon system; the city a'lso provides solid
waste collection and disposal. Propane gas is available through two private distributors, but
there is no natural gas servlce (ER, p. 2-46). Local streets are maintained iointly by the
city and county (Treisurer of San Juan County, Utah, personal cormunication, July 25' 1978).
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Blanding has a full-time police force of three officers and an auxiliary force of eight, anda volunteer fire department provides fire protection. xealth cile is available through the36-bed San Juan county Hospitar in Monticeiro, a ii-uea;;;;ir;-;;,r. in Branding, and two Iocaldoctors' one public health nurse, and one dentist. There ii.'r.ntut health clinic in townwith one full-time therapist (ER, p. 2_a7).
Two elementary schools-and one high school serve Blanding.- The combined capacity of theelementarv schools is 750 studenti; 630 are.currently enroileJl -witn azq students, however,the h'igh school has 174 students more than the prann6d-1.;;.;;y. The opening of two new highschoots, scheduled for r.he near furure (one in isiti i.o'.I.'iirigzgffSao), shou.ld ease thecurrent overcrowding (ER, p, 2-aB).
Blanding's recreational resources consist of,one swinrning pool, one )ighted ball field, onenine-hole golf course, three.parks, and a school ioriu"ii Ii.il Iiia gymnasium that are atsoavailable for public use.6 Local residents at.o r,ir"-ici.ii"io r.r".al National parks, forests,monuments, and recreation areas (Table 2.7). The san Jrir-iorrty-Library is rocu["a'j,]st northof Blanding (Treasurer.of San Juan-County,'Utah, p.iiorii".o*unlcation, July 25, .l9ig). Inaddition' the applicant has recently providea ljpbo.i io. i.riuin'..."eational endeavors in thelocal.area.through the sponsorstrip 6r'athletic tiims-ana riiiili"activities. To accommodateanticipated future growth, the city has set apart an area for in ioultionat ball field andpark. b
Irtonticerro. water is supplied by surface runoff and groundwater, and, as in Branding, thereT;aTTty-operated water treatment prani. irprovemen[s to the witer supply system are beingundertaken to raise its overall capicity (city Manager ot Noniiceiio, utah, personal cormuni-cation' July 20' l97B). Primary ahd seionaary sewage treatment.is provided by a local digestorplant,.and future improvements ire planned (Eit, p.Z-sil.--fr,"-ciiy of Monticello distributeselect.icitv supplied uv glal Power ind right-i6 [itv r.lio.rir."'ii. transmission system is nowat capacitv, but Monticelloll_gitr..mgnagei has.sata-tt,ii ilr.-iity'is currently consideringways to expand its service area. Naturil gas ls avaii.ole irrrorit' the utah 6as service (ER,p. 2-53). Monticello currently operaiei a'waste disposal service, and street maintenance is ajoint responsibility of city and county.
Police and fire protection is provided by the^three full-time police employees and one part-time police employee. .They ar!_aided uy"the cognty streriir;i [.pi.t,n.nt and a volunteer firedepartment with three trucks (ER, pp. z--s3.na z-sit. 'ir,"'m-[.5-ian
Juan county Hospital anda small mental health clinic.with bire therapist and'one ort...in-"o.ker are in l4onticello.There is also a public health nurse in town.
There are an elementary.school and a high school in town, both of which are currently operatingat about two-thirds of their p.ii .ipu.ilyl'' fn" elementary school, which can handle 550students, now has 365 enrolled. The high"school,-aeiifrea"for"i6ril ,."r.s 370 students(ER, p. 2-5a).
Three public parks, one swinming pool, one golf course, a local ski resort, and the Nationalareas listed in Table 2.7 provide recieatioiat opporiuiiit"t-io.-i..u residents. one of thecity parks-is.currently being expanded, and it ii'ttre jujgr.ri-or-ihe city rhnager thatthese facilities are adequate to'handle future mili-iniriEa-pJpui.ito, increases.6
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ql-CIJ. The lrater system for Bluff consists of threestorage tank capable of servicing a poputation almostis currently provided through iniiviituit i.pii. tanri
artesian wells and a 260-m3 (2 x l0s_gal)double the present one. Sewage trealrnentalthough construction of a coimunitytreatment facility has been-proposed (ER,-p'.- Z_Sij.
Two sheriff's deputies.are responsible for local police protection, and fire protection is theresponsibilitv of an eight-person volunteer rire lepartm;ri:--di;i;; residents haie access tocounty health services.in-neighboring cities, and outreach *or[e.i for the Four Corners lrlentalHealth Agency are available. -
One elsnentary school, with a.capacity of 200, provides education for the lo4 students, A pro-posa'l for expansion of recreatioiral ficilities was recently defeated li ioriuniiv-;;;;;r,'leaving one park, one bal'l field, and the ieireational areas shown in rabre 2.7.s
f:2-l 0
Hanksvilie. A single privately owned well supplies water to Hanksville residents and is
operating at peak capacity although installation of a new water storage and distribution
system is under way. No conrnunity sewage is provided. A county dump is available for city
waste disposal (ER, p. Z-7?1. The Gar-Kane Power Company supplies electricity in this area
(ER, p. 2-7a).
Law enforcement is provided by one part-time sheriff and road maintenance is also providedby the county. Arnbulance and emergency medical services are available in town; however, thenearest medical clinic-is.in Green River, 97 km (60 miles) to the north. The nearest hospitalis over 160 km (100 miles) away in Moab (ER, p.2-72).
Hanksvijle's 50 elementary students attend a local school with an enrollment capacity of 60.Middle and high schoolers are bused to Bicknell, 105 kn (65 miles) away. The middle'schoolhas a current enrollment of 105 and a cipacity of 120; the high school has 155 students andthe ability to take 200 (ER, p. 2-74).
Cul ture
Navajo and Ute Indian populations concentrated in southern San Juan County have their own99lt9r1l heritage. As shown in Table 2.8, almost half of the county's reiidents are nonwh.ite(46.4%), and most of these are llavaios. Religion is another significant influence in soutn-eastern Utah. The predominant Church of Jesus Christ of [atter-Day Saints stresses within itsbeliefs the values of family Iife, education, and.marriage and provides a focus for conrnunitylife. Table 2.8 also compares the age and educational altainment of the three counties and theState as a whole.
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Trblc 28. Srlmtd dcmognphic ch.ttct rattict, Sen Jgrn Coonty, eorio.rcd to Utrh (1970)
San Juan County Waym County Gartield County Utah
Total population
Race
White
Other {%)
Education
Median $h@l years
completed (population
25 year: and over)
Percent ol population with
less than 5 years
Perceni of population with
4 years o, collagr tr mor!
A9
Median agc
Percen( under 5 y€rrs
Percent 5-1 7
Percant I 8-6il
Percent 6$r
9,606
5.r53
46.4
10.7
27.O
&8
r _638
8.9
27.3
7.1
35.4
49.3
7.9
3.r57 t,059.273
r,033,880
2.4
12.5
2.O
l4-0 :l1&0
13.9
36.0
45.6
rl.5
23.0
10.6
23.6
52.5
7.3
26.4
8.2
32.6
49.4
9.8
Sourcc: ER, Tables 2.2.4 and 22.21.
2.4.2.2 Economic profile
Between lgT0 and April 1978, the number of nonagricultural payroll jobs in San Juan teunty
increased by over 1000 - from 1786 to 2452. The relative importance of the various economicsectors also shifted in that period. Servlces stayed nearly the sam; the relatlve lmportanceof trade, transportation, constructlon, and manufacturing declined sllghtly; and the signifl-
cance of finance, insurance, and real ettate rose a little. The importance of mining and
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government.changgd dramatically' however. Employnent in government services declinedfrom 31.6 to ?4.5%, whire mining climbed rrom'zr.r-io 3i.i;';i'H;'t;i;i.7-
Because total-etnployment increased so greatly, the absolute number of jobs rose in all cate_gories. The largest increase by far, io*evei, was in^mining,-,,r,i.r, grew fron 3Br iobs in I9z0to 935 in April 1978. In the.one-yeir period'enaing nprii i6ziil'iii. largest numerical increaseswere experienced in construction, minin!, traae, ani ;.;;.;;'ii.ir'. z.gi.-
TaHe 29. Noragriolturd peyrclt iobl in Sm Jum. Waync, and Garfield
coutrii€r from April 1977 to April t97g
I April Percent of1977 total
April Percent ot1978 totat Perent change
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Manufacturing
Mining
Construction
Transportatim, commer@, utilities
Trade
Finane, insurance, real estate
Seruices
Government
Total
Manufacturing
Mining
Construction
Transportation, clmmtrce, utilities
Trade
Finane, insurance, real estate
Seroices
Governnent
Total
Manufacnr r irrg
Mining
Constructim
Transportation, commerce, utilitier
Trade
Financa, ingrtanct. r?al estate
Scryicer
Govsnment
Total
San Jum County
185 6.6890 31.5t42 5.0157 5.6400 14.225 0.9303 10.77r8 25.5
2820 100.0
Way]lc County
28 6.548 il.|63 14.62 0.544 11.47 1.623 5.3211 49.0
431 1m.0
Grrfitld County
'197 5.7935 31.7
'r 55 5.2168 5.7424 14.427 0.9322 10.9724 24.5
2452 100.0
24 6.550 11.264 .t 5.42 0.452 11.67 t.624 5.4214 47.9
447 100.0
25? 19.448 3.162 4.871 5.4
r 95 't 5.0't5 1.2306 23.6350 26.9
124/ tm.o
237
tl6
57
66
184
14
288
347
1734
19.1
3.7
4.6
5.3
14.9
't. t
23.3
28.0
r00.0
6.5
5.t
9.2
7.O
6.0
8.0
6.3
0.8
4.7
3.6
4.2
9.5
6.1
oi
1.4
3.7
6.3
4.3
8.8
7.6
6.0
7.1
6.2
0.9
4.8
source: utah ocpsrtmmt o, Employment security, R$earch and Analysis s.6ion, adapted frornAuantrly Emplqmdrt Ncvdctt t of furthc&..m Dirtrict of ( Cr, Janu.ry_Aprit 197g.
The mineral lndustry is-extrorely important to san Juan county, and uranlum production is asubstantial component of this sector. In fact,.san Juan couniy is-$re Iargest producer ofuranium in utah' and this activity has increased-aramauciiiy-"ti,iI.-iszi-ifi;;6;;i;il;.i'and lrtineral Survey, private-cormunication,.tuty 17,_lsigi: i,.;;;;i gas and crude oil arethe other important materials being produied hlre (en, ;''2_5Zi:'-'
Tourism is a'lso an important part of San Juan^County,s-economy, a part that has been increasingsteadilv in recent years. Between 1975 and tgzz, i6uriii-.ffi'r.n[iri irii*i,'lia-iv"3i.;i:li
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Total nonagricultural payrolI employment in l.iayne County was 447 in April l97B (Table 2.9).The government employed almost 50X of those workers, and construction, trade, and miningactivities accounted for nearly 40%.
In Garfield County, nonagricultural employment for April .l978 totajed .|244 (Tabte 2.9). Thegovernment accounted for slightly over 25% of this employment, services for slightly under 25%,manufacturing for almost 20%, and trade for another l5%.
qetween 1973 and 1977, per capita income for the State of Utah rose by 44%, from 54100 to55900. Increases in per capita incorrc for San Juan County did not keep paie with raises else-where. Income in 1973 was $2400, 58.5% of the State average, and 1977 income was $3400 or51.6% of the State figure (Table 2.'10).
Between 1970 and 1977, unemployment fell for the State as a whole and for l,layne, Garfield, and
San Juan counties. The state figure went from 6.1 to 5.3%; wayne county, from 8.5 lo l.?%;Garfield, from l9.2 to 7.9%; and San Juan, from'10.7 to 8.1% (Table 2.ll).
The characteristics of job applicants in San Juan County, where the t{hite Mesa mill is to belocated, are Iisted in Table 2.12. Most jobs in mining are classified in the "miscellaneous"
sec t i on.
The number of retail and wholesale establishments and their sales are shown in Table 2.13 forSan Juan County and the cities of Blanding and Monticello. Since 1967, county wholesale andretail sales have both nearly tripled.8 Retail sales are almost evenly dividld between Blandingand Monticello, together accounting for 94.3% of the county's total retail activity.
ln 1977, San Juan County levied an ad valorem tax of 16 mills on the assessed value of allproperty in the county for the general fund. An addJtlonal 40 mills was collected for thecounty school district and a final 2 mills for the countyride water conservation district. The
conmunities of Monticello, Blanding, and Bluff also levied an extra 15, 21, and l0 mills,respectively, on the assessed value of all property within their corporate limits. Finally,the Monticello and Blanding Cemetery 0istricts each collected 2 mills on all property withinthose district boundaries. Mines and mills are subject to the above taxes as is all other realproperty. The total amount collected from all these funds combined nas $5,126,748 (Treasurerof San Juan County, Utah, personal comnunication, July 25, 1978), two-thirds of which went tothe County School District. In addition to the property tax, San Juan County also received$87,496 in sales taxes.
San Juan County handles its financial affairs through a number of separate funds, the largest
of which is thl general fund (Appendix C). Within this fund, the property-tax comprises the
largest single source of revenue, accounting for sl'ightly over 33% of the 1977 total' Shared
rev6nues fr6m the State of Utah contributed another 20,1%, and Federal shared revenues and
in-lieu-of-tax paJments added another 15.3X.
The largest expenditure for San Juan County in .l977 was for road maintenance ($1,176,000)
amountiig to siightly over one-half of total county funds. 0ther large outlays were ll.2%
for health services and 6.4X for the Sheriff's Department.
In the fiscal year ending in June 1977, the largest-source of-revenue for the clty of
dianaing;i-giniiii iuna {Appendix C) was the sale of a general_g9liSltign-glectric-,
water-, and sewer-improvefiEnt bond issue, yielding $225,000. This was followed by
slightiy over $55,000 from sales and use taxes and a little more than $44'000 from property
taxEi- "Federai rivenue sharing and waste collection and disposal fees were the other major
sources of funds, each contributing about tI8,000 to the total. Utility operations were
financed through a seParate fund.
Blanding,s major expenditures in the same year.were for public utility capital improvements and
poiiie ixpensis, each of which cost less tiran $50,000. Street maintenance cost about half this
lrorni, ana rasie collection and airport funds made up the Iast of the maior expenditures.
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44
59
76
39
5
27
56
156
5t
513
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Tablc 2.1O. P?, 6pita incoms fo. Utah and Wayne, Garfield, and
San Juan @ntict, 1973_1917
State s county 1973 '1974 1975 1976o tslTb
Utah
Wayne
Gariield
San Juan
$4,100
3. t00
3.400
2,400
s4.5O0 S4,80O s5,300 s5,9OO3,400 3,800 4,100 6.too3.300 3.500 4,200 5,0002.7OO 2,900 2.900 3.4m
a Revised.6Prgliminary estirnate.
Source: Utah Oepartment o, Employment Securiw, Besearch andAnalysis Section. adapted from euanerty Employment Narctettcr ofbuthesten Disttict of L,ltah. January-March 197g.
Tablc 2.11. Toal civilia labc and un.mploymnt for (ltalr and Waym,
Garficld, and Sln Juen cwntie. 1970 and 1977
State or
cdntv
t:bor force Unemployment Unemploymentrate
I 970 t97l 1970 197f l97o 197t'
Utah
Wayne
Garf ield
San Juan
414,248 551,900 25,214 29.5m664 880 57 63r,483 1,773 285 1403,015 4,198 322 34t
6. r 5.38.5 7.2t9.2 7.910.7 8.1
tPrelimin*y.
Source: Utah Departmnt of Employment Security, gearch and Analysis Section,adapred trom auztcrry Employmnt NencretEr of &udtear,tm District of rJtcr,January-March 1978.
TaUr 2.12. Ocanp.riod drrrtrirlicr of
irb .pelirilt' in th. B.nding tr!.,
Jrnuery-Mrdr 1978
lnclud€3 porson3 actinly secking employment,
some of wfiom $Erc employ€d at dE time
hof essimal, t?chnical, mnagerial
Clerical, iale3
Seruica
Farm, fisheri6. forestry
hocersing
Machine trades
Bcnch wk
Sructural
MiellanGout
Totel
Sourca: Utatr Dcprtmant of Employmcnt Scorrity,
Rereerdr md Analysis Saction, adapted fran Oor-wly Employmart l*fr,lctr,? ol sf,ud1,,,ttt,7 Db
trict of Ult, JaNery-Marcir 197&
?-1 4
Tablc 2-13- R.tail and wholcaale actiYitY in San Juan Crunty,
Banding, .rd Monticlllo (19761
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San Juan County Elanding Monticello
s7,150.000 $7,280,000
33
'NA: lnformatim is not available.
f ., ?;';*Yil,i;:;;:1,:;:ytr; :;::ma'!ion
svs'iem' E co n om i c F x'ls
As in Blanding, Monticello has a separate fund for operating public utilities. over $350,000was spent during fiscal year 1977-1978. SIightly over half of the city's nearly $150,000 ingeneral fund revenues for the fiscal year ending June 1978 carn from sales and use taxes, whileproperty taxes contributed another 25%. Unlike the county, both Monticello and Elanding receivemore of their general funds from sales taxes than from property taxes. The Iargest expenditurein 1978 was the $54,800 spent on administration. This figure was followed by the $49,400 spentfor police protection.
2.4.2.3 Transportation
A,system of two-lane paved highways and unimproved roads accounts for virtually all transportof people and products in and out of San Juan County. Although Blanding, B'lufi, t'lonticello,'and Canyonlands National Park have small municipal airports, there is no rail, bus, or com-mercial air service (ER, p. 2-30).
U.S. Route 163 receives a greater amount of traffic than any other road in the county. This
highway runs between I-70 on the north [approximately 161 km (100 miles) from the proposedmilll and U.S. Route 160 in Arizona to the south; the highway passes through I'lonticello,Blanding, and Bluff. The heaviest traffic in the county is on this artery just north ofMonticello, where the average daily vehicles were about 2685 in l975. llore recent figuresindicate a 43X increase in traffic in this area between l9T5 and 1977 (ER, p. 2-30).
Traffic volumes on Utah Route 95 fron the Blanding area to Hanksvil'le are much Iighter but
have been increasing in recent years (Table 2.14). From 1975 to 1977, an increase of 33% was
observed on Highway 95 south of Hanksville (ER, p. 2-30). U.S. Route 666 from Monticello toCortez, Colorado, also carries a slgnificant amount of traffic.s All of the roads in this areacarry a substantial anount of out-of-state trafflc (Table 2..l4).
2.5 LAND USE
?.5.1 Land resources
Southeastern Utah is known as the Canyonlands area; an arld climate and rugged terrain have'limited pennanent settlsnent of this region. Large rock forrnations and deep,narrow canyonsare characteristic of the area, and these, combined rith the Indian ruins found here, areattracting increasing numbers of tourists (ER, p. 2-23). I'luch of this area is lsolated, how-ever, and the population denslty is low (Sect. 2.4.1.1).
The site of the proposed llhite l{esa Uranium l,lill conslsts of 600 ha (1480 acres), approximately8 km (5 miles) south of the city of Elanding off U.S. Route 163. About one-third of the totalsite is scheduled to be actually used for mill operations and tailings disposal. The irmediate
area is bordered by both privately owned and Federal land.
Number of retail
establishments
Retail el6
Number of wtrolesle
establishments
Wholesale rales
10I
sr 5,300,000
9
s s,600.000
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T.ba. 2.1a. T..ftic Elulc in 1975 td Sao Ju.n Courv .nd Bl.ftling-|t .k.rill. du
Amroxrmate
Semenl Average darly p€rcenrage of' traftic cont/ @t-or.ttate
pats?rrger trlltic
Lhah R@E 95
U.S. Roure t63
Urah Rate 263
Utah RouE 261
3r0
95
95-290
r490-2685
860-l 985
740-925
530
560
25-35
!30
glanding to Nrtural f,id96
Natl. Mdumht
NaEral Bridger !o Hite
Hite to Hankryille
Monliello to La S.l Junction
Monricello to Elaoding
Elanding to Urah Route 262 tu.noff
Ur.h Rout? 262 to Elult
Blut, to Mexican H.t
Roure 95 to Hdb O6ing ar
Glen c.nyon
RouE 95 to | .ri6 Har
20
l0
10-20
20-35
r0-25
20-30
40
40
m
50
'Two figu.6 in thii collon rep.lst valus gaven td different FDint! along the rote. Onetigurr indi€tB that. traftic c@nt Mi taken at dty w l*ation.
Soure: €R, Tatile 2.2.9.
Much of the land in san Juan.county is Federally owned (see Table 2.15). Approximatelytwo-thirds of this Iand,is adminisiered by the [,.s. sureau-ot-[ina-uunig*.h[ io. ruiilpl.uses^such as grazing, mineral extraction, timber..production, ana witdl.lie manager"ni.- inott".one-fifth of the Federal land.is-managed-by ttre Hitionii Fi.t-l..ric. ana slig6ity iess tiranone-sixth is under the contror of the u.S. rorest servi.. iiri,-p.'i-zsl. on.lrori,tn-oi ir,"total area is Indian Iand. Nearly all of this territo"i-ii-pirl'oi tne xava3o Indian Reser-vation, but-a_small portion belongs to the ute-ilountain triu!-(in, pp. z-?3io 2-?6). ih;state owns 6.5% of San Juan count!, teavins onrv-e.ji ir-;;i;i;"i.ili iriuri-e]!il' !"!
TaHc 2.15, Lrrd ownhip, Wrym, G.rti.ld, and Srn Juan contia, 1967
Wayne County Garfield County San Juan County
Percen tagn ha Percentage acres Percentage
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Fedsal
State
lndian
Private
Urban and
transg6nation
Small wate/
Total area
542,055 r.338,87559,373 146,6510040,472 9!t,9652.193 5,416
54 t33
644,1t16 t,591,(N0
r,195,842 2,953,7890,167 222,712oo53,578 132,t373,507 8,662
389 960
r,343,481 3.318.400
4.2
9.2
0
6.3
0.3
b
100.0
8s.o 1,2o8,247 2.985.d106.7 131 ,707 325.3170 505,086 1,247,534.0 168,564 416,6000.3 6,177 r 5,253
D 4(X 997
r00.0 2,o19,940 4,99r,360
59.8
6.5
25.0
8.3
0.3
b
100.0
'lnclu&s water areas of 0.8 to t6 h. (2 to rO acnsl and streamr te$ than O.2O km (0.125 mile) in len$h6 Less than 0. t96.
Source: ER. f able Z2-8.
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il !.fg County, much.of the land is Federally owned (Table 2.15). As in San Juan County,administration is split between the u.s. Bureiu of ia,ia-uanagemeii, t["'tj.5l"rol.tt-i.rJii.,and the tlational Park Service. The state controls 9.?% of aha iil in tlayne counii,-ina i.gis in private hands. There is no Indian land.
r:) 1C
Garfield County exhibits almost the same ownership pattern as neighboring l,,layne County. Federalland control is exercised by the U,S. Bureau of Land l.lanagement, lne U.S: Foiest Service, andthe National Park Service (E!, p. ?-63\. State land.accoints fitr 6.7% of the total, and'privateland comprises another 4%. There is no Indian land (Table 2.,l5).
Because of the arid nature of this area, the primary agricultural use of the non-Federal prop-erty in all three counties is rangeland (Table 2.16). -The land within 8 r,r-ts rifeii or lr,.proposed mill is primarily used for grazing.- In addition to the uranium ore buying itationcurrently operated at the site by Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., nonagricultural lind-uses inthis area include the Blanding airport, a small cormercial eitauliihment, a part of-itre uteMountain Indian cormunity of t,llhite Mesa, several structures connected with the U.S. Army,sBlanding Launch Site, and another ore-buying station, operated Uy llateau nJ;;r;a;s, int.'(ER, p. 2-29).
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TTablc 216, Land usc in Wrync, Grrfiald, and San Jum ountic cxduding Fcdral land. 1967.
Wavne County Garfield County San Juan County
Percentage Percentage acres Percentage
Cropland
lrrigated
Nonirrigated
Pasture
Rangeland
Forest
Ottro'
Urban and
transportation
9nall mtef
2r,815
21,8r5
0
0
I 71,645
1 0,454
42,691
5,416
r33
252,165
1.:X}8,875
r,591,040
Total noo-Federal 10,205Federal 541,843
Total county acreags 643.894
13.651 33.73212,897 3l .8697g 1.8631.481 3.66091.923 227,13924,331 60.120t2,302 30.3983.5(r 8,662
389 960
147,582 364,67r
1,r95,374 2,953,7n
r.342.956 3.318.400
9.2 59,093 146,0168.7 2,878 7.1 r I0.5 56.215 t 38,905r.0 24,497 60.53162.3 51 t.139 1,263,00716.5 187.100 462,3188.3 23,314 57,6082.4 6.173 15,253
0.3 403 997
1m.0 811,719 2,005.730t,2@.2U 2,985.630
2.020.003 4.991.360
8,829
8,829
0
0
69,465
4,235
17,277
2.192
54
8.6
8.6
0
0
68.0
4.2
16.9
2.1
7.3
0.4
6.9
3.0
63.0
23.0
2.9
0.8
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'Water areas ol moe than l6 km (40 acres) and rivers wider than 0.20 km (O.125 mile) are exctuded.o"Oth.t" includes ttrip mim areas, salt llats, mud flat3. marshes, rock outcropt, feed lots. tarm r@ds, ditch banks, and misceltaneousagrioltUral land.clncludas warer reas of 0.8 to l6 ha (2 to 40 acrcj) and streams less than 0.20 km (O..l25 mile) in len$h.Soure: ER, Tables 22.8 and 2.2.24.
2.5.I.I ltliII ownership
The surface area of the entire-600-ha (1480-acre) project slte is currently owned by EnergyFuels Nuclear, Inc. (ER, p. 2-4).
2.5.1.2 Farmlands
Because.the rugged-terrain and arid climate,of.the.lrhite lrlesa region have restricted developmentor cultivated roPlqnq::,g"lliig ls.the predominant asricuiir".i'iino ,i" iiiiii-ilioil"o.yfarming produces primarily wheai-and beahs. No uniquE or-piire rirmia^as iiiii-sn'in6'mirrsite or in the surrounding area.6
The Federal-government.owns and administers, through the U.S. Eureau of Land }lanagement,approxinately 60X of-the total land area of San Juan County (ER, Sect. 2.2.1.3). -This iand,classified as multip'le.!!9, is leased for grazing, oil and gas axploration, and mining claims,and is managed for wildlife and recreation. The majority (63f) o? the private land ii San JuanCounty is rangeland (Table 2.16).
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The site for the proposed uranium mill (Fig. 2.2) was previously.used for grazing. Also, poten-tial grazing land lies on all sides of the-applicant's'propeiiy'(Fis. ?.?). Based upon prrmaryoroduction for rangeland in fair condition,, and assumini sbi.i it,. primary production will beorazed, grazing capacity of rangeland in the,vicinity oi ine.it. it conservative.ly estimated atiuout 0'69 to 1'24 animil units"nronths [nurirl p.. n"[tJr."i'o.ie"lo 0.5 AUMs per acre);r, thar is,about 0'B to I'4 ha (2 to 3.6 acres) of'rangetind;;;;Ari;;; to.support one cow or five sheepfor one month per vear. The nearest cultivited..opiunJ"iuiiitiu) u..u.r 2.4 km (1.5 miles)
ffifi|.?[ the site boundarv, and the nearest saraen-[iot-riIi'ipp.o*tratety t.o rm'(i-mite)
2.5.1 .3 Urban areas
The connunities of Blanding, I'lonticello, and.Bluff, all within 4g.kn (30 n,i.les) of the proposedtlhite lt'lesa mill site, and the town of Hanksvilte, fo-r, iio'ril.il ].jr-1,.'xiiririil'. lr*buying station' have been discussed in detail tn-Secti. ).i.i.i-,'z.q.l .z, and 2.4.2.1. The twolargest of these, Blanding and lt{onticello, have a number of regulations governing land use,including zoning, subdivision regulations, ano builJint.oa.i-iiitv l',lanager of Blanding, utah,and citv Manager of ltlonticello, [tah, perional .o*rnii.iio;;,'i;ii lol-igial'..d'iJiy'zo, tsza,respectively).
?.5.? .",
2.5.2.1 Historical sites
Although there are no cultuial sites on or adjacent to the proposed mill s.ite which are presen,yincruded in the Narional Resister ;i i;r;;ri;"piil"."i*iii"l.i"iiiir.."), the r{hite MesaArcheolosical District has been determined eligible- ;.;';;;i;;;; in the rrationar Reqisrer.Landmarks of southeastern urah.rii"ntiv'irctudea in i;; ffii;ili Register are surrnarized inTable 2'17' closest to the propor"J riir tit. ii *,.-iig;-oi"ijljars tnaian Ruin, located inBlandins (approximaterv six fii i6i-"o"ir''dr'tri. p".pJi.i'iir y' rffij.
A historical survev was conducted on the proposed mill site, and six histor.ical sites were;::'il:'i:;.,"[]y'-!;,lit;i;-hi;;.;;.;i='iil' are curren*y-unJer-review ao ;;i.;i;; eiisrbrrity
?.5.?..2 Scenic areas
southeastern utah is known for its unusual scenic qualities, in particular the abundance ofmassive stone arches and other outstinJinq .it io-iiioni.' iii"'g.n"ral area features a uniqueryrugged terrain with wide vistas, uaoiinaii .ni,ti.p-iinvJnr."'',
canvonlands llational Park is an area of unusual, interesting geological fonrntions, and the Glencanvon National Re*eation Area on aai; iilii ir;-;;;:;;;; ill:1" the cororado River.capitol Reef Hational Park contains nrre"ori cotoriui-itone-roiritionr. At Natural BridqesMonument, rock arches span.deep ..nyoni, iorming ure ri"slit'rili"ii"irioi;r';;"ffi ;;;;.These and other natural'and scinic iano,iarli-a"iw ,isiioii-io"Ioiii.,.urt"rn utah every year. Inaddition, the area contarns an auunainie oi-rraiin'.u.i;;';rj-p!il;gryphs. Newspaper Rock statePark, Edge of the cedars state pailt,-inJ ior.nr".p National mbnumeirt are noted areas of scenicand archeologlcal interest (Flg. z.fl. -croiest tb.the.propos"J-rirr site is Edge of rhe cedarsstate Park (historicia nonumenl), toiatea in aronatnf-(ffi;;;;;i;iy three miles north of theproposed mill site).
2.5.2.3 Archeological sltes
Archeological survevs of-pg!!!ons of the entire project site were conducted between the fal.lof 1977 and the sorino.of'1979. rne to[ai"irea surveyed contained-parts of sectlons zl, zz,?7, ?8,32. and ss oriizs,-i2ie,'lra-Ii"omiassed 809';; riiioo'iiles), of which 8r ha (200 acres)are administered bv the u.s. Eureau of r-ina'rlanageme"t in,i-ilo [i'iszo acres) are owned by thestate of utah- The remaining acreise ri-privateiy owned.- or.irg ihi-trii,iil,'i}"!ri!r"i"..recorded and all were determined to-have in .iiiii.iiiii-uut'Lili'sJn Juan Anasazi who occuptedthis area of utah from about o A.D. 6 iloii n.o. Aii-br; A Ji-t[" sttes were within the
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T37S
R22e
Fig. ?.2, Land Ornership in the vicinity of the project site (0BS = ore-buying station).
Source: ER, Plate 2.1-3 and Sect. 2.'1.
Note: Energy Fue'ls Nuclear current'ly owns T37S R22E Section 33, SEt, but this quarter sectionis not part of the proposed project.
prbject boundaries. Table 2.18 surmarizes the recorted sites according to their probable
temporal positions. The dates of occupation are the best estimates available, based on pro-
fessional experience and expertise in the interpretation of archeological evidence. 'Available
evidence suggests that settlanent on |lhite trlesa reached a peak in perhaps 800 A.D. Occupation
renained at approximately that level unt'll sqne time near the end of Pueblo II or in the
Pueblo lllPueb'lo III transltion period. After thls period, the population density declined
sharply, and it may be assumed that the llhlte llesa ras, for the rpst part, abandoned by about
1250 A.D-
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I.
San Juen County
Elanding
35 miles seth€ast of Blanding
Southeast of t\ihxian Hat
25 miles southeast of Moticrllo
30 miles west ot Mmticallo
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
l4 miles north of ttilonticsllo
WryD County
Capital Ree, I'lational Park on Utah
Rourc 24
3 miles southeast of Bickncll
60 miles south of Green River, in
Canyonlands National Park
Green River vicinity
Capiral R.rt Natimal Park
Capital B.ef National Park
C.pital Eert National Park
tl6 miles rcuth of lhnksvillc
South of Hankryillc
Naar Parquitch
Edgc ot C.edars lndian Ruin
Hovenw€ep Natioml Monument
Poncho House
Alkali Ridge
Salt Oeek Archa€ologi6t
Dist ict
Defianca Hourc'
lndian Creek State ParP
Fruita School Housc
Hans Peter Niehon Gristmilt
Haruest Senc Piclograph
Horseiroc (Barrier) Canyon
Pictogr.ph Panel
Gifford Barrl
Limc Kiln'
Oylcr Tunml'
er.rri.ld Co.rrv
St.n Randr
Susn's $EltG,
Erycc C,anyon Airport Hangar
'Pcnding rDmin tionr to t: "National Rcairtr ot Hirtgrie pleces..'
Sourcar: U.S. Dcpenment of tie lntcrior. ,,Netisrel Register ofHittoric Ptsc!3,,, Fd. Rqie. 4f (2g1, Fah tO, 1976, .nd rrbcequmr
issues throrgh rB(225), Nov. 2f, 1978.
Archaeological test excavatlons-rere conducted-by the Antiguities Section, Division of stateHistory, in the sprins of 1978,u on ZO sitei toiaiea il';il';;;; io be occupied by tailingscells 2t3 and 4. 0f these sitis, tnelve weii aeemeo-uy ti"-siiii nrcnaeotogist to have stg-nificant llational Reoister poten[ial and iour possiblisigniil.in"L. rhe prlmary determinantof.significance in tiis;tuiy iis uie-p""iince';i-at.rci;ili,'iiJrir, storase features andpottery artlfacts were also collflon.
In the fall of 1978' a.surface survey was conducted on much of the previously unsurveyed portionsof the proposed mill site-. Approxtmiteii 4a;;;i;;i;gi;ii ritJi=were rocated durtns this sur_vev' some of which are believed to be ofequal-o; il;;i;-;iiriiicince than the rpre siqniftcantsites fron the earlier studv. oeteimtnatidi-or-thE iiiJir-iigriiiilance or al.t unrested-siteswill reguire additional field investtgiiiinl
?-19
fzblc L17. lL3toric aiEt in sdtcatlm t rir
indudcd in rrp "N.dond RrgLt!, ol
lbroric Ph.r"
Site
!:2-20
Table 2.18. Distiibution of rrcordcd sitc:
aeording to temptral pGition
APProximate Number ofTempoal position dates'
{A.O.) srtes
2
27
12
r3
l4
12
8
5
3
14
Basket Maker lll 575-750
Basket Maker lll/ 575-850
Pueblo I
Pueblo | 750-850
Pueblo l/Pueblo ll 850-950
950-r 100
Pueblo lllPueblo lll l'100-1150
r 1 50-1 250
b
c
d
Pueblo ll I
Pueblo I l+
Multicomponent
Unidenrif ied
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' lncludes transitimal Periods.6Although collections at thrc locations were lack'
irg in diagnosric materaal, available *idence indictter
that the site would have been used or occupied no
earlier than 9m A.O. and possibly later.
tCeramic collections trom each of these sites
indiGte an ccupation extmding from Pueblo I
throuqh Pueblo ll and into Pu€blo lll.
dThes sites did not prodrrce aidence snong
enough to iustify any identilietion.
Source: Adapted from ER, fab.e2.3'2, and from
supplementary reports on proiect archeology.
Note; Thes. ait6 are shom in Fig. 3.4.
Pursuant to l0 CFR Part 53.3, the NRC submitted on March 28,1979, a request to the Keeper ofthe National Register for a detennination of eligibility for the area which had been surveyedand tested. (The area contained lI2 archeological sites and six historical sites.) The
determination by the Keeper of the National Register on April 6, 1979, t"as that the tJhite l.lesaArcheological District is eligib'le for inclusion in the Nationa'l Register. Requirements forfurther action to be taken are discussed in Sect. 4.2.2 ar:d in Appendix E.
2.6 WATER
2.6.1 Surface naier
2.6.1.1 Surface-water descriDtion
The proposed mi'l'l slte ls located on [hlte l,lesa, a gent]y sloplng (lf SSX) plateau that isphysically defined by the adJacent drainages which have cut deeply into regional sandstonefonnations (Sect. 2.7.1 and Fig. 2.8). There is a small drainage area of approximately 25 ha(62 acres) above the proposed slte that corld yield surface nJnoff to the site. Runoff from theproject area is conducted by the general surface topography to elther llestwater Creek, CorralCreek, or to the south into an unnamed branch of Cottonwood llash. Local porous soil conditions,
topography, and low average annual rqinfall [30 cm (11.8 in.)] cause thesi streams to be inter-mittently active, responding to spririg snomrelt and local rainstonns (particularly thunderstorms).Surface ninoff frcm approximately 155 ha (384 acres) of the project site drains westward and iscollected by llesttrater Creek, and runoff frm another 155 ha (384 acres) drains east into CorralCreek. The remaining 289 ha (713 acres) of the southern and southriestern portions of the sitedrain indirectly into Cottonrvood l{ash (ER, p. 2-143). The site and vicinity drainages carrywater only on an intermittent basis. The major drainages in the project vicinity are depictedin Fig. 2.3 qrd their drainages tabulated in Table 2.19. Total runoff from the lite ltotal ytelaper watershed area) is estimated to be less than 1.3 cm (0.5 ln.) annually (ER, p. 2-j43).
2-?1
ES-4590l'
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lt Ol usGS GAUGE No. o9f769ooa? uscs cAUGE No. o9s7B6Jo
a3 uscs GAUGE No, 09s7B7oo
- Fig._?.S.- Drainage map of the vicinity of the t{hSource: ER, Plate 2.6-5.
6Ite Mesa Uranium Project.
a a)
Table 2-19. Drainage arel ot ptoi€ct vicinity ard regim
Orainaoe area
Basin description km2 sq miles
Corral Geek at confluene
with RecapEre CEek
W$twater Creek at 6nf luence
with Cottonwood Wash
Cottonrcod wash at USGS
gage rcst of proiect sire
Cottonwood wash at confluence
with San Juan River
Recapture Crek at USGS gagp
Rmapture Ge k at conlluence
with San Juan Biver
San Juan River at USGS 99
downstream of Bluff, Utah
r 5.0
683
5.8
26.6
<205
<:l:t2
3.8
<200
<23.0q)
<531
<860
9.8
<5r8
<50,000
Source: EB, Table 2.6'3.
There are no perennial surface waters on or in the vicinity of the project site. This is due to
the qentle stope of the mesa on vrhich the site is located, the low average annual rainfall of
29.7-cn (11.8 in.) per year at Blanding (ER, p. 2-168), 'local soil characteristics (Sect. 2.8),
and the porous nature of local stream channels. Two small eph$eral catch basins are present
on the site to the northwest and northeast of the present buying station (Sect. 2.9.2).
Corral Creek is an intermittent tributary to Recapture Creek. The drainage area of that portionof Corral Creek above and including drainage frqn the eastern portlon of the site is about
13 kmz (5 sq miles). l,,estwater Creek is also an intermittent trlbutary of Cottonwood Uash.
The t,lestwater Creek drainage basin covers near'ly 70 tfrn2 {27 sg miles) at its confluence with
Cottonwood l,lash 2.5 km (.l.5 miles) west of the project site. Both Recapture Creek and Cotton-
wood l,lash are similarly intemittently active, although they carry water more often and for
longer periods of time due to their'larger watershed areas. They both drain to the south and
are tributaries of the San Juan River. The confluences of Recapture Creek and Cottonwood
Wash with the San Juan River are approximately 29 km (18 miles) south of the project site. The
San Juan River, a major tributary for the upper Colorado River, has a drainage of 50,000 km2
(23,000 sq miles) measured at the USGS gage to the west of Bluff, Utah (ER, p. 2-130).
Stonn runoff in these streams is characterized by a rapid rise in the flow rates,-fol'lowed by
iipia.icession primarily due to the small storage capacity of the surface soils'ln the area(il:ct. Z.A). For exampli, on August l, 1968, a flow of 581 m3/sec (20,500 cfs) was recorded
in Cottonwood Wash near Bianding] fhe-average flow for that day, however, was on]y_I23 m3/sec
(cSaO iiii. By August 4, the fiow had returned to 0.5 m3/sec (16 cfs) {ER, p. 2-135). Monthlv
itreamflow suninarils ire'presented in Fig. 2.4 for Cottonwood l{ash and Recapture_Creek. FIow
data are not available foi the two smallir vratercourses c'losest to the proJect site' Corral
Creek and Westwater Creek, because these streams carry vrater lnfreguently and only in response
to local heavy rainfa'tl and snomelt, which occurs prlmarlly in the months of Aprtl, August'
and 0ciober. -According to the appllcant, flow typically ceases in Corral and l{estwater creeks
within 6 to 48 hr after precipltatlon or snoutelt ends.
r:
I
T
I
I
I
I
I
T
T
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
?-23I
I:
li
i
l.
:
ri
I
;
rl
i
ti
I
I.
l
CT rcV OEC JA FE! tr H UYffi&Y 4lG *P,l,l0ll TH
cl rov Ec { FE8 S H s,tr[Y S S€F!
T
t
I
I
,{0il TH
Flg. 2.4. Streamflow.summry in the Blanding,. Utah, vlcinity. (a) l)gper port.ion ofthe watershed near the.neadwaters'oi n..ipiri. creit near grirJin6'.t tzoo ftMSL; USGSeaee 0e378530. rbr cottonwood xish.l'oui'r-i'ir-ii ',iiiEI) t"Jitillt or Brandrns at 5.r38 ftNSL; USGS gage 09378700. sor...i-'niipi.a'iro, the ER, prate 2.6_6.
t
I 2-24 F
2.6.1.2 Surface-water- qual i ty
The applicant began sampling surface-water quality.in the project vicinity in July l9Z7 andcontinued throush l"tarch 1978. aaseiine Jati aesci.rua;;; !r;i;;;e existing condirions ar theproiect site and vicinity.. Sampling of the-temporary onsite-suriice waters (two catch basins)has been attempted but wlthout iucciss because br tni tacr or-naiurarry occurring water inthese basins' The basin to the northeast of. the proposed ,irr iit. has been filled with we.il''rater bv the applicant. to-serve as a nonpotauie-wIieI-s;";;';r;i;; ptanned construction ofoffjce and laboratorv buildings in conjunction with tne propoieo'ritt lupp"orimately six months),This water has not nlen samprea bt ih;";;;ii;ant but p".!rrluiv'.eirects the poor quarityassociated with tocal groundwater (Sect. 2.6.2.). a;dli;;;;'.pi,lr."ut surface waters in thevicinity has necessitaied correlation wittr major pi.cipitition-!r.r,tr as these watercourses arenormally dry at other times.
The.chemical and physical water.quality parameters measured by the applicant are listed inTable 2'20. The locations of the surfici-water sampte iiies-ire iresented in Table ?.zl andFig' 2'5, and the water quality values obtiined ror'tneie-iimpi. Iit.r are given in Table 2.22.l'later qualitv samples were collected during tne spring-ii i.r!.Jr intermittently active streains(Fi9' ?.5) that drain the project area. ifieie stieami includi uestwa[er ir.iii,'tiii,'isj,corral creek below the small^irrigatjol Rond (ssit,lh. j;;;fir;-;; corrat creek and Recapturecreek (s4R), and cottonwood creek-(ssRi.'-timire;';.;;-.i;;-;.[.n-i.* a surface pond southeastgl-!le-proposed mill (S5R). .No samplei were taken at s2R on a;;;.i creek or at the smalt wash(S6R) )ocated south of the site.I
I
T
Surface-water quality int,Jestwater Creek (SlR and674 ng/1 iter) and sulfate(total hardness measuredflow rates for Westwater
Samples from Cottonwood Creek (SgR) were similar ina)though the TDS and sulfate leveli were io*e"-ifOi40 ng/liter during heavy spring flow conditions'i2a
the vicinity of the proposed mill is generally poor. Waters in5y, were characterized-by^high total dissolved soiids (TDS; mean of)evels (mean ll7 mg of s0+ per riier).--itre-waters neie-iipiiiir!'naraas CaC03; mean 223 mgll.iter) and had an average pH of g.25. EstimatedCreek averaged <0.08 m/sec (<0.3 fps) at the limi or sampiing.-- -
quality to t.lestwater Creek water samples,averaged 264 ng/liter; S0" averaqedm/sec (80 fps) streamflowl.
The concentrations of TDS increased downstream. in.Corral Creek, averaging 3lg0 mglliter at S3Rand 6660 mglliter (one sample) at S4R. Total-ha;d;;rr-ur".ii"i in'.*..r, of 2000 m9/liter, andpH^values were slightly alkaline. Estimated flows in CoraI-Creek were typically less than0.03 m/sec (0.1 fps) during sampling.
The spring sample collected.at the surface pond south of the project site (SSR) indicated aTDS concentration of less than 300 mgltiter. fh. rate";;-rii;;;iy atkajine with moderatedissolved sulfate levels averaging 42 mg/liter.
During heavy runoff, the concentration of total suspended solids in these streams increasedsharply to values in excess of I500 mg/1iter (faUti'i.ZZi.
High ccncentrations of certain trace elements were measured in some sampling areas. Levelsof.mercury (total) rvere.reported as high as 0.002-mg/liier (ste-,-lrru,rr; sda, iiiitlij'.-'This level is 40 tinres the EPA recormeided ltmit foi'.the-p.oiiliiii oi r".irrwiti'"-ilruitic rire(0.05 ugltiter).r2 Total iron measured in ilre-pona (i5i,'iijioj;li was 9.4 mg/titer, over ninetjmes the EPA recormended limit of I mg/Iiter rbr [rr,i-proteitioir'oi aquatic Iife. These vatuesappear to reflect groundwater quality in the vicinity (Sect. Z.a.z) aid are probably J;; ioevaporative concentration and not dui to human perturbation of the'environment.
2.6.1.3 Surface-water utilization
Regional surface lrater is primarily used for agricultural imigationpurposes.. water usage from.the san Juan River in Utah alone aiountslZ.2 x 103 mr (9900 acre-ft) per-year. Table 2.23 Iists the existingpriations-within the project vicinity. l,rater uses in san Juan countyTable 2.24.
and stock-wateringto approximately
surface-water appro-are presented in
2-25
Tablr 2.20. Phyrel and ghemic.l water quality p:nmet.n
,l
I'l
il
iI
Specrtic conductance {f ield), mrcromhos/cm
Total suspended solids
Temperature ( Ireld)
pH (lab, field)
Redox potentral
Total dissolved solids
Oissolved oxygen ( field)
Oil and grease
Total hardness as CaCO3
Total alkalinity as CaCO3
Carbonate as CO.
Chloride
Cyanide
Fl trori de
Nitrate as N
Sulfate as SOn
Calcium
I ron, total and dissolved
Magnesium
Ammonia as N
Phosghorus. total as P
Potassium
Silica
Sodium
Chemiel oxygen demand (COD)
Mangonse
Alumr num
Arsenrc
Barium
Boron
Cadmrum
Chromium
Copper
Lead
lVlercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenr um
Strontium
Vanadium
Zinc
Silver
Po.2'10
Pu210
Th-230
I
T
t
I
I
I
I
T
I
I
I
T
t
I
t
Uranium ( natural)
Ra-226
Gross c
Gross P
Source: ER, Tablc 6.1-l
Tafu 2.21. Surfa wti.r r.mpling tttionr
Station no.
SIR
52R
53R
54R
S5R
s6R
57R
58R
Wesnaater Crcck at downstream {south) side of Highway 95 bridg€
Corral Cre€k at downstream lsouth) side of small bridge
Corral Crek at spillway ol small earthcn dam
Corral Creek at junction with BEaptura Crek 0.40 km (0.25 mil.)
from cnd of ieca road
Surfac: pond south of mill ritc, 0.20 km (0.1 25 mil.) mst of
Highway 47
Small nash south ot mill sitc, 1.6 km (1.0 mile) wrst ol Highmy 47
Eafi sidr of Cononwood Creck, at ia€p trail intcri.ction south.
southmst ol mill 3itc
East sidc ot Cottonwood Cruek, at iecD ir.il intlrsrction Gt-
southw6t ot mill sit.
East si& ol Westwater Crmk, at i.rp trail intmcction
I
I2_26
tahlc 2.22. Wat.r gu.lity o, Er{.cc Erlrr in proi.ci vicinrty, Bl.rding, Ut.h
Zero values (0.0) are below det€ction limi$.
Parameter SamDlim lor date! tr orven
7125t77 t1/tO/77 3t23t78 3t73/1d 1t25t71 t1/1Ot77 3t23t78
I
t
iWestMter Creek- Sl RC Corral Creek, 52R C
bbIField spft if ic conductivity, rlmhoi/cm
Freld pH
Oissolved oxyg€n
Temperature, oC
Estimated tlow, m/hr (tps)
PH
TOS (ar r80"C)
Redox potential
Alkalinity {as CaCO3}
Hardne$, total {as CaCO3)
Carbonate {as CO3}
Aluminum, dissotved
Ammnia (ar Nl
fusenic, total
Barium, total
Bo.on, total
Cadmium, total
Calcaum, diisolved
Chluide
fuium. dii$olved
Silver. dissolved
Srlfate. disiolved lat SO.l
Vanadium, disrolved
lrangarep, diirolved
Chrq5iq6, 19ta1
copps, toral
Fluoride, diisolved
lron, total
lron, dissolved
Lead. total
Magmtium, di$olved
lvlercury. total
Molybdenum. disolvftl
Nit.arE {ar N}
Phosphorur, total {as P)
Pora$ium, di$olved
Sclmium, diriolved
Sili€ di$otved {6 SiO2}
St.ontium, di$olved
Lkanium, tobi lar U)
Urinium, disstycd (6 U)
Zim, disolved
Totail organic 6bon
c,Emi6l oxygrn dem.nd
Oil and gree
Toral srpend?d solidr
Gros .lph. t prrcisid
GrosbtaiF ?cirio
Ra.226 ! p.cci3i6
Th-230: prEision
Pts210 I p.cci$on
Po-21 0 t precision
490
1.6
620
8.3
3 14
21.9 (0.021 39.9 (0.03)
Octcmimtio, mgnitcr
4.2 8.35496 559
2m 186206 2862 289
0.0 2.3o.2 0.10<0.r 0.t8
0.@7<o.2 0.22
0.1 <0.1<0.m2 <0.00576 t4017 3831 60
<0.005103 163<0.0r <0.@50.030 0.04<0.0t 0.01
<0.005 0.0ro'3 o'4o.2a r.5
0.1 7 0.21<0.05 <0.05
17.0 26<0.0005 <0.@003
0.@2<0.o5 <0.6o.05 0.6
2.8 2.O
0.00379O.41 0.760.@6 0.00a
0.002 0.0030.09 0.u6773 48tlt2 47
Drt mimri6. pCillirtt
0.1 t r.r 4.5 ! 2.0 b0!9 8r'n
0.2 r 0.3 0.2 r 0.3
0.01 o.tt o.l r 0.a
0.7 ! 2.3 1.1 r 3.8
0.1 r 0.5 0.0 t 0.,
I
I2-27
T ablc 2-22 - (Cootinucd I
Parameter
Sampling tor clater as
1t25n1 tt
^ot77 3t23t78 v8nd 1D5t17 11i10t71 3/23t78 I
Corral Geek, S3f Junction of Corral and
Recapture crcks, gBc
T
t
I
t
t
T
T
I
I
I
T
I
I
Field ipeqtic conduclivity. gmhor/cm
Freld pH
Oissolved oxygeo
Temperature "c
Estimated llow. m/hr llps)
pH
TOS (at lS'C)
Redox poteotial
Alkalinity (as C.CO3)
Hardnels, rotal {as CaCO3)
Carbonas {6 CO3}
Aluminum, dissolved
Ammmia las N,
Arrdic. total
Earium, iotal
Bryo, toEl
Cadmium, total
Calcium, dissolved
Chldide
Sodium, disiolv€d
Silvcr, dislved
Sult.tc. dislvrd (.i SO.)
Vamdium, diislved
Mangmc. disolved
Chrmium, tot.l
Copfr, total
FluoridG, dislved
lron, toLl
l.on, dislved
Lcad. total
M.9m!ium, dislved
Mc@ry, total
Molybdenum, di$olv.d
NitraD las N)
Photphorus, tot l (6 P)
PoEsium, dielwd
Selmium. dirsolved
Silica' dislwd (as SiO2l
Srrontium, ditslved
Uianium, tobl (6 U)
Uranium, diisolvld (6 U)
Zinc, dislolvcd
Tobl qgmic @rbon
Chcmac.l qyg"n dcmnd
Oil .nd grcE
Toi.l srpcnd.d olidt
Gros alpha ! p.cci3im
Gros bt t ,ccidm
R]226 ! p.cbion
Th.23O I p.dilim
Pb2l0 t p.cirion
PoZlO t prrcirion
2000 2400
6.8
6@0
7.9
't4
10.9 (0.0r r
Lil
6660
195
274
2r00
0.0
<0.!
<0.t
0.0r 0
0.29
o.2
o.o2
649
556
r 205
0.02
3760
<0.@5
0.32
0.04
0.30
0.r0
0. r4
353
0.00@2
0.@4
<0.05
0.06
6.8
0.005il
12
0.085
0.0&l
0.02
22
6t
I
21
7.0 ! 2.9
25r t8
0.2 r 0.3
r.5 r 0.7
t.4 ! 3.7
't.4 r t.t
3500
7.9
3500
7.8
21.7 8 13 13
98.7 (0.09) 2r.9 10.02) 65.8 (0.06) 65.8 i0.06)
Dctcminilion, rl9llillr
6.7
1350
260
70
853
0.0
0.04
0. l5
<0.01
0.36
0.r
0.@4
r50
54lt5
0.004
803
0.004
0.20
0.02
0.0'l
o.32
0.08
0.12
0.04
't 20
0.002
<0.01
0.2t
0.21
13
0.r6
t0
1.9
0.005
0.m2
0-06
8.0
3r60
240
172
r9r0
0.0
<0.t
<o.l
0.4
0.2
0.006
78
152
160
2000
<0.0r
0.030
0.0r
0.010
0.6
o.09
0.07
0.r5
20
<0.(m5
0.rr
0.06
4.8
2
2.2
0.028
0.028
0.02tl
79
I
9
s.23
4095
r90
26
zmo
0.0
<o.r
<0.1
0.01I
0.r8
o.2
0.01
545
214
312
0.02
2596
0.m5
0.05
0.02
o.o2
0.8
0.09
0.09
o.l0
8.r5
4130
'193
236
22@
0.0
<0.1
0.r3
0.013
o.22
o.2
0.01
571
r89
3r5
0.0r
2854
<0.@5
0.04
0.04
0.oit
0.8
o.12
0.04
o.08
359 376o.flxn3 o.fixng0.004 0.0G10.8r 0.81<0.02 <0.02
6.9 6.80.032 0.027335.0 5.10.046 0.038
0.046 0.0360.02 0.0rt7 t87! r552<r69
Oit mirtio. Dci/lia..
'r5t2 19!6t80r2o 0t29
0.0 ! 0,3 0.3 ! 0.3
3.1 r 0.5 0.! r 0.5t.lr 2-1 2-1t 2-6
oo r (I3 0.6 ! o.7
r3.4r6.6 0! il95tg) 37!4
0.4 ! o.ir o.ose 0.03
1.3!0.6 0r0.r
l.'rt3.6 0!t
o.5 r 0.9
I
I
t
I
a ao
fa!{c 2.22. (Continu.d,
Parameter "t S''"^7/2s/7i tl^orli 3r23t7| 3rr,/m
Field specrf ic conductrviry. lmhos/cmF'etd pH
Oirsolved oxygEn
Tempsature, oC
Estimated tlow, m/hr (tp6)
pH
TDS (ar l80'C)
Bedox poentral
Atkalrniry (.s CaCO3 )
Hardness. totat (as CaCO3)
Grbonale las CO3 )
Aluminum, dissolved
Ammonia (a5 N)
Arrenic, total
Barium, rotal
8oron, total
Cadhium, total
Calciu6, 6;so1r"6
Chldid.
Sodium, disiolved
Silver, diistved
Sultare, di$olved (ai SO. )Vanadium, diisolved
Manganes, dis$lved
Chronrum, total
Copp*, toel
Flutride, diliotwd
Iroq tolal
lron, distred
Le.d, rotal
Magresium, dirslved
Merory, total
irolybdenum, dilsolved
Nitrate las Nl
Phospho.ui. robt (ai p)
Pota$ium, disrclv.d
Sele6ium, disiolv?d
Silia. dietved (ai SiO2)
Strontium, dirsolved
Uianium, total
Uranium, dissolvcd (a U)
Zinc, diisly.d
Total orgBnac Grbon
Ch!micat qygs dem.nd
Oil and grea*
Total ruipended stidt
Groti alpha ! p.ecison
Groi! blta t frrcijion
Ra-226 I precigion
Th-230 ! pr.c,tion
Pb-210 t D,&i!ion
Po.2l0 ! preciiion
Slrtace pond. SSRU Unnamed Wash, 56F
d6
Coilonwood C.eek. S7c
320
8.2
t2
1097 { l0}
8.36
295
172
r49
154
2.3
2.4
0.t5
o.02t
0.66
<0.1
0.@6
134
7
20
<0.@5
52.6
0.0r2
0.69
0.0:,
0.04
o.2
3.9
1.7
0.08
25
0.m@7
0.m4
0.14
0.85
2.3
<0.005
t0
0.49
0.0r I
0.m7
0.050
lo
60
I
t600
3.2 r r.8
32 ! t'l
0.6 t t.5
0.2 r 0.4
4.3 r 3.7
0.0 ! o.7
100
6.8
7
6.9
264
280
2t8
67
0.0
2.O
<0.1
<o.2
0.2
<0.002
22
8
0.6
0.005
<0.r
9.4
1.2
<0.05
3.2
<0.0m5
4.2A
o.04
11
2
0.10
O.0O,l
0.00:t
0.02
l5
71
2
268
2so
8.4
20
7.94
291
,4,
138
'129
0.0
1.0
0. l9
0.008
0.3:t
0.1
<0.005
72
l0
5.4
<0.@5
m.3
0.0r 2
o.r5
0.04
0.02
0.1
ll
1.0
<0.05
8.8
0.@@5
0.@2
o.05
0.37
t3
<0.005
7
0.34
0.m2
<0.@2
0. r0n
58
I
210
1.2 t t.t
2? !8
0.! tO,9
0.910.0
0.0 ! 3.8
0.0 r 0.6
O?trmin.tioo. rrglit!,
I
64
<0.0t
0.095
0.04
DnlrmiD$o. p(lnir.t
l.t ! t.ll5! t0
O.2:0-3
0.0 ! 0.4
2.6 ! 2.2
0.2 t 0.5
I
Iz-29
f ahlc 2.22 - {Continuld }
Sampling for dates a grven tParameier7t25i77t1n0/77 3/23t7d 7t25t17 tt /to/77 3,23t78
Cotronrcod Creek. SSBC
T
I
I
t
I
I
t
I
I
t
I
I
dd320
8.0
9
0.28
445
6.9
6.0
0.7
wesMater Creek, Sf
F ;eld rDecrlic conductrvrty, gmhos;'cm
Field pH
Orsiolved oxYgEn
Temperarure, "C
Esrimaied flow. m/hr lfps)
550
6.6
35
0.4
240
8.r
7
80
0.05
o.2
50
1.9
0.10
240
7.9
1
&
ii.09
253
224
155
r54
0.0
0.r6
0. l6
0.032
t.'l
D.tcmiBlion, m9/lit!t
pH 7-5
TDS (at l8o'c) 94,1
Redox potential 2N
Atkaliniry las CaCOt) 134
Hardne$, total {as CaCO3} 195
Carbonae (ar CO3)
Alumioum, disolved
Ammonia (a N)
Ar*nic, tolal
Barium, tobl
Boron, iotal
Cadmium, rotal
C.lcium, diislved
C}tlfiid.
Sodium, diisolvrd
9lvcr, disolved
9rllat?, diiiolved (6 SO.)
Vanadium, di$olved
MangErg, di$olved
Grronium, totil
Copp6, total
Fluoride, disiolved
lron, total
lron. dislved
Lrad, tot.l
Magnsium. dislvld
Me.dry, total
It4olybdenum, dir$lvcd
Nitrate lai N)
Phosphous, toral las Pl
Potatsium, dislvcd
Selenium, dislvrd
Silie, disolved la SiO2l
Strontium, disolvcd
t ranium. rotal
UraniuD, dislvrd (d U)
Zim, dislvcd
Foial dg.nic erbqr
CtEmial orygln dmild
Oil and grc.r
Toial srpcn&d iolid!
Gr6 alpha t pcirim
Gros bt t Ff,ecirio
R..226 ! rlcijm
Th-230 t prciiid
Pb-210 t p.Eirio
Po2l0 t g.eiri6
O.!.min tkn, tcinil'
2.9 r 1.50!r0
t.t r 0.5
0,0 t 0.4
0.0 I 2.2
0.6 r 0.7
7.3!2.4 23!328t ll 11016
r.9 ! 1.7 2.0 r 0.1
0.o r 0.3 0.2 r 0.12.5i{.3 0!t
0.o r 0_6
8.2
504m
195
193
0.0
o.1
<0.t
o.2
o.2
<0.002
5{
21
66
132
<0.0t
0.065
<o0'l
0.@5
o.2
5.9
o.62
0.05
't7
,<0.0o05
0.r0
0.14
3.2
3.2
I
o.60
o.d)a
0.@4
0.05
7
6l
2
r46
8.2'
275
2to
r55
148
0.0
2.4
0.r3
0.041
0.85
8.20
969
r90
i47
117
0.0
4.0
o.75
0.o37
0.81
0.1
0.006
172
l8
125
0.@6
85
0.008
0.60
0.60
0.05
0.2
4A
2.5
0. l0
l3
0.000r2
0.006
0.05
0.88
3.2
<0.0o5
t1
0.65
0.m4
0.@2
0.12
't6
66
I
r940
0.0
3.0
0.r 2
0.02
1.2
0.1
0.004
79
r3
36
0.002
564
0.00:t
0.8{
O.ltl
o.o9
0.36
rg)
1.4
0.14
24
0.002
<0.01
1.77
0.05
6.9
0.08
l0
0.64
o.027
o0r5
o06
0.t <0.1<0.m5 0.ol178 727623 2t
<0.@5 <0.00539-7 39.7<0.005 <0.005o.78 0.020.04 0.05
o.05
o.2
53
o.t r
0.r0
28 170.(xxD6 0.@r20.002 0.0020.13 0.t20.96 0.84
2.5 1.2<0.m5 <0.005tl 180.56 0.340.014 0.014
0,m8 0.0060.6 0.@8t2 tt163 rlt222f25 t850
t0r3
72t17
0.6 ! r.3
09 i 0.6
0.8 r 1.9
o.o t o.3
tncplic.tc splc aalynd tq quCity asra@ m radiativity.ONot mugh .atr in stom to mplr .drquatGly.
c 9r Ilbh 221 tor l€ti6 ol mptine tlrliw.
dNo*cr insrcmtormglatl{ot emdcd
Sqre: Ad.ptld t.om ER. Trbh 267.
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. . Fig' 2'5' Preoperational-water quality sanpllng statlons in the llhite Mesa.projectvicinity. Source: ER, plate 2.6_10.
rlrl
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f abtr,s 2,23. Currcnt surface wator ustt an proiccl yicinity
Applrcation
date
Apolicatron QuantrtY
number cfs ml,,sec
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Fred Hallrday
William Keller
Hyrum Perkins
U-S. lndian
Service
U.S. lndian Seruice
U.S- lndian Service
Kbyd Perkins
W. R. Young
W. R. Young
W. L Young
San Juan
County water
Conseruation districl
Earl Perkins
Seth Shumwav
H. E. 9rumway
Preston Nielson
Parley Redd
Kenneth McDonald
Elanding, Utah
It oab, Utah
Bluff, Utah
lgnacia. Colorado
lgneia. Colorado
lgnacia, Colorado
Blanding, Utah
Blanding, Utah
Blanding, Utah
Blanding, Utah
Monticello, Utah
Blanding, Utah
Blanding, thah
Blanding, Urah
Blanding, Utah
Blanding, Ut.h
Elanding, Utah
Corral Creek
August 12,1971
Cottonwood Creek or Wadr
November 12, 1907
June 22, I910
March 12, 1924
March 24, 1924
March 24, 1924
April I3,1928
October 22, 1928
October 23, I928
October 22, t928
October 10, 1962
April 16, 1965
W6iwallr CEL
January 7. 1929
S€greg8tion date: February 28, 1970
9Eegation date: Octob€r 22,1970
Claim date: October 16. 1970
Change ol Appropriarion:
June 12,1974
40839 0.5 0.014
1647
3322
9486
1.0 0.028
5.49 0.1 561.r8 0.m3
9491 0.738 0.0219492 0.298 0.008r(B20 1.455 0.041104935 0.0015 0.0000410496 0.0022 0.000610497 0.002 0.0000534666 12,Or0O 1500
(acre-ft) (ha-n)
36924 5.0 0.142
t0576 0.m5 0.00237101a 0.762|i1 0.02237601. 0.2377 0.007
Claim 2li!73 0.015 0.m(X47JO2 r.0 0.028
Sorcc: ER, Tabla 2,G4
Ttblc 2.24. Wrt.r ut. ol Srn Jurn County. 1965
ConsumPtion--.:--
m3 x td Acre-rt
lrrigated crops (5000 are:l
Reseruoir evaporatim
lnci&ntal use'
Municipal and industrialD
MinsalP
Augmentcd fish and wildlifeD
Total
6,785
1rJ
1.603
2.2n
1,357
123
12.211
5,500
lm
1,300
r,8m
t,100
1m
9.gfi)
'lncid"nEl use of irriggtidr water by phreatophyc, a,rd
othrr mirellaneour vegrratio.r.
D lncludes evaporatiofl lolsaa rppliebl! to ttEra tourclt o,
dcphtion.
Sourec: ER, Tabla 2.&5.
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2.6.2 Groundwater
A generalized section of lhe stratigi'aphic^and water-bearing units in southeastern Utah isshown in Fig' 2'6' Recharge or tneie-Iouif.",0..r., from ieisonaily variable rainfall infit-trating along the flanks.oi tne nUijo,-ilenry, and fa Sat-mouitains unO along the flanks offolds' Recharge water also originiiei iiom-precipitation on i[e flat-lying beds where iJpercolates into the groundwater"r.ai;; .i;;9' joinis.-
In the t'lhite Mesa area,.39 groundwater appropriations (applications for water wells) are on filewith the utah state Engineeis Oftice-for'ie1is tyinf-wiiIir'ii"e]k, (5-mi.te) radius of theproject site' AII but-one of these weils producl rio, it'. oiloiu una Morrison formations.Thirtv-five of these-are for welts wtrictr-al'e actually.o.it.rli.i (ER, Table 2.6-l). Most ofthese weils produce l9:r t$n 55 m3lday tio-s*y-;;;,.;";;;"[l oomestic, irrisation, andstock-watering purposes. The.remainin"gl werl,'rr'iir,-*it-a.ii;J";, a depth of 548 m (1s00 ft)by Energy Fuels Nuclear, withdraws wat6r from.the Navajo-saniiion". The majority (3I) arehydrologically upqradient or cross gradient witn reipeli io"ir,."p.oi..t sit!. iire'.enainingfour wells (three onsite and one ofisite, l.rgrii u".-on-r.lo'oinlo uy the applicant. Two ofthe onsite wells are located in the area'oi tt,e'proposed iiiri^st-lrpoundment and will becompletely ptugged w.irh bentonite and/or unoin..'srii;;i.;i;;.8;b The wen which is offsiteand south will be capped or used for monitorrng purposes,
As is the case throuqhout most of the Four Corners- region, the BIand.ing area depends largelyon groundwater for iis water luppty.- e-oorgy3 sorr, uioeriain-or_rn" Dakota Sandstone on topof a regional aquiclude (tne eririn! Basii ilember of the uorriion'rormation), provides theBlanding area with a near-surface iource oi groundwater. rnii-sltuation is somewhat unconrnonin the highly dissected south-centrii po"iio, of the colorado p,lateau.
The Dakota sandstone on t'lhite Mesa has been completery isorated by erosion; consequentry,all recharse to this formation cores i.or-preciiiiiii6n iri-i""tiltton on the mesa. No irriga-tion occurs crose to the miu site,-ana-nd;;i';;;;;;i.;i;.'il'Birv 30 cm (12 in.) per year,most of which reenters the atmosphire as evapotianspiruiion ti..l', it does not penetrate thesoils over the Dakota)' The 0akota is ihe-underryiig uearoci'unaer ttre proposed tailinqsimpcundment and has a ngpeability.oeriiiient rr6m i.s-to-i'r-ii'to i0 ft) per year (ER,sect' 4'2'4'l and Appendix H)' .:6intinq occurs in ilre rormitloi but-is probably not fultypenetrating' An aquiclude, the Brushy.6asin member or ttre ltirrisin Formation, underlies the
B:[|H.tt'otaone, which accounts ror ihe lroundwater "eiJinea'in-itr. lor"" portion of the
In the inmediate vicinity, only the Dakota sandstone and the salt t{ash Member (including thel'Jestwater Member) are significint aquifers. .rne EniriJi i.J HirJ:o fonnations'.oriiin iu.g..quantities of water' but their depth prohibits cormon-eipioitiiioi, in use for domestic watersuppl i es .
comb Ridge and the Abaio lrbuntains are significant areas of recharge of the Salt l,lash anddeeper aquifers. General gradients or !r6unawat"" ",or"*ni ir-ir,"t" aquifers follow theregional structure, and thi water dischi"lel uitinnteii ili-ffrii ,iitntty of the san Juan River.
Because the Brushy Basin Member acts as an aquiclude to the salt l{ash trlember in the uplands,the primarv recharse 11.3: Iot this aguifer-are.Erushy Biiin-wiirt"to the northwest oi-aianoing,cottonwood creek to the west and souttiwest oi ir,e-tirii,-ini"tiil'upp". reaches of l,tontezunnCreek, especially along Dodge and f-ong iinyons.
several permeability tests were conducted at the mill and tailings retention sites. Theresults of these rests show a.hydraulic conirilirjiy'";"i.;-;;'i'i ,u to I0 ft) per year (seeFig' 2'7)' The shallow.groundwiter movetfit at the-milr iite-ii estimated to be about 0.3 to0'6 cm (0'01 to 0.02 ft)-per year tovrard ine souttr-southwest-and tire stralow groundwater rrcve-ment at the taitinss site is about 0.08 to o.s im to.062i-iJ olor-iil p", v".i;;.';;;";;r"direction. The values were derived using-the rorrriwing-io"iuii-u.i.o on Darcy,s Law:
v=Ki/o,
where
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2-r3
GEOLOGIC
AG€ES -4582
LUVIUM. Pr@'d6 n.l, quaotrti6 o, warsrm atEllow wattr. Such w?1, are tub,etc great ssnal variation in amount of yield.he waler rr generailV of 9o* euattry __robably owing to lha tulfate $lt, in thelan6 thalc.
(OTA Sartstone.nd upry pan ot MORRTSONd@tio^. Watd of tarr ro p@. qualtv
'.rlablt by pump ng.
Sandstoru- A(6irn aquifer. gotablaSumli6 a iprang e.n of gtuttelll @th ol Hatch.
:NTRADA S.ndironr. Art6i.n .su,,er.potable watd. crop q1 i6 ry61n
and &rh6n p.nr o, ar4 but ca*rech6 drpth of nearly t5m ft incentral pfl o, sr6 {ner Amrh fialdin Sl.rding basan).
1 NAVAJO S.rdnon.. An6En muifd
I yi.lding good qu.titv mtr. Cropr'{ @t 'n W*n and &thrn Bdr ofI 8a .N rehG dqtrht of lgSO hI n€r Aqh ort f;.td.
\\ | wtNGATE S.ndnoru. Ad6iil.qu,rd'l providing gDod quatiry Mld to. MtrI i6 vicinrry of 8tufi.
SHINAAUMP Mcmb.r ol ChinhFomation; TBELLY S.ndno@ olCutl.r Group. L@ily trdid. goodfita $6c thry arc nar $rra@, a!in vicioity of Btufl.
IE>
**<
42o
.lq
9;o-
/ rr-r-uvrulI nmru
I to seatI rhe *"t,
I orobaury' ManG !t-\--,\
| oAKorA-l F*T!
Dakota Sr
I
I'=--
Eurro Canyon Fm
a
Gl
Morrion
Formdion
Bluft $36131669 \ ( euurr s.n-'\ I MEr- sI ano etts
SummeBille Fm
Entradi 56
Navaio S3nd$@a l-\[,o,l. -\, andl\ | rer
Kayenta Formation
6
s
Wingt. Sand.iom \\l
(
I
Chinle Form.tion \
Shinarumg Mhbor \\M@kopi Fqm.ti@
zs
=G
Cutlar
Group
Whir! Rim St
Occhclly S.)Ors Rck Sh.l.
C€d.r M{
S.ndnon.
Halgaito Fomation
Rico Form.lro^ 1
Hamog Formation
zz
a
Fi9. 2.6- Generalized stratigraphic-section showing freshxater-bearing units insoutheastern Utah. Source: ER, plata 2.6-1.
Iz = the rate of movement of groundwater through the foflnation,
r = the hvdraulic conductivity of formation 1.5 to 3 m/year (5 to l0 ftlyear),
i = gradient (calcurated as 0.03 at miil site and 0.0r at tailings site),
0 = porosity of fonTEtion (assumed as 2Or).
Table 2'25 is a tabulation-of groundwater quality of the Navajo Sandstone aquifer. The TDSranse from 244 to lll0 mg/litei in three samptes-tike;;r;;';";";ioa t"o, Jinri"y'eZ,"igiz, tollav 4. 1977. Hioh iron (0.57 mglliter)-conclnt"ations are rouio in the Navajo sdndstone. Theu's. Environnent;l Proteit'io, Aft;;i-;..iillnor Q., li "r-aislJiveo iron per liter for drinkinswater.r3 Feltisr'{ noted that tfie ii,tai-aliio'tveo sorias i. ifie'iiiuvium and at shallow depthsin the Dakota sandstone, the Burro iinyon Foi-"tion, anJ tiie-iiiriiion Formation range from300 to 2000 mg/liter.
The applicant has samoled.groundwater from local springs and nells at locations shown inFis. 2.5. Totar dissbrveo-soiiai-ri;s&;; aoout zo6 to gsod'mq/riter. standards forpublic drinkils llter were frequentiy"eiceJea-;;;-r;il.;;,-ili"iYirr, iron, and arsenic. Thewaters are suitable for stock and lriidtife u;e.
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', ,'1"n" I- | -'u'o'' Lt(- '\| .)oo-tlr--\u
Eq
oz
JaF
Uia)!
=lr"
--3-.-*..---
oo \t.
-r,o\
i.,biob bb bar bb bbiUIIVMOJ,HId3O d<rdcj doi d; cid ;;d6666 00 ^@
o o600 0006 00600i cioiddi d;;cici a6adr6 @66O O-FF 6OOO6@ 6D66 ?O66 666666 6D66 6666 60600
.: ihiq qa,?h qqhts.:! oo9a @i?{ -ooooo oooo ooo@ oo666
\*
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a)
=o,
=
Rg
+No
=l
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o
q,
I!o
6N
=r!@
:NoLq,(r!6
,cr
NEU
c;iI iirolLI:tol6l
E*
F=zt)DZ-===9>I.o2q=f2coE[3FIEU:
EQ 2
E9
k<;= h rbeg4z90rorgE!sauOo-lt!fi IFlr
/\ roq.
NON $o
_i
caqc .ls.l ?e ao @@o!sllvuroNorrvnlr3 iPX: RP RE 88 li;ooo6 66 66 aio666 60 66 66 666
O-OORsar3333
,r.oo Eiii HE BE ni *ii i ENiB Bs*n dEINiBBE: E= B= B:- dD=: BBBE EBBB EEEE:-
.q
NOrM3'13 ICV:UnS OtV-r 3a
ON illoH'lllUO o alt.zz
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il
a 2E
Trblc 2.25. w.t.r s.lity ol g,@ndmt.r in th. p.oid ricinity'
Zero value5 (0.01 are below detectron lrmitt
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8.r5
216
211
187
177
<0.0o2
0.39
glanding mrll 5rle well in Navaio Sandrtom G2RParametd1/27t71D 5/4t7f 7t25i77 12/05/11
Freld speqfrc conductrvity, !mho!;cm
Fi€ld gH
Disolved oxygen
Tempcrature "C
Eitiroted f low, 63d.y (gpm)
9H
TDS lat 1&'Cl
Redox po$ntial
Alkalinity l.s CaCO3)
Hardneie. total (x Ca@3)
Carbonare las COr)
Alumioum, dirslved
Amru.ra (ar N)
ArEnic. total
Barium. total
Boron, total
Cadmium, toEl
Calciu6. di$olved
Chldidc
Sodium, di$olv.d
SilY{, disolv.d
Soltrt.. dislv.d (tr SO.)
Vanadiu6, dirblv.d
ManganlE, dirolv.d
Ch.omium, tobl
Copp.r, total
Fluqid., di$olv.d
lron, tot'l
lron, di!rclved
L!.d, toEl
M.gEium. dislv.d
Mar@ry, tobl
MolyHanum, disolv.d
Nit..t. lB Nl
Pho.phdul tobl (6 P)
Pobsium, diltolv?d
S.laium, dislv.d
Silhr. dirolvcd (r !iiO2)
Sfontiun, dislvld
Ur.niun, toLl l- Ul
Ur.nium, dislEd l{ U}
Zirc, disolv.d
Toul qg.nic qbon
CtEmkal oxyg?n &nand
Oil .nd lrcg
ToEl srFndld plid!
Gror !loh. t reirio
G.o! b.b t p.cirio
R..?20 t p.eit.on
Th-A t p.Eirion
Pb2l0 ! rGi$q
Po2lO t ,ci'is
O.tmidion, il^iB
400
5.9
22.2
109 (20)
310
7.6
11
0.0
<o. I
0.r6
0.007
0.l5
<0.1
<0.005'lt2
4
t3
0.006
x.1
0.005
0.03
0.02
0.005
o.2
2.1
2.3
<0.05
21
0.0@2
0.(xx
<0.05
0.03
2.4
<0.q)5
8
0.60
<0.002
<0.002
0.r 2
t5
66
I
1gao
N
\o
N
(u
o
&
!...z oliili rl
iel
,d:!
8.0
244
1 8!t
r96
0.0
0.0
0.014
<0.0
0.040
0.0
5l
0.0
8.0
0.0
24
0.020
0.0
o.o
0.17
0.5.
0.0
t7
o.o
o.o5
0.@
3.0
0.0
t2
0.0
7.9
446
28
r85
r95
0.0
<o.l
<0.1
<0.0t
<o.l
0.t I
<0.02
57
2
23
0.0r0
83
0. r6
0.03
<0.05
<0.0r0
0.2
0.35
0.30
<0.05
t5
<0.fim2
o.oto
<0.05
<0.02
2.9
0.014
6
0.5
0.r 6
0.(Bl
0-@7
l.t<l
t.0
6
OrEmimio {DO^iE }
7.9 7.1245 ilro
2mrg, 224
208
0.0
<0.0t
<0.1
<0.0t
0.r3
<0.1
0.m449 5150 <l
5.3
<0.002t7 t7
<0.002
0.03
0.02
0.m50-l o.22
0.61
0.57
0.02
t9 18
0.0 0.m2
<0.ot0.i2 <0.05
<0.01
3.2
0.05&8 't2
0.67
<0,002
, to.2 ! L6<20 73 r 19
1.6 ! t.3 1.9 r 1.4
Et 8 918
0.1 r 0.3 0.6 t o.il 0.3 I (I3
o.1 ,2-t 0.3r0.6 0.1 t0.4
r.0 r 2.0 07 i 2.1 0.0 r 4.0
0.0 r 0.3 0.0 r 0.8 0.0 r 0-6
'Th. tring in Cqrtl CJrt. St.rid No. GlR, rt srtld o Juty 25, f 9r,.nd.gjn on l.lovmb.r lO,
1977. 8ox ol tn! lq fle, drr tpri,re cold oor b. lotld.Iurrh St.ra Oiviilo ot t5.tti Amlyrr. t b No. ,7{Bl.
'Prrirl atyrir by H.rn R.rrdi, lB, slnrpl. t'lq HRI-I lsGt.
S@E: A(tagd l?om €8, ftbta 2.4a, a,iC 'gumtamGqt RDoi, !i.In. W.u Ou.lttyEnvltontunol nood. Whlr Mo Urutu6 ,rol*r.', Jun. ?9, tg7.,
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2-36
2,7 GEOLOGY, MINEML RESOURCES, AND SEISMICITY
2.7.1 Geology
2.7.\.1 Regional qeology
The proposed project site is near the western margin of the Etanding Basin in southeasternUtah. Thousands of feet of marine and nonmarine sedimentary rocks have been uplifted, moder-ately deformed, and subsequently eroded. North of the site is the Paradox fold and fault belt;to the west, the Monument uplift; to the south is the San Juan River and the Tyende Saddle; andto the east is the Four Corners platform (the Canyonlands section merges with ihe Southern
Rocky Mountain province; see Fi9. 2.8). The area is characterized by deeply eroded canyons,mesas, and buttes formed from sedimentary rocks of pre-Tertiary age. Regionally, elevationsrange from about 900 m (3000 ft) to more than 3350 m (11,000 ft). l'Iith ihe exception of thedeeper canyons and isolated mountain peaks, the average elevation is approximately 1500 m(s000 ft).
Exposed sedimeniary rocks in southeastern Utah have an aggregate thickness of about 1800 to
2100 m (6000 to 7000 ft) and range in age from Pennsylvanian to Late Cretaceous.
Shoemaker noted three origins of the structural features seen in the project area:(l) structures related to large-scale regional epeirogenic deformation (Monument Uplift and
Blanding Basin), (2) structures fonned due to diapiric deformation of thick evaporities, and(3) structures formed due to magmatic intrusions (Abajo Mountains). is'te
2.7.1.2 Bianding site geology
The proposed site is located near the center of l{hite Mesa. The nearly flat surface of themesa has a thin veneer of loess and is underlain by resistant sandstone caprock. Surfaceelevations across the site range from 1690 to 1720 m (5550 to 5650 ft). The maximum relief
between l,lhite Mesa and the adjacent Cottonwood Canyon is about 230 m (750 ft).
White Mesa is drained to the west by Cottonwood lllash and Westwater Creek and to the east by
Recapture Creek. There streams are intermittent and flow into the San Juan River. In theproiect area, exposed rocks are of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Pleistocene-Recent age (see Fig.2.9). The Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous rocks are represented, in ascending order, by the SinRafael Group, the Morrison Formation, the Burro Canyon Fonnation, the Dakota Sandstone, and the
Mancos Shale. The rocks are primarily cross-bedded sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones,claystones, mudstones with some sandy shales, and Iimestones. Cenozoic rocks include eolianloess, stream-born alluvium, colluvium, and talus.
The structure of [frite Mesa is simple. The Dakota Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation areessentially flat with gentle undulations and are cormonly jolnted. Two joint directions arefound usually perpendicular to each other.
2.7 .? Itli neral resources
?.7.?.1 Uranium deposits
Two types of uran'ium mineralization exist in the region: (l) tabular deposits nearly parallel
to the bedding of fine-grained to conglomerltic sandstone lenses and (2) fracture-controlleddeposits. None of the fracture-controlled deposits have yielded large production.IT Thetabular deposits occur in the Chinle, I'lorrison, and Cutler fomations. Vanadium is a cormon
byproduct of most uranium produced from the Morrison Formation. Principal uranium minerals
are uraninite and coffinite.
2.7.2.2 0ther mineral resources
Seven wildcat oil wells were drilled about 6 km (4 miles) west of the proposed site. All were
dry and were abandoned.
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EXPLANITIOil\-____-
ao9ioatY 0a rc?ottc otvlll-
lorocltra, lrotlta rtEotrtrrt lio ottlc?tot r
?ry
lctla tt f,Ltt
Irtcltta. tw[a ttlcrt stt Io otaaf,tot ilRuaat
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Fi9. 2.8. Tectonic index map.ER, P'late 2.4-I.
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Fi9. 2.9. Generalized stratigraphic section of exposed rocks in the project vicinity.
Source: ER, Table 2.4-2.t
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ES-4588
S1!t, aand rnd grava: ln lrroyoa rnd slrcaa
vsIIGyr.
ColluvluD.nd T.Iut
Slop. raah, t.l.ur .nd rocx rubbla ranBlfitfroo cobblas and bou:dcr3 to B53iva blocka
f.IIen fr6 ctr.ffr .nd ou!crop3 of r.3i.!.nr
iock.
R€ddl.h-brM to llght-5rosi, unconiolld.-
led. eell-iorted 51lt !o GdllGtr.lDcd3.nd; p.rtlslL)' c.En!.d vtrh callcS. ,,r30& arcr: rdorlcd partlf by vo!er.
Gr.y !o d.rl(-8rry, flr!1I., thln-b.JJ.d
DrtD. sh.I. ylth for.lllflrou3 r.ndy IlEC-itose lt logcr rtratr.
Upp.r
Cratacaout
Lovar
Cratacaoua
o
I
Dakola Srndltora
- - Uncoalontly -
turro C.lyoo Foilt1m
onf orlty ( ?
Bru3hy !..1n lt..b.r
Lllhr yriloei.h-brM to llght tr.y-Jros,thicl b.dd.d to crc.r-bcdd.d a.ndrlonc,
contloDaratlc tanda!ona; lnierb.ddtd rhlnIrn:lcular tlry caaoonacaoua clarttona
and lEpura coal; lccrl couraa baral con-
8lor!tt..
Lltht-tily rnd l,l8ht-broli, uselv. .trd
croaa-baddad cmSlolarr!1c aandllona and
lDtarbaddad tracD aod 8aay-grar! ludrlonc;locall.y contrltrr thi! dlrcootlnuou! b.d3
of !1).lclftcd .rndrcon. .nd :,iE.loo.natr tcD.
Upp..Juraralc
!
:
v.rl.g.t.C gr.y, p.l.-trccn, rcddlts-broh,.nd pu.pLc b.ot6ltic Eudrtonr.nd r1l!-
a!ona contalnrng thin diac@tl,n@u aard-
atora and con!]o8rata lantea.
ln!.rb.dd.d yell,dl.h- .nd trc.ol.h-tr.yto plrklrh-tray, fina- !o cour.e-gr.1n.d
arioar,c aandrtona rnd Eracnlsh-trry torecdlr!,-broh ..ndt rh.k rnd ed.ton..
lnr.rb.dd.d rrddlrh-tr.y ro llti! brohflrc- to edlE-tralnad aand.loo. and
r€ddl.h-8.., rilt:, .nd t.ody clayatonr,
lnr.rb.ddcd ycll@1rh-broh to pil.
r.dl13h-brq tiD.-tr.ln.d to contloFerltlc aaidt!onaa rnd gracclth- aid
r.ddlrh-trry tuirtcna.
,o
c,
Uhl.Ea to traylth-brm, ugalva, caoaa-
b.dd.d. f ta. - ro EdltFtr.ln.d .ot l.n
aandttoaa.
thltsb.dacd, rlpplerrt.d rrddlrh-brmBdd): .andttona &d ..ndy rhala,
R.ddlrh-brm !o lraylth-ehlra, utrlv..crorr-h.dd.d, ftn - ro -d1G3r.ln.dtaodtto[.
tlo conycrr lctl ro rtorr, rltlply let bt 0.lo4l.
Irrctulrry b.dd.d rcddi.h-brora luddy
randaEooa and raDdy .udatona ylth localrhlo b.dt of brm !o tr.y thttton. rDdr.ddlth- to !!..n1rh-tr.y .hala.
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Thin, discontinuous beds of impure liqnite and coal up to 0.6 m (2 ft) thick occur throughoutthe Dakota sandstone' Although severil of these..oui'u.Jr-irur. i".n mined on a limited scalein the Blanding area' most of the coals are too impure for l6nilelciat use.rg
copper..deposits are associated with the fracture-controjled uranium-vanadium deposits in theAbaio Mountains and with some sedimentarv deposits. rhe iopp.. iontent may be as hiqh as 33.sand and gravel deposits are mined on thl eait and south ii56.i.r the Abajo Mountains forpavement construction material
Although water is produced from weils drilled to the Burro canyon Formation and the DakotaSandstone,othis water. is.conmonly mineralized ano in iome-ro.uiiii., unfit for human con-sumption'rY. Deep wells drilled to the Entrada ano naviio iiriiior.r yield potabi. *6191.izrieSeveral springs in the project vicinity discharge g.orni*.i..-irJm tne Burro canyon Fonnation.
2.7.3 SeismicitY
I'Iithin a 320-km (200-mile) radius of the site, 450,seismic events occurred between lg53 and1978. 0f these' at Ieast 45 had an intensity of vt or greaie"'on tt. Modified Mercalli scale.
tJithin a l60-km ('l00-mile) radius of the project area, l5 earthquakes have been recorded. 0fthese, oniy one had an intensity of v, and the rest *6r. rv-o"'ilts, The nearest event occurredin 61en canyon National Recreation Area, about-70 try_1qi.i'rii.i)'no"thwest of the proposedsite. The next closest event occurred ibout.94 km (58.5';ii;;i-;r the northeast. The event ofintensity V occurred on.August 29, 1941, jus!.east df-Drr;ngil'Coioraao.zo It is doubtfut thatany of these events would have been fett in the viciniiy;;'Bi.;;rg.
Based on the region's seismic history, the probability of a major.rjamaging earthquake occumingat or near the proposed site is remoie. Algermissen ina per[iis)l indicate that there is a 90%probabiiity that horizontal acceleration of 40% g.ariii-(o.a'gj-wouid not be exceeded within50 years.
?.8 SOILS
The majority (99%) of the soit on.the project site consists of the Blanding soil series (ER,sect' 2'l0.l.l). The remaining l% of lhe-slte is in ttre-tietienir,in soil series. Because theMellenthin soir occurs only on-the eastein-centrir eatl-oi-ih; ;i;; iEi; pi;;;"r.ro]ii,'itshould not be affected by construction and operation 6t tne mrti.-'
The mill and associated tailings disposal ponds will be located on Blanding silt Ioam, a deepsoil formed from wind-blown defiosits'of fiie sands ana-sii[i.--li[horgt so1t textures arepredominantly silt loam, silty-clay-toam textures-are found-at some.point in most profiles (ER,Table 2'I0-2). This soil genlrallv nai a-iij- to l3-im (c--to-s:in.) reddish-brown, silt-toam Ahorizon and a reddish-brown, silt-joam to silti-ciiy-ioi, s-ho"ti;n. The I horizon extendsdownward about 30 to 40 cm (12 to'15 in.) wtreri the soil then beiomes calcareous silt-loam orsiltv-clav-loam, signifying lhe c horizon. The c troiizor-;;e il;;der)ying parent materialare also reddish-brown in iolor.
The A and B horizon both have.an average pH of about 8.0, whereas the average pH at the Chorizon is about 8.5. subsoir sodium Tivits range up to 12? in some areas, which is crose tothe upper limit of acceptability for use in reclSrnation,ro"[ tEn,-lect. 2.I0.1.1). Otherelements, such as boron'and-setlnium,-ire'neii-6.ir- iiitiintiuiij'nirardous levels. potassiumand phosphorus values are.high in this soil-(ER, riur!-i.iti-zi'lnj-."" generalIy adequate forplant growth. Nitrogen, howiver, ii i*-(inl-iici.-i.ro.illi'.ij-n"v have to be provided forrecl amati on.
t'lith the well-drained soils, relatJvely flat topography (sect. 2.3), and low precipitation(Sect..3.2.-l), the site.gen6"aiii-r,ai i ior-potintiai ior water erosion. However, the flowsresulting from thunderstorm actiiity are neaily instanteous-iil,-i; uncontrolled, couldresult in substantial erosion. tlheir these io'iis iri-ui;;;,-ffiy';re considered'to have a highpotential for wind erosion.. Arthough the soit is suiiioie';o;;;dr, the Ioi p""i"rtiii oravailable moisture (6 to 9x) is a limitinq iactor ror pi.nt i"o*irrl lrrireroie,'iig[I-ii.ig.ttonmay be required to establish native vegetition durins ili;dii;;.'
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2.9 BIOTA
Z.9.1 TerrestriaI
2.9.1 .1 Flora
The natural vegetation presently occurring within a 40-km (25-mile) radius of the site is verysimilar to that of the potential,z: being characterized by pinyon-juniper woodland intergradingwith big sagebrush (. rtenesia tridentata) conrnunities. The pinyon-juniper conmunity is domi-
nated by Utah juniper (Juniperus osteospena) with occurrences of pinyon pine (pinus edulis) as
a codominant or subdominant tree species. The understory of this conmunity, which is usuallyquite open, is composed of grasses, forbs, and shrubs that are also found in the big sagebrush
corrnunities. Cormon associates include galleta grass (uilaria jonesii\, green ephedra (tpne&,aoiridis), and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae). The big sagebrush corrnunities occur in
deep, well-drained soils on flat terrain, whereas the pinyon-juniper woodland is usually found
on shallow rocky soil of exposed canyon ridges and slopes.
Seven conrnunity types are present on the project site (Table 2.26 and Fig. 2.I0). Except for
the small portions of pinyon-juniper woodland and the big sagebrush cormunity types, the majority
of the plant conrnun'ities within the site boundary have been disturbed by past grazing and/or
treatments designed to improve the site for rangeland. These past treatments include chaining,
plowing, and reseeding with crested wheatgrass (ag,opyrcn deoentorton). Controlled big sage-
brush conmunities are those lands containing big sagebrush that have been chained to stimulate
grass production. In addition, these areas have been seeded with crested wheatgrass. Both
grassland cormunities I and II are the result of chaining and/or p'lowing and seeding with
crested y,heatgrass. The reseeded grassland II cormunity is in an ear'lier stage of recovery
from disturbance than the reseeded grassland I cormunity. The relative frequency, relative
cover, relative density, and importance values of species sampled in each comunity are pre-
senteC in the ER, Table 2.8-2. The percentage of vegetative cover in ]977 was lowest on the
reseeded grassland II cormunity (10.71) and highest on the big sagebrush cormunity (33%) (Table
2.?7\.
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5 13113 278
177 438121 29937?34 56917 41
Tab/,c 2.26 Community typa: md cxpanr wirhin th.
proi.6 ril! bdJrdrry
Community type
Pinyon-juniper woodland
Big sagebrush
Rereeded grassland I
Beseeded grasland ll
Tamarisk-salix
Controlled big sagebrush
Disturbed
f .bl. L27. Ground cor.r ,o. G*h ommunily within the
proicct ilr boundaay
Commnity typrs
Percentage of each type oI cover
Vegetative cover Litler Eare ground
Pinyon--juniper modland
Big sagrbruth
Rseeded grasland I
Reseeded grassland ll
Tamarisk-salix
Conroued big sagebush
Oisturb.d
25.9
33.3
15.2
10.7
12.0
17.3
13.2
15.6 55.6
16.9 49.924.2 6r.09.5 79.120.r 67.9
I 5.3 67.4
7 _O 80.0
t Sock covered 4.4% of the ground,
Based upon dry weight composition, most comrunities on the site l€re ln poor range condition in
1977 (ER, Tables 2.8-3 and 2.8-4). Pinyon-juniper, big sagebrush, and control'led big sagebrush
cormunities were in fair condition. However, precipitation for 1977 at the project site was
classed as drought conditions (ER, Sect. ?.8.2.1), Until July, no production !,as evident onthe site.
No designated or proposed endangered plant species23 occur on or near the project site
(ER, Sect. 2.8.2.'ll. 0f the 65 proposed endangered species in Utah, six have documenteddistributions in San Juan County.2l A careful review of the habitat reguirements and knowndistributions of these species indicates that, because of the disturbed environment, these
species would probably not occur on the project site.
2-41
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Nuclear, tnc..1978,, Oct. 4,
Cqrnunity types on the }lhitc-Mesa project site. lquryg: Energy Fuels;ffifiifi.r:.3ry.,* rerecopiea-i"li-ilni"ti nilii3i, sept. 25,
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2.9.1 .2 Fauna
The applicant has collected wildlife data through four seasons at several locations on the
site (Fig. 6..l). The presence of a species was based on direct observations, trappings, and
siqns suih as the occurrence of scat, tracks, or burrows. A total of I74 vertebrate species
oolentially occur within the vicinity of the proposed mill (ER, Appendix D), 78 of which were
confirmed (ER, Sect. ?.8.2.2).
Although seven species of amphibians are thought to occuilin the area,.the scarcity of surface
water iimits the use of the ;ite by amphibiani. The tiger salamander (*nbvstodta tigryntnl was
the only species observed. It appeared in the pinyon-Junlper woodland west of the proiect site
(ER, Sect. 2.8.2.2).
Eleven species of Iizards and five snakes potentially occur in the.area. Three spec'ies of'lizards were observed: the sagebrush 'lizard (seelopata graeioeual, vrestern whiptail(0,",,i;rpi.ri ttgnit), and th6 short-horned 112_ard.(t+einor?" PyS!qle?:) (ER'.Sect. 2.8.2.2).
ihe sage'brush and-western whiptail lizard were found in sagebrush habitat, and the short-horned
lizard was observed in the grassland. No snakes were observed during the fleld work.
Fifty-six species of birds were observed in the vicinity of the proiect site.(Tabl.e.2.28). The
aUuntance of each species was estimated by us'ing modified Emlen transects and roadside bird
counts in various habitats and seasons. 0nly four species were observed during-the February
samplinq. The most abundant species was the-horned ]ark (tvenophila aepestia) followed by the
corrmon iaven (comtus corazl, which were both concentrated in the grassland. Avian counts
inir.asea draitically ln Mii. Based on extrapolation of the Enlen transect data, the avian
a"niiiv-o" Srassland-of thiproject site during spring was about 305 per square-kilometer (123
per tO-O acris). 0f these iniividuals, 94X weri horned larks and western meadowlarks (Sturnel-[-a
""ql,"iid. ftrls density and species iomposition are typical of rangeland-habitats.2s -. [n late
i;i;-ih;'speci.s diversity declined somenhat in grasslind but peaked in a'll other habitats. Bv
0ctober the overa'll diverllty decreased but again remalned the highest in grassland.
Raotors are orominent in the western Unlted States. Flve sPecies were observed in the vicinity
;;'fi;'ti;; lriui.-2.zel. Although no nests of these species were located, al'l (except.the
Sofi;n iaile) iqlta ctwaeaetoa) 6ave suitable nesting habitat in-the yiclnity of the slte-
it"-neti of i piairie falcon (yalco rc-rlcoao) was found about 1.2 km (3/4 mlle) east of the
ti[".--Atif,ough no sightings were made of this species, msnbers tend to return to the same
nests for several years if undisturbed (ER' Sect. 2-8.2.2)-
0f several marmals that occupy the site, mule deer (Odocoifeua natirrruel is the.largest species.
ine-aeer-intriO.it ttre pmject'vicinity and adjacent canyons during winter to feed on the sage-
brush and have been obseived migrati-ng throuln the sitl to Murphy Point (ER,-Sect. 2.8-2.2)'
l{inier deer use of the project iicinlly, as ieasured by browse utillzatlon' ls among.the
heaviest in southeasteti Uiift tOt days-6f use per hectire (25 days of-use p9r aqry)-in the
pinyon-jrniper-iigeUrush habitits in-the vicinity of the.proiect sitel.26 In addltion' this
i""i-is-r'iai,ity uiea ai a migriiion route by deei trave'liirg. lo lturphy Polnt to vi.nter. Dailv
,or"rent during winter periois by^leer inhabitlng the area. has also been observed between
Weit ii"" Crei[ anO Murbny Point-.26 The present-size of the local deer herd is not known.
gther mannnls present at the site include the coyote lCanis latr@ta), red fox (htlp-e-s uulPesl.,
o"i, ro* (iJroeuon 6.*iio^lr"r), ititp"a ilcunl lu.initie ncphitis), badge-r (raaaea annl'
i..'.t.ii ;;l!!i- fu,",tli fi"ii\','"na ubucat (Lai nafus). Nine species of .rodents were
i;;;;i'";;b;;",;;a-; ih! site,'ihe deer rause lPe,oryeao nwtiaiatza) havlng !!9 gl:1t.tt
d.istiiUtion and abundance. Although desert cottontalls (Sylttiloeus @Atbonn) vrere uncofirx)n
in-iSZ7, biack-tailed jackrabbits (-r-epn ealifornieual uere- seen during all seasons.
Three currently recognized endangered species of anlmal*7 could occur in the proiect-vicinity'
i;;;;";; irrl-i'"ooiuiiiti-of-thesE anlmais occurrlng near the site-is.extrenrelv.low. The proiect
site is within tne rang! ;i til-t"ia iisl" @"tir"Zhr" L"rr"o."pltalue) and the American perygrine
iiiior-ti.l." piisni";; --t^), but tfie-lick of aquatic habliat,lndicates a lou probabllity
oi'ir,ese iplcils oicufi.;;;-ifi siie.'-niirriirgtt iii-bticf-Ioole{ ferret (antela ntgripesl.
once ranqed in the viciniiy of the site, it has-not been slghted ln Utah since 1952,28 and the
ilH; bili;;.^"oi"uiiiiiiei".ts-it is rrfgtriy'.untiiirv-irrat lhls anlmal ls present (ER' sect.
2.8.?.2)
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Tabre 2'28. Bird: obcarved in rho vici,ity of the proposcd lt/hit Mca. unnium proicct
Statewide
Species relative
abundance
and status,I Specics
Stat.widc
relativa
abundance
and statutr
Mallard
Pintail
Turkey vulture
Red.tailed hawk
Golden eagLh
Marsh hawk
Merlin
American kestril
Sage grouse
Scaled quail
Amcrican coot
Killdcer
Sponed iandpiper
Mourning dove
Common nighthawk
White-throated swifr
Ycllow-bellicd sa$ucker
Wdtern kingbird
Ash-throatrd ftycatcher
Say's phoebe
Horned lark
Violet.green swallow
Barn swallow
Cliff swallow
Scrub iay
Elmt-billcd magpic
Common raven
Common crow
Pinyon jay
Bushtit
Eewick's wren
Mockingbird
Mountain blu€bird
Black-taihd Oarcatchsr
Ruby-crownc<l kinglct
Loggsrhead shrike
Starling
Y€llorrump.d warblar
Wcslrrn m?adowlark
Rcd.wingpd bl.cktrird
Erersr's blacktird
Brown-hladed cowbird
Blue grosbeak
Hous. finch
Am?rican goldfincrt
Grecn-tail?d towhc!
Rufous.rided towhc.
Lark sgarrow
Elack.throat.d sptrrow
Sagc sparrow
Oark-eyld junco
Chipping rparrow
8rerurt sparow
White-crowncd sparow
Song spanow
Vcspcr sparrow
CP
CP
CP
US
cs
H
CP
CP
US
CP
CP
CP
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UW
CP
UP
Not listed
CS
CP
CS
cs
cs
CS
CP
CS
cs
cs
CP
cs
CS
cs
CP
CP
CP
cw
CP
CS
CP
cs
CP
CP
CP
cs
cs
CP
CP
cs
CP
cs
cs
US
cw
cs
CS
cs
CP
cs
'W. H. Bchlc and M. L- perry, tJtah girds, Ulah Muscum of N.tural Hiitory,UnivrBity ot Utah, Satt Lakc City, i975.
Relativa abundan€!
C = common
U = uncommon
H = hypotheticat
Sourcc: ER, Tabla2.&S.
P = plrmanant
S = summcr rGidcnt
W = winter viiitant
Status
2.9.2 Aquatic biota
*ril:..li:l:i: l:":*.ll:i"::.rjl:,.Tg::-l:r?9rar.ry fron extrerery rimited to nonexistent dueto the aridity, topospqp6r, ana soir #;;.;;;i;l;;;'o;'ii!=i[ifi'l;'l#::d:rl"::1ffi":]perenniar surface water. -rwo smaii .ilii,-6Jir,ii-i5;.i: i:;.i:ii:"r;nr6rimfarv r^ 6 {- r{-,3::'i:::lj'll'ff"':::i;".t:g,:ili:.'ii:il::ir;.jii.i:-i:E:i:ii:'#:";ifl:i:f'hT'iIna11,"..",?i;.1::.:;i pl,ff..tfi::i ::I.;-*,-ilii:.irii'riii"iitiilii;.ft'.ifiTXiltXS,f,.H"l,J,":l;?:iihtit#,;t',I:lll,1'^itii,,:t*:F":iilii:;i Liiri Fi:iil,1I,;il'ffi'3ii;:'i.ll'iiH'[imonitorrns prosram. Alllygl, ,,,o;"-p;;;;;iiil;i#J'T"fi;ilTi ff:.1:ffi"11:il,oliJIll,*,.,they essentially represent lrre ioiai-iiriii.-r,uuitat on the oroiect sire rrhon ean]ri-i--tbi!:!^gt the^proiect site. nr,en iontiiningIijii;, jlil" ;;l:n ::'l13^p13*?]I rrarrio" iigie; ;;;.;;,,';til;,ilil#i;,#["i3]"lil
llflllllli';,,ll"l"l.l^:l::^rr:!ig: ;-;;;;.-;il;i.'iiii"JiiriH;;T:"I;:"ffiXi,l,Ti;,ill
:i|:'il:'.ffl;n"l'l,i::?::"'o*:;:,il:-ii;i::;-:rt:ri,#il i:"ffi:',;ffin::[';' il3'iili"",site and south or aranal$. iil ;";;; ii'ii"',ii:inlllT'liri! ;[r:;1"ffi:'il;l,j':.ll?Ji"il,Hl I:l]if,?lln Tll.::F:,::-;:-:;:l-il"ffi construction or the adjacent orrice and rabora-|::l lllltf.:i:i .,::]^::iE".to"i""iii; il"ffi :ffiffii:li:; ;1",f,1.ff1:.:li llli:: :;i.ll["]::;:g,ti:1,::1"L.^r::::?lri::'-:.:^p..!t. ti coniiin-,ii""-i";";d;;;iil;.iJ'1fi illlrill,"ii,,
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basin has not been samplea-ior-aqritii' uioti"rin." filt ing.
a -{+
Aquatic habitat'in the project vicinity is similariy limited. The three adjacent streams(Corral Creek, llestwater Creek, and an unnamed arm of Cottonwood Hash) are only intermittentiyactive, carrying water primarily in the spring during increased rainfa'll and snowmelt runoff,in the autumn, and briefly during localized but intense electrical stonns. Intennittent waterflow most typically occurs in April, August, and 0ctober in these streams. Again, due to the
temporary nature of these streams, their contribution to the aquatic habitat of the region isprobably'limited to providing a water source for wildlife and a temporary habitat for insect
and amphibian species.
No populations of fish are present on_the proiect site, nor.are any known-to exist' in its inme-
diaie'vicinity. The closest perennial aquatic habitat to the.proposed mi'll.appears to be a small
ir"igatton baiin (approximately 50 m in diameter) about 6 km (3.8 miles) uPi,rgde to the north-
east: This habitit'was not sainpled for biota by the applicant, who reports that the pond is
intermittent and probably does not harbor any fish species.
The closest perennial aquatic habitat known to support fish populations is the San Juan River29 km (]8 miles) south of the project site. Five species of fish Federally designated (orproposed).as endangered or threatened occur in Utah'(Table 2.29). One of ine fiie species, thewoundfin (Plegopterus atgentissinus), does not occur in southeastern Utah where the proposedmill site is located.2e The Colorado squawfish (PtychocheiLus Lucius) and humpback chub (c;lceypla), however, are reported as inhabiting large river systems in southeastern Utah. Thebonytail chub (cila elegots), classified as threatened by-the State and proposed as endangeredby Federal authorities is also Iimited in its distribution to main channels of large rivers..The humpback sucker (razorback suckeri xyratchen texanus), protected by the State ind proposedas threatened by the Federal authorities, is found in southeastern Utah inhabiting backwaterpools and quiet areas of mainstream rivers. The closest habitat suitable for the-Coloradosquawfish, humpback chub, bonytail chub, and humpback sucker is the San Juan River,29 km(18 miles) south of the proposed site.
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T:Ur 229, Thr.rtrn.d and.ndmga''d rqurtic tpccio occilning in utrh
Lining
Ocanrrcnce
in
southea3tern Utah
Woundfin
Pl ego p terus a rgen ti si m u s
Humpback chub
Gila cypha
Colorado River squawfish
Ptych*heilus lucius
Eonyt.il chub
Gila dcgens
Humpback suckar(razorback suckcrl
Xyranchcn Exmus
Silty streams; muddy, swift.current Fedrral - endangcredo
ar.as; Virgin River critial habitat' Statr - threaten€d
Large river systems. eddies, and Federal - endangeredDbackmtr State - endanggred
Main channels of larga river syitem3 Federal - endangercdD
in Colorado drainagc State - andangarrd
Main chrnnels of larg€ river rystams Frdcral - proposd
in Colorado drainagr endangcradc
Stata - thruatgnrd
Backwatcr pool3 and quiet-watar Fcdsal - proporcd
areas of main rivas thrcatencdc
St't€ - threatancd
,"Endangsed and Thr.at.md Witdtifr and Ptana." Fd. nsgist 42(21tl: 57329 (f 977).o"Endang:redandThreatlncdWitdlitG.ndPlrnts,,'Fad. Rqisr4lll3ill;36419-39431 n9771.6"End.ng.red and fhrca$n d Witdlit. and ptanri,', Fsd. gogsa 43(79): f7375-t7377 (t97El.
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NATURAL MDIATION ENVIRONI'IENT
Radiation exposure in the natural environment is due to cosmic and terrestrial radiation andil-ttr. irtut.tion ol-lldol and its daughters. .Measurements of the background environr.ntif
,"laioactlritl-191:.1.19 at the proposed mil l site,using thermoluminesceit dosimet..iliiloii.-f^ -o<,rlts indrCate an averaQe total-bodv dose nf I42 millinomc ^o-,,^.- ^r,.,L:-L.o -.,,.r[e results indlcaEe an.average total-body dose.of 142 millirems per year, of which 6g rliii.ersir"uttriortuul..!o !?:1]: radiation and 74 millirems to terrestriii s6urces. fhe cosmoqenicll9 14_ljllirems to terrestrjal s6urces. The cosmogenic
i:il':;:'.::iiriitii:iliii3,l?,llo8f"tlol,T,1,l,Ii:'.iii#ikll. ,l:u;:i'i:l;tli;:::1,;iiiinu,.'
urinium-2:9,-!l?:ly1;212' and, to a lesser extent, uraniui-235. The'dose iro, ingeilid-radio-
iuctides is e:!]m:lel-at 18 millirems.per year to the total body.:c The dose to [he total body
iiom atl sources of environmental radioactivity is estimated to-be about tOt miiti"eri-i!"
year.
The concentra!]:l^:l-:?do, in the area is estimated to be in the range of 500 to loo0 pci,/m3,
based on the concentration of radium-226 in the Iocal soi1.30,31' Exposure to this conlentra-iion on 1.:ollilr?yt basis would result jn a dose.of up to 625 mi1lirems per V"i,^ to-it"-Oron-chial epitheljg.'1.- As ventilation decreases, the dose increases; for-eiirpi"l'in-ri,jinit-
iited enclosures, the comparable dose might reach 1200 millirems per year.
The medical total-body dose for Utah is about 75 millirems per year per person.33 The totaldose in the area of-the proposed mill from natural background airo reilicai-eiporr.e i;-.;;i-
mated to be 236 millirems per year.
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7.
2-16
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "supplemental Report, l,leteoroiogy and Air Quality,Environmental Report, White Mesa Uranium Project, San Juan County, Utah," Sept. 6, .l978.
The Bureau of Economic and Business Research, ConntnitA Economic Facts: Blotding, tjteit -1e75, prepared for Utah Industrial Development Information Service, Salt Lake Ciiy, Utah.
The Bureau of Economic and Business Research, Caonmity EconomLc Facts: BLaClng, Utah -1977, prepated for Utah Industrial Oevelopment Information Service, Salt Lake City, Utah.
The Bureau of Economic and Business Research, Conorunity Econonric Facts: .Monticeilo, ltah -1975, prepared for Utah Industrial Development Information Service, Salt Lake City, Utah.
The Bureau of Economic and Business Research, cannnifu EconcmLc Pacts: Nonticello, ii:ah -1.977, prepared for Utah Industrial Development lnformation Service, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Energy Fuels I'luclear, Inc., "Responses to Coments on l{hite Mesa Project DES,"
Itlarch 6, 1979.
Utah Department of Employment Security, Research and Ana)ysis Section, adapted from
@arterlg E'moloynent llanslette! of Soutleasterm Dist?Lct of Utah, January-llar:ch I978.
Utah Industrial Development Information Service, Cou-ttg Eeottonrie Facts: San Juot
Cowtty - 1977 .
Utah Department of Transportation, Stdte of tltah, Moajor Eiglatals tbp, Salt Lake City,Utah, .l976.
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Rcsponse to Cofiments from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Conmission, June 7, 1978, l{hite Mesa Uranium Project Environmental Report," Denver,June 28, 1978.
State of Utah, Division of State Hrstory, "Archeological Test Excavations on l,hite l.lesa,san Juan county' southeast utah," prepared for Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., Denver,Colorado, Ithy l978; also "Additional Archeological ibst Excavations on }lhite tlesa,San Juan County, Southeast Utah," January 1979.
Environmental Protection Agency, Qnlity Crlteri.a fot ttatet, Report EPA-440/g-76-023,lJashington, D.C., .l976.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "l,later Quality Criteria 1972," Comittee on l{ater
Quality Criteria, I972.
R. D. Feltis, Uate" fian Bedrcek in the Colorodo Platean of tltah, Utah State EngineerTechnical Publication l{o. 15, 1966.
E. M. Shoeoaker, Stnrctutal Peatwee of Soutleaatexn utah od. Ad,jacettt Parts of Colorado,
Nea Merico, otd. Arizona, Utah Geological Society Guidebook to the Geology of Utah llo, 9,1954, pp. 48-59.
E. ll. Shoemaker, Struchtral Featt*es of tle Colorado Plateat o'td, llteir Relation to Uroiwt
Depoeits, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 300, 1956, pp. 155-168.
H. S. Johnson' Jr., and l{. Thordarson, U"qniwt Depoeita of the tloab, ltotrticello, tlhite
Corgon, and Monanent VaLLey DLatricta, tltah al Arizou, U.S. Geologlcal Survey Bulletin
1222-H, 1966-
L. C. Huff and F. G. Lesure, Geologg od. thwthtn Depoeits of Montezrotta Coryon Atea, Sot
Juot Cowttg, Utdh, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1190, 1965.
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9.
10.
11.
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I3.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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I. J.
5u rveY
F. A.
tlitkind, Ceclogy o;' ;he Aba;c itcur:alnsProfessional Paper 453, i964.
Hadsell , iiist. SertTqlnke Aet,coloraCo 63(1): 57-72 (1968).
,4 ?tcbabiiis-"ie Estinate of Matimot Aceeleration inU.S, Geological Survey 0pen File Report 76-416,
)2 A- !J' Kuchler, Potential Naiwal.leggtation of the Conterminous Lbdted Staies, Specialpublication 36, American eeogripniili-Society', N; i;;i;' i;il:"
"Endangered and Threatened IJildlife and Plants," Fed. Regist 4l(ll7) z 24524-24572 (.|976).
5. L. tlelsh, N. D. Atwood,.and J,.L. lgveal,..,,Endangered, fhreatened, Extinct, Endemic,and Rare or Restricted Utah vascular Plants," Great-Basii,r,"t.-is(aii l2i-iie'tiiii'i.-'
?5. J. A. l,llens and ltl.. I. Dyer, "Rangeland Avifaunas: Their Composition, Energetics, and Rolein the Ecosystefl," in Ptoceedingi of the synpoeiun on u**ii^""t of Forest ord. Ratncilabitats for Nongane Birds, tJ.S. Forest Seivice General Teihnical 'n.pori-WO_i, igi"S.
26. State-of Utah, Division of Wildlife Resources, letter to Jim Chadwick, Dames and l{oore,July 27, 1977 .
27. "Endangered and Threatened l{ildlife and Plants," red.. aegist. 42(l35): 36419-3G43I (1977).
28. R. L. Linder and C. N. Hil'lman, Ptoceedi,ngs o^f the Black-Footed Fenret od tuainie DogHorkshog, septenber 4-6, l.sza, south Dakoia siate universili, aroolinirl-igi:l-'-- -
29' L' B' Dalton et al ., sp3.c.!1 -r=is! of rntertebrate tlild\ife tlat rnhabit southeastern rJtd11,Utah State Division of L,lildlife Resburces, l97Z-
30. National Council on Radiation Protection-and lrleasurements, Natuu.al Background Radiaticnin the United States, Report No. 45, l9Z5-
31. K. J. Schaiger, "Analysis-of Radiation Exposure 0n or Near Uranium lli'll Tailings piles,,,Rcdiatioa Data Rep. 14: 4l (1974).
32. National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, The Effects ott populatiotrs ofElpo-eule to bt't Leuels _of .r2nizing .Radiati.an,_-Report oi tu Uo.tsorg cor;itti" i*- tibBiological Effects of rotizing aa&tatl.o (BEIR Rlport), nni-nnC, wairrington,-0.i.,-i'glZ.
33. U.S. Department of_Health, Education, and l{elfare, population E&?osu?e to X_rage, U.s.1920, Regatt DHEI{-73-8047, ilovember '1973.
S. T. Algermissen and D. M. Perkins,jcck i.n =he jcntiguo,s lt'nited States,
1976.
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24.
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3. OPEMTIONS
3. t r,llNING 0PERATIoNS
The i'lhite.Mesa Uranium-Proiect will process ores orig_inating in independent and company-owned,ins5.-,Mines_lillil 109 km (100_miles) of Enersy FuiIs ore-buyin! stationi it. siindi;,s-o.Hanksville) are expected to supply virtually_aII of the ore proceised by the facility. -Energy
Fuels controls reserves_of approximately 8600 metric tons (Ni) (ssoo-t-"ri Jr uro, *1in in
average ore grade.of 0-1251" Yi0e (El, p.l-t). Additional oie *iii-be purchased ir6m lnaepenoentming5.,.There-yi]l 9:-"g.onsite mining activity.- The environmental eifects of the arinaingore buying station (0n the project site) are included in this assessment.
3.2 THE MILL
The proposed mill will utilize an acid Ieach-sol.vent extraction process for uranium recovery.Provisions-for vanadium byproduct recovery are inc'luded in the design. The nominal processingcapacitv.of the mill-is 1800 MT (2000 toni) pel-9ay.- rhe exp&ted Jverage ore griaeJi ri.rzszUr0g'. The process wil'l recover-approximately 947. of the uranium in the 6ie. -fie-p.oposea rlllwould operate on a 24 hrlday, 340 days per year schedule. Based on ttre iUove Oeiig.-liii-meters,.the annual U30s production of the proposed l{hite Mesa milt will ue.pproiiiitliy-730 MT (800 tons). The estimated annual vanadium (v205) p"oauciion is-iqeo ui'ii6iii-iiril.
The plant buildings will be mainly of prefabricated construction. Although the facility willresemble the artist's rendition (Fig. 3.1), the final layout may va"V, JlpenOing-on'fi;afequipment selection.
As viewed-from-U.S. Highway 153, the mill will consist of a series of long buildings. portionsof the mill will stand.above the natural skyline., The ore buying stationi ore stoiiiilei, anothe natural terrain will obscure the view oi portions of the;ili. it'" p*poiei;iiiil;impoundment should not significantly alter the'landscape as seen from th! frighvriy,-exc;piaround soil stock piles and borror ireas.
External appearance of the mill
fhe mill circuit
Uranium circuit
3.?.2
fhe flow sheet for the uranium clrcuit of the proposed mill is shown in Fig. 3.2. The orewould undergo a-sequence of_crushing, grinding, leaching, countei-current iecantatlon, inasolvent-extraction steps. The extracted uranium rould 5i precipitited, a"iia,'ini'piirigeo rorshi pment.
lihst ores would be fed to the mill via the ore buylng stations. Because the ores will orlginateI!9rtsnv different mines, blending will be necesiary to ensure optimal processlng amenaaOitity.This blending will occur as the ore is fed to the miil
Ore received at the ore.buying.statlons ls crushed to less than 3.8 cm (l.s in.) durinq thesampling pYrocess. As the ore is fed to the mill, a seoiautog"nous sriniins i3A{61;iii'rirrreduce the feed size to smaller than a 28-mesrr (ti.sag -;;6:0,r, i;.i-;;;ei;.'-'r'ne'orl'srurry
?:9dI!.1 by the SAG mltl witl be leached in two stages with suiiuric aiid, minganeii dioxrae(or an equivalent oxidant), and steam in amounts thit will produie an acid sofiifon-wittr atemperature of 7l"c (160'F). Acid consumption will ue reouleo-[y-neutritizins-ihi"aiijiine
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ORE STOCKPILES FROM
BUYING STATION
PBE6NANT LEACH
SOLUTION
I
II
OPTIONAL
TO
VANAOIUM
SECOVERY
ATMOSPHERE
ATMOSPI{E
ES-4584
PREGNANT
ORGANIC
NaCl
BARBEN
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OUST
COLLECTION
ACrO
LEACHING
ORGANIC
SOLV€NT
EXTRACTION
EARR EN
ORGANIC
N STRIP
STRIPPING
STR IP
NH3 -PR€CIPIfATION
AND
OSPHERE Irlrt
sciuBEtNl
"t"tt3**'
Fig.3.2. Genera'lized flowchart for the uranium milling process. Source: ER, plate 3.2-1.
components 0f the ore with excess acid in the pregnant leach solution in a preleach stage(f!g. s.?). -It is anticipated-that approximately-ssz or-ihi;;;;i* contained in the crude orewill be dissolved over a leaching period of up tb 2c nr. The-uiinium-uei"ing-toirii6n-*irr ueseparated from the barren.waste by counter-current decantation uiing thickeners. polyccricflocculants will be used to enhanie the setilins charactertsitci-oi"tie'ililil;d ;;ii;;: Thedecanted pregnant leach.solution ls expected to-have a pH of approitmaieii-i:i-;;d-;;iiin ressthan I g of u306 per liter. The barren waste will ue plmpia to'ure taiiiigs ""iention-i"ea.Solvent extraction wil'l be used to concentrate and purify the uranium contained in the decanted'leach solution. In a series of mixing and settltng'yesslti,-tfie-loiveni iiti:iition-pLiisswill use.an amine-tvpe-compound carriid in keroseni to"gi"iil iiirih will sereiiiviiv'iuijru ureflt::l::1-I"l1v]-i9l:,f"P the asueous teactr soiution. 'irte-orsinic ana aqueous solutions wipoe agltated by mechanical means and then allowed to.separate tito organii'ina-.qriiri'piiises in:*-::lilil!.!ll!: ^I!it procedure wiil be pertormea ii-f;;; ;U;e; usins a counter-florPrrnclple ln whlch the organic flow is introduced to-the precediig stage-and the iqu"ouJ no,!!1y rrgm the bottom) f6eds the-ioiioring-itase. rt is'es[imiiid tnat, after four stases,tne-organic phase will contain about 2 9 oi u3or per_litir-ina $ri-aepreieo iqreiui'Or,iIEf1llil19.) about 5 mg per liter. The iaffiniti wttt ue-"eiviriJ-to the counter-cument
,""tolt:tton,:!.P-lfYjortlv described or further processed for the recovery or-vaniaium-(sect.,r'c'''t)' Ihe organic phase will be washed with acidified h,ater and then itrtppea-or=uriniumDJ.contact rvith an acidified sodiun chloride solution. irre"ui"..n'organlc soluiion-riii-uereturned to the solvent extraction circuit,-ana irre-inrii'h"0-iiripprng solution contalning
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URANIUM NAFFINATE SOLUTION
EMF.pH
ADJUSTMENT AGITATORS
CLARIFIEO
SOLUTION
RAFFINATE
TO CCO trllll
CIRCUIT
3-4
about 20 g.of Us9p per liter will be neutralized with annnnia to precipitate ammonium diuranaie(yellow cake). The yellow cake will be settled in two thickeners in series, and the overflowsolution from the first will be filtered, conditioned, and returned t; the;t;ippi;a;i;g..
Ihe thickened yellow cake.slurry will be dewatered further in centrifuges to reduce its watercontent to about 401. This.slurry will then be pumped to an oil-fired-multiple-hearth drver(calciner).at 550oc (1200'F). Trr! dried uranium'ioni.ni..ie ijuori'gor"u.d,i'riii'fi"r.r'r.athrough a harrner mill to produce a product of less than 0.G cri' (tll in.) diie. ffre-irusneoconcentrate, which is the final product of the piant, will then be packiged ln Ss-tai a"ums fo"sh i pment.
3.?.2.2 By-product vanadium recovery
Vanadium,-which is present in some of the ores, will be partially solubilized during leaching.rhe dissolved vanadium will be present in the uranium ra?finate.- Depending on its ianadium:ontent, the uranium raffinate will either be recycled to the counter-current decantation step(Sect. 3.2.2.1) or further processed for recovery-of the vanadium Uetore recycling.
The vanadium.recovery process will consist of a separate solvent extraction step to treat theuranium raffinate and precipitate the vanadium from the stripping solution. rni ftowcnaitshown in Fig.3.3 illustrates the process.
ES 4583
sooA
ASH
PNEGNANT
ONGANIC
EARREN
ORGANIC
vzos
STB IPPING
PNECIPITATION
ANO
THICKEiIIT{G
ANO
FILTEFING
l- r:rWET
scnuBtrNG ORYING
AND/ON
Fig. 3.3. Generalized florchart showing recovery of vanadium. Source: ER, plate 3.2-3.
NHr
OFIEO OB
FUSEO
VANAOIUX
PFOOUC?
3-5
..^,,ranium raffinate w!]] be pumped lo a series of agitators where the electromotive force)li,i.iion potential) will be adjusted to -700 mV with sodium chlorate and the pH raised tol'i-2.0. The-solution-may possess some turbidity.after this-step and wi'll be filtered prior tol;l.ii,i to a five-stage solvent extraction circuit. Except for the one additional siigE ofl3i"r.[ion, the solvent extraction section will be essentially the same as utilized foi the::;;;;r. An amine-type compound carried in kerosene (Sect. 3.2.2.1) will selectively absorb
li,l"rrnaaium ions_from the uranium raffinate solution. The organic solution wilt thln be-
lllioo.a of vanadium by contact with a soda ash solution. The barren organic solution witt Oeilirll.a to the.solvent extraction circuit, and vanadium nill be precipilated from the inriched
ll.ippirg solution on a batch basis as anrnonium (Etavanadate.
The vanadium efeli?ilate will be thickened and filtered prior to drying in an oil-fired dryer.ii,. iii.a precipitate-will be subjected to a fusion step at approximatity 800"C (ISOO;i)-to
J.iar.. Yr0l (bl1!!.1]l$]i_pl:!lgile.[ilr be in 55-sal'drums.' Less tha-n 0.005 iercent'u;08 wilr
[e-contained in the vanadium product. r'
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1 2 7 ilonradioactive wastes and effluents
tr71 Gaseouseffluents
irlilling operations will result in the retease of nonradioactive vapors to the atrpsphere.
Leachi nq
The Ieaching of ores.in the uranium and circuit will produce carbon dioxide gas, sulfur dloxidegas, water vapor, and some sulfuric acid mist. Eased on the projected calci[e ioncentration inlhe ore and process conditions, the applicant estimates emissioni of carbon dioxide to be 2200k9/h1 {a800.1b/hr),and enissions of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid mist to be 0.023 kgThr(0.05 lb/hr) from Ieaching (ER, p. 3-10). rhe staff agrees with these estimates.
Solvent extraction
The solvent extraction processes used in uranium and vanadium recovery will release organicvapors consisting-of kerosene (95%) and small quantitles of amine and'aicorroi-iompornai-usea inthe extraction. The-applicant estimates the organic losses to ue approximiieti-oioqo-rg7n"(0'l lb/hr) (ER'.p- 3-10). There are no Federai or State emissioni'itanoaioi ippiiciuii'tothe release of this mixture. Hotvever, Federal and State ambient air quality sd;da;ds havebeen set-at 199 uglm3' averaged over 3 hr. The applicant iiates ihat operaiion of the pio-posed mill wi'll not result in hydrocarbon concentrations exceeding ttrli'ievii-1ei, il-g:iOl.
Product dryers
The yellow cake and yanadium black flafe dryers will-burn approxlmately ll liters/hr (3 gph)qf Hgt 2 fuel oil (<l% sulfur), producing giseous effluents'tontatning-nlt"ogen,-lirUdn'dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide, and nltrogen oxides, as we'll as some aflrpnla from decm-position of the concentrate product. Radioactiie efflueni from this source is discussed inSect..3.2.4'6. .The applicant estlnrates that dryer off-tai conient"ations of iriru"-aioiiaeand-nitrosen oxides witr be 0.9r kgthr (? lb/hr) and o.Zt-rgirrr-(o.s-.iulr,ri'.iiiiiiiriii'iEn,p. 3-ll).
Eecause the heat inout to the yellow cake and vanadium b'lack flake dryers wlll be only 4.7 x1.08 Uhr (4.5 x los'Btu/trri,-n6-riiitii"o"-5late eorission standards apply to this source.However, Federal and State'ambient air quallty standardi wiii illi ti'nitrogen oxiaes,-sutrurdioxide, and particulate concentrations'due ti dryer operation.-' '
Buildinq and process heatinq
Steam necessary-for building.and process heatlng wilt be generated frorn coal-flred boilers.
tl?':'lH['lY.:s,IT..(99.tllal.of toal per aay will b€ ;aq;i;;a-ii-.'i,"It-i.;ri';;-.;;;;iimatery
i;i,'^l'il,i{!1,(: ,^19" Btu/hr). As a result of the boiler combustion, vaiiioui sii[r-gases'rrr oe released t0 the atmosphere' including carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxiii, andnrtrogen oxides.
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State and Federal emission standards are not applicable to a steam generating boiler of thissmall size. However, Federal and State ambient air quality standaris will aiply to theresulting ambient concentrations. The combustion of 55 MT-(60 tons) pe" aai'6iO.jZ sutfu.coal woul.d generate approximately 33 kg (720 lb) of sulfur dioxioe iel-aav-ien, p: j_,ii. Basedon.an industrial N0" enmission factor of l0 kg/MT (20 lb/ton) of coi.l Uurirej, [tr! staff'estimates nitrogen oxide emissions to be S4S ig/Aay (teOO tUiaay). F1y ash emissioni from thisproposed boiler are discussed in Sect. f.Z.S.:.
Anaiytical Iaboratory
The mill facility wi'll be complemented with an analytical Iaboratory that will routinely assayproducts of ore, process streams, and final products to assure adequate quality control andplant operating efficiency. The Iaboratory fune hoods will collect air and miied chemicalfumes for dilution and venting to the atrosphere. These gases will contain nonradioactivechemicals, sYglt 3s COz,_HCl,. and N02. .The volume of gaseous furnes emitted from the Iaboratoryoperations will be small and, considering the dilution in the collection stack and aireductors, should be inconsequential (ER, p. 3-?2).
3.2.3.? Liquid effluents
All mill process, mill laundry, and analytical laboratory liquid wastes will be discharged tothe tailings impoundment for disposal by evaporation (Sect. 3.2.4). Sanitary wastes wiil bedisposed of by a septic tank and leach field designed and operated in accordance with appli-cable State of Utah' Division of Hea'lth, and U.S. Public Health Service standards and regula-ti ons .
Storm runoff from above the mill, ore storage piles, ore buying station, and the initial tail-ings impoundmnt (cell I - initial) will be dlverted to offslti drainages (Figs. 3.4 and 3.5).The runoff from the mill and faci'lities area will be impounded in a sedimentaiion pondlocated at the southwest corner of the mill and facilities area bounded by ceils l and 2.
3.2.3.3 Sol id effluents
Nonradioactive solid wastes will be generated by the coal-fired boiler, the ore buying stations,and by maintenance and administrative activities at the mill. Dusts will be emittld irom orecrushing and handling operations, ore storage pites, unstabilized tailings, and from theuranium yellow cake and vanadium black flake dryer stacks. Itlith the exception of the blackflake dryer, the dusts from these sources are contaminated with low levels of radioactivity.Radioactive solid effluents are discussed in Sect. 3.2.4.
Building and process heatinq
The combustion of coa'l will produce two ash products, fly ash and bottom ash. llith a coal
usage rate of 55 MT (60 tons) per day, the total ash production would be less than 5.5 llT(5 tons) per day, which will be sent to the tailings retention system. These ash products
would settle with the tailings solids and present no additional waste problems.
Stack emissions from the coal-fired boilers will pass through multiclones to remoye fly ash,and less.than-86 !s (190 lb) per day of particulale matter iitt ue reteiieo-to-the-atm6sptrere.Fly ash deposits from the precipitator will also be sent to the tailings impoundnent(ER, p. 3-21).
Ore processinq, maintenance, and administration
Scrap iron, wood, and other mine trash removed from the ore during crushing operations will beonly slightly contaminated such that it may be dlspose.d of as nonradioactlve waste. Trash,rags, wood scrap, and other uncontaminated solid debris will result fron maintenance andadministrative activities. These materials will be disposed of in land fill areas approved bythe State Divislon of Hea'lth and the appropriate local authorities.
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Vanadium product drver
when ore characteristics permit, the vanadium recovery circuit will extract the vanadium fromthe uranium circuit effluent (Sect' 3.2.2.?i. . ne prlctpliiieo'vanaoium product will be driedin an oil-fired drver to sive vanadium peni6xiae iui;;i'fi;i;i:'ilnaoiu* pentoxide is toxic.Therefore, drving and pac[a.ging will oclur in un iroiul.i iliiai.g, and emissions wi,ll becontrolled by a wet fan scfubuir operating at-an equivalent ventuii scubber pressure of 5l cm(20 in-) or water and an efricign.y oi ssi.-'I!: lppri;;;;-.;i;;;;es the particurare rereaserate from this source to be 0.23 iglnr (O.S tO/irrj'i
llining and mill.ing of natural uranium releases some radioactivity to the environment. Uranium-238 and its daushter products in the ore;f ltl ryti-iisriii.iit sources of radiation. The oreprocessed by the proposed t'lhite Mesa mill is expected to-have in average grade of 0.125% uranium(as U306). Ore of this gradq has an activity oi-iUort-lZfj-rCi'of uranium-238 per ton of ore.The activitv from uranium-235.and its oaughiEri i;-;;iy-;; Ji'ti.t of the uranium-238 series andmay be ignored as it is radiologically inlignificani. "
Ore buying, shipping, and milling processes offer several pathways for release of radioactiveeffluents to the environment (Fi!. 3.5). rr,e appri.ini;; fi;;fi'rg Hanksvilte-and eiiriing o..buying stations and the propoied-mill ire aesitila to'ri.iii.."the reteases through thesepathwavs' The ore buying stations are the subject oi lrnC l'i..nJing actions independent fromthe m.ill source material license, which is the-subject oi inii"io.ur"nt. Eff.luents from theoperation of lhese stations will be considered.oni;-;; ih.i'irpi.t t}'. environment around thesite' In the following sections each potenttal eritueni;;r;;:-;r discussed, and estimates ofeffluent releases based on operating aita-rrom o[r,""-iirlii.'i.'.iHti., will be presented.
3.2.4.1 Ore crushino and samplino
Run-of-nine ore will.be,received at the applicant's ore buying stations at Hanksville andBlandins' Ore from different mines will [E segregated ini6 ;;ioir,' to raiititJte iirpting unopavnent. The raw ore will pass throush a primiry"irrir,""'ina'6"'r"jr..i-ii'ili! ifi'JI'ila .,(l'5 in')' A fraction of tire ore *iii'u" IrojecieJ ti'i.r,jir,iig and sampring process that wi1produce a representative sample of the entire ore.lot u911s-nrocEssea. During the samplingprocess, radon gas and Iow-level radioactive ore dust will'bE iii..r"a-
The B'landing ore buyi.ng station is expected_to process ll4 l,lT (125. tons) of ore per hour, opera_ting on one 8-hr sh.ift per day. AII 'feeOers,.crushers, ,a"a"ni,-cnutes, and transfer points areenclosed in hoods connected via ducts to ine'tnrie b.;;";;;-;;ii iiit"., used in the plant. Thefiiters are cleaned by-a reverse jet of air, which ffi;i;-th;-;Jst into a bin at the bottom ofthe baghouse' The collected dust is "ecJruireJ-ritii ir'i-.i"'.i"ipp"opri.te points, so the oregrade is not altered (ER, p. 3-32).
The bag filters have a dust removal efficiency of around 99.5x (ref. 2). Assuming the ore to befairlv dry ('6x moisture).and the arit iiiJ to the colrector to b€toss irom'ti.-trtii-."utr,ing-anJ-s!1,nirii'i"".qss-rg!l-d u" .pp"ori,,fi!ffitl lfiltl:"r:|;.:X::tively assuming that rhe enlire mill'ore-a[mand of 1800 * il; aiy_is p""o..ir.j UV.tf,i-etandingstation primary *usher, the annuar oust emiiiio; r;;i; iii 6.hi"ilr;J';;;;.='A[ru,i,,Ir|"ue"grade of 0.159 U10a, slightly higher than expected, if," ionieniraiion of uranium-Z3g in orewould be about 423 oci/g' Also,-the r"anim concentration of fine crusher dusts is reported tobe about 2.5 times lhe ioncentrition in-tte'g"gss ore.! -ri.r.a'on-*,ese data, and the assumption:i,fii:l';Jidt[tl:il;rapproximaterv 2.s'i ib=i-c;';;" v;;1r"l"ani*-i58-;il";.;i,-"iiioactrve
Radon-222 gas would be released as a result of disturbance of the ore.during processing. Roughlyl0% of the equiribrium amount ot raoon-ii ".i".t.i-iriifii;;Jfig and grindins operations.bUse of this value for the Elanding ore luying station is-conserva[ive because secondary crushingand grinding do not occur. Based-on a io"z "iaon roii,'in-6"I-piii"r, rate of 1600,,tr per day,and an equilibrium ore concentrauon or q2:;4i79:-il;liili.iy"ib Ci of radon_a2z uroi,td bereleased each year.
3.?,4.2 Transoortation of ore to the mill
crushed ore will be transported from the Hanksville buying station to the proposed mill incanvas-covered dump trucks of 30-ton caoacity-- The orl riri-not-u. heaped in the truck beds butwill be evenlv distribl!S.t9 Prevent ol" spiirage-ou"ing'ii.nipoii.Hon. The use of a canvascover tied over the truck bed wiil minimize'ousi'ioii i,iirigl;iiii;;-iEi: p.i:riji
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3.2.4.3 Ore pads
Quantities of ore will.be stored in stockpiles at the applicant's ore buying stations at Hanks-ville and Blanding. These ore buying stations.are-the iuUject of two aaiitional licensinqactions separate from the mill application. The effluents from the ore pad at the Biandirig orebuying station,,fowever, would.act in synergism with the effluents from lhe p"oposeO:riif;therefore, the Blanding ore pad operations ind effluents are discussed.
Because of present ore buying operations, the applicant is accumulatlnq ore in a 2.4-ha (6_acre)area north of the exist'ing Blanding ore buying station. The applicant estimates that a maximumof-2.3 x I0s ttT (z.s x los tons) oi ore writ 5e stoct<fitea'it-[[e'iranoinq siti-ai itre-time orTjl]:!lrty?:. This quantity of ore wourd create a piie 6.t n (ii iti iiii ior""iis-ih"-2.4-ha(b-acre) stockpile area. During operations, the stockpile would be reduced to und6r 9.1 x l0rl{T (l x IOs tons).
Particulates and radon-222 will be the main atmospheric emissions associated rith the ore piles.sased on the meteorolosical data and the ousirn!-liiei-rr. iiiiirgr iinoi-[ir.'i-iur.itin'or winalPeed) Presented in Apiendix.D, and atirring il,.t ore pile dust emissions will be lx of thosefrom an equivalent area of fine-qrained taiiings, ttre innuai-ar.i.s" or" plfe auiting-raie isestimated to be about 1.8 x't0-7 g/m2-sec. roi-i irirrii;-;;";';;-; acres (2.4 ha), accountingfor side areas and surface rougnnEii, ttri'annuat-o;; pii; iuli ""rLr" is estimated to be I62kg' At a sross ore concentration oi'ciJ-pci/g ano ; ?i;; io"i.ni"itton_of 2.5 tirnes that ii!ur.,the annual uranium-238 rerease rrom ttrii ioui-ie wouta ue auoui-t.-i-eacrr-pi.ticJili.-i.ri[t.. in secular equilibrium wourd atso te l.z I l3:l 3]lll: The releasi or
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The applicant intends to moisten pile surfaces after ore is added or removed and this will actto reduce these releases. As the release estimates presented triie are basicalty jroporiionat tothe area of the ore storage piles, they would not.ue siqnifiiantly affected by thanges in thevolume of stored material-as Iong'as ii is distributeo dver ttr.-ilre rr.race area.
Radon'?22.will be produced in.the pile from decay of radium-226. Most of the radon decays inplace with only a small fraction of the radon eslaping ttre pilei via diffusion. The staffestimates the annual radon release for the maximum st6ckpil! case to be approximat"iiiiOcilyear (see Appendix F). -As mi11 operations progress ahd tne size of thi'pile decrlaies to anequilibrium value under 9.1_x lOq MT, the radon release from this smaller pite w.iii Jepenu onpile geometrv' The radon^fluI-I"gT.the_pile-surface is viriuiit! inaepenaint of thiiiness forthicknesses greater than 3 m (10 ft). Therefore, if the same..Lu [i.i-r,i-i6;.";;ij'ii main-tained.for the equilibrium pile,.the annual.radon release would b; the same as for the maximumstockpile, that is, 240 Cilyear (Appendix F).
Dust control measures such as.moistening the surface of the stockpiled ore will also reduceradon releases because the moisture wi'li decrease the diffusion ioefficient. This effect isexpected to be small
3.?.4.4 Secondarv crushins and qrindinq
The applicant proposes to use a semiautogenous mill to perform secondary crushing and grindingof the ore. The semiautogenous mill wili also function as a primary crusher for ores ieceiveddirectly from mines (and not through ore.buying stations). fhis process uses larger pieces of
9"e !9 crush and grind smaller pieces; thus th! ore essentially gi-inas itself. sieel'uitts maybe added as necessary to aid in grinding.
Because the semiautogenous mill is a wet process, particulate releases wilt be smalI. Assuminga release fraction of I x lo-q%' a gross ore concentration of 423 pCi/g, a rine concentration2.5 times higher, and a processing iate of '1g00 ffftarr, ine-.nnrit'release of uran.ium-23g andeach dauqhter in secular equilibrium from secondary ci.rsr,ing-i;d-grinding is eitiralea-io u" o.sx l0-q ci' Based on a release fraction or-ioz the annual riteaie'ot radon-Zl| gas from thissource is estimated to be 52 Ci.
3.2.4.5 Leachinq and extraction
Leaching and extraction are wet processes and should not make any significant contribution tothe release of particulates. Because the residence time oi-ore in'tfie reiiting-ci"cuii *irr u"short (12 to 24 hr), radon-222 will not buiid up to conieniriiionl high enough to give a signifi-cant gaseous release.
3.2,4.6 Yellow cake drvinq and packaqinq
Normally, the uranium concentrate (precipitated armonium diuranate) will be dried at 650.C.The product (yellow cake) will be about lot u30r and will coniain-iuout 94t of the uranium inthe ore' In addition, yellow cake will contain-about 5I of the thorium-230 and 0.2S of itreradium-226 and daughters.originally in the ore. fhe uranium product dryer and product crusherwill be isolated from other mill areas. Emissions riil be controlled U! wei tan ii"uUlersoperating at-an equivalent-venturi scrubber pressure of 0.5 m (20 in.) 6f rjt." riitr-in-efficiency of about 991.--The solution and pirticulates colleciea rroir the scrubbers witt uerecvcled-to lhg ryo. I yellow cake thickener in the miil (ER, p. i-tsi. oiti-p"li".ieii'i.Table 9'13 of Reference 3 indicate that about 1.2t of the annual yeliow c;i; ;";eiliion'mav oeexpected to reach the wet fan scrubbers. At a gross ore grade of 0.15x U30s and a recovery rateof 941, the-annual productioil of pure yellow caie (uroal;o;i; be iuout e6g'rr. Hith ascrubbing efficiency of 99I, the annuai ygllow cake reiiase wouia Ue about ll5 tq oi which1b9!! lg4 kg would be U30s. The uranium-Z38 release rate ls ttren calculited to 6e-about-
9.929 9l{{r:,,Releases.of-other isotopes would be abou! 1.6 x l0-3 Cilyr of thorium-igg-ana6'z x 10-) cilyeat each of radium-226 and lead-2l0. Releases of radon-oas from this sourceare negligible.
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3_?.4.7 Tailinqs retention area
The tailings-discharged from the counter-current decantation unit of the mill is a slurryconsisting-of 897 kg-{1977 lb) of solids and 0.9 m3 (237 gal) of liquid per ton of dry oie fedto the mill. The tailings liquid contains residua'l acid irom the leachiirg step and dissolved
solids placed in solution by the leaching and solvent extraction steps. ihe estimated com-position of the waste so1ution is given in Table. 3.1.
Both the liquid and solid portions of the tailings will be a source of low-Ievel radiation dueto the uranium and daughter products Ieft in the-wastes. Approximatel y 6% of tf'e o"itinaturanium' 95% of the thorium, and 99.8% of the radium,remain'wtttr ttre tiit.ings. fne rialo-active components of the waste show generally low solubility and remain mosily in the iolids.fhe applicant conducted assays of synthetic tailings generaied under conditions exoected to befound in,the mill and measured the thorium-230 and-radium-220 conlents-;a i.a i fti2-pii-ana3.7 x 102 ?9j q.. gram of solids (ER, p. 3-12). rne aciuai-iorceni".tions found in the miIItaiiings wil'l depend ol lhg actual grade of the ore fed to ttre mitt. The soluble radioisotopeconcentrations are listed in Table 3.1.
Because of the adverse radiological and chemical nature of uranium mill tailings, permanentenvironmental isolation is required. The tailings management plin should previni lrceisirerelease of solids by wind erosion and of liquids-by seefiage, liakage, or overflow;r;i;goperation.of the mi'11.. Following the cessation of milling operati6ni, the tailings manigementplan should also provide for adeguate stabilization of thi tailings against long-[erm ei6sion
and minimize the leaching of radioactive solids, the diffusion of-rad6n-222 gasi and the
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direct ganrna radiation dose from the tailings. The tailings management pian proposed by theapplicant is discussed in the remainder of this section. ihe merits or lne piopbsed imiound-ment and alternative methods are discussed in Sect. .l0.3.
The applicant proposes to build a six-cell impoundment system immediately to the tvest and southof the proposed mill (Fig.'3.4). The design storage volume of this systim is l5 years. Theimpoundment tould be constructed in a swale, a shailow natural basin.' A cell would be con-structed by excavating the bottom of the swale and placing an embankment across the sriale toforn the downstream side of the cell
Each retention embankment will have a final embankment elevation matching the level of theadjacent natural ground that creates the ridges along the edges of the siale. Therefore, theembankments will only be as high as the undiiturbed 6rouna aJjicent to the tailinqs cell. Themaximum embankment heights will vary from 7.6 to I3.0 m (25 to 42 ft), depending upon theindividual cel l.
Each tailings cell will be filled to a level 1.5 m (5 ft) below the top of the embankment andthe adjacent ground and will be covered with a sufficient amount of cover to reduce the radonemanation to twice background. This cover will create a slight rise where the swale formerlyexisted to gently drain waters away from the reclaimed tailings area while minimizing eros.ionof the cover material,
Seepage will be controlled in the first three cells [evaporation cells ] - initial (l-I) and'I -eniargement (l-E) and tailings cell 2l by state-of-the-art synthetic liners plaied-overand over'la,in by layers of packed silt-sand materials available oirsite (see Sect."l0.3.2 fordescription).. No seepage.problems-with this liner system are anticipai"a. -ir,e-appiiiint
Propg:9; to.line the renaining cells with a ?-ft laylr of compacted ilay (permeaUiiity of about3 x I0-6 cmlsec) to control igePgger Cells l-I and'l-E will 6e used oniy'is evaporation ponds.As the tailings slury in cells 2 throuqh 5 drains. excess liouid will bL oumoed'to these DondRAs the tailings slury in-cells-2^through.5 drains, excess liquid will bL pumped'to these pondsfor evaporation. Qell l-l, cg-ll 2, qnd the ce]l 2 "safety di(e" will comobse'the first staoe
The embankrnnts which dam the cells will be constructed of conpacted soil available on thesite. The embankments,would,vary in height from a meter or more near the ridges of theswale to as much 13 m (42 ft) for dikes at the lowest point in the swale. Ali dikes wouldbe 6 m (20 ft) thick at the.crest (allowing for an access road on the dike) ana wouia niveslopes no steeper than 3:l (horizontal to vertical; Fig. 3.7). The final exterior slope ofthe last embankment on the perimeter of the lmpoundmeni will have a slope of 6:l and will Ueconstructed of excavated rock (Fi9..3.8). Because the dikes will not siturate during the briefperiod a given cell is in operation, enqi uti I ized. Geotechnicalstudies performed for the applicant s wouTc[Ti thstand anearthquake with a magnitude of VI on the Modified Hercalli Scale.
The-proposed tailings system features simultaneous construction, operation, closure, andreclamation activities. The first two cells (cell l-I and cell'2)'and the-cep Z;iaieivdike" (which will ultimately be.part of the cill 3 embanr.renil roula be constructed befo-recormencement of mill operation (Fi9. 3.6), with tailings bein! initiaiiy-aepiiit"i-i"-iilsecond ce'll and the liquids.decanted.and pumped back t6 the firsi i"ii iceii-i:ii-rii -"-
evaporation. The "safety dike" of the second cell would fonn a-downstream catchmeni areafor any release of tailings material in the event of failure ot iett r-r or ieii i'-.ruinrrents.(Note that this failure.ii considered highly unlikely it it" ieti-i emuankmnt wilt bedesigned and construct:l,t9 qq! Regulatory-Guide 3.11.) Durinq the fillini of cell-i,cell 3 would be excavated and lined, and tire ,,safety di[e,,ior [eii f wouta-Ue construiteA.After cell 2 is filled to.its final-gfaqe, the tailings disposai-pipetini wouia-G-;o;;;-to cell 3. l{hi'le cell 3 is-being filled, reclamation-or ciii-2 r6uia cirmenie-uti""-i[I t.ir-ings had dried, and excavation of cell 4 would-begln. Except ior-i smatt channel,-wrriirrwould be maintained through.the cover of the.firs[ cell (ini-eaii.,,rur.ir"ri-i;iii ;;;"placement of the tailings slurry p!neline and.tailings tiquias-.etrr"-iire"lti-.ripoiitionponds), the cells will be corplltely reclaimed. rtre-iruriy'Jisir,irge pipe iiit-.i;; il'-contained in a second pipe (emergenc.y contairunent pipe) wnlre it paisei ltrrougtr emuinimentsections to prevent embanknrent erosion in the.event bf-slurry pip; faiiur;.--iiiii piii"iii "roperation would continue until the last cell is constructed.- hs'wlttr pievious tiiiings'cerrs,closure and reclamation of the'last cel'l (cell 5) woula G-iompi"iea.i soon is ir,e tiifingssurface-is sufficiently.dry for movement of heavy equipment ovir-itre pt1e. ceiri i-i-iril-E will be allowed to dry, constructlon materials r"oir ieir-i-i witt'ue ptaiea'in'."ri"i-1,and cells I-I and l-E areas will be reclaimed.
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Licenee AppLieation, hrhite Meaa uroiwn-@ Blodi;4, atu]l,Denver, Sept. 26, 1978, Appendix AA.
-- -- :,
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Fig. 3.8. Final dike section. Source:
Licenee Applicatiot, lthite Meea W,orim AitL,
LINER/
Nuclear, Inc., Souvce Mdte?iai
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc,,
Energy Fuels Nuclear, lnc., Solttce Mater.ialBlanding, Utd.lt, Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.,Denver, Sept. 25, 1978, Appendix M.
The staff has examined the nater balance for the system and concluded that the 40 ha (98 acres)of available free water surface (cells l-I and l-E; Fig. 3.4) plus evaporation fron the slimes'area and evaporation from the moist sand fraction in the tailings cells wi'lt enable theapplicant to dispose of excess rrater. If difficulties are encountered, the applicant canrecycle some of the ponded water for further mill use.
Eff'luehts from the proposed impoundrnent will consist of wind-blom particulates, and radon_222.During tailings cell fill operations, wind erosion of the tailings iitt ue minimized by keepingthe entire tailings surface mgi1t by regularly shiftlng the localion of the sturry dislhargespigot. However, as the,final layer of sands is deposited in a cell, the tailing! dischargeline will be moved toward the downstream dike, allowing the upper end of the celi to dry out.Additional lrying !1t1.!g.necessary to allow operation-of heavy equipnrent during reclarfition oft.h€ cell' fhe staff rill require the use of crustlng agents, iater ipray, or similar means tontinimize the erosion of the tailings by wind. If no-suicessful mitlgitiirg measures were taken(tonservative calculatlon), the aniual-average dry tai!lngs pite ausling iati,-nn itre-uisis ordata presented in Appendix D, would be about 1.8 x I0-s g7m2-sec which is equivalent toabout 2.2 llT/acre-yr. -Corresponding estimated radioactivJty release rates jre 1.4 x I0-rCilacre-yr for U-238, 2.2 x 10'3 Cilacre-yr for Th-230, and-2.3 x I0-3 Ci/acre-yr for Ra-??6and Pb-210 (cach).
Due to uncertainties concerning the period of time necessary for drying prior to cell reclana-tion' the staff has conservatively Sssrpgd (for purposes ofradiololicit'tmpaci-aniiysiii grateach cell would have an 1f9g of 40-ha (I00 acres) aia that ther€ co;ld ue Z'iiiti arling'outwhile a third was being-fllled. If the cell belng fl'lled is 50x berch, there could 6e itotal of approxinately-I00 ha (250 acresl-of tailings area iviiiauie 16r ousiini. -rrri itatthas asswed that control measunes to be implenrented-by the applicant will reduii ausi-emisstonsfrom nonoperational cells by 80X. Under these conditlons toial annual radioactive Darticulatereleases are estimated to bi 0.013 ci of u-238, 0.zo ci or itr-zso, ina o.ii-ci-ii-n5-iio-anaPb-210 (each).
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^-*n-22? qas is expected to be released in significant quantities from dry tailings ar^eas.
Ililrr.s fiom saturated tailings, or tailings that are under water, are severely limited due to
Ill"io*-aiffrsivity of radon gis in water. The staff assumes that two 40-ha (100-acre) cellsj'l] ii arvins prior to reclamition while a third cell is being filled. Radon releases from the
i:{"ii;;it (81 moisture content), the other cel1 drying out irior to reclamation (l5c moisture
llliliti. and the beach area of the filling cell (50% beach, 37% moisture content) are estimated
iX"i" S66O Ci/yr,2480 Cilyr, and 30 Ci/yr, respectively (see Appendix F for details). Theilrii annual radon-222 release is estimated to be 8060 Cilyr. Radon releases from under'water
iliiinst materials or reclaimed tailings cells are insignificant in comparison and have been
i gnored '
J.?..4.8 Uranium concentrate transportation
Il:,:li:l'T,':ffil:[i:'.i'll"o:,[:^'[:::il''!n;;;:;l,ollffi,olo35':[*'::fi fi.[:l'iiull,,,,?3'll'.-Lr"ui iaaiation doses to an individual of 2 mR/hr at any edge of the truckbed. under
,ll#r-oi"..ting conditions, no significant release of radioact'ive particulates r'{ould-occur'
liil&.rl'iereasi could occui durin! transportation accidents as discussed in Sect. 5.3.1.
3,2.4.9 Source terms
Sections 3.2.4.1 through 3.2.4.8 describe the nature and quantity of radioactive effluents
conservatively estimated to be generated by milling operations at the t{hite Hesa Uranium Project.
Estimates enployed in-the above discussions were derived fron proJect design parameters and data
frorn similar miIls.6-37 The estimates ref'lect operation of the fu'lly deveioped mill and
tailings area. Initial releases from the tailings area will be Iower than the estimated valuesfor several years after startup. Therefore, the use of full-scale operation as the basis for
estimates adds some additional conservatism to the analysis. Table 3.2 gives the design param-
eters used in estimates of radioactive release rates. The source terms for the rnilling opera-
tions and areas are pr€sented in Table 3.3.
3.3 IilTERlt't STABILIZATI0N, RECLAHATIoN AND oEColt{ISStoNING
3.3.1 Interim stabi'lization of the tailinqs area
Interim stdbili?a.tioit is defined as measures to prevent the dispersion of tailings particles by
wind and water outside the irmediate tailings retention area. Such measures will be reguired
at the l,lhite l,lesa mill during the'15 years of operation (for in-use and drying cells) and the
years required to dry the final tai'lings cell and evaporation cells after operation (see-Sects. 3.2.4.7 and 10.3.2, Alternative I) prior to reclamation.
As a license condition, the staff wil'l require that the applicant implement an interim stabiliza-tion program which minimizes dispersal (via airborne particulates) of bloring tallings to the
maximum extent reasonably.achievable. The program shall include the use of yritten operatingprocedures that specify the use of specific control methods for al'l conditions. the iffective-ness of this control rEasure shall be checked at least weekly by means of a docutBnted slteinspecti on.
3.3.2 Reclamation of the mill tallinqs area
In accordance with the Utah lttlne,l Land Reclamation Act of 1975 and the requlrements of the IIRC,the applicant has prepared a stabllization plan for the tailings area. The goal of the appli-cant's plan is to rneet the performance objectives for tailinqs nanagenent (Sect. 10.3.1).
The proposed reclamation program calls for a 0.6-m (2.0-ft) layer of compacted clay, a 1.2-m(4-ft) 'layer of silt-sand overburden material, and a 1.8-m (6-ft) layer of rock overburden
material over the tailings area. The proposed cover is considered sufflcient to reduce
The cover would also be graded and sloped at a grade of 2% or less to prevent impoundment of
surface runoff. Slopes on the perimeter of the cover would be no steeper than 6:l (horizontalto vertical) and would be constructed of riprap. A layer of topsoil 0.15 m (0.5 ft) thickwill be placed over the cover. The area would be fertilized and revegetated with a suitablemixture of grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Grasses and shrubs whose root structures would penetrate
the cover will not be planted. The approximate volumes of materia'l required nould be 7.38 x
lOs m3 (9.65 x 105 yd3) of clay, 1.76 x 16e 6r (2.30 x 106 yd3) of overburden,2.2 x 106 m3
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Table 3-Z PrincrpEl paramcter values u:cd in tllc
radiologiel asmant ol tho Whit! Mera Ur.oium Pror.ct
Parameter
GGncral data
Average ore grade, % UaO,
Oreroncentratron, pCi of U-88 and daughters per gram
Ore procesing rate, MT,'day
Days of operatron per year
Blanding do crurtet
Ore processiog rate. MT/day
Fraction released as particulates
Fretion ot radon released
Dust :ore concentration ratio
Orc rtorago pilcrD
Acrual ar€., ha lacresl
Elfective dusting uea, ha {acres)
Annual avtrage dlrt lo$ rate, g/m2. sec
Oust:ore concentralion ratio
Scmirutgenor grirdc;
Ore procesing rate. MT/day
Fraction released as particularcs
Fraction of radon releas€d
Dust:ore concenration ratio
Ycllow okc dryiq md p.ck.9ing
Fraction U to yellow eke
Fraction Th to yellow cake
Fraction Ra and Pb to yellow cake
Annual UrOa production, MT
Annual yellow cake production, MT
Fraction of yellfl cake to lcrubbs
Scrubb"r relear€ fraction
Ttilingr impoundrrnt tyrtrmD.c
F.actioo U to tailingg
Frrction Th to railings
Fractim Ra a,rd Pb to tailings
Ar:a, ha {acrs} pcr cell
Are. tubiect to dutting hr (acrcs)
Annu.l avcraga du$ lost rata, d.2. r"
Oust:tail3 conccntration ratio
0.15
423
18fi)
340
l8{x)
4 X tO-7
0.1
2.5
2.4 (6)
3.0 (7.3)
1.8 x to-7
2.5
lSrx)
I X lO-5
0.2
2.5
0.94
0.05
0.002
863
959
0.0r2
0.0r
0.06
0.95
0.998
r() il001
r@ (2s0)
r.8 x to-s
2.5
tPar.mrter valucr prrsented hcrc arc thoi! pbctcd by lhc atatt fo; usc in
its radiologic.l imp-t .!sa33mcnt ot thr White lvLr. Ur.nium Proilct. Th.scyelurr. which includa emi3simr from the Elandirq orc buyir! 3tation,
rcprarent conreruatiyc 3abctiom from rangs ol potcntial vtluet in in3tanc6
whcre inerffici.nt dat. ha bcen avail$lc to be morc rp€citic"DAppcndix F provido.dditional information rcAarding thc calcalation of
radon rcleaes.cEttctivc du3ting tr€. it 36 he {90 *resl; Z)96 ol two 4&ha {10G*re}cllls drying prior to recl.rn.tion and 50* ot . t(}h. ll(Xlecrc) op€rational
c.ll.
(2.89 x-106 vd3) of rock' and?.2, !91 m3 (2.88 yd3) of topsoil. Staged constructed, operagon,and reclamation will mlnimlze stockpiling and handllng requirements.
The reclamation plans have been developed from reconmendatlons from the U.S. Deoartment ofAgriculture (USDA) Soil Conservatlon Servlce and Forest Servlce (ER, Sect. 9.4). These plansare alsg-ln accordance with the regulations of the State of Utah Dlvlsion of OiI, Gas, andl{inlng.38'39
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Trbh 33. Enim.cd annuel ralesr ol radb.stiya maEirl,nrhirlg from tha Whitp Mas Urenirm prcirct
Annual releases (Ci).
u-238 Th.230 Ra-22i Rn.2?2
Blanding ore crusher 2.6 X l0-.
Ore storaqe piles 1.7 X lO-4
Secondary crusher 6.5 X 1O-.
Yellow cake scrubber 2.9 X lO-2
Tailings rystem 1.3 X 1O-2
2.6 X r0-' 2.6 X tO-. 2.6 X rO
r.7 x r0-' 1.7 x lo-. 2.4 x te
6.5 X 10-' 6.5 X 1O-. - S.2 X rO
1.6 X t0-3 6.2 X t6-s O.O
2.0 X l0-r 2.1 X tg-r 8.t X td
,.,*::ff;,:,:?*1:rr::i^":#:i:ril:l,;:; i,r#"..rJ:*.j'#ri:parent isotope3. For instance, th€ releac rate of U-234 ir taken to be equal to that ftru.238.
Thg.?ryj::t tjl: IilJ-b" revesetated to return it to the orisinal uses of grazing and wildlifeElitlli:n." Ih:,toi]: are relatively uniform-and adequate f6r these reclafiaiion'proieJu"es(ER, Sect- ?;.].1]:,.I!. reclamation schedule for the tailings impoundment-siie-is"aepiiieo inFig:,3:l:..,T1:^ti]llllt ce'lls will be reclaimed sequentiall! as iach ceri ii-iiiieJ,'u"iinntngafter about the fourth year of operation and.every four yeais thereafter until terminiiion ot
ffii":i.:ffii:i;lii,p i iilir;i!.[!if r.(;,i:li'.ill :ffi,i;,*.ui;iili ;'ii.!I,,t"ii,,iii]_:.,
lined drainage ditches, rock-filled slopes along the edges,oi ifie soit-coverei tairings cells,and the rock-filled southernmost dike of ceu.5i auout d.is-m iri.s-iii ;;';il;"ii'riri'u! placedon the surface_of all disturbed areas and seeded with a mixturi oi grasses, forbs, and shrubs(Table 3.4). Anv excess rtck will be disposea or ii'ttre"'i,i.o-[a-id-iiiii'uo"i."r'aiel prio" toits reclamation.
The applicant's.selection-of seeds is representative of the vegetation on tJte site prior toconstruction and will suffice in reclaiming-the site to the prEionstrucgon land condition. Thestrged reclamation plan will permit optimiiing the seed mixture-ior a maintenance-fiee-vegetativecover which will maximize soil stabi.lity. In-the-long term naiivi vegeiation-ii-"ipiitii toreturn to the area. The seed should be obtained from-those aieai-ttral rrave-ioii iiiiriiie"isti.sanJ clinute similar to the project site.a0
The mixture of seed will be planted in November.with a rangeland drill. Because soil nitrogenis low (ER, Sect. 2.10.t), it may be necessatseedins. ihe appricant..iiaims i'r,.t-tr,i-iii;ilf ]iiiilll.il,;r$??i:i$.t::;lll.g U::*1r,,,vill not be required. However, by-the tirn reclamation u"ii.l,'i'r.n of the debrls will bedecomposed. Mulches increase infr-"ltration and reduce-er;;i;;-;il-;vaporation, thereby encour-aging seed germination and plant growth. rnerefore,-ti ;;i-L-;;.!rr..y to crtnp mulch into thesoil of all dlsturbed areas prior-to seeding. neveietited'a.".i-riil be monltored (sect. 6.2.2).
rhe staff notes that the information-developed in the Generic Environmental lnpact statement onuranium Milling being prepared by.ilRC cou'td'be used to o'oarri or'ii,.ng" the procedures proposedherein' The generlc statiment will contain irre reiuiis"oi'oigiini"""search to assess the envi-ronmental impacts of uranlummlll taitings ponds and piles, aia rirr';Jiil;;";;i-ii"ritrgattngany adverse impacts. The.current ttRC liieniing-action regartling the l{hlie Hesa nill wiil besubject to revisions based on the conclusio"i-ot tne rinii-geniili"Envlronmental Impact state-ment on uraniun Mirling 0perations and anv "eriti-'ruie iiti.iil'''
The appllcant wilt be reguired to make financial surety arrangerents to cover the costs ofreclaimins the tair ings disposar a"ii-ani .oi-oecomniiiionii.,s 'il;-iliir.
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fablo 3,,1. Species, ading rrt8, .nd planiir{ depthj o, rlnt tiv.le€d mixt re lD b. urad in Eclamation ot the proiest dtc
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k9/ha
Grases
"Luna" pubescent wheaErass
Fairway {crested) wheatgrass
Forbs
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Palmer penstemon
Allalfa
Shrubs
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(bmmon winterfat
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I otal
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1.12
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1.12
0.56
0.56
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1 1.424
Source: Energy Fuels Nuclear. lnc-, burce Maerials Liccnu Applicatim, WhitcMcs Uanium Mill, Btadi,rg, lJt*, Oenver, Sepl. 26. 1978.
Prior to the termination of the llcense the NRC will require that the r€clalmed taillngsimpoundment area be deeded to the Federal government.
In addition' although revegetation is an effective erosion contnol method under nonnal climaticand edaphic conditions' it is not knorvn whether continue, g;rti-ir vagaaaai;;-cin"fr'aisureaat this site without irrigation.or other llpportive *eisurEs.---inereroie,-io-isiui."-ir,ii ustable cover will be established, the staff i'econnends irtai-"tp"ii'i"i'ii.JIr'iiJlil'i,iJ" *,"entire basin be planned as an optional erosion control method.' ifie'rinit-ctr6iie uihee, graveland vegetation can be made based on sonre years of testlnt inJ-reiearctr cu""entii in-progrers,and on the performance of various reclamaiion schemes *rticr,'i""-i-ptetia in ifr[ iiitEi.if,.
3.3.3 0ecqnmissioninq
ilear the end of the useful life of this proiect and prior to the termination of the llcense theNRC will reguire a detailed decorrnissioning-prin-io"-irt"'wiiti'NeiI mi1, which yrilr containprans for decontamination, dismantring, an6 lemovtng 6i:-o,il:iirg'lii orrtarngr, machinery,process vessels, and other structures'ind cleanup,rigraaing-ani revegetatlon of the slte. Thisdetailed plan will include data fron raoiaiiJn surveys takEn at the site and plans for anymltigating measures that may be reguired ij i result-or tiiiie-ir"riys ano itRC lnspections.Eefore release of the premiies or .erorit-oiti-uririid;-;;d;ffiiations, the ticensee mrstdemonstrate that levels of radioactive contaminition ire'wliiiin'iiritr prescribed by NRC and thethen-current regulations.. Depending on-iii"-ci".rri*nies,'ii,;"ilrii;y require that- the appll-ii::r::I,, an Environmentar heport-on oeiJrmisiili;;-;!";iiolil"p"io" td termination-oi"the
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3-24
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3
Engery Fuels Nuclear, Inc., Souree Mate"ial Liesnse Applicatiot, llhite l,lesa Uraniun MiLL,
Bland.ing, Utah, Enevgy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., Denver, Sept. 26, 1978.
iiational Air Pollution Control Administration, ConpiLation of Ait, Pollutant Ewission
Factors, Publication No. AP-42, U.S. Environmntai Protection Agency, l{ashington, 0.C.,
I 958.
R. C. Dahlman, G. S, Hill, and J. P, llitherspoon, co"relation of Radioaetioe tlaste ?reat-
nent Costs dnd. the Emtironnental hnpact of l,laste Effluente in the Nuclear FueL Cycle,vol. l,0RNL/TH-4903,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Oak Ridge, Tenn., July 1975,Table 9.12.
Ref.3, p. l5l.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Conmission, Firnl Erwitotnrental Statqtent Related to Operation of
Beo Cveek Project, Docket t'lo. 40-8452, June 1977.
K. J. Schiager, "Analysis of Radiation Exposures on or Near Uranium Mill Tailings Piles,"
Radiol, Data Rep. l?t 17-?8 (1971).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emsirormqttal Atulyeia of the Wailtn FueL Cycle,
Report EPA-520/9-73-003, Washington, 0.C., 1973.
U.S. Atornic Energy Cormission, Enuirowtental Strttey of the t)twtiwr Ftd Cyele, Report
IIASH-1248, ApriI 1974.
U.S. Energy Research and Developnent Administration, u.,t. llucleo Potnt Erport Actioities,
Report ERDA-I542, April I974.
R. C. Merritt, "The Extractive Hetallurgy of Uranium," Co'lo. Sch. of Mlnes Res. Inst.,
Golden, Colo., 1971.
D. A. Nussbaumer and D. F. Harmon, "The Unlted States Atomic Energy Conmission's Regulatory
Control Prograrme for Uranium Milllng," reprint fron Radiologia.l Eealth od, Safety in
Mining of fluclea Ltateri.a.7.e, vol. II, Internatlonal Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1964,
pp.519-533.
E. C. Tsivoglon and R. L. 0'Connell , ltaate 1uiLe for the lltwriwn MtLT,ing In&Bf,a,y, V,S.
Departnent of Health, Education, and l.lelfare, Technlcal Report 1162-12, Robert A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, 0hio, 1962, 78 pp.
R. G. Beverly, 'Unlque Disposal ilethods are Required for Uranlum illll Uaste," l+in. Ehg.
20:52-56 (1968).
lJinchester Laboratory, Topical .Report, Joataa 1960 Stzntwy Repo"t on f. Ihe Control of
RadLwr ad. thorim in the Woiun l.lillittg InABLvy. If. Radiut-226 Aru,Lyeia kittcipleie,
Intetference od fuacttce. fff. C\rrent l*incheater Laboratota fuojecta, U.S. Atomic Energy
Conmission Report llltl-112, llatlonal Lead Col., Inc., Feb. I, 1960' 97 pp.
U.S. Oepartment of Health, Education, and llelfare, fueeea od, Yaete Clwacterietice at
Selected tttotinr t*ille, Public Health Servlce, Technical Report 1162-17, Robert A. Taft
Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, 0hlo, 1962, 94 pp.
K. E. Tame et al ., Diapoaal of Liquid tlaste in the Dwotgo-Type llroiwtr fnLllitrg Ebroaheet'
U.S. Bureau of trllnes, heport of Investigation 5874' l95l' 12 pp.
K. E. Tame et aI ., Diepoeal of Aadioactioe rtalte iil tlB vi*1-Wq lltwtiwrMitting PtoD-
sheet, U.S. Bureau of l,lines, Report of Investlgation 6011, 1962, l0 pp.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
'10.
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13.
14.
15.
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17.
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- K- E' Tame et al ', Radioae:i;te haete ?).s-posa?..in the shiprock-lype utoti."m !4i7-ii4s ?icu-ru. sheet, t).5. Bureau of uines, Repori-oi-iir.iiii;t;;; ;d;i,-iioz, s pp.
K. E' Tame and J' B' Rosenbaum, ?isaosal 2f tieu,-d'vtaste in the Resin-in-h,op lype uraniuontt' yi'tting Flcaaheet, U.S. Bureau of finei, nlport oi fnrestiqaiion 6114, 1962, l1 pp.
)n K. E' Tame, RaCioactitsitg tn Alkaline Leach MiLLing P?oeese, U,S. Bureau of Mines, ReportLv' of Investigation 5345, I964, 8 pp.
?1. p. G... Beverly, "Radium and Thorium Behavior in Uranium l,lilling Circuits -Statement of AirL" and llater Concentration Limits prescribed in^part 20,', preseniea at-the Syrfiril d.Radio-chemical Problems in Uranium ili1ling, Grand Junction, Coto"iJo, O.ii 5-ira O,-tgOO.
?2. L. B. Harris et al., Enuitoroetttal Eazods Associated Lrrth the MiLLina of t1rotiwn 0"e - Aswn@! lrp?l!, U.S. Atomic Energy Conmission Report HASL-4o (REV), NEw iork 0perationsoffice, Health and Safety Laboratory, Revised ttov. .l4, 1958.
23, Anerican Std?1d@d. Rad.iation fuoteetion in Wanhtn Mines od. Mille (Concenttators),
sponsored by Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., and National Safety Council, American Standards
Association Inc., New York, approved Oct. 3, 1960.
?i, A, tlhitman and E. S. Porter, Chenieal St?e@n Pollution fron llrardun Mil1s, lJ.S. Atomic
Energy Cormission Report I.JIN-99, National Lead Co., Inc., June 13, 1958,43 pp.
ZS. R. D. Lynn and Z. E. Ar'lin, "Deep tlell Construction for the Disposal of Uranium I'lill
Tailing Hater by the Anaconda Co. at 6rants, Nev, Mexico," T?dts. Min. nlue 223: ?30-237,
1962.
26. G. R. Yourt, "Radiologica't Control of Uranium Mine and l,lil'l llastes," in ontario rndustrial
'taste Confe"ence fueceedinge, No. 13, pp. 107-120, 1966.
?7, 0. F. Little et a'l., "Two Years' Milling at Bicroft Uranium Mines Ltd.," lb@te. t*in. AII{E
220: 458-468' 1961.
28. l{. L. Lennemann and F. E. McGinley, "Advances in Uranium Ore Processing," Min. Cong?. J.
45(7): 59-63, 1959.
29. l{. D. Arnold and D. J. Crouse, "Radium Removal from Uranium }lill Effluents with Inorganic
Ion Exchangers," fT!d.. Eutg. Oen. tuoceos Des. De,.4(3): 333-337, 1965.
30. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and l,lelfare, "0isposition and Control of UraniumIttill Tailings Pi'les in the Colorado River Basin," Federal tlater Pollution Control Adminis-tration, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado River Easin l'rater Quality Control Project, lrlarch1966,36 pp.
31. R. H. Kennedy, "Conparlson of Foreign and llomestic Uranium Ore llilling Practices,"presented at the Tenth Annual Hinerals Sympbsium, sponsored by the Colorado Plateau
Section AIME, Grand Junction, Colorado, l,lay 8, I965.
32. "Radiation Regulation l{o. 2," Regulation of the Colorado State Department of Public
Hea'lth Requiring Stabilization of Uranium and Thorium lllll Tailing PiIes.
33' groeion Control Urotisn l,till ?ailing tuoject, Monticello, Utah, U.S. Atomic EnergyConmission Report R1.10-3005, Grand Junction 0ffice, Dec. 20, 1963, 26 pp.
34. Supplattent to bhe Repont of the I'tonticelT,o l|iLL Tailittg Ezoaiott Control tuoject, ltonti-cello, Iltah, U.S. Atomic Energy Cormission Report Supplement to Rl'10-3005, Grand JunctionOffice, Apr. 20, 1966, g pp.
35. H. J. Paas, Jr., Radiological Appraieal of the Mottticello bojeet Sot Juor Co1m,ty, Monti-eello, Mah, U.S. Atonic Energy Cormission Report IDO 12049, Idaho Operations 0ffice,February 1966, 20 pp.
R. Havens and K. C. Dean, OprLcaL Stabilization of the IJroriwr ?ailinge at 7\ba City,
Arlr,otro, U.S. Bureau of Mlnes, Report of Investigation 7288, 1969, 12 pp.
"Envlronmental Survey of Uranim l,lill Tailings Pile, Tuba City, Arizona," Radiot. Eealthhta Rep. 9(ll): 475-487, 1968.
37.
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Dames and l4oore, "Response to Corments feiecopied from the NRC to Energy Fue.ls Nuclear,25 September I978,,, Denver, Oct. 4, 'l97g.
State of .Utah,-Dittision..cf 0i7., c,as, and Minino, Changes and Adoptions to the GeneralRules and Regulations, "adopted by the Board oi-Oil, gii,-ina lrilins on tlar. z?,1g7g,effective June l, 1978.
f' f.-ftynmer, D. R. christensen, and S. B. l,lonsen, Rectorinq Biq-Gane Range in litah,utah Division of Fish and Game, publication tio. oa:9, siii-[ire-ti[v, l96g:
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4. ENVIRONI{EI{TAL IMPACTS
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4.1 AIR QUALITY
4. l. I Construction
ttre 11i11-n3::9j:199i:.1 air pollutants associated with construction of the mill facility wirrbe gaseous emissions from internal combustion engines and.fugitive ousi ge;eraiii tiJ,i'rii,trgvehicles.and wind erosion. In general, these emissions will-not p"oauce'iigniiiiant'impicts toair qual itY'
rhg.i:lir::^:rf:1.1.:ilt:]"i-::F I:I:n{ ol the.major pollutants-(N02, SC2, c0, and hydro-;ipyl:l,lll,.,:l:l-pi:::^:1.:ol'try:lion isuipment ii i.!i ir,i."ole'ii3".li"ulY,is"il,,llll.tr,.
ifq-(sec/m3)"r:j::t-!lpp:ndix H, Iabre-H.ti, the staff .iicuiitej-g,l'inirat ;il;l;:|il'#:.pntration ot eaCh pOllutant oer vehicle t-c he lcq< thrn I ,,n/m3 r) ih^ ^F^^^-.., !^..-r--..:-clntration of each Pol per vehicle tc be less than I pg/m3 at the property bbunAary in thedirection of the prevailing wind.
lg9!tiI.-d!:9-associated with^construction of the facility wirl average about 0.4 to 0.7 MT/hafi-to 2 tons/acre) per month.2 Based on a total-of about-r+z na-ilcc'i.".ii-aiitr"6.j-it unyone tire (sect' 4'2'tl:^!!oyl ]?1^P 241 g/sec or partiiutates wiit be emitied. Annuit-auerageatmospheric concentrations of particulatei were calculated by the staff rsin! irre ilq-r.rr",(lpp:l9iI.H:,11!lg.H:]) for the l6 compass directions at a oisiince or z.c ii [i.s"i,ir"]1.--1,"average 0f these I6 concentrations indicates that particulate loading due to cd,nsiruction wiltrange from 26 to 53 uglm: (Table c.l). These are conservative calcuiationj ueiarie-irre-x,/Q valuesassume a point source; the construction activities actually will be-wi&;;;.;;:-;;".iii"'many scattered' diffuse sources. Furthermore, the larger iust partial;i-ioriJ'aiii]ii"iapiary,another condition not accounted for in ttre calculationl ntirrough aust-iouia'iauii-oiiaiionatlocalized degradation of air quality at the site, the duration iitt Ue oniv aurinq ti"--construction phase. To-minimize fugitive dust,-the applicant wlll rrequenifi-*iti"-.ipos"oareas and heavily traveled areas, and all vehicles wili Ue operated.t'i-""a"u.ta-;;;a:r'
4.1.2 Operation
Air-quality during-operation of the.facili!y could-be affected by atmcspheric releases prlnci-pally from the building.and processlng bolllr, yeltow cari-inJ vinaaium'ary".t,-iiiiiisS'ots-posal system, and ore stockplles.. Thi appllcini's conirtiant;t'.tii*tes of ernissions from eachprimarv source and their.release heights'ire'listed-in-iiuil-q.e.- rne iiait;;iiili;; (i".t. ilare somwhat different, but the conciusions drann (belowi-".*in-ttr" r.*. rn aaoiiion,'insignificant quantlties will be released from other souicei initraing ttre coit-iioiipit'es, o"etransport svsteos, and.actd leach system. Atmospheric dispersion-io"itili"nli'trioi^FJi'"..r,release height are risted in Appendix H, Tabres x.i *rroug[-i:i:" Aa;ili;s;ii iffi;rrlr.""
i!:liiii!:lii:ff H:i' 1 r.,;:"xil .:tlff ,$'H"T[;:ili*li.fi::tiii* i:;;*r ;r;tl];;i"be approximatelv 13, 9, and 4 uglm3 respectiveiy. rreji ioni"jitritioni-i;;;ii Siiior-lipr-cable Federal and state air quallty sta;dards (iaure-c.i)l-"iir-"iisqns stated earlier, theparticulate concentratlons aie-quite conservativt:__1g iipriiini-liiiurii"i-ir,i-iii,ilirrericconcentrations of the maJor poll'utants usinE the CRSTiR pl6g"irli'program used by tfre.U.S.Environrnental Protection Agqi,gy.l- calculations were for'rtie-Jisiances: z,4,6, g, and l0 km(3.2,6.4, 9.7,12.9, ano ie.i'mil";i:--a;;;;.trations were the iirsesl at the z-km (3.2-mire)distance-and are as foilows: particutatii,-innrii ;;;r;;;-=-ii. zi'uiiii.-iq;; ;r;;;il':3.7 uslm3: s0,. annual averase. l.i_ral;4,-i4-h;'.;;;;;i-= ri.i-uiiij,'di""lrl;il:r: -
66'6 p9763; ilOr, annual averite " o.s["'rs7;r.
Althoush operation of th:^I_11!^f!!!lrty should. not haye lly significant impact on atr guailty,utah's Air conservation.Resulatlonss risuire that-air porr'utioi iorffii ei[i;;ii i,iir iii."rr.,be selected and oDerated t6 p"oriie.trre-rtigLst efflciinciii ina-iii" Iorest discharge ratesthat are reasonabie and practrcar. l{hra lha oelree-oi"ioii"oi-ii"siiie-iir'iii'$riiiili"cbrrnrttii, urt"iintioi m.rit be a minim.,m "i;lil"';.:;;!ili:il.ll:["restrict the sulfur content of cial and oil, used as tueis, to no greater than 1.0 and l.5Zrespecfively.
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Table tl.1. Federal and SbtG ot Utah air qu.lity rt nd.ndt
Averaging time'Primarystandard Secondaryst3ndard
Nitroqen dioxrdeD Annual
Sulfur dioxrde Annual
24 hr
3hr
Suspendedparticulates Annualgeometric
mean
24 ht
Hydrocarbons (correcied 3 hr
for methane) 6 ro 9 AM
Photochemrcal oxidants t hr
Carbon monoxide 8 hr
0.05 ppm
i't oo rglm3 )
0.03 ppm
( 8O g9lm3 |
0.14 ppm
(365 !g/m! )
75 pglmx
260 !g/m3
0.24 ppmc
(160 !s/m3 )
O.O8 ppm
{ t 60 pgim3)
9 ppm
{10 m9/m3}
35 ppm
(40 mgy'm3)
0.05 ppm
(t 0O l9rm3 )
0.5 ppm
11300!gim3)
60 tiglm3
150 gglm3
0.24 ppm
{'160 lglm3 }
0.08 ppm
I I 60 pglm3)
9 ppm
(l O mg/m3)
35 ppm
(40 m9/m3)
lht
'All standards except annual averagc are not to be exceeded mqc than once a year.
'Nit.og"n dioxide is rhe only one of the nitrogen oxidesconsidcred in the ambient standard3.€Maximm 3 hr concentration between 6 and I AM-
Source: EB, Table 2.7-19.
Tabls 4.2. Emirio.r ratGt, rorrtcrr, and rclos h.igh! o,
roiil .ir pollutan! a3tai.t.d widr ogffation
ol thc Whit! M.r. mill
Air @llutant
and sourc!
Emi$ion rate
(g/secl
Release height
lm)
S.Jspcnd"d porticulatc
Boilcr
Yellow c.k. dryer
Vanadium drycr
Tailingc
o'e slckpilrs
so2
Eoiler
Yellow ceka drycr
V.nadium dylr
r{o,
Boilcr
Yallow caka drycr
Vanadium drya
1.0
0.05
0.(E
1.01
r.08
4.0
0.25
0.25
2.O
0.06
0.06
27.4
r 3.7
r 3.7
r.0
3.O-6.O
27.4
13.7
13.7
27.1
r 3.7
13.7
Sources: Oarncs and Moor?, "Responses to Commcms trom th.
U.S Nuclear Rrgul.tory Commissim, Jun6 7, !978. Whiu M?..
Uranium ftoirct Environmcntal Rcport." Ocnver. Jum 28, 1978;
Dam6 and Moora, "Supplam"ntal Baport, Mctlorology and Aii
Ou.lity, ENiromant'l Report, Whitc lilcse Uranium Proicct, San Jurn
County, Utdr, to. Enrrgy Fels Nrrlc.r. lnc.," O.ril.r, Srpt,6, 1978;
Darnc and Moac, "Bcsponses to CommrnB Talccopicd from NRC to
Encrgy Fucls Nuclear, 25 S.ptembcr 1978," Dcnvcr, Ocr.4, 1978.
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a.dulations promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency6 require any major source of
.ii-pollutants to comply with the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSO) regulations.
ii" Wnite l{esa Uranium Project is currently being evaluated by the appropriate regulatory autho!^i-
iips to ascertain if the project is defined as a major source. If the project is deemed to be a
,lrior sou"ce, then the applicant will be required to file for the appropriate PSD permit and to'.Iiolv with all regulations therein. Initial indications are that the atmospheric concentrations
Iipoitutants associated with miII operation will be well within the PSD allowable increments.
qoutheastern Utah, known for its.scenic qualities (Sect. 2.5.?.?), attracts many visitors.
iiicr emissions (primarily steam) wii.l be visible to the public traveling Highway .l63 east of
ttre site, However, they are not expected tc be visible from major recreational areas in the
vicinit"y. The closest hisiorical site included in the National Register of Historic Places
iNational Register) is located at'out I0 km (6 miles) north of the iroposed mill site
iraute z' t z1 '
4.? LANO USE
q,?.1 Land resources
4.2.l.I Nonaqricultural
The proposed White Mesa Uranium Project is not expected to alter the basic pattern of land
ownership in the area (Table 2.15). Area land uses will change, however, as a result of the
proposed mill. About-600 ha (1480 acres) are owned by Energy-Fuels Nuclear, Inc.; roughly
igS na (484 acres) will be directly used during operations (Sect. 2.5.1) for milIing, ore'buying,
and tailings disposal. Increased residential and cormercial land use is expected in neighboring
comunities to serve mill-produced population growth (Sects. 4.8.1 and 4.8.2). The volume oftraffic using the highways in this area is also expected to grow substantially (Sect.4.8.5),
and mineral extraction is expected to.increase in the project area in responsl to the mill's
demand for uranium ore (Sect. 4.8.1.2).
4,2.1 .2 Agricultural
Construction and operation of the facility will disturb about 20 ha (50 acres) directly
(Table 4.3). in addition, the tailings will cover a total of about 135 ha (333 acres), and
39 ha (98 acres) will be used for stockpile and borrow areas. Because the tailings disposal
system will be constructed as six separate cells (two cells for evaporation and fbur for
tailings disposal), with a full tailings cell being reclaimd as a new cell is opened, a total
maximrm surface area of about, 89 ha (222 acres) will be disturbed at any one time by thetailings system. Also, a maximum of about 15 ha (36 acres) of borron area will be exposedat any given time. Therefore, total land area disturbed at any one tirne by construction
and operation of the mill facilities t.ill be about l4l ha (343 acres). However, until all
operations have terminated, at least 195 ha (484 acres) will be unavailable for grazing. Based
on the capacity of the tailings cells, the mill has a potential to operate 15 years. The dura-tion of the impact will be sorewhat longer than this ciepending on the tirE required for con-stn/ction, the length of time between disturbance and reclamation, and the length of time lt
takes for a suitable vegetative cover to become established on each reclaircd area. Therefore,a realistic estimate of the amount of time the land will be disturbed ls about 20 years.
Upon termination of the milI operations, alI remaining disturbed areas will be reclaimed toul-timately.restore the land to its original grazing use (Sect.3.3.?). Loss of nearly 195 ha(484 acres) of grazing land each year the'land is disturbed represents less than 0.lt-of theprivate rangeland in San Juan County (Table 2.16). llith succeisful reclamation (Sect.3.3.2),this land could be returned to its original grazing capacity.
4.2.? Historical and archeoloqical resources
As discussed in Sect. 2.5.2.1, a historical survey vras conducted. 0f the six historical sitesidentified during that survey, five nere considered to be eligible for inclusion in the NationalRegister of Historic Places (National Register). Pursuant to 36 CFR Part 63.3, a request onI'larch 28, I979, for determinations of eligibility for the h'istoric sites was submitted and iscurrently under review. 0f the five sites considered eligible, only one ("Earthen Dam") vrillbe adversely affected by the mill proJect, and mitigation-rill be specified if the site isin fact eligible. (See the proposal for a l,lemorandum of Agreement in Appendix E.)
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As discussed in sect' ?:1:?.3, archeological surveys and testing have been conducted on thesite since the fall of-1977, and although additionil fieli-wori'wiil be requireo io-0.t.*in.the significance of all identified_archlological sites,-ine"Hii,"uit.. consultation with theUtah state Historic Preservation Officer (sxpo), aeterminej lnii inir area of Hhite l,tesa containsnumerous sites which are iikely to yield inrormition irpori.nl-in-ihe prehistory of the region.The NRC.accordingly requested a detlrmination-from tne !".r.ti.y"oi tf,. Interior that the areaon which the properties are located-is eligible ror inciuiioi-i'n in. National Register as anArcheological District. The-resulting detennination ,is-ir'iI iii.-ijr,it. l,tesa ArcheologicalDistrict is.eligible for inclusion in the Nationar neoiste.l- ii-ii anticipated that the NRcwill enter into a Memorandum of Agreement under 36 cFi 800,'proiejr.es for the protection ofHistoric and cultural Properties.- The proposea pian iri-,iitiqii..|'action is outtined in theproposal for a Memorandum of Agreement in Appendix E.
TaUc 4.3. Land distub.d by conrructbn.nd
oper:tion ol th. lryhit! lUc:l Uraniurn proict
Area to be
Area disturH Tailing6 capftity
(vearsl
Miilr
Evaporation cells I and E
Tailin$ cell 2
Tailinga cell 3
TailingB cell 4
Tailings cell 5
Safety dike
Top.oil stockpile3
Overburden stockpile
Rock stockpile
Eorrow area
Total
20 5040 982E 6l25 53?35821 stt341061615 3615 36
r95 4A
3.2
4.6
3.8
3.5
,5. t
,lncludes 6 ha (t6 acresl occugied by an ore buying *.rion.
Source: Enagy Fuels Nuclaar, Inc., ,Transmind ot Comeptual
Review Construction Drawing SGt and Synopjis, Trilingr Menagemmt
Systcm, Whit€ Mesa Uranium proiect, Blanding, UBh,,, Apr. e l97g-
4.3 I'TATER
4.3.1 Surface waters
The construction and operation of the uranium mill should have minimal impact on the surfacewaters of.the project site and vicinity. During construction-oi ihe milii-irre-grouia-lurrac"
:l]1.!:^9i:!r:l*-U 9"l9iTgr excavation, road iccesi, ipoii ana iopsoil ito"igi,-i;d 6il,",construction-related activities. The soils of the projett vicinity are normaliy'suojeii toerosion due to lack of consolidation and poor vegetatlie-iover (ieits. z.s ira i.g.i)l- Duringperiods of f'low in local intermittent streams, this natural eroiion is ref'lected in values oftotal suspended sorids which reach levers of;rsoo,mg/titer (rauti z.zzl. itffi irnoii-i"*above the mill, ore storage piles, and ore buying stiiion wiil-Ue-diveriea io-oifsiE- '
drainages. Runoff from the mill and facilitiis irii-riii 6e'irporna"o onstii in'i'iiaimentattonpond.
Sedirpnt carrying runoff that can enter local streams-wlll.originate primarily from the steepsides of the temporarv,gylrbyrden stockpiles. rable 4.4 tiits-ttre-etiects ofeariy i6r-'struction (mill facilitiqg, {o evaporaiion cells, and'fire iirsi trc "eiintion-.eiisil 1,enet change in tons of sedinent traniferred to locil si"ians is-iuiut -zcso-rr't:iioo'ionii,or a reduction in total sedimnt transfer.
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Ye3rly ediment
production to l6al Yearly net change
MT/ha to{rs/itcreMT/ha tons/acre
Yearly change
MT ton.
Borrow area 15
Topsoil itockpile ilopes O-z
Overburdm stockprle slopes 0.4
Topioil central stockpile 3.6
Overburden central stockpile 6
Evaporation cell3 I and E 40
Tailing cells 2 and 3 50
Mill site drainage 24
N€t
36
0.5
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9
t5
98
124
60
0
t r20
r 120
0
0
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0
-221098
1098
-22
-22
-22
-22_22
-10+490
+490
-r0
-10
-t0
-10
-10
-330 -360220 245
439 . 490
-79 -90-132 -r50-880 -980
-lloo -1240-528 -600
-2390 -2685
Source: Enrgy Fuels Nuclear, lnc., 'Transmittal of Conceptual Revi€w Construction Drawing Set and Synopsis. Tailings
Management System, White Mesa Uranium Proiecr, Blanding, Utab," Apr. 2, lg7g.
There will be no dischafge of r:ill effluents to local surface }raters. In addition, sanltary
wastes generated by mill operation r{i'll be retained in a sanitary drainage field (Sect. 3.2.3.2)
and should not affect surface-water qual ity.
The construction and operation of the proposed uranium mill should not affect Iocal surface
waters to any significant exteht.
4.3.2 Groundwater
4 .3 .? .l I'la ter usage
The applicant has obtained ! pennit to.utilize up to 1.0 x 106 m3 (8ll acre-ft) although themill will only use about 5.9 x lOs m3 (480 acre-ft) of water per year, which will be withdrawnfrom the Navajo sandstone aquifer. All other wells within I km (5 miles) produce from otherforflations. This usage will have no effect on other users.
4.3.2-Z Potential degradation of groundwater
The.mill will.discharge about-.I.t2 m3lmin (3lO gpn) of liquid to the proposed tailings impound-ment (Fi9.3.4). The chemical and radiological ccrnposition of this wistb liquid is [iven'inIable 3.1
The applicant has proposed to line the evaporation cells (l-I and 1-E) and tailinqs cell 2 with
a multicomponent Iiner (of synthetic and onsite clayey-silt materials) and to lini the^remainingtai'lings-cells with a 2 foot layer of compacted clay jpermeability approximately 3xl0-8 cmlsec)-toessential.ly eliminate seepage into the underlying Dakota formation; therefore, ihe possibilityof groundwater degradation caused by seepage of tailings liquids is considered to ba remote.'Afterreclamation, when deterioration of the liner may have occurred, the staff expects essentially noseepage into the Dakota formation because of thL high net evaporation rate i; the area. Pre-operational-and operational monitorlng of the groundwater is requ'lred (Sect. 6.3), and mitigatingmeasures wlll be taken if unexpected groundr*ater contamination is observed.
'1
4.4 MINERAL RESOURCES
0nly uranium, vanadium, and copper are present-in. sufficient quantities to warrant processing.At present copper extraction ii uneconomic. If this.opp.., Jl-uny otte. mineral in the ore,becomes more valuable in the future, the overburaen couii-Le.eroria frorn the tillingi-'ana tneseminerals extracted; therefore, this project is noi eipeci.a-to''f.rrr. any impact on the avail-abiiity of other minerals.
4.s s0ILs
construction of the mill and,tailings disposal system will disturb about 195 ha (4g4 acres)(Table 4.3). I!9 toe 15 cm (6 in.)-;f-s;ii, removed rrom ure-miit site, taitinss cells, andborrow area, wiil be stockpired at two rocaiions toiarint i;."iio i.""il-iiig.'r.ii.''1,.remaining overburden and rock will be stockpiled-at iour'a...i,'iotuting 2l ha (52 acres).Removal of topsoil wi ll disrupt existing physical,-.n.,ni.iil-.,ia"Lioti. soil processes.Although topsoil will be replaced upon [e-inaiir;,;i-th;-;ioj..t operations, a temporarydecrease in natural soil productivity is probable./
Removal-of topsoil and natural vegetation on the site will accelerate wind and water erosion.Generall.y, the duration of these.impacts will.be only during-the-construction phase, which isexpected to take on. I:?1. _J9 m!nlmiz: fugitive ousi resul[irg-r.0, construction aittvity, tteapplicant will frequentl.y water^exposed arias and heavily travitea ."".s, .rd air virricies wirrbe operated at a reduced speed.3 The tailings impoundme"nt *iri ui constructed as six separatecells (Fig..3.4), only four of which will be active at any given tirre. As a tailings cell isbeing reclaimed, another cell is being constructed, This-c6nstruction sequence wili result in aminimum disturbance of land at any given time. The material excavated from one cell can be hauleddirectly to a filled cell and placed over the tailings as part of the required cover, thusreducing handling of materials.
Ail mill facilities will.be located upstream.of_the tailings cells. Evaporation cel'l l-I andtailings cell 2, rhich rill be constructed simultaneorriv iiil'-ihe mill faci'tities and asedirEntation pond, will capture mill site runoff (Fi9. "l.ol. iiitougt riairprit-irinifer willbe increased within the site, the location of the mni raciiitiei ana-iaiiingi ieiii snorraminimize sedinent transfer from the site, as discussed in Seciion +.:.t. To minimize erosion,the overburden and topsoil stockpiles wiil be stabilized uy seeaing-ri;;.;;";i";;e'lni'y"rro*sweet clover'8 sunflowers, Russian thistle, and.other ann"r.i-pi.nts will also become establishedand will aid in preventing erosion of the slockpiles.
Impacts to soils during.operation of the mill include wind and Later erosion. soil over muchof the site will le stiliiizea uy lravet inu ff. p"eience-oi itiiitur"r. The topography of thesite concentrates some of the suifi.e'"iti"-.t tuo points ar.eitiv north of the proposed mill(Fig' 3'a)' Ourins operations,-aiversioi-artir'.i-riii"il;;il;rl."a.in this area to corectsurface runoff from the drainage auore ii,e-riir-ii[. izi-ni-ioi'li""rl:, and the arsitrirgefrom these ditches witl be alriitio-iJ ir,..'.rt into ioitonrdii witr,. Rock from excavation ofthe tailinss ceils wiil ue praceJ-is-rii.ip'in ili;;.;i;;;";i.'rn"r, to herp prevent severeerosion' Rock will also.be used to.onit"l.t the downstream slope of dike 5 and areas on the3:llffiff"r:L'?F,li.llfilion cover. -'{iii';il iiiiiiii"i'l"..""Jllri,iii-u" Ii,,tli;il ;; .
upon tennination of the mll! opgftigns, all remaining disturbed areas will be reclairned torestore the land to preconstruition lani uses ailt. i.i:ii.'"il.iir.tion lars require successfulestablishment of a soil meditrn that is i.piur.'oi-i;r;;;;fi r.s"i.tion rithout irrigation orcontinuing soil amendments.. Asstmlng-rei[amatlon errorti *iri-6"-iu..essful, long-term inpactst0 the soil are not expected to Ue signiiicint.
4.6 BIOTA
4.6. I Terrestrial
rhe.primary ecological impact of construction and operation of the mill and tailinqs disoosalsvstem wiil result fron the loss of habitat. xoyevir,-ihe *soiity ieili"ir-ii"';il";;iionthat will be removed has.been-previously disturbed-to'varytng-aegiiei oy'eig,er-.ili;iil;plowing, or reseeding (Figs. 2.lo ana 3.4; tables z.ia inb l]sil''iinte-" oeer-usi'oi"iiii'projectvicinity, primarily pinyon-juniper-sagebrush rrauititi, ii-.*ing'th; heaviest in southeasternutah.s However' because simllai rangiland is very connpn throighout the ridioi iSiii]-e.s), ttis expected that toss of thls relatiiely srait pa-"cei oi tJi,'i-iili] t'in o.ir-or'iii-i"ir"t"rangeland in San Juan County) should noi signiriianiiy-".irl" ir,i-imount of habitat for theseaninal s.
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fablc 4.5. Community typ.t and approximt!
exp.ns to bc diiturH by con3truction and
opcr.tiqr of thc whitr trt8. mill
Community tvpe
Area to b€
disturbed
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Pinyon.junipnr woodland
8ig sagebrush
Reseeded gra$land I
Reseeded grassland ll
Tamai:k.glix
Controlled big rge&ush
Disturbed
a
r'led
t lncludes ore buying station.
tand clearing, operation of heavy equipment, and other construction activities fi11 destroy
imall animals that move too slowly to escape or that retreat to burrows for protection. Other
inimals will be displaced and may be lost because of predation or increased competition for
iood, territory, and other habltat requirements. Although many of these species are important
members of the food chain, thelr destruction would not be a significant impact because these
inimats comprise a very small percentage of the total regional populations. Habitat that will
be disturbed as a resu'lt of construction and operation of the mill :"epresents less than 0.05X of
similar habitat in the countY.
Suspended particulate matter will be emitted into the air by construction activities (Sect. 4.1).
These.part-iculates will eventually be deposited in part on the surrounding vegetation therebyreducing plant vigor or causing the plants to be less palatable to consurers. Although the
magnitude of these potential impacts is not knorn,'it is expected to be negligible. No signif-
icant deleterious effects have been demonstrated at other construction proJects of similar orgreater magnitude. Furthermore, if any impacts do occur from fugitive dust and/or gaseous
ernissions, they should be minor and short tern.
Few data are available to demonstrate the effects of noise on wildlife, and much of what isavailable.lacks specific informatlon concerning noise intensity, frequincy, and duration ofexposure.ru Probably, the noisiest period of construction will be during the excavation of thetailings cells. The applicant estimates the average sound level durlng the excavation
phase to be about 65 d8(A) at 300 m (1000 ft) from the center of activity. Such noise is not
expected to seriously affect the area wlldlife. The noise initially may cause mlgration by sonrewildlife away fron the imedlat€ site v'iclnity, but those that r€main or return will generally
become habituated to construction noises and activlties.l0
To balance yearly rvater inputs with yearly net evaporation, the evagoration cell deslqn willrequire a surface area of about 40 ha (98 acres) of talllngs water.ll These liquids ittt Ueunsuitable for-use by wildlife due to radionuc'lides and other contaminants. However, the fenc.lngaround the tailings impoundment will exclude large animals, and the acidic nature of the pond(pH of about 1.8 to 2.0), and the high salinity.iill make it unsuitable for dpst aquatlcorganisms and subsequently an unattractive feeding place for waterfowl. Horever, a few waterfowlor other birds may-rest on the impoundnelt for a short time during migratlon. Following ter-mination of the mill operations, the tailings disposal area would-remiin fenced untii iEteaseafrom its status as a restricted area and wiil not be used for any purpose other than tailings-stabi lization and reclamation.
Increased human population assoclated with construction and operation of the mlll rill adverselyaffect most wildlife ln the area. Greater human population will cause an expanslon of municl- -
palities for connercial, resldentlal, and recreatioial purposes. Atthough sLm specles maybenefit from large human populatlons, most of the largei mirmals and preiators rlil abandonhabitats in close proximlty to intense human activityl Addltional stiess ylll be placed on thet€rrestrial biota as a result of gr€ater huntlng preisure (both legally and lllegaily) anddestruction of habitat by off-road recreational-vihlcles. 'Increasid ritat.lfe loises-ireexpected to occur as a result of greater vehicu'lar travel on higtuays.
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None of-the proposed.endangered plant speciest2 that have documented distributions in San Juancountvl3 are expected to oicui-oi in" i!.ir'ity site o"-trneiiiie'vicinity. Although rheendangeredrq Arnerican.peregrine falcon (ralco.penegrinus ,tnatun) and bald eagle (EaliaeeatsLeucocephalus) range in ttr6 vicinity ot't[e siie, iact'-of-rri[i6.l. habitat indicates a Iowprobability of these.species utilizing. the projeit site roi-reeaing or nesting. The black-footed ferret (ttztstela-nig-rigesl, whiih onc! ringed in tf,e viiinity of the site, has not beensighted in utah since .l952,15 and the utah Division oi wiiaiii.'R.ror..", feels that thepresence of-this species.is.highly unlikely (ER, Sect. Z.A.Z.Zj. Therefore, construction andoperation of the proposed miil is not expeited to impact.ny "naung.i.J ip".i"i.-
4.6.2 Aquatic
The operation of the uranium mill witl not entail direct.discharge into any surface waters. As:he construction and.operation of the proposed uranium mill shouid not affect loca.l surface
;ij!f t. anv significant extent, ttre iuir ao.s not-pr.iiit-.ii'uar..se impacts on aquatic
4.7 RADIOLOGICAL I}IPACTS
4.7.1 Introduction
The primary sources of.radiological impact to the environrent in the vicinity of the proposed|ilhite Mesa Uranium project are-naturariy-Jccurring iorri.'ini i."i"rt"iii "iiiiiiiii, Iii natura,voccurring radon-222' The average wilte:b;Jv aos.".ii" io lii. piprr.tion in the sit6 viiinity,inc'ludins doses from natural uuitg"ornJ .iii.ti.r-.ri-aiig,;iltilledicar procedures, is estimatedto be about 235 millirems per yeai (see Sict. Z.lC).
This section describes the results of the staff's analysis of the mill-contributed incrementalradiological-impacts to-the environment ind the populaiion in [ne viclnity of the l,lhite l,tesamill site' This analvsis-is primarily uiiea on lnl.iitrit.J iniuat reteases of radioactivematerials given in Ta6le g.3 ;;J il;-il.ii, aut.,-.14-.itirptio.] dtscussed in Appendix D.Detailed ana'lvses of the radiological impaiis of;ilt-oil;ili;;;'io nearby individuals and theentire population within 50 milei nave uien perfonrnd- 'nri poteniial exposure pathways likelyto result in significant fractions of the miil'r toiil .ioioioii.Jr impact have been included(see Fig. 4.1). consideration has atso b".n.'gtr.n-i;='d;-;;;;;;;onal exposure received by millempioyees and radiation exposure of biota oihEr than ma;. ----"--"
4.7,2 Exposure pathwavs
Potential enviroilnental exposure pathways by which people could be exposed to radioactive milleffluents are presented schematicaltv ii rii. o.l. 'gsl.imai.i'or-oose conmitnrents to man havebeen-based on the proposed.plant design, ani actual characteriitiis of the s{te environs. Thestaff's analvsis has included consideia[ions or iiaroiitir"-pi"ii.rrite-ina-gis"irr'[i"ir., t,the atmosphere. r-'Y!vr
Fhere will be no planned or routine releases of radioactive waste materials directly intosurface waters. t{hile.there. is a possibility of some i."pigi-oi-..aioaciive-iicriii i;; th"tailings impoundments into the groundwater ilsten, ttr.i's posiiuiiiiy is constdered remote and nosignificant contribution to dosi vta liquid -pattrwiys ii [ipeciea. -"ruru,effi"i,-ir,l-i'iiii..nt
v1ill u9 requ-ired to perform enviromental ani! othei..roritoliri-p"og..r, to proyide earlydetection of anv seepage that might occur and iJ iare-aiiropii.["-ititigatini neaiurei.'"
Environmental exposure pathways of concern for airborne effluents from the t{hite Mesa milI'include inhalation of radioactive materials in the air, externii-exposure to radioactive materialsin the air or deposited on ground surfaces, and ingestion or contiminaiea iooa-proauiir-(r"g"t.-bles and meat).
4.7.3 Radiation dose cormitments to individuals
The nearest known resident lives.approximately 4.5 km (2.g miles) north-northeast of theproposed location of the mill.building (ER, Piate z::z-ij.- n mouirl rro,,re iudijt-5.e-rrn-[I.o mites)north of the mill was occupied until iecentlv but has since ueen moved. The nearest resldencein the direction of the prevairins winds is -tocaieo-iuoul-6.4-6 ii.o-,i,rriii ;;-il;-r;ffi.Nearbv population groups.include ihe conmunity of t{hite ltesa, auout a.o km-(s.o rii"ii'i; U,"southwest with a poputation-of.about 300, and-ure iitv-oi-si;.;t;;; i:o fi t6.o iiii"Ii ii u,"north-northeast with a population of about 3300 (ER, 'ptite-Z.i_tll'
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The nearest potential residence Iocatjons are along the northern border of the site, aboutI.9 km-(l.2.miles) from the mill building. substa;tiai i;a;i; of privately nefo aiieile-exist in this area. All other lands abutting the mill site to the east, south, and weit arethe property of Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc,, or the U.S, Bureau of Land Management. The area'inmdiately to the north of the mill site, although suitable ior restaentiai structures,presently is believed to be used only for the graiing of meat inimais-i6eeii.--ia-i; iiiunreathat meat animals could be grazed along the noithern-site boundiry and'eaten by the nearestactual residents. The calculateo ingeition doses for.onsrn'ption"of beef grazid ai this-locationare comparable to those calculated for other locations around thi iite at rtiin g..ring couldbe expected to occur.
Table 4.6 presents a sunnary of the individual dose comitments calculated for the nearestactual residence, the nearest actual residence in the prevailing wind direction, and the nearestpotential residence, At each of these three locations, it is aisuned that individuals ingestrnat.grown at the location of the nearest.potential residence, along the northern siteboundary. Table 4.6 also presents the inhalation and externai dosei calculated for ihecormunity of l.lhite Mesa and the city of Blanding.
Tabla 4.6. Anoud doc commitmtr to indivitutb fmm radio*tiycrllecr du. to opsation ot thr Whit Mcra Unnium Mill
Annual dose commitment (millirems)
Exposure pathmv
Total body Eone - EronchialLum- epithelium'
Nearett residene,
4.5 km (2.8 miles) north.northeart
Nearest resid€nce in
pr€ryailing wind
direction, 6.4 km
{4.0 mil6} south
Nearest potential
residence, 1.9 km
(1.2 miles) north
Community of
White M6a, &0 lm
(5.0 milcr) southnst
lnhalation
External from cloud
External from ground
Vegetable ingestion
Meat ingestion
Toml
lnhalarim
External from clod
External from ground
Vegetable ingestio.t
Meat ingestion
Total
lnhalation
Exterml frorn clild
External from ground
Vegetable ingestio.t
Meat ing$tion
Total
lnhalation
Exterml frm clod
E:ternal from ground
Total
City ot Blanding lnhalatioo
9.6 km (6.0 miler) northnonheait External frorn clod
Exlernal from gtround
Totrl
0.039
0.r2
0.87
0.34
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z4
0.013
0.22
o.24
0.094
l.o
1.6
0.r3
0.2()
3.2
1.3
l.o
5.8
r.0 0.890.12 0.t20.87 0.874.0 0.34r0 r.0
16 3.2
0.34 0.55o.22 0.22o.24 0.241.1 0.094t0 r.0
12 2.1
3.5 4.10.20 0.m3.2 3.215 t.310 r.0
32 9.8
t9
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25
25
78
0.023
0.1 9
0.16
0.37
0.60 0.600.r9 0.19
0.46 0.116
78
20
20
8.1
8.1
1.3
0.m74 0.2 0.240.090 0.oo o.09o.r3 0.13 0.r3
0.23 0.42 0.46
DoPt to the bronchial epithclium reslt trom th. inhalarion of th'a short.lived danghteB of Rn.222.
4.7.4 Radiation dose cormitnrents to populations
The annual doses to the population estimated to exist within 80 km (50 mlles) of the site inthe year 2000 are presented in Table 4.7 along with estimated annuai doses t6 ahe-ilrp populationfrm natural background radiation sources. Population dose cormitrBnts rcsultlnq from iheoperation of the l{hite l'lesa uranium mill repreient'less thhn I1 of the Oosii iroi niir.iibackground sources.
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Tablc r1.7. Annual poputation dor commitr|arts
wirhin g) km l5O milcr)
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Organ
Population do*s,
man-remt/yeart
Plantetfluents Naturalbackqroundo
Total body
Bone
Lunc
Bronchial epithetium
3.4
6.4
7.1
132
7,500
7.500
7.5@
23,m0
.8ased on a proiect€d year-2000 population ot 46,*n.DThe estimated natural background dose rate ro the whote body is16l millirems per year. Thc bronchial epithelium dos. from narurafiyoccurring Rn-222 is arsurncd to be 5(X) millirerns pcr year (Sccr. 2.101.
4.7.5 Evaluation of radioloqical impacts on the pub.lic
All radiation doses calculated.to result !9 lhe surrounding population from uranium mlllingoperations at the l,lhite I'lesa site are smalr fractions oa if,o;;-;;i;iil;ffi;;il;ii;';.currinsbackground.radiation (see Table 4.7). They are-also smali when-compared to the averaoemdical and dental x-ray exposures currentjy being receivio 6i 1,."'irfii.'iol"iii'fi;;li.purposes.
calculated annual individual dose coflmitments are only small fractions of present NRC limitsfor radiation exposure in unrestricted areas, as specified in tO-Cfn part 20, ,,standards forProtection Against Radiation." Dose cormitments.to actual receptors are also wel'l belowlimits specified in the EPA's "Radiation Protection Siiniirai-i6r uormal 0perations of theuranium Fuel cycle" (40-qry Part 190), which.i.s to ueione-eii..iir" for uranium millinooperations in December.'l980...Table 4.8 provides..orpi"iion-;;';;rifu';iiiri.i'ii'jliir.t
dose cormitments with the radiation exposure limits of io iii p."i 20 and 40 cFR part 190.
As indicated in Table 4-8, radiation dose cormitments to the bone of an_individual living atthe nearest potential residence could exceed ttre zs-miiiire, i."-y".. EpA limit by about 2r,:i.The staff has also determined that bone doses from ttre ingestion ir r,reat from arrinais qrazedto the south of the present site woutd be in excess or +o'cFi Fa"i rib-itiiil,"'riJil!i!"]'u,"applicant is currently negotiating to obtain this land una-*orii'be.aule to "iri"iii-iicess uysrazins cattle.s Meai uniloruegitiori-inilstion ooies-IJrii-.icleo 40 cFR part 190 limitsat locations to the east.if dusting of taiiings s.nai-is-noi-ciiiiorrea adequately. Therefore,the staff would require the applicint to
l. implerent the environmentar monitoring program ouilined in Tabre 6.2;
?' perform and document an annual land use survey to determine changes in land use (e.g., forgrazing, residence, and well locations); and
3' implement an interim stabilization program for all exposed tailings aneas to minimize theblowins of tailings. . The program wbuii inctua"-; *ieii;;-aJlumnteo inspection to assessthe effectiveness of the cbntfol rpttroJs being used.-
4.7.6 0ccupational Oose
uranium mil'ls are designed and built to minimize exposure of both the milt workers and thegeneral public to radiition'- occupationii eiposu"ei ror mrreri"are required to be monitoredand kept berow NRC rimits. r, ;il1;i;;,-i.i'ti.tion-*;;r;;;^;;'"!0r." occupationar exposuresli..,Bi.llol!.1:l#ilil":.i?:,:ii,",..0 i;.a;c;;d;;;; ,il;-il;""ii,ill*n. to make such exposures
:?::i:1^:tYgiesl6 at ,.t".t"a mllls have shown that the exposures of mill workers to arrborreradioactivity are normalry-gerotr'i5l'Ji-ilr.-*rirtmr permissible concentrations qiven lnAppendix B of I0 cFR part-20 ana itrit-exieinat erposrres are no"raity less than-z5r ofI0 cFR part 20 Iimits-re'r7- [-""..il ;;;ir of min exposure data by the ilRc staff hasit'u':ii jl't,r'lr.i,llioir':l;Liij'.r:ii,rl,:Ji,l.i;Hh:;f,,3fr...:li,r[".8",*,
{illii,ili!: i;",:r,BL:l".ffili';;:i".i,h;Ui"tii!:;.:;li:l}iir?H,.,5::i,;i;,,1,;t""a one-year period probaoty Jbei-iit-.r.""i'zir of the totar permissibre exposure.
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Trbl. 4.8. Comparion of annual doe commitrnentr to individualt
with appli€ble radiatio protrction *irndardt
^ Estimated Applieble Fractronur@ndose, mrem/yr limit" mrem/yr ol limit
Toral Hy
Bone
Lung
Brorrchial epithelium
Total body
Bone
Lung
Brorrhial eDithelium
Total body
Eone
Lung
Brorrhial epithelium
Total body
Bona
Lung
Erorchial epithelium
5.8
32
9.8
0.00036 wL
Futuru EPA standrrd (ro CFB Put 1901D
500 0.005
3000 0.m51500 0.002
0.033 wL 0.005
500 0.01
30(n 0.0115fl) 0.007
0.033 wL 0.01
Nearest actwl residene,4.5 km (2.8 miles) nofth-nonheast
Prcrnt NRC regulation 110 CFR Pan 201
2.4
15
3.2
0.000r 5 wL'
Futun EPA findad (rO CFR Part l90l'
1.4 25 0.06
15 25 0.62.2 25 0.09
l9 c
f,lea6t potntial [lsidcnc:e, 1.9 km ll.2 mil6) north
Preurt NRG ragulerion (10 CFB Part 201
2.5n
6.5
7g
25 0.1
25 1.2
25 0.3
c
'Radiation standards tor erpo$re lo R^'222 and its stlort'lived danghte6
are expressed in terms of working level {WL} corcentrations. One WL ir the
amount o, any combination ot short-lived radimtive daughters of Rn-222 in I
titer ol air that will releaie 1.3 X I05 M€V of alpha en€rgy durirB th€it dsby to
Pb210.
bDoser computed tor aaluation of compliance with 40 CFR Part 190 are
less than tot l doses because dos6 contrabutions hom Rn-272 released from the
site, and any radioactive daghters that grow in frorn released Rn'222 have been
eliminated. .Limitr in 40 CF R Parr 190 do not apply to fln-222 o is radiective
daugirters'cNot limitEd.
4.7.7 Radiological impact on biota other than man
Although no guidelines concernlng acceptable limits of radiation exposure have-been established
for thi protaction of species other than-man, it is generally agreed that the limits for humans
are also conservative for those species.l9-26 Doses from gaseous effluents to terr€strial biota
(such as birds and manmals) are quite slmilar to those caliulated for man and arise from the sam
dispersion pathvrays and conslderitions. Because the effluents of the ml'll will be monitored and
nniirtained iittrin safe radiological protection Iimits for man, no adverse radiological impact is
expected for resident animals.
4.8 SoCI0ECoNo|.|IC II,IPACTS
4.8.1 Oemography and settlement pattern
4.8.1.1 Population increase from dlrect employrcnt
A peak enployrent of 250 construction workers wlll be rcached in August 1979 and mai-ntained for
ttriee monlhs-. Over a l2-month period, there will be an average of 175 employees. l'lill opera-
tions arc expectd to employ 85 workerg (Table 4.9). If 60t of the constructlon vrorkers re-
ioiite-;.o, butside ttre iroject area,27 in average-of 105 norkers and a peak of 150 workers vlll
rmvi-into the region. -I? c6nstructlon rprkeri iii icc*p.nied by.0.9 noirworking dependents,2E
the-population iicrease attributable to construction will be as shorn in Table 4.10.
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105 ,50 5f95 r35 120m 285 177
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Tablc 4.9. Employmcnt, ltthit! Mcr. Urmaum proj*t
Construction
Operations
Tablc 4.10. Populrtim itrflux Bocidrd widr
lh. Whie It .n Urmhrm Proi.ct
ConstructionAverage
Dircct employment
gtaried staff Zd.b
Construclion workers 175 2fl
Miil $/orkers g56
Totaldirect 175 2fi ltd
Operationr
Average
Sal.ried rtelf
Mining
Buying sratio.l
Se1ka (nonbaric)
Total indirect
lndirofi employmrnt
2d
2m_2d
5'100 100 578_{26.r00 lm 829_90/
ln-moving workers
Nonworking dcpendentP
Toral dirEt
ln-moying workerr
Nonwaking dependentsc
Total indirect
Oirca cmploymant
lndir.ct .mploymGnt
47 47 432_*79S 99 907-1233146 1339-1820
Total influx 346 /(ll t5l7-1997
, Represents irrreases oer orrrent employment-o Futl capacity.
Sources: ER. p. .1-13; Encrgy Fuels Nuclear, gtcdulc ofptoi*tad Lranpot!€ nquirqsrR; Muril D. Vincelenr, Vice
P.eridant for Operationl Encrgy Fuels Nuclear, lnc., peBonel
commnication with Mrtin Scfiwcitzcr, Oak gidgc National
Labo..tory, July 12, 1978, and Augun tS, t97g; and Erik J.
Stenehfcm and James E. Metz96, e Frmcwrk for prcjcctit9
Emgloynqrt and Populatidt Chaqcs kcompnyiry ErcrgyDefilopncn4 Argonne Mtional Laboratory, argonnc, ttt.,r97A
4.8.1.2
'Full capacity.DTo find the total number of nonworking depend€nti, multiply thenumber of constuctidt wskers and operations penonnel by 0.g and2. I respectively.cTo find thc total romber ot nonworking d"pcndants, multiply dtenumber of workeE by 2.1.
Sourcer: ER, p. 4-13; Energy Fuels Nuclcrr, SchaVl/lc ol pmia;tcd
Manpoacr Rcguiamnts Muril O. Vincelene, Vic. pre3ident ,orOgnrations, Energy Fuels Nuclear, lrc., p€ronal communication withMartin Schweiuer, Oak Ridge t{etion l bboratory. July 12,197g, mdErik J. Stanehiem and Jarnes E. Mcuger, A Fr*pwork for Froir'-tirrgEmploymat end hpulatid, Chongr Accst Nnying Encqy DcyCop-zrrrt, Argonn€ National Laboratdy, Argonnc. lll., Augurt 1976; endMounbin W?st Beearch, lnc, Conttructid, Wot*er pofitc. Old WestR"gioml Commi.siqn, O.cemb!, 1975,
During operations' 751 of the iobs available could be filled from the,,lg.gl, labor pool. up to30x of these workers may relocite closer to their-new;i;;;-ri'Hpioy,nent (vice-president forJperations, Enersv Fuers Nucrear, Inc., peisonii'.i'iiriirliirnrili, r2, .r978). In san Juanlounty, there are 2.1 nonworking depenients ror.eviry-*o;k-;;:rd "ii g,t, relationship holds forrelocations, the population may gro; by lZ7 indiviAuils.
led
rhS
ota
same
and: is
Indirect emploJment is the total of new iobs created in industries that supply factors ofproduction and that produce the goods ani ii"viiii-6;il;-;i'0"o5..a workers.zB Between0'3 and 0.9 lndirect emPloyees aie generally-needed ror each tolsinrctlon worker durinq theconstruction phase of an energy.project.zs -Becauie g,irri-ii ;ffi;ii;';-id"ilil;;'#: i"".-tion of direct iobs and ttre indiiecl Jobs they inauce,-i[ i; iiiJy that during the rela6velyshort constnrctlon period i1 Questlon-inatreii;pi;6d; riri'liiv at the lou end of the scaleand not rise aboye 100 (Table 4.9).
Because there are rEny clerical, sales, and servlce workers seeking employment ln the Blandlngarea (sect' ?''4.2.2)'rynv.gf the indirect lous c..aiea-iv-riii^..istrucuon may be flled fromthe local area. At most,-the sarne proil;ii6n or woi[e.s-itii'riore'in ii-ii"eipiciia'in'ir,"case of mill ooerato"= (,az glrplgvgg: oi ress). tnitroing'non*oriing aepenaenii,-ico pr"ionswill move into'the area'(raUii AiiOi.' -
During mitl operation,, the. proportlon of indirect to direct employnent wlll lncrease. To
iliFliili i:,:il;{i":t 'l}:: ffi:,:-[:[Hil i;ill:"i,]iil.[:q:';i*j,ll,;r.tljil,(one located at the oroposed mill site ana ttte.5ttrir i; fi;i;;iiii) u"" currently buyingslightly over one-fourtir oi ttre i"i ir,"-riri wlll consume at peak opera6ons. Thls frac,onmeans-that onlv one-fourth of the miners that will eventuaiiy'ue"neloea to iuppii'irre'iliir
iiilil'i:il l'?1"il:f;""1,,l::[:il".:I,;!,8.,i:: :]il:,i,;[,H":liirj.ff"ll!vi:"i:,"lpectedmovlns into the area- then about lto to ioi-miners_wili;lg;;;;-l;'for a total populagon gatn0f 340 to 510, based'on 2.t nonroriini-aeilnaents ror everi'riirer.
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Currently, the Energy Fuels ore buying stations employ ten people. Five additional iobs at the
Blanding station when mill operations start will mean an increase of five in area population.
The 2l workers employed by Energy Fuels in ore exploration is not expected to change.
In San Juan County's econony, there are I.6 nonbasic jobs for each basic job. The basic sector
brings in revenues from outside the inmediate area. The nonbasic sector provides goods and
services in response to local demand, Because the I'thite l'lesa project is expected to add 361 to
39.l new basic iobs to the area economv. it can be oredicted that 578 to 626 new.iobs will be391 new bas'ic jobs to the area econoay, it can be predicted that 578 to 626 new jobs will be
created in the nonbasic sector. If the orooortion of in-miorants takino nonbasic .iobs is appcreated in the nonbasic sector.roportion of in-migrants taking nonbasic iobs is approxi-
mately the sarE as described earlier, roughly 300 to 400 jobs in the nonbasic sector will be
taken by persons moving into the area, causing a population increase of 930 to 1240.
4.8.'1.3 Total population increase
About120 hourly workers and staff wlll be involied in mill operations. Nearly 60 of these
employees should be nerl to the area. Indirect jobs stimulated by the mill are expected to be in
the range of 830 to 910. The total population increase would range from approximately 1500 to
2000 (Table 4.10).
4.8.1.4 Distribution of new resldents
The 431 new rdsidents expected as a resu'lt of construction of the White llesa Uranium Project
represents 3.3% of the San Juan County population. Their settlemnt pattern will be determined
by a number of factors including the availability of housing, public services, and amenities in
t-he surrounding cormunltles and the proxirnity of those cormunities to the mill site. Blanding,
I'bnticello, and Bluff are all within 48 km (30 miles) of the proposed mill and are capable of
absorbing the proiected population growth.
Because it is closest to the slte, Blanding is likely to experience nore in-migration than the
other two cormunities.
The population influx during the operations period witl be much greater than that asscciated with
construction. The 1500-2000 new residents expected represents ll.5 to 15.4% of San Juan County's
current population.
The majority of mill-related personnel are expected to reside in the three above-naned cormuni-
ties; honever, since the mining operations setling ore to the applicant are geographically
dispersed, some in-migrating miners wil'l 'locate in the outlying rural areas.
4.8.2 Social orqanization
Studies of other areas impacted by energy projects indicate that rapid population growth can lead
to inadequacies in the provision of housing and essentia'l public services, such as water and
sewage treatment, education, and health care.^-An annual growth rate of l5X is often cited as
the ioint where these problems becone severe.30 Assuming that Blanding gets 702 of the popula-
tion growth induced by'th€ [hite llesa uranium mill, ihnticello gets ?5%, and Eluff receives 5l'
none of these corrrunitles yill experience even a l0I population increase in the one.-yearaanclrrrntian nonin/ ]lauvar drrr{nn }ho ihroa-vcrn neriad frnm aarlv l98O- rhen mill oconstruction period. However, duiing the three-year beriod from early 1980, rhen mi'lI operations
are scheduled'to begin, through the ind of 1982, when rcst of the direct and indirect population
increases should haie occurrei. the number of in-miqrants will be ruch qreater (Tab'le 4,11). Ifincreases should haie occurrei, the number of in-migrants will be ruch greater (Tab1e_4'11). If
the total population influx reaches 2000, Blanding'i rate of growth will.average nearly lSt
annually over the thr€e in question.. t{hile t'lonticel'lo.and Bluff wil'l not grow at thisannually over.tne tnree years ln quesElon.. Hnrle fi)nf,rcetlo a
rate, tireir increases wiil be substantial (see Sect. 2.4.1.2).
Balanced against thls rapid grovrth are plans for providing additional housing^and public services
in tne'irpicted cormunities.- Action from both the public and private sector is anticlpated'
*t'icn ,tti help reduce the adverse effects that can result from unmanaged growth (Sects. 4.8.2.1
and 4.8.2.2).
4.8.2.1 Housing
During the construction period, I97 workers are expected to.relocate in the proJect area. lt is
likeli that a number of these workers will share accomrbdations; therefore, between 145 and 197
nel housing unlts will be demanded during this time.
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Tablc 4.11, Mill-i;rdoed population inllux for th. communifier of Bltrdirg. ttibnri€llo,md Bluff. aromirp e 7G2S-5% 3plir of thc inooving populatioo
Elanding Monticello
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25
35
20
80
174
58
m
252
,49
z3
t72
E
35lt
f,)
'r
.o
'0xi-
Population rn 1977 3075
Peak constructron.pnriod influxt 302
Peak constructionperiod influx 9.896
as a percentage ot 1977 population
Operations-period inlluxb lo50-f4m
Oprations.period influx as 34.1--45.596
a percenbge of 1977 population
2208 280r08 224.9% 7.7%
375-500 75_tOOr7.0-22.6% 26.8-35^X
ln
'Peak cons!ructisl-period influx is proiected to bc 431.Doperations.period influx is p.ojected to be approximately f500_2000.
In the operations period,489.to-644 new jobs are expected to be filled by in-migrants. Because
ihese workers 1I9 mucf more-like'ly to become permanent members of the coninunity ind to relocatey,ith their families' it wil'l be assurned that one housing unit is required for iach of them.
lable 4:11 proiects.the future growth of each of these cormunities using previous assumptions(Sect. 4'8-2)'..If this distrlbution is used as a guide, roughly lO0 to-l4o housinq unils will be
needed in Blanding'_35 to 50 in Monticello, and 7 to l0 in Biufi during the constriction period.
ouring operations,.Blanding will need 340 to 450 units, ltlonticello I20-to 160, and Bluff 25 to 30(Table 4.12).. Although no new workers are anticipated at the Hanksville ore buying station,mining_activi.ty.in the area may.create som demand for additional housing in thl t6wn ofHanksville. Under current condltions this rvould not be easily accormoda[ed although future
improvements in the local water system (ER, p. ?-74) wy make residential expansioi possible.
Bl and i ng
In August-1978' plans for a l'I7-space mobile home park, scheduled to be ready for occupancy by
February.l9T9.were aPproved i.n.a newly annexed portion of the city. At the ianre time,'a 242--unit subdivision was approved in another newly annexed section; construction is scheduled tobegin in January 1979.
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ead
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Table 4'12' Hourirp &mrnd nd rpply in Bl.ndine, i/bnticdlo,.nd Elufl arcd by x'. whit lrbrr tlrnium proirct
Construction period Oparations pGriod
9rpply SupolycCiryDcmandDcmandErisrirqP ln proc*a potsiblG Tot l ExistingP ln prca.r pos.rble
ons
onIf
is
t7
Blanding l00-f 40
Monticcllo 35*f0Eluff 7-l0
Torat 142-26
310{9,
120-r60
25-30
485-54{'
39r & 61623 2m 2580-70 20-90
tl{P--070 8a4-964tAsgru e 7G2$595 split o, th. irmovirp pop,larim bctwrGn gtrndiry Montic?,o, am, Blurr.oAsofAugun t, t978.copcrrtions'priod oppry incrudcr rhor. uni. daeroped during o,c conrtructidr p.riod.Sourcs: ER, pp' +18 .nd 2'50; erd Philip D. Tavlor, Pr6id.nr, Taytor & Asscirrc., Augurr t7, lg7g;Tcry p.lm.r,Palmer Euildcrl, July 13, 1978; Ricfird rrrry, i/bntiello city Managpr, August rt, tg7g, privrt! communicetionr wirhMartin Sciwcitzar, Oak Ridg! Nlionrl trboreory
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The 117 nrobile home spaces, cornblned with 25 existing spaces in Btanding (ER, p. 4-18), aresufficient to satisfy the maximum demand projected for the construction period. In addition, a
32-unit apartment complex is now in the financing stages and iocal builders estinnte that 50 to
60 new sing'le-family houses could be constructed annually for at least the next three years on
the 200 vacant lots estimated to be available within the city Iimits (Palmer Builders representa-tive, personal communication, July 13, 1978); The total number of potentia'l additional housing
units is around 600, nearly enough to absorb all mill-related growth. Counting only those units
now existing or having city approval, the number is still nearly 400, mid-way between the high
and low projections of Blanding's share of expected growth (Table 4.12).
tlonticel lo
There are 35 vacancies in a'local mobile home park (ER, p. 4-18), and a 23-unit apartrnent
buildinq is beinq constructed. In addltion to these 58 units (more than the 35-50 needed during
constru;tion),260 single family honres are expected to be built by l98l (l{onticello City l,'lanager,
personal conrmunication, July 20,'1978). This quantity wi'11 be rnore than enough to accormodate
ilonticello's expected share of mll'l-induced growth during the operations period and indicates
that this city has the potential of absorbing additional growth (Table {.12).
Bl uff
The 20 mobile hore park spaces now available in Bluff (ER, p. 4-18) can accormodate twice the
projected growth for the construction period and two-thirds of that expected during operations.
Because thi town also has 70 empty lots (ER, p. 2-56) suitable for development, it is possible
that more grovth than was postulated nay occur here (Table 4.12).
4.8.?.2 Publ ic services
Bl andi nq
Population increases should not strain the existing electricity distribution or solid waste
disposal systems. Streets and recreation facilities are also adequate. l{ater and sewage systems
are adequate for the 300 new residents expected during the construction period (Elanding City
Manager, personal conmunication, June 21, 1978), but they are not sufficient for the mill-induced
newconnrs. However, expansions in both water and sewer facilities, which are planned for
completion by 1981, should be adequate to provide acceptable services to these in-migrants.
Additional public safety and health care services are likely to be necessitated by the operationsperiod population influx. Elandlng has plans to add a new full-time nember to the police forcein fiscal year 1979 (ER, p. 2-47).
Approximately 120 new school age chlldren are expected during the construction period.27'31
During the operations perlod,3Aq to S04 new students will bi entering Elandingis schools.3l Inthe fall of 1978, a new high school in southeastern San Juan County will relieve current over-
crowding in San Juan Hlgh School and leave it approximately I00 students below capacity. The
opening of a second ner high school in fall 1979 in southwestern San Juan County will leave
roughly 300 vacancles in San Juan High School. Elanding's two elemntary schools are cumently
120 students below capacity; therefore, the influx of additional students during the constructionperiod should not present, a problem. Horever, the influx of 200 to 300 new elenrntary students
during the operations period wlll necessltate operating at 80 to 180 students over capacity. The
school district is prepared to provlde ner facilities as the need arises (San Juan County SchoolDistrict, personal cqnmunicatlon, August 18, 1978).
Itlonti cel I o
Existing solid waste disposal and recreation faci'lities appear adequate to accormodate theprojected population influx, as does the local system of streets. Irprovemnts in public safety
and health care facilities are llkely to be required. To supply future needs, the corrnrnity is
currently attempting to expand the city-run electricity transmission system.
The existing sewage treatnent plant is current'ly operating at lts deslgn capacity; the growth
associated with mill construction and operations would cause overloadlng. Itprovemnts are being
planned to allow service for 3000 resldents, but completion is not anticipatgd until at least
mid-1980. The city's share of the associated expenses wlll anpunt to roughly one-quarter milllon
rg
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4-t7
l3l,l?h'll,l:.J,lfi'lJ: ff.i'ffi:';lo::li';i,::ffi::1..'#:i:!i,3?loi;,.1,:#T;,li:[.fl" jn.liJrentlv operating neal-capacity. Howevei, imp"oremerti ;;-;il'existing system are scheduled toil completed bv August 1979' uniit ttrat i1i,", iuii-oi'-JtJr i's=a Hmitation to growth. After-
.,*l'f:!'|;*,it,*il;!i::ijrj;:i'l:H;ii!;,friili;iitli,d;ii;;',lj:l*i'r;; :$iil:',il:i;;'
Because mi!.ih:-:]*entary and the hiqh sclrgol a19. operating at approximately two-thirds
:i:iil'{;.*Jl:.:i?3,1';":y;: :13,i:,|;lT"::H:": j5rij::,;,iitibi' oi i4d-i'o i{i, ;;; students
nl uff
Host existing public services in the town of.BIuff are currently adeguate to handle the Iimiteddro'th anticipated. The local water system.ls capauie Ji ii.Jrira.ting a 79% increase in usage.iewase disposal is currentlv handled u! tnotviauii-i"pti.;;il:- public safety, recreation, andnealth facilities may all require incrimental irp.or.f,"risl;^k;.p up with rising population.Educational facilities are also more than aoeqrile-io"-t;; ;p;;;.d in-migration. Growth beyondthat shorvn in rable 4.11, however, may strain'exiiting prbril']livi.ei;il;;ii";o""iili.or*"nt,not considered here.
4.8.2.3 Culture
Nearly 45% of san Juan county residents are.native.Anericans (precrominantly Navajo), andanother 35x are members of the Hormon church.32 ctranges-i;-tri!'ietative numbers of these twogroups courd alter the social climate in the a"ea oi ir,e ri"oiol"a rtrr.
In addition to potentia,y-changing the racial-a1!_19]isigu; composition of the comunity, asubstantial population influx c6uli also cieate tensioni u.t*.en'est.blished ,,old-tiners,, and"newcomers." As area popu'lation grows, Iong-time resiJenti-rav"reer a loss of intimaiy, anavalue conflicts may arise between-those wtro-ravor.-*..";u"[Ii,,'iirestyle and those w-ho wish topreserve a sma'll town atmosphere.33 However, Uecause-itre i".ii"rt gronth will occur during theoperations period, when in-migrants are muih-np"e rii"ry-td-i"iii" p""*n9l!ly than during;?ii,;::il:r' it is expected ihat eventuaiiy a mutuar .icorroaiiii,n'of ,,oiJ;'ini",-nJi'rarues
4.8.3 Political orqanization
changes in the political as well as the cultural characteristics of an area frequently accompanyrapid growth' Expansion and "professioniiiiatton; ,r-iiiii-doiiriment often occur in-response tothe changing size and characteiistics of the population.--ilris'i"end is evident in the area ofthe proposed t''hite l'lesa mill where ttre ciiy-oi.bi.rJirg-r,ai"i.."niry.-r,r"ed a full-tire iityengineer in response to.the acceleratint s;'o*tt,-rile idririii,g"Eiiy uanager, personar comuni-cation' August l4' .l978), and l'lonticCti6 iniicipates the evenlual need for rnre public employeesto handle future in-migration (uontiieiio-iiity 1t.n.9"", p""io,iii conmrnlcatlon, July ll, l97g).
The local power structure can.also-be a'ltered by the growth associated with a proJect such as theHhite Hesa Uranium llill. Political iont.or-rav pass i"or tt;-h;;ir of established residents tothose of nervcomers associated A.irectiv ina lnJi"Eciiy ritf, ilili'oierations.l- As in the culturalarena' a balance is likely to be reac-hed over time ui,treen air"rglnt political interests.
4.8.4 Economic organlzation
4.8.4.1 Emoloyment
Peak ernployment during the-construction of the.}lhite llesa mill is expected to be about 350; ofEhese workers, approxtmately 150 are expected to cile ;;;, ;h; ii111"olut" ..... gurinq oDera_Itons, between e3e and l0t7-new jous ari-eioected to ue i"eilia ililtil iiro-iraiil.iiy"[y u,enill. Roushly 3oo to soo of iiieii-j"il-rr,3lio ui iiriea-Li-iiia-restoents. At 8.1x, ihe
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unemployneht rate in San Juan County is significantly higher than the state average of 5'3':
(Sect. 2.C.2.2), and it is highly probable that mill-induced employnent will result in a lowering
of this figure.
4.8.4.2 Income
0f the additional 350 needed during construction, 250 will be construction workers whose wages
are substantiaily higher than the local mean. The remaining 100 will be employed in lower-payingjobs in the nonbasic sector. During operations, neariy 40% of all new workers will be highly
paid miners or mill personnel. According to the Utah State Department of Employment Security,
the average monthly salary for a miner in this state is $1500 to $1833 and for a miller, 51000
to S 1500. rr
These high-paying new jobs will elevate average per capita income in San Juan County and increase
the amount ofmoney spent in the local conmunities. These increased expenditures-may lead to the
availability of a iider range of goods and services. Competition from the new, high-wage
industries may also have the effeit of raising salaries for other jobs.rg
4.8.4.3 Tax revenues
During the construction period, San Juan.County will continue to collect property taxes on the
unimpioved value of the l,thite Iiesa site (Sect. 2.4.2.2). Sales tax will also be paid on mate-riali purchased in connection with this project. The conrnunities of Blanding, Monticello' and
Bluff each have the local option tax; outside of their boundaries the local tax goes to the
iounty (Utah State Tax Connission representative, personal conmunication, August 23, 'l978).
The applicant estimates that of the $18 million to be spent on equipment and supplies-during
construction, $432,000 in sales tax will accrue to the State, and $8),000 to the locales in which
purchases are made. 0f the local share, $'13,500 will end up in the southeastern counties. The
bre buying stations operated by Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., will also pay property taxes during
this period.
Area mines selling ore to the applicant's ore buying stations wil'l be subiect to as many as four
different taxes. Property tax will be levied at the normal county rate on twice the value of
averaqe net proceeds plus- the value of the Iand, if patented, and the personal property and
improiements'onsite (Utan State Tax Conmission representative, personal cormtnication, July I4,l9i8). A l% mine occupation tax is levied on the gross value of all ore sold, less a standard
exemption. These revenues go to the State general fund. Sales tax wi'Il be paid on all purchases,
and a State corporate franchise tax of 4l on net taxable income will supply monies to the State's
Uniform School Fund.
|1orkers will be subject to Federal and State income taxes; the applicant estimates that roughly
$1.3 million will go to the Federal and State governments from construction !,orker incomes
(ER, p.4-23). Taies on the salaries of nonbasic employees wil.l contribute additional income tax
ievenires. l,lorkers will also pay sa'les tax on all purchases and ad valorem taxes on any property
owned in the area. Assuming naiionwide expenditurl patterns, 38.31.0f fgqily income-(ER,
p. 5-31), $2.82 million for-construction wirkers atone (ER,-p. 4-24), *!!!-b9 spent locally on
personai consumption expenditures.33 Sales tax on thls will amount to $ll2'800 for the State and
$21,150 for the jurisdictions in which the purchases are made'
During operations, the mill wil'l pay property taxes of approximately $455'000 to San_Juan County
(ER, i. b-28). Two-thirds of this imount gols to the school distrlct. Sales tax will be paid on
riosl Lquipment and materials purchased but-not on the raw ore to be processed (Utah_State Tax
Conmissioir representative, peisona'l cormunication, August 23, 1978). Finally, the Federal and
State governments xill levy corporate franchise and income taxes.
If mining activity increases in the area the tax base of San Juan and neighboring counties will
increase] as will-the revenues received by the State. Corporate-oxned property would be subject
to the Sfate franchise and Federal incsrn taxes. The ore buying statlons and independently ovned
mining operations would continue to pay taxes as outlined above.
San Juan County and the colmunities of Blanding, l,lonticello, and Bluff are also expected to
benefit from i-ncreased property taxes due to the construction of netr connrercial and residential
[uiiaings ina iising p"bpei,ty -va]ues.--Sales tax.r!!t ue pq!! on rough'ly $4.5.nlllion ln personal
ionsurplion expendiluies'in ihe area.33 Around $l8O,OO0 will go into the State treasury and
$35,00b will be returned to the county or minicipality lrhere purchases are made.
4_i g
During both-c:l:ll::ij.l and operations, the State of Utah receives a substantial pcrrion of rheiix revenues generated by the ltlh'lte Hesa mill and related activites. The State receives the
entire-mine occupation and corporate franchise taxes and splits personal incore taxes with lheiederal,!ol!T1"ll.:-^Sales tax revenues are split with locil governments, r{ith the majority ofthe funds being routed to the State governrent (Table 4..l3). -
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TaHr 4.13, Ta:cr aletrd to dro Whirt Mcre Unohrm hoirr
Construction EEriod Ooerations oeriod
T)0 Entity taxed Rrcipient of tax Entity taxcd Recipient of til
'ea se) the
Property tar
Minc occrp.tion tax
Corporate frarrhise tax
P?rtonal irlcom" ur
Unimproved
mill site
Ore buying
stations
Uranium mincs
Propaty-oming
uorker:
Mill mterials
Mine $pglie3
Works purclr.scs
Uranium mincs
Sornc uranium
minaS
All r,vorkert
San Juan County
San Juan and
Waynr countics
San Juan and neighboring
countiet
San Juan County, Elanding,
Monticello, and Bluff
Utah, San Juan County,
Blanding, and Monticallo
Utah, S.n Juan County.
Elanding, ard Monticsllo
Utah, San Juan County.
Elandirg; and Monticcllo
Utah
Utah
Utah, United Sr.t j
White M6a
Milt
Ore hryirB
station3
Uranium mircr
Propcrty.owning
work€ri
lrill supplier
Minc supdi.r
Worker Arrchase:
Uranium mines
Somc wanium
mine and
Whit. M6. mill
All workar:
San Juan County
San Juan and Wayne
counties
San Juan and neighboring
counti6
San Juan County,
Blanding, Monticello. ard
Bluff
Utah, San Juan County.
8landin9. ard Monticello
Utah, San Juan County,
Blanding, and Moniicello
Utah, San Juan County,
Elanding, ard Monticello
Utah
tftah
Utah, Unied States
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Both san Juan county and.its.municipallties.will receive property and sales tax revenues from themillandrelatedactivitie5(Table4.I3)'tilostpurihases.ar!-iiierytotakeplaceinBlanding
and I'bnticello, whlch will receive the iocal qpllgn ritii tii."riu.ing thi'op[.iiioi, ieriod,these tvro cormunities may shane as much as $35;OO0 annuiifv-irom-i""s6njt-eip"i.,Jitri:"rl-which isrelatively.minor compared to _the-$455,000 in property taxei which'sa;-fin-eil;ty-iiii'"eceivefrom the mill itself- The ad valorem taxes p;id'to irri-lJunly'uy.rea mines could also besubstantial when mining activity is at its plak. tncrCaieJ pirpErty ta, nevenues will accrueto the cities of Blandlng, llont-lcello, and bluff rrom new-rroliii-ini bu;ina;;;;;-uui'inese aooeorevenues wilI be significantly less than the arpunts receivea uy ian.tuan ailai.--- -'
4.8.4.4 Publ ic expenditurres
Financing improvements in publlc services needed as a.nesult of rapid population growth can placea strain on local oovernments. Estlmates of the "eq,li"e4-iipiiai-inreiiil"i-;;;d i"o, irooo(ER, ,. 5-21) to $5ooo fo; iictr ioiiliiiit-restoeniliu -For-[ii-isoo to 20fi) in-movers expectedtio',Tfiili."'oBoillfi'l!.lH,H!l'i,r8i',ll'h,lll',iliyl.ox"!l$":i"iri:l;i*::lrJii:,*,,.
adding an extra tl.5 to $2 mllllon annuiily'to ilre eipenaitr;;!-;itocal governmnts in thevicinitv of the proposed.mill. rne cipitai ano operilin;;;;;;t;; listed above would be sharedby San Juan County and the cormuniiles or standini, il""Iidii;;-iio atrrr.
Elanding.and rironticello are expected to need improvements in theirwerr -as"in'irr;;-il;i;;, .na p;Eii;-;aiity-il"ri"es. Blandins ,irr X*3lui;rr:iliffi :fiiffir:ieducation facilities' ano uoiriiceit;-;iii iilo .n e*pina"a iieiiii.rty distribution system. rheffi#!:il":: the costs assoclated uirr $'ese-services iiri-ue uo-e'by the impacted municipalities
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Although the largest share of the new tax revenues generated by the ln1hite Mesa project willaccrue to San Juan County,.the cormunlties of Blanding, uonili6rio, and Bluff will receive someof these monies. In addition, other sources are expeiteo to p.ouije funds for neeaeo-fub.licservice improvements. capital outlays for water unil se*ig"-syiiem erpinslon u"e-eip"c[.0 toinclude Federal and state funds (seci. 4.8.2..2), and-tap i;e;";iii aib in repayin! ioiii wate.and sewer improvement bonds.3s. It is the judgiint ot the iiiri'ihat, given iri iie "evenuesources-available, the impacted corrnunities will.be-able to proviJe ieivices ror itre.il..t.apopulation influx without long-range fiscal difficultiei.
4,8.5 Transportati on
Both heavy truck and automobile traffic will increase in the area as a result of the proposed}lhite l'lesa Uranium Proiect; therefore, traffic congestion, .oid-*ea", road noise, anO'trifticaccidents will also increase.
During the peak construction period,250 workers_are expected to drive to and from the mill siteeach dav. Because most workers are expected to live noith of the site ln tni cliiei ot etanointand lt|onticello, traffic will increase substantially on u.S. Route lG3. rne ioo iaaitionirnonbasic workers expected during thls-time will alio add to traffic on area roads, although aIarge portion of,these employees are.likely to live and work in the same conmunity. Honworttrips will also increase on area roads, as-will traffic within the conmunities ofBlanding,Itlonticel lo, and Bluff.
During the operations period, the number of automobile trips between Blanding and the mill sitewill decrease, but auto traffic in the surrounding area wiil rise. nuoui-gC"hourfi rii'i'employees plus 20 salarled staff and l0 buylng stition employees witl travel to ttr! wtrite Nesamill daily along U.S. Highway 163. In addlti6n, approximateiy ?20-ZSo niw-nineri riif 6"employed in.the area and their trips.between nome ind work wiil considerably lncreise trifricvo'lumes. Final'ly, about 600 new w6rkers in the nonbasic sector wiil aAa to local traffic, eventhough many wilI reside in thelr conmunity of employnent.
Heavy truck traffic wi'll also increase substantially in the project area. Durinq the operationsperiod, when area mining is at expected peak.levels, approximatity SS rouna i"ipi ie. OIv will bemade between area mines and the Blandlng buying slatio4. Another l7 round t"ipi-uitreen-othermines and the Hanksville station and an-additi6nal 15 iound trips between the Hanksville andBlanding stations will occur each day (ER, p. 5-34).
The heaviest truck traffic^will-take place on U.S. Route 163 and Utah Route 95, but U.S.Route 656 and Utah routes 262, 216,263, and 24 will also be affected. -in-aOaition io-it"r.paved-roads, secondary roads are also expected to handle up to l5X of total truck traffic (iR,p. 5-34).
4.8.6 Impact mitioation
Enerqy Fuels l{uclear, Inc., has expressed concern about maintaining a stable uork force andhas.instituted programs.to mitigate potentlal negative impacts on lhe project area. The appli-cant has cooperated with a Denver-based developei to provide additionai h6using for expectiil in-migrants in 81anding. Prellmlnary plan approval was ieceived in Auqust 1978 f6r a ll7'-soacemobile home park and a 242-unlt single-family subdivision (Sect. +.6.2.I) on land that wispurchased by Enerqy Fuels Nuclear for resale to the developer (Vice-President for 0perations,Energl Fuels l{uclear, Inc., personal conmunication, June 27,1978). These dwelling'units wii'tsatisfy a large portion of the total mill-induced housing need. company benefits,-such as anannual cash bonus and proflt-sharing plan, encourage job-stability.
PubIlc action is also being planned to mitigate prospective social impacts at the area of theproposed mill.- Section 4.8,2.2 details the steps being taken by locai governrpnts to provideadditional public services to met expected population-increasei.
Additional actions can be taken to further mitigate potential mill-induced impacts. Hiringunemployed area residents can keep the total population influx dorn and simullaneously reducelocal unernployrcnt. Negative impacts can be diminished by ensuring that planned impr6vements topublic services are made before anticipated growth occurs-. Early iolicitation of Fideral andstate,aid and-early issuance of local bonds ian provide funds for needed expansions beforeexisting services beconn lnadequate.
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The ore trucks passing beti/een the Hanksville and Blanding stations, and possibly additional
m.ill-bound trucks originating at area mines, will travel along Utah Highway 95, which also
nrovides access to the Natural Bridges National MonurEnt. According to the Utah DepartmentIf lranspo.tation, this increased activity could affect traffic movement during the surnrer
ionths, but the extent of the impact is not currently quantifiable. The applicant will attempt
to reduce possible negative impacts on area traffic flow by providing acceleration lanes
666 turnouts where the traffic will enter and exit the project site.32
Both San Juan County and its municipalities have the fiscal responsibility of providing needed
services for new residents, Neither these costs nor the tax revenues generated by the l,lhite Mesa
mill and related activities, however, are evenly distributed. The cormunities of Blanding and
Monticeilo face substantial capital and operating costs for providing for new residents. A
fraction of the additional taxes accruing to San Juan County and the State of Utah could be
distributed by means of a. revenue-sharing arrangement based on the distribution of the costs of
nsw required services.
Although it is certain that residential and cormercial growth will occur in the cormunities of
Blanding, Monticello, and Bluff, the form of this growth is difficult to predict. Advance land-
u5s planning shou'ld ensure that the spatial structure of eventual growth is compatible with
comuni tY goal s.
4.8.7 Concl usions
Both positive and negative socioeconomic impacts are probable as a result of the proposed llhite
Mesa Uranium Project. The reduced unemployment, higher per capita income, increased tax base,
and qreater availabi'lity of goods and services, all of which are Iikely to accompany the mil1 andits related activities, could be consideied benefits for the project area. 0n the negative side,public service.expenditures will rise, existing cultural and political balances may bi changed,
and road traffic and associated impacts will increase as a resu'lt of increaied road use. Although
most proiect-related socioeconomic impacts can be mitigated, the distribution of impacts andresponsibillty fgl mitigation of the impacts may not coincide. The importance of a coordinated,joint planning effort by.incoming industrial developers and local and itate goverrments should beemphasized in order to mitigate some of the adverse impacts of the rapid population changeexpected in the Blandirg area. fhe staff has concluded that the poteirtiai benefits of tire pro-posed project outweigh the asscciated costs.
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REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Contpilatio! of Air po|Lutott Enriesion pactors, ?nded., 0ffice of Air Quality Planilns-and Siandardt, h.s"i".rr-i.ii,iirl ii"i,-H.[.,-igiol""
U.s. Ehvironmental Protegt!9n nser1cy, Fu,git.,te_Dust -.sowees, Efrssiolts, and cotttrol,0ffice of Air Quatity.planning ina Standiras, Research i.iinlie-ei"r, H.t., rsi3.----'
Oames.and Moore, "Response to.Conrnents from the U,S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,June 7, i978, l.Jhite Mesa Uranium project Environmental nefort,;'Oenve", June ZA, t9ZA.
.q31t: 3I-ry91, ]SynClercntal Report, Meteorolcsy and Air Quality, Environrnental Report,whrte ilesa Uranium Project, San Juan County, Utah, for Energy Fueii Nuclear, Inc.,"'- -
Denver, Sept. 6, 1978.
State of Utah, Div'lsion of Health, Ait Consemtation Regulatiaas, Salt Lake City, l4ay ZZ,1977 .
Fed. Regist., June 19, 1978.
U.S. Environmental Protecligl-nq:lqf,-Ass-e-ssnent of Enuirormental Aspects of t)raniwtMining od. MiLLing, Report EPA-600/7-76-036, I,tashington, 0.C., 1976.'
Darnes and Moore, "Responses to Corments Telecopied from NRC to Energy Fuels l{uclear,25 September 1978," Denver, Oct, 4, 1978.
State-of utah, Division of l,tildlife Resources, letter to Jim chadwick, Dames and Hoore,July 27 , 1977;
U.S. Environmental Protectlon Agency, Effects of Noiee onvildli.fe @d, Othe" Aninals,Report NTlD300.5' Offlce of Nolse Abatemint and-control, I{ashington, 0.c., l9r]. --
-El91W-1r.11 Nuclear, .Inc., "source lrlaterial License Appl ication, l{hite 6esa UraniumItlill, Blanding, Utah," Energy Fuels l{uclear, Inc., Denver, Sept.'26,1g7g,
"Endangered and Threatened lJild'life and Plants," Fed. Regiet. 4t(ll7): 24524-24572 (1976).
S. L. l,Jelsh, N. D. Atwood, and J, L. Reveal, ,,Endangered, Threatened, Extinct. Endemic.and Rare or Restricted Utah Vascular Plants," Great-Basin Nat. 35(4li iii-li1'ttgiiil'.-'
"Endangered and Threatened t{ildlife and plants,,, Fed. Regiat.42(135): 36419-3643] (1977).
R. L. Linder and c. N.-Hil1lln,^aryge7dlwe ?f the Blotk-pooteil Fe?"et otd bairi.e.Dogtlorkehop, Septetnber 4-6, 797A, South Dakota State University, Brookingr, igZS. - -'--"
B- R. Metzger, "Nuclear Regulatory Corrnission 0ccupational Exposure Experience at UraniumPlants," conference _on 1ectqatiotu,L Eealth uqetience vith ttranh.on, nCiort-inon-gs, -'
l{ashington, 0.C., I975.
International Atomlc Energy Agency, slt?? s..e-riea fig.__4_J, tbtual on Radiation safefu inUtwtiwn otd, Thoriun Minee od l*illa, IAEA-, Vienna, 1976.-
Pr€sentation to the Environmental Subcormittee of the Advisory Subcormlttee on Reactor
lgfgSuarOs,0ccupational Radiation Exposure Control at Fuel Cycle Facilities,26 January1978, by the Chief, Fuel Processing & Fabrication Branch, U.S. Nuclear RegulitoryCormi ss i on.
I;.1:.lr:1lch, "Ecologlcal conslderations in Siting iluclear Plants. The Long-Term BiotaEffects Problem," NucL. Saf. 12: 25-35 (1971).
Proceedinga of the Ewinornental pzutonhn synrpoeitn, Report LA-4756, Los AlarpsScientific Laboratory,,Los- 4lamos, !. l,lex., l97l , and a'eropoeed tntirin Stotdal, fotPlutoniun, Report LA-5483-llS, Los Alamos Scientific Laborat'ory, Los Alarns, X. f,fex'.,-fgZC.
Etteoetak-Radiological suroey, usAEC Report Nvo-I4O, Nevada Operations 0fflce, Las vegas,Nev., 1973.
t{. A..Frigerio' K. F. Eglgrl,ll:-lnd R. s. stowe, "Background Radiafion as a carcinogenlcHazard," Rad. Ree.52:599 (1975).
6.
7.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
9.
10.
'il.
12.
13.
'14.
15.
15.
17.
t8.
19.
24.
?1 -
22.
4_:3
?3. A. H. Sparrow et al., "Chromosomes and Cel'lular Radiosensitivity,,, ?=ti.. ?.es,32: 915'-' (1s67)
?edi.cactiu-l;y -in che Marine_Environnent-, Report of the Conmittee on Qceanography, National
Academy of Sciences-{ational Research Council, I,lashington,0.C,, 1971, -
R. J. Garner, "Transfer of Radioactive llaterials from the Terrestrial Environment toAnimals and Han," Enuiro* Cotttnol 2: 337-385, 1971.
S. E. Thompson' Corlerltration ?acto"s of QgnLcaL Elements i.n Edible Aquati.c Orgcnislrs,
USAEC Report UCRL-50564, rev. l, 0ctober .l972.
Mountain tlest Research, [nc. , Cowttuction tlorket tuofi,le,Old l,lest Regional Conmission,December 1975.
Erik J. Stenehjem and James E. lletzger, A Ftwnettotk for fujeetinq Ettplounent otd paoula-
ti.on chqlges Accarpotyittg Enerw Deteloryent, Argonnl Nationa'l La6oratori, Arqonne. ill..
August 1976.
.o.apid Grottth fron Energy Pnojecta: Ideas for State otd Loeal Actiot, Departnent of Housingand Urban Developmnt, 0fflce of Coflfllunity Planning and Development, '1975.
John 5. Gilmore and lt|ary K. Duff, Boon rofii cra)th plou.gement: A cose studg of RoekSprings-Cneot Rioer, 'tyaning, lJestview Press, Boulder, Colo., 1975.
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?7.
29.
30.
33.
31. the Cotmty leo Book, 7977, Natlonal Association of Counties and Interfiationa'l Ci ty l.lanage-
ment Association, !,lashington, 0.C. , 1977.
32. Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Responses to Corments on tlhite }leia ProJect DES," March 6,
1979.
Keith D. ltloore, Diane l,l. Hanrmnd, and John S. Gilrpre, "socioeconomic Considerations,"Chap. 5 in Adrriniettat9r'e Ouide for Sitittg otd, Opetaliqn of _ttroiwr t*tning od MiLLingFacilities, Stone and }lebster Engineering Corp., ihy 1978. [Prepared for l,lestern Intei-state Energy Board under Contract No. 68-01-4490 to U.S. Environnrenta'l Protection Agency.]
Keith D. lloore, Finosirq Optione for Conwri.tiee lle@ I@ge Enetg! Deoeloprcnts, 1978.
Ilousing P?ogz@i fot Enatgg Puele Nucleo, rnc.: Blolding, utah, faylor & Associates,Denver, Colo,, no date.
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rrivial jncidents include spil]!, ruptures in tanKs or plant piping containing solutions orslur.ies' anci rupture.of a tailingr iirpoiul system pipe in *niir, the tairings slurry isreleased into the tailings pono. 'imili-..i..slr inctube raiiurl"or the air cleaning systemserving the concentrate irying.ano pictaging area, a fire or Jritosion in the solvent extractioncircuit' and an explosion in [n" yeiio*-iiii 4"y.". t-..!e-..ieli.s inc]ude a major tornado.
For most of the postulated cases resulting in a release to the environment, the analysis givesthe estimated magnitude of the release, tf,e co.responoing maximum individual dose at variousdistances from the mill, and tne estimiteo-annuar-iit.iiir.i^.i-[..rrr.n... The Iatterestimates are based on a diversity of sources, inctuding i"iii.rri, on record, chemical industrystatistics, and fai)ure predictioir metnoaoiogies. D;i;'uil-,,i;"i, to. the behavior of radiarionin accident situations.were taken from AIRD0(-il'.oil;1.;";oili=una from the InternationalConrnission cn Radiotogical protectio, tiiiiF). ino-..1.-riali.i ui'dose conversion factorsbased on the lung modil of the ICRp faii-g"orp on Lung Dynamics.3
During the three decades of nuclear facility operation, the frequency and severity of accidentshave been markedrv Iower than in "etatii iniusl"iii ;il.;;;o;r:'"ih. .rp."ience gained fromthe few accidents that have occurred i,is .eiuitea-i^-iil;;;;;"engineering safety features andoperating procedures' and the.probauility oi il,.-0.1r.ili,..'rr'lY,irilar accidents in the futureis verv low' Based on analvsis, ii-ii ulri.rea u,ii.ren-it-r.jJl accidents did occur therewould probablv not be a si9-nlriiani oiriii"'".i.it.-oi'iori;ril!;io, and that radiorosicarexposures would be too smail to cause any observabre erieli-on,,ife envi"onment or any deleter_ious effect on the healtn or tne irumin-p6pJiation. envlronment or any de
5..l. l Trivial iniidents
The following accidents, due.to human error or equipment failure, would not result in therelease of radioactive materia.ls to-tti "iri"on*nt.
5..l.1.1 Minor leakaqe of talks or oipiqq
uranium-bearino slurries and solutions rill be contained in several tanks comprising theleach, washins, precioitaii;r-;il-i;i;.Iiiir, ana sorvent;rt;;;;;;, stases or the mir.r cir_cuit' Human error during-the fiiling-i,"'*iiving oi tinir-ir'iie'iatru"6s oi ,.i'r.r'0" piprngin the circuit would "esilt in rpiiii ii,.i"f,i;rrt'i;r"ir""in"'""r1.1" of severar hundred pouncrsof contained uranium to the roomi ho*.r".] ihe overflow riri G ioir"cted in sumps desionedfor this type of spill, and turp-prrpi'riit'Le rs"a to return ihi-r.t."i.I, to the circriit.Therefore' a rupture in a process tank or a leakin! pip"-*irio-nJt".tr".t the environment.
5.1.1.2 Major pipe or tank rupture
All mill drainage, including-that from chemical.storage tanks, will flow into a catchmentbasin upstream from the tatiingi lmpouniinini site. i[" riiii-"rii'd"lir"" approxinaterv7s-3 MT (83.3 tons) of sorids;4. il;;';il";,sorution'pe"-n6u"-io-ir," tiiiriii l'.ii.""iniiil'lirffJ{,I! ir{ Ili;r?,Trjbl;?i,lil'iJ,il,o,_tion svstem occur. the liquid w6uld-rio* inii tri..ii[r"jri iirin'rr,""" it cou]d be pumped tothe taiiinss cell' chemlials couiJ ue-ieiore""o, tiiniie.."i-io"tie tattings ce.ll, or ireu-tralized in the catchment basin.- n.iiari-i.i1-a-slurry loss would be cleaned up and the con-taminated soil rennved to the taillnt'""i"niio, .""..
5.1.2 SmaIl releases
The following accidents, due to human or eguiprcnt-fallure, would release small quantities ofradioactive materiars to the environr,ent.-'itr! estimateJ.,ir.li;;,'horreyer, are expected to besmall in comparison with the .nnr.i "ei'.ir.'i.or no-ii-op..iiiini.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS
?L^ ^rcurrence of accidents related to operation of the White Mesa mill will be minimized
ll:";;;-ii,r;;"0i..-Jisign, manufacture, ind operation of.the.process components and through
f,Jll ueyt' -_'- r ^^t^Lr:-L --r --l-}-i- -.5^ ^^^--.;^a. In rrrnnd- ^,,elitv assurance pro6ri, desiqned to establish and maintain safe operations- In accordanceu..ll"ii"'oioi.ar."i i.i'rorttr-in-ttre appropriate regulations, Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., has
ill,,irii.a'iioiiiuiioni .ontaining desci'iptions of the facility design, the organization of
ill"'iJiiiti6r, and the quality aisurance program. These documents, together with the
lll}.|.*itii'Report and suppiements, have bien reviewed by various agencies to-ensure that
ii,i.""-is a basis for safe operat'ions at the site. Moreover, those agencies will rEintalnllilllriir"."-or.. itr.-otini'ind its individua'l safety systems by conducting periodic inspections
iI'lii'iiliiiiv-ani iti records and by requiring repbrts of effluent releases and deviations
irom nonnal operations.
no<nite the above Drecautions, accidents involving the release of radioactive materials or
;:#+;i;il;i;;ia'nare-oicrri6d in operatlons similar to those proposed by the applicant. In
.ii.'iir.ir*nt, therefore, accidents that might occur during milling operations-have been
:::;,,i;;A-r;a lnei" Doteniial environmental impacts evaluated. Section 5.] deals with
fiiiriiiea accidents involving radioactive materials and Sect. 5.2 deals with those not
i.riiri.S-riaioactive materiais. The probabilities of occurrence and the noninal conseguences
..i-iri.it.a, using the best available'estimates of probabil.ities.and real'istic assumptions
""i.rai.q reiease ind transport of radioactive materials. lJhere infonnation adequate to a
i.;ii;i;; lriiriti"r_y1is univailau'le, conservative assumptions were used to compute environmental
rrri.ii. Thus, the actual environmental impacts of the postulated accidents would be less,
in'some cases, than the effects predicted by this assessment.
ExDosure pathways considered in estimating dose comitments resulting from accidental releases
;;;;-i;;ai;iion"ino innrersion in contaminited air. It was assuned that exposure through the
ingestion and surface pathrays cou'ld be contro'lled if necessary'
5.I MILL ACCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVITY
The soecific activities of the radloactive-ma-teria-ls -handled at the mill-are-extrercllrJow:-:i;-d'aii; ioi-irr" or"-anO iiitings and =10-6 Ci/g for the-refined yellor cake products.- The
quintiilii of materials handled, 6n the other hand, are relatively large:. 773 rBtric tons
illii-ii i.ti"w iake pei year, ripresenting =472 Ci of radi.oactivity. To be of concern, these
il.i ior"ip.iirii activlitis-reqlire the ielease of exceedingly.lglse q_uantities of materials;
i.i'ring folies for such released will not exlst at the proposed t{hite ltlesa mill.
Guidelines have not been published for the consideratlon of accidents at uranium mills; there-
ii.., iii"-pritulated plant accidents involving radioactlvity are considered here in the follow-
ing three categories:
l. trivial incidents (i.e., those not resulting in a release to the environmnt),
?. small releases to the environment (relative to the annual release from normal operation)'
and
3. large releases to the environment (relative to the annual release from normal operations).
__--=-
In contrast to the relatively high specific activities of a number-of prominent radio-
nuclidei (iji.; =ro-' cilg tor pluioniirn-239 and =.10-3 Ci/g for cobalt-60)'
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lon Because of system designs, this type ot acg,laelt.is unrikery to occur or go undetected. Aloss of water pressure-to the sc.rLb". or the faiture or inl iJn a"ive would sound an alarm. Inthe event of electrical or mechanicii riilr"e, no*ere.l,ii,,iur"!rtlr.ted that approximatetyr4.83 k9 (z7.et tb) of u30s;;i;;;'roii'r.o, tne siair'ovei'al'a_hr snirt. Au or thisinsol uble uranium was asiuried to be-in-ine ..rpi"iui.-.i..'il.ili:
Because the meteorologicai data at the time of the postulated accident is unpredictable, itwas assumed that for this stack releaie th" conse.ritive meieoroiogical conditions of I m/secwind speed and a Pasquill tvpe-B rtuuiiiiv'*orra iiiii.-'i'i"ill"irro assumed that ar1 thematerial was distributed ovir a sinqie 2i15'sector. rrre-maiimui oose cormitments to thenearest resident [4.8 km (3 miles) i.or-tn. point of rei.;.;j'ffi. as fol.lows: total-body,0.0009 miliirem; bone, 0.026 mitti"er; frnq,'o.:i ,iifii..ili'urni"ltar.y, 0.008 millirem. Themaximum dose conmitments to the potenfiai nearest resident'ti.o [, (l mire) from point offil'ii5l.["3 3i,tfi]liyi;,.totir:uoiv, o.obg ,iiii.;;-;;;.:'6lzi'mirrirem; runs, 3.0 miilir"ems;
5,1.2.2 Fire in the solvent extraction circuit
The solvent extraction circuit will be located in a separate building that is isolated from otherareas due to the larqe quantities or-ieroiine present. rrom itremicat industry data, theprobabirirv of a maj6r fire ou" itint-v.i.;.ir'esiiraiea'ii"'u""i"'- ro-". However, at Ieast twomajor solvent extraction circuit'ri".r'i.. aocrrentJa-in ii.-iii"lutr"e, one of which destroyedthe original solvent extraction cl"cuit-ii ?le.riJr-in is6g.u"ii.." have been approximatery540 plant-years of mill operation in-it.-rjnit.d_States, .irir.f..i to about 320 plant-vearshandling 390'000 metric-tbns.or o"e pe.lear rtri, iraii^ri'ii.il historicar incjdents, thellff:'X?"1 lt,8-T'i3i'l'l;ll;:i';:iion'Ii" 't tn6 i.oiolEa'i'ii'r ri'i,,,,.a'io'iiri'i^ ,,.
In the event of a major fire, it is conservatively assumed from previous estimates thatt% of the maximum ur.?jrr-inventory,;;-;il;;i;;,t.iy.i,.,i"ri,iibriuf , wourd be reteased intothe environrent's'5 It-was assumei'tnat-[[e conse.vitlve #tioroioglcal conditions of i m/secwind speed and a pasouilt type-D ii.uiiitv"*oria "risi io".'ii."ilJrna-revel release. It wasalso assumed that ali tn. ,i[e.iui"rii'ii{tliuuteJ over i'ti.irI'iz.5o sector. The max,imumdose cormitments to the. nearest^resid.nt [,i.s-kr-lr-ri,ii"ll"iirir=piint of re.lease] were total_body,0.0004 millirem;.bone, 0.01-;iiii;;;']r;n,';.irr'iiriilllli".ra kidney, 0.003 miltirem.The maximum dose com,ritrnenti-to the poi..li.r niarest resioent-ti.i km (l mire) from point of6:J;';;i,ffi.totar-bodv, o.orjs ,iiri';;';;;";-0:i5;i;ii;il; i,l;1, r.8 miilirem; and-kjdney,
5.1.3 Larqe releases
Incidents that might release large quantities.of radioactive materials to the environrnent com-pared with annuar reieases from;"fii;;;;;lion, i..-IJ,i;i;"ffi"i; this section. By virtue orcomplex and hishlv variable aisp."iii, I[Ira'cterrstrir,-ii6"irli, iiie indrviduar impalts wirr notnecessarilv be proportional to the-tot.i"irirnt oi "iiioiliiriii i.r..r"d ro the environment.
5.1.3.1 Tornado
The probability of occurrence of a tornado in.the Io square in which the t{hite Mesa mil.l isr.cated is nesliqible. using ctoieii'iriir.ilr. aata,-i[I';"#.;i'i;iy is approxinatery B x ]0-sper vear. / The area is catelorizeo us-r"gion j,in-",iriiirI'#;;;; intensitys [i.e. ,- for a"typical" tornado. *," rinJ-ipie;lr-38i=iliii" (zsg,p[iiii Ji'ir,il,305 km/hr (leo mph/hr) isi:Til;lil,:,: I:"Illl,.lr:rliillll,:i i"iii!i'.ti",ir jr ., iiii""or"[i!, ,iii ir,"iiitJ.JI .[,i",ign.a
The nature of the milling operation is such that.lfttle nore could be done to secure the facilitywith advance warnino ilrai cbuta-Ue aone-wiitrout,it. Accordlngly, a-,,no_warning,, tornado waspostulated' l[oreovir' ueciuse-it-ii-.ot"ii.'!iur. to.accurateiy predict the total arpunt of,,aterial dispersed uv-$re-iornaaJ,'i iiiirriy'ionservat.ive approicir was adopted. Because the
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yellow cake product has the highest specific activity of any material handled at the mill and as
much as 45 Mi of produit may bE accumulated prior to shipment, it is assumed that the tornado
lifts 4550 k9 (.l0,031 Ib) of yellow cake-
Aconservativemode],whichassumesthatalloftheyel]owcakeisinrespirableform,.wasusedfor the dispers.ion unuiytii.e The model assumes that all of the noterial is entrained in the
tornado as ihe vortex pisses over the site. Upon reaching the site boundary, the vortex
dissipates, leaving u roirr. source to be dispersed by the trailing winds of the storm. The
maierjal .ii assumei to exist as a volume source representative of the velocities of the tornado,
una it disperses through an arc of 45o. Due to the small particle sizes postulated, the
settling vetocity is assumed to be negligible.
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The model predicts a maximum exposure at a
mill, where the 50-year dose conmitmnt to
approximate ly I . l x- l 0- 7 rem. The SO-year
plotted in Fig. 5.1.
distance of approximately 4 km (2.5 miles) from the
the lungs of an individual is estimated to be
lung doie cormitment as a function of distance is
lO5 lO4 rO! lO2
OTSTAiCE (D.rrd)
Fig, 5.1. Tornado darage: So-year dose commitment to Iungs.
5.1.3.2 Tailings dam failure
Because of the nnrltiple cell design (Sect. 3.2.4.7; Fig. 3.4), the tailings retention embankment
desiqn (in accordance with Regulatory Guide 3.lI), the short period-of cell use, and.the
io, f,"u,j i.g-, (gO ft)1, a laige relLase of tailings and tailings fluid is not credible. Small
releases would be retained by downstream catctment ponds.
5.? NONRADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS
The potentiat for environmental effects from accidents involving nonradioactlve materials at
tne inite l,lesa mill is small. Failure of a boiler supp'lylng process steam cou'ld release
lov-pressure steam to the room, possibly causing minor iniuries to vrorkers, but uould not
inroire-ine release of chemicais'or radioactive-materials to the environment. Forced-air
vCnii'lation systems are provided in several stages of.the process to dilute the chemical
,ipo"s-eriitei ana p-ieit the workers fronr the-hazardous irmes. Failure of these ventilation
sv'siems-mioht resu'lt in the interim collection of these vapors ln the buildlng air. Such a
;;ii;; mi6nt aftect indlvidual plant employees but rould have no persistent effect on the
env i ronment.
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:ii;H:1,:l'i! !i!i!::iit,lni,iitlt'!:,tT,:i^til:"ii,,il;.;i:l;.i:i.u::l;;li,i:i;f;",.,,
Ikrr;ll I?i,'i{#li?r spills' Spillase in the milt wiri-ue-wain.o aorn and pumped bici'
Ihe only chemical-th3t might seriously.affect the_environment is anmonia. A break in theorterndl piping of the anhydrous arrnonia tank would not-reiuit'in-a.eleuse, because, upon aj.op.in p"esslf!:1n 9r..ss flow vaive would.auromatically-ifor"l ihus preventing any Ioss.The Iine carrylng arrnonia to.the storage-tank from tne tank t.uii possiLly.could"be i.rpiu.ea,in which case the release rate would be limited to tOO g/i..-oi-ifr! vapop.,, Beyond a dis_iance of.l0 km (6 miies), the-resulting concentratton w6lia ue uei'ow ttre 600 r,g/mj short-termajr quality,standard.derived from State of Colorado ".!ri.iions,-ite ,r,ost restr.ictive currentiegulation.tt. Beyond_a distance of 700 m (2300 ftl f.6, tt"'riit,'.or..ntrations of ammcniafr6m.the.accident would be less.than the 4d,0oo.rsir, n;.jei io'pioar.. a detectab.le odor and*ould not be noticeable by offsite residenti;.theie conceniiaiioii-wourd pose no health riskbecause thev.would be less than the se,ooo-rs7ma iirit i;;-;;Jirlig.a human exposure.r2Thus, thl,released armonia would not be notiied by offsite;.;i;;;, and would pose no healthrlsk to the environment.
Ihe solvent extraction and dryer units in the vanadium circujt will be similar to thecorresponding units in the uranium circuit wlth respect to-ii.."ina explosion potent.ial(Sect. 5.1)' Vanadium pentoxide (VzOs) andfor orqanic complexes cf vanadium would beieteased as would-very minor amounti oi inol.irr-zjo i.a-rrS.ilirl *ii.r, may also be presentin the organic solvent. Thorough washing of contaminatea a"eii'*ortd minimize the riskto mill emplovees. The general-public srroura reieir;-;-ri;;;;ililt neattn effects fromaccidents in the vanadium circuit.
5.3 TMNSPORTATION ACcIDENTS
Iransportation of materials to and from the mill.can be broken down into three categories:(1) shipments of ore from-the mine to the mil.i, tii tlipierii"oi"l.rin.a yellow cake from themill to the uranium hexafluoride conversion r.iiiiif, ifia-iii lr,ipi.nts of process chemicalsfrom suppliers to the mill. An accident for each oi'these.it.goli.s has been postulatedand analyzed. The results are given in tne roiiowi;s-;;;;r;;;;;."'
5.3.1 Shipments of vellow cake
illlil'dlli!;.i;l'.il':t!l,ii,3i'it'+lt,$:liT:",11 ?i;niJ;",i-;lii.3ixu'ri3,3lfl,ll,l,ii3:i,,and l0 cFR Part 7l)' It is shipped uv i.u[[ an.average of-2100 rr-irsoo miles) to a conversionplant' which transforms-ttre veti6r-ci[e-i6-u"aniur-r,"iiriroiii. ior ure enrichnent step of thelight-water-reactor fuel cvcie. an-ire.iie-iruct shipment-iliri;; lpproximately 45 drums,or 16 MT (17'5 tons). of villow.il'"l'-bliIo upon the'wr,ii.-i"ii'mitr capacrty of 618.200 HT(680'000 tons) of ore annuallv.na i-v.rio*-.ai.e yieia'oi-izi-xi itiio tonrl, an averase ofapproximately 48 such shipmenis u"e "iqrirea-annriiiv.
v! "s ", \er
From published accident.statistics,l3rlr+ 36. plobgbility of a truck accident is in the range of1.0 x 10-6 to 1.6 x to-5 per iiiomiter (r.ij'x'ro:;-ii'ilo-, ioib"ilr mire). Truck accidenistatistics include three categories or iriiri. i..rieniil ^.iiritilir, noncollision, and otherevent' collisions involve. inleraciions-oi'in" t"unrl;;i-r.;i;i;-*iin o4,." objects, whethermoving vehicles or fixed.obiecis.--Ninioiiiiiins-are accidents in which the transfort vehiclereaves the transport path oi deviates iiom n,iilt or.;;ii;"i; ioni"ruy, such as by rollins,ver on its top or side. Accidents ctasilrila-as ;il;;-;;;.i; ii.iro. personar inJuriessurtered on the vehicle, records or perioni iiriiri-irir-ii"i.ii|'it"own against a standrnqvehicle, cases of stolen vehictes, aia ii.It'o..rr.lng on a standing vehicle. rhe Iikelih6od
5-o
of a truck Ehipment of yel1ow cake from the mill being involved in an accident of any typeduring a one-year period is approximately 0.i3.
The ability of the materials and structures in the shipping package to resist the combinedphysical forces arising from impact, puncture, crushing, vjbration, and fire depends on themagnitude of the forces. These magnitudes vary with the severity of the accident, as doesthe frequency with Lhich they occur, A generalized evaluation ol accident risks by NRCclassified accidents into eight categories, depending upon the combined stresses of impact,puncture, crushing, and fire.I5 0n the basis of this classification scheme, conditionilprobabilitles (i.e., given an accident, the probabilities that the accident is of a certainmagnitude) of the occurrence of the eight accident severities were developed. Thesefractional probabilities of occurrence for truck accidents are given in Column 2 of Table 5..l.To assess the risk of a transportation accident, the fraction oi radioactive material releasedin an accidelt 9f q given severity must be known. Two models are postulated for thisanalysis, and the fractional releases for each model are shown in bolumns 3 and 4 of Table 5..l.Model I assumes complete loss of the drum contents; Model It, based upon actual tests, assumespartial loss of the drum-contents. The packaging is assumed to Ue tyie A drums containinglow specific,activity (LSA).radioactive materials. Considering the fractional occurrence andthe release fractions (loss) for Model I and Model II, the expicted fractional release inany given accident is approximately 0.45 and 0.03 respectively.
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TeUr 5.1. Fr-tiond probrtilitiu ofEur.nc. and corcrponding prkaea ?al.a
frrrioru fu crh ol tlrr rdrrr moddt ror LSA
nd tyF A c$tdmn irolvrd
in tuct rcid.na
Aeident Fractional
severity occurrencc Modcl I Model ll
category ot accident
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0.55 00.35 r.00.07 r.00.016 r.00.0028 1.0
0.00r I r.08.5E-5 r.0r.5E-5 1.0
Sorce: U.S. Nuclear Requlatory Commis.
sion, Final Environmqrtal Statem',1.t on tl?€
Transponatiott of Radiostivc Materiab by Air
utd Othcr Modds, Rcaut NUREG-0170, of-
fice of Standard3 Oevelopment. Fcbruary 1977
(draft).
lilodel I and ltlodel tI estimate the quantity of yellow cake released to the atmosphere in theevent of a truck accident to be about 7400 kg (]6,200 lb) and 500 kg (1100 lb) respectively.I'lost of the yellow cake released from the container would be deposiled directiy on'the groundin the irnndiate vicinity of the accident. Sorne fraction of the released material, howiver,
would be dispersed to the atmosphere. Expressions for the dispersal of similar material tothe environment based on several years of actual laboratory and field measurements have beendeveloped.Iq The following empirlcal expresslon was derivld for the dispersal of the materialto the environment via the air following an accldent involving a release from the container:
f = 0.001 + (4.6 x 10-q)[l - exp(-0.Isrrr)]rar.78 ,
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where
i . tne fractional airborne release,
. y = the w.ind speed at 15.2 m (50 ft) expressed in m/sec,
; = the duration of the release, in hours.
ln this,exprer:io?: !h. first term represents the. initial ,'puff,, inrnediatery airborne whenrhe contatner rs rn an accident. Assumino that the winO splea is S mlsei-iiO-ripfri ula"tr,.tit hr are available for the release, the invironm.ntii ."iliil iiaction is estimated io be6 x l0-j. If insotubre uranium (ari pirticres or *r,i.n;;;-;;;lQ..espirabre size ranse)i. assumed and a p6pt'l6tion density oi l60-people p"" iqru".'rii. (*r,i.n is characteristic otihe eastern united states) is supposed,l5 the conrirqr.nJei'Jr"'i'irr.r, accident involving aihioment of yellow cake from the;ill would be. SOlv...-jole lo*itr.nt* to the oeneraiioputatio' of approximately l3 and 0.9 rin-"ers to t-rre lunts-rJi"r.roaets I and II iespectively.
In a recent accident (september 1977), a.015!.i11^truck-carrying.50 steer drums of uraniumconcentrate overturned and spilted an est.imated 6800 fs (r5,006 i'61-ir-Ji,,...iiui."on"li"oround and in the truck trailer. Approximiteiy a-h; iiti"-i#i.cident, the material wasiovered with plastic to prevent furiirer..ie.." to tne atnosptrere. using the above formulaand values of wind speed for a fractional-.i.oo.ri";;i.;;.";#"L[i, :-nr-ar.ution of ielease,6pproximatelv 56 k9 (r23 rb) of uaOn *orld-hure oi.n-".i.ir.i'to"tn" atmosphere. Theconseguence of this accident wourd 5e a 50-year aose co,,rniiiini-to tne general popurationof ll man-rems for a population density or ioo p..ii.-ili"'tqlui.'iir.. The consequence forthe accidenr area, where the populatioi, aenriiv'ii'.ltli.t.i"il"u. z.l3 peopre per squaremile, would be a 50-vear dose'cormitment oi'0.i46 il;:r;,-*r'i.rr-.un be compared to a So-yearintegrated lung dose of l9 man-rems rrom ihe natural u.ir6"o*ii.'-
The applicant will submit to the NRC an emergency-action plan for yeilow cake transportationaccidents' This emergency-action plan is inienula-[o i.r["."tnii personnel, equiprnent, andmaterials are availabie to contain'anJ iicontarirate the accident area.
5.3.2 Shipments of ore to th" ,ilI
Hanksville and Blanding are.ore.buying stations servl.cing small- and intermediate-sized minesthroughout southeastern utah and t6rifi*.ilern coio"iao."'ail;;" ir tne smatt sizes of themines' shipments of ore.will be-sporadii;-iie"erore, il," ir""igi lr,ipping distance for theore will vary throusho:t.:f-lili'or-ir,"'p.oj.it. -ir,i lp;i;;;il iitir.te. the radii of theHanksvi'e and Blanding buying station seivice areas to be 160 km (too mites) and 20.r km(125 miles) respectiveiv' "ffi ;ii;;;.;';;'il"-iirrtJiriE liltiln'rlr be shipped an additionarle3 km (120 mires) to tie mirt;t Bi;;;r;. e.r.d or'p;;j.;il;,;;p.cities of the trlo orebuvins stations, approximatery 2sz-oi irre'iotar ;;.-;"i;;;;;iir"iluro be supplied by theHanksviile station. 0n-this 6asis irre-oi. iirr o.-rrtil;;;;";"llse.or zse km (r60-mires).This value is an uooer.limit beiiuse';o;;-.; tn.-irn"s'iiir'["i!ii within the service areas.To detiver 6lB.2oo'Nr (oeo,ooo-;;;;) ;';";'in_t"ucks with a 30_ton22,670 trips per vear. or a totar oi i.ai i io.-r"iiiri_i,i is]i!"l"rE..ri:lff,:3;]i.f:rrf:"the accident probability cited in ir,"-pl"rious secilon, f.o.i'io_e to 1.6 x. l0_6 accidents perkilometer ('l.o x to-s to_ z.a-i id-;';J'ili;), acciden[s inrorring ore trucks woutd occur atthe rate or 7-6 per vear. .Howev.", ["iuri.-;i il i;;-;#;;i;'llt,ri., or the ore and thei;:irli}?.:l;ch the contaminant.un u.-rJiirid, u,. radibrosicar-impact is considered to be
5.3.3 Shipments of chemicals to the mill
iiffidI?l"l::,?l iln]dlffi,?lHll."ffi:l;#ir,, ir invorved in a severe.accident, could
illfi?i:itylie'*ii,ei lll!,il1::i1i;:::T?lir,(lHi::) ,t3t:,Irrn,:,l,ll,i:i;r::i.f'
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Doses integrated over a 50-year conmitment fol.lowing exposure.
:J
The annual U.S. production of anhydrous anrnonia shipped in that form is approximately
6.9 x 106 HT (7.b x 106 tons). A6out ?6% of lhe shipments are made by truck.(the remainder by
rail, pipeline, and barge). If the average truck shipment is 19 MI (21 tons), the approximately
93,000 truck shipments of anhydrous anmonia are made annually. According to accident data
coilected by the Department oi Transportation, there are about .l40 accidents per year
involving truck shipments of anhydrous anrmonia. For an estimated average,shipping distance
of 560 km (350 miles), the resulting accident frequency is roughly 2.7 x lO-b per kilometer
(4.3 x 10-6 per mile). Data from the Department of Transportation also reveal that a
re'lease of anrnonia [an average of 770 kg (1700 1b)], occurred in approximately 80i of the
reported incidents and that an injury to the general public occurred in roughly 15% of the
reported incidents that involved a release (rpst of the injuries were sustained by the driver).
Utilizing these data, the probability of an injury to the general public.resulting-from an
average ihipment of anhydrous armonia is roughly 3 x 10-7 per kilometer (4.8 x I0-7 per mile).
This estimate is probably too high for shipments near the llhite tlesa mill because of the
relatively Iow population density. Nevertheless, if this estimate is used, the likelihood of
an injury to the general public resulting from shipments of armonia to the mill is predicted to
be roughly .l.6 x l0-r per year.
Sulfuric acid shipments to the White lilesa mill will amount to about eight truck loads per day.
Tentative plans are to ship acid into Moab or Thompson, Utah, by rail; the acid will then be
loaded into specifically designed tank trucks for transportation to the }lhite Hesa mill. lvloab
is about .l30 km (80 miles) from the site. Using statistical data from Sect. 5.3.2' less than
0.1 accident per year should be observed. Because sulfuric acid is not volatile, the risk to
the general public is no greater than that from other collisions.
Amine shipments lrill be made by truck into the White Mesa mill. 0nly one truck load about
every 45 days will be required, and the risk of injury to the general public should be no greater
than 8 x lO-q per year. Transport of all such connndities will be in accordance with all
applicable State and Federal ru'les and regulations.
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5-9
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5
I' R' E' Moore, The Ar.?-DOS-r: ccrvuter Cocie,.for.-Estinating Rad.iation Dose to Man fotAirbo*e Radionucli,res in Area's sir.)nding Nueleaz, Fok'i;;;"", Report 0RNL_5245,0ak Ridge Nationat Laboratoryl-0;-k i;;g., Tenn., 1977.
2. "Reconnendations of the International corrunission on Radiorogicar protection, Report ofConnnittee II on permissiute oose ior'lnternii niai.ti..,y,"uZalth rhys. 3: l_380 (1960).3' J!*inl'i,l,3l'H3,;?,:il:,',il:ll::,,;:iii'.,i;:: iyi;i.ti3luT:0.,, for rnterna, Dosimetry
4' 2'r"ir:";i::r";iili'l;Z;L 'lliSlioil,fl:it*Al.[Ji,i,ilfl.cormission, Enuirownentai swoey
5' Battelle Northwest Laboratories, conside,atione in the Assessn9nt of the consequenees of',fJJiX;i:",n1^yi"nlf.*0" r"ii'riliZ"t;on -ii*,1i,-[.plii'iilwr-r6e7,
Richrand,
G. Directorate of Li-censing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, p?oposed Finat tnuirorunentalstatenent' Liquid ttetal Fast areedir-n)acti:" piii"*,-iiipliiuwnsH-r535, Decembe r r9r4.7. H. C. S. Thom, "Tornado probabirities,,, Mon.
',eather Reu. g1: 730_737 (1963).8' E' H' Markee' J"'.l.lld-J. G' Beckerley, Technieal Basis for rnte?in Regiottzl Tornadocz,iter;-a, Report WASH_lSOO, u.i.'ntoiii .n."gy Cormission, May I970.9' F' C' Kornegay' Ed'-' condensed. proceedinls.o! lhe synposiwn on the Dispc-nsion ofi1;i::i::i"YX:i";,r', iii\?:;!?:ii:i;;,i. ** at aosbine'iiirz,nt uro,.Lto,s,.aio,,",
10. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory. Cormission, Firnl Enuiz,ortrnental StatenBear Creek Project, Do;ket No:-40-dliii June 1977. ent Related to operation of
'll. Colorado Air pollution,Control Conmission,^,,Regulation to Control the Emissions ofchemicar substances ana nnysiiai-A;;;;r,,,.R"e;i;ii;;'iio."a,".it..tive May .r, .r924.
12. F. A, Patty, Industyial Hggiene and Toricology., Zd ed., rev., vol . II , Tocieolon-David r,t. Fassett and Dan i;i;i;, Ej;.;"iit.rs..ter.., New york. 1963.l3' Directorate of Regulatory standards, u's. Atomic,Elergy conmission, Enuirorunental sw,uey3[rxoz"ri;iation of a"at"i"tr.i'i"i,ilit" to o,ra 7*i ,i,i.i' pto,t", Report HASH_r2:8,
l4' Battelle Northwest.Laboratories, An Asaesanent of ilte Riek of ?ranspontinq plutoniun'oir;*r"Tgrt:quid Plutoni*, ntliii'ol-i:,"*,,, nepi,ri'Iniiilisit,'ni.hr.rd, r,rashinston,
l5' U'S' Nuclear Reoulatory conmisslon, Einal Ehuitorunental statenent on ?mnspottation ofRadioaetiue uatz?iala Lv ;;;';;';inzi'Tla.,, n;t;;;-NJ#fr6Ti"0, ,"a"urrr 1e77 (drart).15' Yii;.tu".., of the census, statistical Abetract of ttw united. statee: 19z6, gTrh ed.,
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6. I.IONIIORING PROGMMS
6.1 AIR QUpLITY
oirticulate matter, measured by dustfall samplers, and sulfation rates, measured by lead
ajoxiae plates, were monltored at four locations on the project site for one year beginning in
i^rch1977. Beginning in October 1977, total suspended particulates were measured for five
,lntt,r ut one location by a hlgh-volume air sampler. The ore buying station located on the
pio:..t site (Fig. 2.10) began operatlon in May 1977.
an estimate of S02 concentrations (ppm) was obtained by multiplying sulfation plate data
iriltig.u*t per I00 cm2 per day) by 0.03.2 In addition to the onsite monitoring, the Utah
i,,reau of Air Quality operates a monitoring station for suspended particulates and sulfur
iioxlOe approximately 106 km (66 miles) to the southwest, at Bull Frog Marina. The applicant
*iif U. required to conduct a monitoring program to collect onsite meteorological data, e.g.,
nind speed and direction at one hour intervals, the results of which will aid in the determina-
tion of conpliance with 40 CFR Part 190.
The applicant did not present an operatlonal monltoring program for nonradiological air
ouality. Because no significant impacts to air quality due to operation of the facility are
expected (Sect. 4.1), the staff does not reconrnend an operational rnonitoring program for air
qual i tY '
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6,? LAND RESOURCES AND RECLAMATION
6.?.1 Lq!!-8e!9!I9e:
6.2.1 .1 Land
The applicant acquired'land-use data from published reports (ER, Sect. l3), discussions with
personnel of various Federal, State, and local offices, and onsite visits. The staff would
condition the license to require the licensee to conduct and document a land use survey on an
annual basis.
6.2.1.2 Historical, Scenlc and Archeoloqical Resources
Ihe existing condition of the site was determlned as described in Sect. 2.5.2. Additional
ronitoring, will be performed as described in Sect. 4.2.2.
6.2.2 Reclamation
Reclamation plans are in accordance wlth the regulations of the Utah Div'ision of Oil, Gas and
mining.I'2 The vegetation on reclaimed areas w'ill be rmnitored and maintained until stand estab-
iishrnent and perpetuatlon is assured.2 In accordance with the State of Utah 0ivision of 0il,
Gas, and Mining(Reclamation Regulation, RuIe M-10), the revegetation will be deennd accomplished
and successful when the specles
L have achieved a surface cover of at least 70% of the representative vegetative conmunities
surrrunding the operation (vegetation cover'levels shall be determined by the operator
using professiona'lly accePted inventory methods approved by the Division),
?. have survived for at least three growlng seasons,
3, are evenly distributed, and
4. are not supported by irrlgatlon or continuing soil amendrnents.3
In addltion, the applicant states that aerial photographs will be taken every third year tonpnitor the progress of reclamatlon efforts.2
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The staff feels that the applicant's revegetatio-n procedures and monitoring programs areadequate to ensure successful reclamation] surticleni-ra.o.or"rrrt be maintained by theapplicant to furn'ish.evidenie oi.orpirirce with iri;;;i;;;;s'.'' rne appticant wirr rire aperformance bond with the state or uiarr-to.nrr..-p..iiil;;;';; Iand rectamation.q
6.3 WATER
6. 3. I Surface water
Quarteriy monitorino of surface-water quality wlll continue throughout the life of the project.Sample locations ari described tn-iiorJ-z.ir-ana iii. i.;;'.il'ite cnemical and physicalparameters to be measured are given in Table z.zo. "seiiu;.-;; iir" temporary nature of many ofthe watercourses in the site vicinity, li-is recommended that the applicant take advantage ofseasonal rainfall and snowmeit in sc-heduling tne colleiiion-or-*it." sampies.
6,3.2 Groundwater
The applicant has supptied chemical constituent data for;amples from each of two abandonedstock wells on the oroject site. water from these-welis loofi'iro G7R on F,g. 2.5), comp]etedjn the Dakota Sanasione, is-or poo"-qririti. Total dis;oi;.j roiio, are in-excesi'oi iooo ppr,which woutd have adverse effects o, ,iirv ii.ops.. Total iririi.-ii in excess oi-iioo-pp, comparedwith an acceptable varue of 250 ppq; Jiisoirba iron is i;;;;;r;'oi"3-;;;";;pu;#"ri[h..acceptable value of 0'05 ppm; ani'ttiaa ii-in ercess or o.rz ppm-compared with an acceptable;ilXi,?:3;3u.lt:s 0ata irom local ip"inst indicate *rii-t[! *atei. is suitauie io.-iiocr una
Additional sampling in accordance with Table^6.1 will be required. ouring operation, the app1icantwill be required to monitor the groundwater frorn wetts-insia'iiea'ano located as specified inthe Source Material License to d;tect potenti.al 9"orno*ui."-coiiaminatlon (as discussed insect' 4'3'2'2) until reclamation-is completed. ih;-;ilii;;.i-ii-urro required to submit a p)anto mitigate such contamination if observed.
6.4 SOILS
During September 1977, an existing soil survey of the site was field-verified by a retiredusDA soil conservation.service scientist, and-a soil-til.ntirl ioi gr. applicant,s consulrant(ER, sect. 6.1.4-l). At.least on"-ioii-i"oiir" io..;;h'r;il;r;-un.it was rocated and sampred.Soil analyses for potential uses in reclinntion operations iicr,]oea contents and characteristicssuch as texture' water-hoiding capacity, siiuratibn p..i..tigi,-ix, rir. percentage, gypsum,electrical conductivity, exchingeibl" i,jaim percentige, soOium iOsorption ratio, organiccarbon, cation exchanqe capacity, uoron, selehi;-;il";iuii;ri" iiorpn.tes, potassium, andnitrate/nirrogen (ER,-sect. o.ri,i.ii.-' -''
5.5 B IOTA
6.5.1 Terestrial
PIant conmunities at the project sJte were mapped by aerial photographs and field verification(ER, sect' 6'l'4.3). $s:lllllt on irte-tit..vras surveyed during the spring and sunner of l9t7(Fig. 6.1). Five 1.0-m2 quadrats were placed "r""v io"r-uio"s'io6i transects. The numberof transects varied depending upon tne ilie ano troingeniiti-;i ih; conmrniii.-'rne'tarier anamore diverse communities.had-the greatest number of ["arre'.ti. -iiecies collected were ten-tativelv identified in the fieid ind later vertfied it-ini-i6irv fiuntain Herbarium of theuniversitv of l{yoming. The denslty of each species ris Jete-ii"o-uy iorntin!-ine nuroei'otindividual plants in each quadrat.--The percentage of cover-tor ei.i.;ril;iti -ii "itirit.avisually within each quadrat, and atl quioriis wEre then su[rnea ina d.ivided by the totalnumber of quadrats to reach a mean perienllse or cover foi-ih.-.rti.e conmunity. productionstudies were also conducted. during the 1977-growlng.season (lprii-through i.piiro."l-ini-expressed as kilograms per hectare (pounds p6" acrE).--ih;;ffi;; ir i.d-ri-li.pi.i'tii"n ineach conmunity on the site to.measure productlon v.rteo i_r-i'-io io, aepenoing.rpon-iiil"ri..and homogeneity of the conmunity.
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i -6ncus of birds was taken in February, May, late June, and Octbber by roadside counts (ER,
Lli.-i.S-:) and a walked-transect count (Fig.5.i). For the roadside count, all birds were
lliii"i'*iitin a 0.4-km (1/4-mile) radius'ev6ry 0.8 km (l/2 mile) along the transect. The
llli.iae count is an adequate method for determining the composition and abundance of birds.
ill"*uif.a-t.ansect counts, described by Emlen,6 are useful for estimating densities'in specific
r,uiitutt. Raptor nests were investigated by visiting possible nesting sites.
nrre o0 b1g game were based on signs (scat, tracks, etc), direct observation, and information
]l."riea by the Utah Division of l,lildlife Resources (ER, Sect. 6.1.4.3). Livestock infornntion
l,l!'outajned from the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Rabbits and hares were counted along two
Il.aiio. transects on two consecutive evenings each season (ER, plate 2.8-3). A census of small
-ll-rfr r{as taken at three trap grids placed on the site for each of three consecutive nights'i'i nrqust and 0ctober 1977. Each grid consisted of l2 rows and l2 columns of traps spaced l5 m
iiq iil apart for a total of 144 traps. Sherman live traps were used in the study and all
)"iot *... checked each morning and night. The captured animals lrere eartagged and released tojliimate the population through a standard capture/recapture method.T However, not enough
l.i*fs were captured to make a meaningful population estimate (ER, Sect. 6..l.4.3). In addition
in tne qrids, two traps lines consisting of 20 to 26 traps each were placed in p'inyon-juniper
anO tamirist<-salix habitats to determine relative abundance, diversity and distribution of
imall mammals (Fig. 6'l )'
Although potentially harmful amounts of radionuclides and other contaminants in the tailings
imooundment are not expected to result in any significant impacts to wildlife, the actual
extent of this impact cannot be quantified (Sect. 4.6.1). Therefore, the staff will require
that the applicant monitor the use of the impoundment by wildlife in conjunction with the
o.oq.u, to monitor the tailings discharge system (Sect.3.2-4.7). The monitoring plan should
be iubmitted to the Utah Division of l,lildlife Resources for their evaluation and approval.g.curt. surface water is Iimited in the area, daily monitoring would be especially important
during the fall and spring migration periods of waterfowl and shorebirds. The data should
be submitted to the Utah Division of l,.lildlife Resources and the NRC on a yearly basis for
evaluation to determine if there is a need for additional nonitoring.
6.5.? Aquatic
Because of the Iack of aquatic habitat (Sect. 2.6.1.1), subsequent paucity of aquatic biota
(Sect.2.9.2), and the'low probability that the.aquatic habitat could be significantly
impacted by mill construction and/or operation (Sect. 4.6.?), an extensive, long-term aguatic
biota monitoring program is not considered necessary by the staff. However, because the Ioca),
ephemeral streams (Corral Creek, t,lestwater Creek, and Cottonwood l,lash) have not been sampled
for aquatic biota during times of water f1ow, the staff will require the applicant to undertake
a biotic survey of these environments under appropriate conditions to characterize any temporal
aquatic biota, if the groundwater monitoring program indicates levels of potential contaminants
are increasing.
6.6 RADIOLOGICAL
6.6..l Preoperational program
A preoperational, radiological monitoring program is being developed at the proposed lJhite
Mesa mill site to establish the baseline radiation levels and concentrations of radioactive
materials occurring in air, biota, and soil, as well as in regional surface water and local
groundwater. The sampling program, begun in July 1977, is ongoing, and results are incomplete.
The preoperationa'l rnonitoring program wil l conform to that recormended by the NRC and shown in
Table 5.'l .
6.6,2 0perational effluent and environmental monitoring proqram
The objectives of the effluent monitoring program are to ensure that the proposed mill discharges
are as low as reasonably achievable, to develop criteria that can be used in the design of
new operational procedures, and to ald in the interpretation of the results of such other studies
as the environmental monitoring program. The procedures for controlling effluent release andperforming monitoring and surveys will conform to applicable U,S. Governrnnt regulations. The
program that will be implenrented (Table 6.2) wil'l consist of measuremnts of radioactivity in
the air, surface water and groundwater, soil, and biota.
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5-6
Fig. 6.1. Sampl ing locationsthe I{hite l,lesa project. Source:
for terrestrial ecological characteristicsER. Plate 2.8-l-
ES-4599
of ln the vicinity
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REFERENCES FOR STCTION 6
A. P. Plurmer, D. R. christensen, and s. B. Honsen, Festoting Big-cane Range in L,tah,utah Division of Fish and 6ame, publication Ho. oejll-iaii"Gi."[itv, I968.
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Responses to Comments from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatorycommission, June 7, '1978, white Mesa Uranium project enri.onr.iiui Report,,, Denver,lrno 2Q I C7A
State of Utah, 0ivision of 0il, Gas, and Mining, ,'Changes and Adoptions to the GeneralRules and Regulations," adopted by the Board oi 0il, eis, i.J Mi;lng on March zz,1979;effective June l, I978.
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Responses to comments Telecopied from NRC to Energy FueisNuclear, Sept. 25, 1978," 0ct. 4, 1978.
0ffice of Water and Hazardous Materials, IJSEPA, e,Lality ct"iteria for vatet, lashington,D.c., 1976.
J. T. Emlen' "Population Densities of Birds Derfved from Transects Counts," Auk Bgt3?3-342 (1e7r ).
R' L' smith' Ecology anc pierd Biology, zd ed., Harper and Row, New york, 1974.
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7. UNAVOIDABLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
7,1 AIR QUALITY
an unavoidable impact of construction and ooeration of the mill facility uould be a slightircrease in particulate matter and ambient ioncentratiorr-or gur.li, .r,..ronr. Because theroncentration of these pollutants would be below the Federil ina'ii.t.-uir. quality standards,iire staff feels that they will not significintry.ont.iuri.'tr"in"'iecline of the regional airqua I i tY'
/,2 LAND USE
7.2.1 Land resources
7 .2.1 .1 Nonagricu l tural
Area land uses will change as a result of the population-growth that nould be induced by theproposed mill and any related mining aciivities. possibr6 iJrl"i.-irp.cts are those whichwould result from increased traffic on tne trlinways.
7.2.1 .2 Agricuttural
construction and ooeration of the mill wourd resurt in an unavoidabre Ioss of nearry lg5 ha(484 acres) of potentiar qririnq-iini. "roiio*ing p"oj"i[ i;;;;;;ll.r, about 70x of this totararea [approximately l35.ha (333 acres)] would.be-occrii.J uy ilre-rectained tailings impoundmentarea and would be considered permanenliy .o*iii.a-to'iiiti'rgi"ii.pori.i.--riir'ii:Ji J,l'6ii u.available for grazing after it has been released from its rtiiri il a restricted area. Theremaining land wouid be recrained to permit unrestricted use. -- --
7.2.2 Historical and archaeologica.l resources
If the program of mitiqation outlined in sect- 4.?.2 is followed (avoidance of sites when oossible,full excavation of thoie wtrictr cannoi u" iriiaea,-ira p".ii.il5l Ji po."n,ial or currentryunidentified sites), adverse ;rpi.t, -rt,ouij"be
minimized.
7.3 }IATER
7.3.,l Surface water
Erosion of disturbed soils during construction and operatlon would minimally impact the localstreams and oniv durinq-heavv'..;osi;;:;;;ir.i.g .uiIi.ri.-"HJ-i*irerse impacts due to mi,_siterun.ff are expected, oicause ltris.unoti -iii u" irporna"o or-tn.'iiil site during operations.flo adverse impacts on surface water-iiuseJ'by^groundwater transport of tailings naterial areexpected. 0verail' no adverse rrpucii-[o-s;irace waters are expected.
7.3.2 Groundwater
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7-1
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7.4 SOILS
Construction and operation of the mill facility would disturb about l!5 ha (484 acres). Topsojlwill be removed from the construction areas and stockpiled for replacement upon termination ofoperations. However, a temporary decrease in natural soil productivity is probable (Sect.4.5).
Some soil will be unavoidably lost, primarily from wind erosion, but proper mjtigauing measures(Sect. 4.5) would minimize this impact. Reclamation laws require successful establishment of asoil medjum that would be capable of sustajning vegetation wjthout irrigation or continuing soil
amendments (Sect. 3.3.2). Long-term impacts to the soil are not expected to be significant.
7,5 BIOTA
7.5.1 Terrestrial
The proposed project would result in a temporary unavoidable loss of about 195 ha (484 acres)of vegetation and a concomitant loss of wildlife (Sect. 4.6.1), Although some vegetation andwjldlife loss would be unavoidable, such loss should not result in any long-term adverse
impacts.
7 .5.2 Aquatic
The impact on limited available aquatic habitat due to mill construction or operatjon isprojected as insignificant (Sect. 4.6.2 and 7.3.1). No adverse impacts on aquatic biota areexpected.
7,6 RADIOLOGICAL
Radioactive emissions fron transportation, storage, and milling of the ore would increase thelevel of radioactivity in the surface environment.
7.7 SoCT0EC0N0MIC
The. infusion of people into the locai area would strain certain public services and the housingmarket, unless these areas are expanded rapidly. Both old and ner residents would be affected.
The present consumer prices for goods and services in the area of the site would be stimulatedby the project. A rising cost of iiving primarily affects original residents who have notincreased their inccrne at the same rate as energy-develognent iorkers.
The general inconvenience caused by expansion to meet the needs of the new residents - suchas construction ectivities, temporary buildings, and decline in services - can rarely beavoided in large projects such as uranium mill construction. The staff expects that such'inconveniences will affect many in the area of the l{hite Mesa Uranium Project but that theseeffects cannot be avoided.
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8. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN So*ol.ol\.-r!3[';ffi5UrY?iir0F THE ENVIR0NMENT
8.1 THE ENvIRONMENT
A.1.1 Air quality
fts short-term increases in suspended particulates-during plant construction and the increasesin suspended particulates-ana chemical'*iiiion. associaie[ ,,itt'riil operation are expectedto have no impact on the long-term qualiiy-or tn. atrorpt,"re'in"th"..9,on.
9.1.2 Land use
The rand on which the milr is rocated.orrd b:..lglurned,to its present state and capacity by|!il'?::';l.if;ll'JlJi,];.,Jie,tairinss u'"i, [o*"r"r, under preslni-"egurations may be univair-
Hhile uranium millinq is a short-term activity, a.mill tailings disposal site will constitute apermanent disturbance of the land tr.ri.",'renaering it rnrriiuui.'|or.futu.e archaeorogical;?ffi:;:i:l:'' Therefore, anv such inr"siigition ,,ist-ue'coffi;i; prior to the initiar surface
8..l.3 t',later
Because water for milring 0perations wilr be d::.r^.rrg-l.deep and rightry us,ed aquifer. nochanges in the water-use-patterns-;i th;'.;;u'are expected to-oCiu:r as a result of mill-operation.
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8.1.4 Mineral resources
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8.1.5 Soils
The appricant's reclamation program is designed to return the soils to a condition ofifiiliijii]ir:l::q;: ill';*;lj,;iil lfil,:it't^t ana nisioii;-;;;s. - that is, theas practicable and wij
, a i,he ; i;il#; ;; ; j ;'iilijrl;, ;ilffiff ;,im,ii#" Jtrfi.dff*i;;;}*ii,i;l.l*!:'".,
8.1 .6 Biota
8.I.6. I Veqetation
Revegetation of di sturt
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8..|.6.2 t{ildlife
Terrestriar vertebrates..now_inhabiting the projeci,:i!. *irl-gither perish or wilr escape tounolsturbed areas surrounding.the miri,-*rrele ioprritions'*iri'i"=.ortrolled by natural means.il;;lJi:':T:Jll';,'!i"'i:;"*lii:d*.j:Sjiil,:i5";;i#:.1;;'*?ir'l"pop,rii.-rr,"-i".r'.t"
8.1.7 Radiological
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8.2 SOCIETY
No significant long-term impacts on the socioeconomic character of local conmunities can
preseitly be attributed to the project with certainty. The nature of such impacts will depend
bn the pievailing conmunity conditions when operations of this mill cease:
l. If the local economy and population continues to grow when the operation terminates_
and project personnLl nigrate from the area, the additional housing and publ.ic facilities
built to acconmodate project-relit-ed personnel will help to accorrnodate needs of the
expanding economy.?, If, at pioject termination, the economic activity and populations of ccrrnunities are
declining and surpluses of facilities and housing exist, some of the resources initially
invested to acconrnodate needs of the l,lhite Mesa mill employees will not have been
amortized. This situation could be aggravated if bonds used to finance public facilities
directly attributable to this development have not been amortized during the operating
(or cther taxpaying) life of the project.
A Ioss of long-term productivity may result from disturbance of archeological sites. .However,tn.-ritig.ting ictiohs that wouid bL taken should result in preservation of archeological
*iieiiifi thai mignt othe6r'ise have been destroyed. This is-consistent with the op'inion of the
Uian State Historic Preservation 0fficer who hai advised as followsr:
The work to identify significant sites and sites that will be adversely effected
is-nei"fv complete inO wnite certain sites within the property may be significant
under thl federal criteria, as more fully explained in the State Archaeologist's
report, you should be aware that the significance of these sites lies not with
tnlir Ueiorning public attractions or monuments' but rather with the information
they have yieiaiO about certain prehistoric cultures. Sites of this nature are
pteirtiful ihroughout the southeastern part of Utah, but have not been tested.
it-is onty the 6pportunity presented by the desire of Energy Fuels to build a
uranium mill in this area that perfiitted us to devote the time and energy
io a thorougir stuay of such sites. In essence, Energy Fuels proiect will permit
the recoveri of archaeological data that without the proiect Probably never
would have been recovered.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8
l. Utah State Historic Preservation 0fficer, letter to NRC, dated December 5' 1978-
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9. IRREVERSiBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE CSIMII'I4ENTS OF RESOURCES
9.I LAND AND MINEML
g.l.l trl9
rt. tr#,9.-!lij:d.!y-!h..reclaimed.tailings cells may not be available for further product.ive
use. This would be considered an irreversible ccrnmitment of resources.
ilork to reclarl-.I:n::o]orical sites may result in an incomplete recovery of archaeological dataor resources, or in an inadvertent destruction of a portion of those resources.
9. 1 .2 ltli neral
No majgf irreversible or irretrievable conmitments of mineral resources are anticipated other
tnan ('l) the,uranium and vanadium that will be recovered; (2) the 23,000 MT (ZS,OOb tons) of
coal that wi.ll-be,burned-each_year; and (3) the year'ly consumption of 6.6 MT'(z.s tons) or
kerosene and 95 mr (25,000 gal) of fuel oil jn procesiing operations.
9.2 WATER AND AIR
9.2.1 l'Ja ter
Ground and surface waters.are not expected to be impacted by the proposed project. Because ofthe Iarge.volume of groundwater available, use of that watei auriirg miii op.".iiors is-roiconsidered an irreversible or irretrievable comitment of resourcei.
9.2.? Air
Air is not depleted as a result of construction and operation of the mill facility but thereis a potential for the air quality to be impaired primarily as a result of an inciease in-total, suspended particulate matter. However, because the atmosphere is self_cleaning ofthe pollutants at the anticipated Iow concentrations, no irreversible or irretrievablEconmitments of air resources are expected.
9.3 BIOTA
9.3.1 Terrestrial
Although a total of about-195 ha (484 qcres) of soils and associated vegetation will betemporarily disturbed or'lost for the life of the project, tt,e tanJ and wildlife habitat canbe restored in time to acceptable levels as a resuit or aipiorea-.eclamation erioili --- -
{*:r:-1:1.i). current_resurations, nowever, require *re'laiji;sr-di$;;;i"arei-ti6out rss na(rrJ-acresrj to remain fenced until it is released fron its stat[s as i restricted area.l'Jildlife will undoubtedly use this area after it it rrffy-..iiii,i"o. This restriction is notconsidered an irreversible cffmitment of resources.
9.3.2 Aquatic
I!:.:tlrl does not expect any irreversible or irretrievable commitnents of aquatic biota orhabitat fron project operation.
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9.4 MTER IAL RESOURCES
Major irretrievable and irreversible conmitments of material resourcesi incurred per year of
l^lhite Mesa m'i11 operati"....-b.Oq i iOu Nf(5.66 x l0q tons) of sulfuric acid;4.8 x 103 HT
i6.i-, igl tons) 6f manganese dioxide, ?.47 x 103 141 (2.72 x 103 tons) of sodium chlorate;
i.si i ro, r.ri ie.iz x I03 tons) of soda.ash;4.39 x .l02 MT (4.84 x .l02 tons)^of anmonium-
irii.i.r"z.gi i-i0Z mr (:.il i'loz tons) of'anhydrous anrmonia; and 0.91 x .l02 MT (1.0 x l02.tons)
oi ftociutent. In addition snall amounts of Isodecanol, Amine, and various laboratory chemicals
will be consumed.
These materials are not in short supply and are coflmon to many industrial processes'
*Assuming
?5% of the ore is processed for vanadium'
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l.il:;Ji:i];:'o:i.;ilt'0" Iand; accessibiritv, but with rimited pubric exposure
proximity to producing mines.and known ore og!1gs rgr reducing haulage costs andoecreaslng the impacts associated witn one lransport;
geotechnical, meteorologiSS], ana hycrrorogicar factors: .(l) direction and intensity
ii:iifiiillifl,':ltii.[?i,U.*;;:,ii.l;r:liii6;ilm,,Sl';liiIi:::.;:lt.tii.]0._quate quantirv and qual_itv-,or.miie.iiir-.r.ii;or. ?i.,'.il'iiiii.,s't';e tai)ings dis_:?:i:.i::i.iil.:tn'" disturbed "'.ru"1"'i'';'J 16i ;;i;;il';".'i'nase ana rrooc
topographical factors such as (l) surface suitability for construction of facilitiesYlll,flillH? arteration or ie*ain,-i,i'[zi",i;;i,.ii.;;;.;;"iil]'jrou. rhe rairinss
5' proxirnity to natural.and man-made areas that could be adversely affected by thec0nstruction, operation, .no.eiiaraIi.^-]lirriiilr"i.i.t.o to the projectl5' :;::i:[t of unique habitats that mighr support protected, threatened, or endangered
7' :HJi?:llilnof industriarrv important services such as tnansportation, power, and
The staff has determined that the most important factors to be considered during the siteselection prccess are those ,nicrr ensure"'5i'acceptaore taiiings-mai.gement program. The NRCrailinss manasement perrormance-JojJiiir.l"r;;-;liiil".;;';;;il,,';x; risted in section .r0.3. r.l0. l. l
Ii: iiSJ':;:i;'rl;lfY;J';,;:3 ?l'$Jifl.lli-lir:., stations were rocated to correct uranium
nor be comins rlo'-.Jip;nv-ovned minei i;iit.i'?,..Ii:.';i8ll;ylirilil ri.lii.ir.*:jrliilarea but wirr be colreitei tn"r-or.:iuvi.i'iilr.uJ"ii-r[;ii;;il'r.in,ns operarions in the Fourfi:ilili,i:rfilionln". are, theoretiiiirvl . ilirtii,ii ii"iJliii,li'sites in the Branding -
As was the case nith tn:-:*lirg gr-luyiJ'S stations, arternate sites for the miil wourd beli:ll;ll{.1?:iTil::ll.respect t6 the;;i Ii oe p"oc.isea to mini,riie naurins distances, i.e.,
In addition to the alternative sites discussed below, the fol loning alternatives were evaluated:
10. I ALTERNATIVE SITES
169 fol)owing factors were among
tail ings disPosal sites:
IO. ALTERNATIVES
thcse considered in se)ecting and evaluating mill and
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The alternative of storing the-mill wastes in-the-mines from nhich the ore was extracted.This alternative is not-rdaslute ror-I-i.iti} ,iriiiii-rili.tioi'ir,.t wiy be processingore from approximaterv.,gg:llii, riorrv'tili"iouteo ilinls'riir,"air..r" ownershios.Adequate conrrol of t-he transportatioi,'na-riiirg,-Jio"ii...i""ljr"iie tailings yoirrd bedifricutt. and accessins.ano inonitoriiis ihJ-iriiiti Jr-ini-iltii"i!,on the scattered,si te-speci f ic envi ronmeits ;di; ;;' 6oit "iiri;.rl r and expensive. _2' ;ii,:'t;['l::;,31 T;]l'13,'li,:;:,?i;i:"*, at the buvins stations at existins uranium
The applicant evaluated_tyo basic,siting-options: (l) locating theffilt;:,:iir':ltl:lii;:;;,-;il'(ii";'iii16'il'. proceisins.,a"';;i.':llrl3l,'illl?fi,lPiX'o-
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The ootion of locating the mill and tajlings disrosal facililies in Lhe Hanksville area was
consihereO unacceptabie by the staff for the following reasons:
l. Socioeconomjc l'imitations (Section 2.4.2). Thes.e limitations include (1). limited capaq-' ii, oi-iianisrlii li-u[io.t-srowth (excess housing is nonexistent); and (2) limited
.riil.bility of power, communications, and transportation.(air and rail) services'
i.nrrrilre ipopuiaiion iso) could not support the.population increase that would be
n"c.isary-ti'iirpferient thii project.- The population change would be similar to that
;;;j;t"'d i.. giirli;g itection-+.8.1); however, the impa-ts would be significantlv
greater.
Z. Increased ore haulage distances. Approximately -75%.of the known uranium ore deposits
ivaiiable for proceising are located near Blanding (ER' p' I0-2)'
Based on a consideration of socioeconomic and transportation impacts, the staff has.concluded
inii-oiii.. prt.nii.i ai[einatire sites.in the southeastern Utah.resigl,*9y]d.!:.1o,?:ll::,thtn
iiiii."iljllt[;;"$;;i;i;;ti;i aiinoins, utar'. Four arternative-mill and waste disposal
il;; i;-ih;-etinaing.r.i *6.. evaluatei'by ihe applicant (Fig.-10.1): .(l).Zekes..HoleiA;;; ii,-tzl-Neii (i'..-iti, (gj c.trin Blic.k-propbrtv (Are-a II-Ilr a^n{-(1).1!',!t-,M:t^:..,...iA;;; ii. (i) nesa flrea-irj, (3) Calvin BIick property (Area III), and (4) White.Mesa
ii;:: i(/)."i.ti,iHiii. lii,i,tr].iv-owned.land l'ocated -approximately I km (5 miles) sor'
dranJing, adjacent to anJ 6n $re iouttr side.of State^Hishwal 9!:,]!!.M::u-:it:^tJ*tl
"lt'i,i,trliiv**n.a luna t'ocatea ipproximateiv s rm (5 miles) southwest.of
and on the iouth sjde of State Highway 95. The Mesa site alternatlve is
i;;iil';d;;;;;;;.iy s.q k ia riles) southwest of Blandins,.adjacent to and on the south
;;;;-;; i['.ti xigh*.y 6i .nJ ioniists'of two sections.of nurl!q ]1{. _ih:_cll:il^111:l-l:?!.'ty;;;;d;';;;"lpp.tsiiilit.iv-2io-ti tieo.acres) or privatelv ory1ea ]af-1ld,,l:..l.::'l:d.niorpart.r appr6ximately 290 ha (720 acres) of privately owned land ancl ls Iocateo approxl-
;il;[-3:z-k'i2-;ii;ri io,in.i arinains.iors ine nort-h side.of 11.!:_Highyil-?l: -l[^:!rii;ffi"i:i'd'[i-;ii';;i i.;i;;i srinoirg aions it'e nort-h side of State Highwav e5.. The lthite
ii.ii'iii!-ti.irpo..a-61 600 ha (1480 acies) oi privately owned land and is located approxi-
iiii"f, iO f, fO inltes)-toritr oi dtanOing on the west sidl of Highway 153 and is crossed,by the
Siiii"t1.r" Roid and an existing power Iine. (The site is owned by Energy Fuels Nuclear)'
These sites were evaluated primarily with respect to the.availabiiity of suitable 1and, hydro-
i;;i;.1 .nd topog".phical considerations, and accessibility of services:
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l.Availability of Suitable Land. A drar.rback for the Calvin BIack property is that.it isAVal Iabl lltV Ol 5UlEaDle Lanq. A UI-dwUdLf, ruI. LrrE udrvrrr urqL^ FrvPEr eJ
ffigandthereareprivateresidenceswithina..o.4-km(0/25.mile)ffigandthereareprivateresidenceswithina..0.4-knl.0/25.
""dirs of the site. The White Mesa site, l0 km (5 miles) south of Blanding, on tfte ot
hand, is bounded on east, west, and south sides by publicly-owned land.and the nefrestr"ai,ir "i tn. rite. The WhitE Mesa site, l0 km (5 miles) south of Blanding, on tfe other
poientiuf residence is .l.6 fm (t mite) north (the nearest current resident is anoipxi
mately 3 miles north).
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;q;;;;ii;;). ine carvin Blicr propErty lies directly in-the tJestwater creek drainage'
iie-Uesa and Yihite Mesa sites are'both located on gently sloping lands and are not crossed
by major drainages.
Accessibilitv of Services. There is limited accessibility to cormercial power at the
ffi;powerisavailableattheCalvinBIackpropertJandlrlhiteltlesasites. The applicant claims that the water supplies at the Mesa site and at the Calvin
Black property'might be inadequate to support the proposed mill. Access to roads is not
a problem at ary of these sites.
Based on a comparison of the four areas with respect to the charac.teristics listed above the
iiiii concfuaell ttrat the mill site area chosen by the applicant (l{hite l'lesa) was as
environmentally suitable (or was better) than any of the other three.
.I0.1.2 Alternative Tailings Disposal Sites in the lJhite l'lesa Area
The aoolicant evaluated four potential sites for mill tailings-disposal in the l{hite }lesa area
i;;"-fi;.-iii.ei.- lt-iro oi t'ne sites (East and lJest), the tiilings wou'ld be stored in
ianvonsl and dams of considerable height would be required as-part of the inpoundments. At
ir,lj'illjiin'I.o-iilrtn'riilij-iiiiirgl-iildr;idm6nti-wout-a covei lirser surface hreas and would be
shallow, requiring the construction of dikes of lov height'
The lJest site is located in l,/estwater Creek Canyon. The terrain^in the area is steep' and a
ls:year impoundment wouiO require a dam-approxiirately-70..1 m (230.ft) high. A-single-cell,
above-qrade impoundmeni, sized to hold l5'years of tiilings,.would.cover a srmll area
il;;;.ii;;i.i;'i;";;-t56 ac"es)1, and the iriinaee area viuid be about 340 ha (850 aoes)'
ih!'ffiiil;;irlj..i.i-itii iiiiingi disposal siie alternative for the fo'llowins reasons (ER,
Appendix H, p. 5):
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o.r.fll'13;l;.,0'ff;lTilf i5:::,near Blandins studied by appricant ror the r{hite Mesa uranium
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Fig. 10.2. Alternative tailings disposal sites in the }lhite Mesa area. Source: ER,Appendix H, Plate 2.
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1. Because the dam.would trave to be quite high to provide the required storage capacity andthe toe of the dam would be in the flood p-'latn ot w.rtrJ.. creek, the long-term stabil-
2. Plgyention of excessive seepage into the nearby vertica'l sandstone canyon wal ls would bedi fficul t.
The East site is located in Corrai Creek Canycn. A conventional, above-grade tailings impound-6ent, designed to hotd l5 years of mill tairings,;.;i;-;;;;;"Ipiroximately 49 ha (t20 aqes),*ould require a dam approximately 36.6.m (tzo iti l,isl,, ird-*orTi n.r. a drainage area ofabout 1400 ha (3400 acres). Thia tailinoi oispoiat iiie-aiter..[ir. r.i,.j..i!j [v-inlapplicant for the fol lowing reasons (ER,-Appenlii-H,-p.'Si, --"''"
l' Althouqh the reservoir surface area would be.small, which is beneficial for reclamation3l|:::es' the drainage area is large; and wate. e.6sion-over the long term is potentiaily
2' :ffi;:li;: of excessive seepage into the steep, nnstrv sandstone canvon walrs would be
The south site' which was-picked by the applicant as the optimum site, is downgradient fromthe pr0posed mill site' The area is gentiy sloping, aiitrlu.J-"ungeland containing a sl.ightswate in the senerar area where the t;ilrnss imbouijm;;;-ili; LI'ptacea. A sinsle_ce1,above grade, IS-year impoundment at the So;th-sit. *orij.or.i upp.rimately 100 ha (250 acres),would require a dam approximately tg.e m-[65 rij-[tir,l'Jri"illrirh.r. a drainage area ofabout 240 ha (590 acres). .The impoundm.ni-tt.t'is iart-oi [[. iuirings management systemproposed bv the applicant is to bb locatei at the soJilr iite ini-is a.iscussed in detail inSects. 3.2.4.7 and 10.3.2 (Alternative l). -- - - '!s qlru I
The t{orth site is Iotl!:g on gently s.loping-land.upgradient from the proposed mill site. If a;:H.i:,;:.:;,:*#;:1.9., oai/poni oisfioiir.raiiitivl-iiiio'ii"'nJro ii-i;;;; oi'miii:iistes,
si h. ieis ;;;.iit',.Jrl"ii!,:;1;,0:l.J3illi;:i"iliir;.; 6i.,il;,, jir:;:fl.,;,i;;i:,:r:.,.
drainage area of approximately tzo tri f+26 icres). "witt t'rre.ii..ition that the tailinqs woutdhave to be pumped uphill ror i. slishuy sreiier-iist;;;;,l;"il'il. "ij Jigitiil.il'iiili..n..,between this site and the South si[e. - "
Assuming that the mill-would be located at r{hite.iresa and utilizing the follovinq criteria toscreen feasibre site arternatives rrom a-mur[iirol'-ri iJi.i;;;i';ii.; ir;h;;i#d;il:1..,the starf located and evaluated three aJai'iionar arierfiiiivi'iiriiigr ;iril;.i';ii;i: ",.
I' To minimize long-tenn wind and water erosion.problems, the areas chosen for further studycontained natura'lly excavated oaiins wrriitr-il'i..'iiil,iti"."ipretely enclosed by substan-tial rock barriers-(such as iriiiij-.na;ria;;iu;;e-iiil"wiur a sman length, and 2)which would have minimar drainage-irias aoove ir,.'-iiiri.i]'inrpoundrnent.
2. Only basins that could be impounded to.contain at jeast 15 years of nrill tailings andwhich courd be readiry accesied uv-..i0-ii:-Ei"ri;.,y';;p;iii. ,.." considered.
The three additional alternative !ltil1g:.disposal sites_evaluated by the.staff were l) Recap_ture creek, 2) Erown canyon, ana i) niiiii-iinyon. rhe Recapture creek site is located insection 26, T375, R22E, !as[ of th; co;;ai iin!,on tailingi-olipoiai stte (,,East site,,) investi-gated by the appricant, and.east or ttre itrtie itesa itte toriii',r.-'r[i'arirn-iiryJi=r{t.,'i,rocated northeast of the r{hite resa rrir sii; i;-;.;ii;r;:iil"ii; and 23, T37S, R22E (themajoritv of the tairings-impoundn"rt'rirri'ii in section-rij] 'iie-nrrali
canyon site isrocated east-northeast-or tle-irria;l.l;;;'iliii iiti-ii';;.ii6;, iiii,,, r4 and r5, R23E, T37s.
A tailings impoundnent at the Recapture Creekano wouti reqri'"r-li"pproxiniirii +"u''lii iliUii,',li,ifiTiffiTillii,ii*i";;ifiJ"-iiai ;!i]i'fl'"0'lliiilf il{"it,li'i4i fq,; nrnri cinyoi-iiie youro cover approrimatery56 ha (151 icres); ttre oim.;iliil;;;ii [e auout 54.9r (180 ft) hish. All site.s are acces_stble by road: the haulage-dis't.nces rouid-be-approximately 5.3 k! (3.3 ni) to Recaoturecreek, 8.5 knt (5.3 mi) t; Br;;-ciri"i,-i"o-ig.s r, .Q2.2 ni) to Alkali canyon.
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10.1.3 Evaluation of Alternative Mill and Tailirgs Disposal Sites
The ta.ilings retention areas at these sites would be smaller than the proposed impoundment at
Wnite-mesi,and the local topographies offer excellent protection from wind and water erosion.
;i;;;;.;; a'il Jam heights wouli ue greater, and the canyon walls are steep-and consist.of highly
;;;;;Li. r"d fractuied sandstone; the prevention of seepage from the tailings retention areas
ioriJ-Ue-aitf,rcuit,and the long-term stability of the_dams would be-questionabl.e.. The staff
conctuded that no appreciable iaditional environmental benefits could be gained by storing
the tailings at these sites.
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The staff has concluded that no net environmental advantages would accrue if the mill and
tailinos disoosal facilities were to be located rt sites other than the site proposed by the
applicint (Wnite Mesa); i.0., the site proposed for the projected.facilities is better, from a
environmental standpoint, or at least as suitabl: as other potential locations. It must be
emphasized that this conclusion is only possible because a similar conclusion can be made
concerning the acceptability of the proposed tailings management system (Section I0.3.2,
Alternatiie l), which enhantes the environmenfal suitability of the chosen site.
IO.2 ALTERNATIVE MILL PROCESSES
I0.2.1 Conventional Uranium l'lilling Processes
The milling processes proposed by the applicant are conventional and conform with those
conunonly uied by the dbmestic urinium milling industry. In general, yel1ow cake-is produced
by the;illing;f uranium ore via the following procedure:_ (l)_ore preparation-(involving
piimarily the-crushing and grinding of the ore), (2) Ieaching, (3) separation of-pregnant
ieach liquids from waite solids (tailings), (4) concentration and purification of the uranium
by extraition from the pregnant solution, (5) precipitation of the.uranium from the extract
s-olution, and (5) drying and packaging. The specific manner in which each of these-steps,
singly oi in combination, is accompliihed varies from mill to mill, depending on.differing ore
chaiaiteristics. Normally, process decisions are based on overall economic considerations,
including costs of controlling chemical and radiological effluents to air, water, and land.
Crushing and grinding of ore are needed to reduce overall particle size to ensure efficient
contact-with [he uranium-dissolving reagent. Normally, the ore is moved from stockpiles to
the crusher by trucks, bulldozers, or by front-end loaders.l Conventional crus.hing equipment
usually reducls the size of the ore particles to approximately minus 1.9 cm (3/4 in.). Control
of the-moisture level in the feed ore is crucial in the crushing process and generally should
be Iess than lOX to prevent crusher malfunctions. In most mills the crushed ore is stored
temporariiy in bins before further processing. Grinding is usually accomplished by rod or
ball mill, with the ore being ground to approximately 28 mesh for acid leaching and to approx-'imately 200 mesh for alkalini ieaching.l At the White l{esa mill the ore [which,has already
been ciushed to less than 3.8-cm (1.5-in.) size at the ore buying stationsl will be fed by a
front-end loader through a primary grizzly to a secondary grizzly and then fed by conveyor
belt to a semiautogenous wet grinding mill. The milt will operate.in closed circuit with
screens, with the minus 28 neih output (underflo* from the screens) being pumped to three
mechanically agitated, wet-slurry storage tanks.
The leaching method chosen for removal of the uraniun from the ground ore.is heavily dependent
on the chemical proper.ties of the ore. 0res containing low levels of basic nateria!! (primar-
i1y lime) are usualiy leached with sutfuric acid. An alkaline Ieach reagent (normal1y sodium
caibonate-bicarbonati solution) is usua'lly used rhen the Iime content of the ore is high and
uneconomical quantities of acid wouid be required, significantly increasing processing costs.
Some processed add acid in "stages" to minimize excessive initial frothing and to nonitor acid
content (pH control). The applicant evaluated the effectiveness of acid and alkaline Ieaching
processes on ores purchased by the ore buying stations (ER, p. l0-5). Although some of.the
ore cou'ld be successfully treited by alkaline leaching, acid leaching usually resulted in
higher recovery rates; therefore, a conventional sulfuric acid leach process was chosen lV tng
ap[1icant. ThL leaching circuit at the lthite lilesa mil'l will be designed for the_extraction of
vanadium as well as uranium. The ore rvil'l be leached in two stages utilizing sulfuric acid,
manganese dioxide (depending on availability and delivery, an equivalent oxidant such as
sodium chlorate might be used), and stean. The overall uraniun recovery rate is expected to
be about 95X.
The separation of the pregnant leach solution from waste solids is usually accomplished by
thickening or by filtration. The majority of the acid leaching nills in the United States use
counter-clrrenfdecantation in thickiners- for liquid-solid sepiration.2 fhe applicant has
also chosen to achieve liquid-solid separation by counter-current decantation washing and
thickening methods. (fhe belt filtration alternative is described in Sect. 10.2.2.) Either
conventional, multistage, counter-current thickeners or Enviro-Clear type thickeners will be
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empioyed'.-lo iggy.. freshwater requirements,-barren raffinate will be added to the finalthickner ror-washlng the leached resjdue. Polymeric rio..uiinti will be used to increaseseparation ef^ficiency, and the waste sorios (u"noerrior;i;;il";;.m the rast rhickenerioi,taining 501 waLer) wilt be pumped ro tn. iiiiirgi-irp.rroil.ri"'.r...
concentration and purification of the uranium from the pregnant leach solution is necessaryfor the production of a high-grade uranium product. ii'li-ir-rrriily performed by either asolvent extraction or.an,ion exchange process. rr,e appiicint-nl!'oeciaea to utilize asolvent extraction method where the-decanted, .qr.ori'[.inirr-il.j.ing leach so.lution will becontacted .with an organic sorution consisting oi-;;-;*i;;-ivp."llrpouna dissorved in akerosene diluent. The dissolved uranyl ions are more solubie in (and transfer into) theorsanic solution. Resin-based procesies, ty!4.;: a.;ifi.:prri".ld resin ion exchanse inclarified solution, were evaluated by the applicant ana re5!ii!o-ior economic reasons, pri-marily because of relatively.higher operatihg costs. rne ioivent extraction process will becarried out in a series of mixei and iettlin! vessels, *itt'-tt. organic and aqueous solutionsbeing mechanically agitated and separated in[o-organii iri aqr.oJs-pt'ar.s ir-ite-r.tiiingtanks. This separation operation.would be perforiled in-i;r;';i;ilr'uiini . .ornt..:ii.,principle where the organic flow is introduted to it'. p..i.olng-ii.g. and the aqueous flowfeeds the fo)lowins stase. The depleted asueous phase'(raffinitij-iiti ;.-;;.;;iil-[o'ir,.counter-current decantation stage or processed foi" ttre r..orew-oi vanadium'i!'.ii.-s.21. ll,.uranium-loaded extract (organic-solution) will be yaihed-ino-i't.ipp.o of uranium by contactnith an acidified sodium chloride solution; the resulting bJ....;;;;.;; ]iiljiilj."itii iireturned to the solvent extraction circuit.
Ihe milling process-generally concludes with.the recovery of the uranium from solution bvchemical precipitation. lihen acid Ieach meihods are utiiiieo, [rre uranium is precipitat6d byneutrat ization with a base such as arronia, -iiil,-;;s;;;;;,';i ;;;.il!X'ill"Ji.,lli'ri;:':iiute is then dewiteid;-;.iil:' iia"illii'Ji"a. At thd r.rhite Mesa'miifli^r8."'3lJ,oi;i-"I:f, precip-
solution from the stripping operation wili be treated with ammonii to neutralize the solution,precipitating armonium diuianite, or yeilow cake- ifie-p;;gil;;$ wip then be thickened,denatered by centrifuge, dried in a multiple-hearth, .li:ii.!i-i.ver (calciner), crushed tominus 0-6-cm (0.25-in. ) size in a harmer irtrr, ino ir';; p;;;.ild'in ss-gat drums for shioment.The drvins, crushing, and packasing operationi win be i;;i;;;;;;;;ci;;J'in".n-i"..'[n.tis maintained at a negative air-prEssure to coniain i.a i.ii.ii iilv r.a scrubbing) airborneU30s particles. As an alternative to the dryi.ng, crushing, ana ii'cxaging operations, yellowcake slurrv can now be shipped.directly to a-UFi'con;;;ti;i ii.iiiiv. The app.ticant investi-sated this alternative.processing opti-on bu[ rejecteo-ii b;.;;;;'oirn.e.iaii[i.r-lon...r:ngthe Iong-range availabilitv of sifficient capacity;a itrir-lvi.-oi'conversion facility.
10.2.2 ture Tailingg
There are several aiternative uranium milling processes currently in use in other countrieswhich produce low-moisture tailings, which might be amenable to tirect burial in unlineddisposal retention areas, such as-aepreteJ opir-prt ,ir"i-i" ii".iirry prepared pits.For example, a dewatering method,devilopea Uy auins ana-noeZpe[iinivfugine Kuhlmann uti]izesa belt-fittration procesi instead or coiventio;;i ;.;;;r';il;';iii;., and thickeners toseparate the pregnant leach solution fron waste soliJi. ii,""riqrii-solid separation methodproposed by the applicant will produce tailings.that-will.be approximately 5iX r"t"i uv- -
weight; the rate of discharge will be approxitately rsoo xi-tZ66il-ionsl of tailings and1800 MT (2000 tons) of watei per day. i? it;; Pechiney milting technique, which uses a beltfilter, were to be imolementeb, tn"';caie"-niuld.be clunte-cir"eiliy wasneo in two stages,with the barren taitiirqs ueint'o.rit..ii-to"l rnoisture-cJri.nt'oi"ipp"oxirately 2d. T[etairinss can be neutraiizeo rEror;-;;;; iL-u.ii-iiii.;:"T;;; iiriing, wourd then bebelt-convevor or truck transported io itre-Iiliings oisioiar'riti.'Because the tailings areessentiallv "drv," the area iequireo roi-tiiiin;;-r;;;;;;-;i;i;';e ieouceo; and rhe orobremsassociated with the control and monitorino-of siepage riom a"aislor"i-iii.'rigr,t"lir5,#'=deffeased' The possibilitv oi-uiing-ti'ir'tvi. of b;lt filtratioir process is dependent onconsistent physical characleristics-in ttre-"o're processed, as this Ii ilr" basis for the design;lrli:.i':ffi';n"lf;"i'lnl:.:i.li:[i:::a ii ine i,hite ila;,iri',iri'r'ave i,ioe ;;d;-oi-
The applicant evaluated the effectiveness of utilizing a belt filter or disk filter system toreduce the moisture content or ilre miii-i.iiingr. rnE iiiiriti6n-Iircuit evaluated, -however,
i*:'t:ili,iilliff tl: ilfliff:"':ilirl.*,ij!;E;;ij;t^j.ii*I:,i"liii:=i:i'i:lii.i:.;{l;;,
?i;"llli,il,:t:..tr" tailinss aispoiai ,"*,oa-rs-aiicriiei'ir-i"iaier oetair in bect.-ro.:.2
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'10.2.3 Evaluation of Proposed Millino Process
The milling processes proposed by the applicant are conventional, state-of-the-art techniques
utilized in the domestic uranium milling industry and are as environmentally sound as other
commonly used processing combinations. Further unforeseen developments, such as increased
processing costs due to changes in the characteristics of the ore or changes in the relative
costs of reagents, may result in the applicant proposing changes in the mill circuit. When
such changes are suggested, the environmental impacts associated with their implementationwill be assessed.
IO.3 ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR TAILINGS MANAGEIiIENT
I0.3. I Introduction
For the purposes of this section, tailings management is defined as the control of the
tailings and waste solutions following removal of the uranium vaiues. Engineering techniques
to control pollutants from tailings, both during operational and post-operational stages
of a milling project, have been proposed. The unique characteristics of each facility must
be identified, and then appropriate environmental controls must be applied. The staff has
examined alternatives considered by the applicant,3-s as well as alternatives consideredfor other miIIs in preparing 16i5 5s6gien.5-I0 Alternatives presently available or feasible(i.e., potentially available with existing technology and at a reasonable cost) are described
in Sect. .I0.3.2 and evaluated in Sect. 10.3.3. A list of additional alternatives for tailings
management that the staff has concluded are not feasible with existing technology is presented
in Sect. l0.3.4.
Each alternative tailings management pian has been evaluated against the following set of
performance objectives developed by the staff:
Siting and design
I. Locate the tailings isolation area remote from people so that population exposures will
be reduced to the maximum extent reasonably achievable.
2. Locate the tailings isolation area so that disruption and dispersion by natural forces is
e'liminated or reduced to the maximum extent reasonably achievable.
3. 0esign the isolation area so that seepage of toxic materials into the groundrrater systemwill be eliminated or reduced to the maximum extent reasonably achievable.
[)uring operations
4. Eliminate the blowing of tailings to unrestricted areas during normal operating
condi ti ons.
Post reclamation
5. Reduce direct ganra radiation from the impoundment area to essentially background.
6. Reduce the radon emanation rate fron the impoundment area to about tuice the enanationrate in the sunrounding environs.
7. Eliminate the need for an ongoing monitoring and maintenance prograo folloring successful
recl anati on.
8. Provide surety arrangeoents to ensure that sufficient funds are available to complete thefull reclanation plan.
'10.3.2 Feasible alternatives for tai'linqs management
This alternative involyes the construction of a six-cell impoundnent system with a safety dike
in a swale (shallow natural basin) irmediately to the nest and south of the proposed mill site.
Two of the cells will be used as evaporation ponds. As proposed by the applicant, the total
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taiiings ciisposal area would be sized to contain.l800 metric tons.(IlT; 2c00 tons) per day oftailings produced during 15 years of mill operatio.-i.."'iii."5.'il. The proposed tai.linEssystem involves simultaneous construction, operation, and riiiiration of individual cells. Asone cell is beins used for.tailinss--Jiip,isui, ii.-;;.;;;r;=lill"l.1 wi1 be drying and rhenext cell downgradient will serve as an emergency catclrnent uiiin-(sect. 3.2.4.7). Anindividual cell would.bg tjlgd to hold upp.oiirii"it-;;;";.#; iroauction of rairinss and wouldcover approximatelv 24 ha (60 acres) of surface area. celis *orio u" constructed by excavatinqthe bottom of the impoundment and uy uullaing successive-er[.nrr"ntt across the op.n trorit.inYend of the swale to contain the taiiinqs. Ttre excavitio.-ol-.'l'irited amount of bedrock material[.i.5 to l'B m (5 to 6 ft) deep], in aodiiion.to overuu.ien'ioir,'woutd be necessary. Because ahigh degree of weathering is anticipated at ttrese aepini,.i.irition would be accomplished byripping; no blastinq would be used for excavation ol ttre'roci-teicept for localized lenses of
i.Ofor stope and Iining systern stability. The dikes "JrtJ-U"'n*oilr.orr, cqnpacted, earth_filledembankments constructed.fronr.soi ls piesent in the-overbu"aen-ai'tiie ta.ilings disposa.l site. Theembankments would varv in height frorn approximitetv i.o-;-izs-iti"ro" c.ell I-E to t3 m (42 ft)for cell 5, where the dikes cross the lowest part or tne swale. 'Each djke would be 6..I m (20 ft)ihick at the rest to allow for an access "oaii ana-*oriJ r'ir"'iia.-;i.;-";=^;";;;eiE."inan r,t(horizontal to vertical) (Fis. 3.7). when passing between inaiviJuat cells, the tailinqsdischarse pipe would be contained in an outii-;*E"i.,iiv'io;;;iil;;t ;;;;:'iil ;*"igE..v.on_taiment" pipe would be.sscured in a pipe trench Iinea wittr i-aoror. Iayer of syntheti- liningwhich would be built into the crests bf'embanknents.--rne-jowniiilam stope of the final,southernmost dike (cell 5) is the onlv dike that wouto uitimit.iv-rr.r. an exposed face (afterfinal reclamation); therefore, to reairce itre potential ror eiieiiive erosion of th.is embankmentafter cessation of mill operations, a 6:l sloped layer oi "oli-iiir would be used in the con-struction of the downstreim segnenl of thii Jii" tFii. g.a).""nijitionally, to minimize waterand wind erosion during operations, excavated roc[ w6ula u6-usea io protect drainage channelsand to cover the exterior'slopes oi ttre-piiimetgl gf ahe i;p;;ilm;;t. The entire tailinssretention svstem (including the cell 5 safety d!!g) riria l6r"l-.iprgrtr.t.ty I35 ha (333 a*es)of surface area if the mili were to op.rit.-it-iiio6 Mi-ilr';;i'riltrs years; the totat affectedacreage (includes land needed ror stolipiiing and borroii.r.iil iould be approximarely 195 ha(484 acres). (See Table 4.3.)
To prevent seepage of liquid wastes frsn the impoundment facilities, the applicant initiallywill line all interior surfaces of each cell wiih a state-oi-the-irt syntnetic Iiner such asPVC reinforced with a nylon scrim (the final tine.-ani-iir"" iyitii, specifications and theprogram for instailation, maintenance and inspection of the liner system will be reviewedand approved by rhe NRC staff prior to use).-'io-ri"tr.nt-puriiijiiri';;;r,;5i.I;eii;''"--liner,. a smooth (proiection free) subliner of locally obt;in;d-clatey-si1t soil would beplaced over the excavated rock surfaces of each ceil'floor. rh;;;i";'ry"ii"ii" i,."Isurface (including the liner.on the upstream portion of the dikes) would be overlain with30'5 cm (12 in') of clavev-silt soil io rinirize hne" aeierio"iiion caused by winds, suntight,and the tailings materiali and also for protection f"or-ope..ii1g'.qripr.nt. -No s.lurry dischargewi]I be permitted directly onto the..it'iining-.or"". ALcause (tj ilre cett floors would be flat(2% slopes or less) for oiher.th.n eiiiraiion.itopei ino-it""p""'iian 3H:lv), (2) the cels routdbe shallow impoundments, and (3) uenie, "eiilireii-iniorp".liiui""iruterials (Dakota sandstone)would underlay the Iiner, differential'seitiement-should not ue or'sufficient severity tocompromise the liner integrity.
The expected net evaportion rate at the site is 0-9 m {3 fr) no, ,otranspbrted wiur irre'iainngs-wouii il-s.ri-i ii'l*! ?r{3 ll}"Xlrili,r!ll..nE,,,,:;:,,11;[;f,sloping impoundrcnt surfacei, tte stiir-eipects ttre tailings to driin and settle to a v6idfraction approaching 0.34, which rouia.onliin pore water it soz of.saturation. This quantitywould be effectivelv bound by capltiary-iori"s-it o.lr;i i6.ii-rirl of water for each cubic
Iiiiii;i:Fli:i*":t,llffi":;;.:9t;"1;!,:^rs,i; i:,.:;li;::[t; rui ,Fi:'ffi;;":::!:i'.,ponded Iiquid' Eecause the surface."..i oi-ttr. evaporitrton'iei'r]-wouta.ue only 40 ha, (98 acres),the staff has concluded that corieitir.-r.iir.es, such as recyclins taitings solutions to themill, mav have to be instiiutea i;-;;i;t;;-ril""'uiiili.!""liiii#Xtr. However, this shourdnot be required because the moist taitingi su"race-ina-irr"-iiii"a-llimes will provide at leastan additional 24 ha (60 acres) of .rupo.iilon surface in iaiition io the 40 ha (98 acres) ofevaporation pond,
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During operations, a freeboard of '1.5-m (5 ft) minimum would be maintained in the evaporation enatailings ce1ls. In add'ition, interceptor ditches would be constructed to divert surface Or.iriglaway from the operations and impoundmentareas. These ditches, sized to pass the probable max.imumf.lood, would be constructed north, east, and.west of the tailings and operating areas. niprap,""'consisting of excavated rock, would be placed in the dilches to aid in preventing erosion. 0v6rthe long term, the interceptor ditches would fill with silt and become revegetatid. The snnlldrainage^area upgradient from the reclaimed tailings impoundment [upgradieni drainage area is0.065 km2 (0.025 sq mile)] obviates concerns over dispersion of tie iover from floojing.
Reclamaiion would be implemented sequentiaily lor the tailings cells as each cell is inactivated
and as soon as an individual cell has dried sufficiently to allow the movement of equipmentover the pile. To reduce radon gas emanation and ganma radiation from the tailings toacceptable levels, the applicant proposes to cover the tailings with a 0.6-m (2-ft) layerof compacted ciay obtained from offsite deposits, I.2 m (4 ft) of onsite c'layey-silt miteriai,l.B m (6 ft) of rock, and 15 cm (6 in.1 of topsoil. Slopes on the perimeter of the cover wouldbe no steeper than 6H:lV and would be constructed of riprap. The compacted clay would bedes.igned and constructed to prevent damage by differential settlement, To revegetate thetailings area, the applicant has proposed to seed the tailings cover with a mixiure of grasses,forbs, and shrubs.
Because the cap would be al:nost 4 m (13 ft) thick, the staff has concluded that root penetra-tion into the tailings is not likely, reducing the possibiity of adverse impacts associatedwith the upward migration of radionuclides and toxic elements through plant root systems.Although the disposal area would be located in a relatively arid region, the proposed coveris not expected to develop significant shrinkage cracks because the-clay content of the soilsto be utilized is low (except for the imported, remolded clay).
The reduction of the garma radiation that results from capping a tailings pile is dependent onthe degree of compaction and mass stopping power of the cover material.- As shown in Appendix G,similar cover was caiculated by the staff to reduce the garma radiation from the tailings toapproximately I x l0-7 milliroentgens per year, thus meeling the perforrnanie oUjeiiive io.reduction of garma radiation.
The radon flux at the surface of uncovered tailings was calculated by the staff to be approxi-mately 439 pci/m2.sec. The covering scheme propoied by the applicani [0.6 m (z ft) ofclay overlain with-].2 m (4 ft) of clayey-si1t material, 1.8 m (6 ft) of rock, and l5 cm(6 in.) of topsoil] was estimated by the-staff to reduci the raion emanation rate from thereclaimed tailings area to approximately I.l6 pCi/m2 sec and meets the intent of the performanceobiective for reduction of radon exhalation. These calculations will be experimentaliyconfi rmed .
Discounting and deflating the expected costs to .l978 dollars (10% discount rate and 8% rate ofinflation per annum)' the total estinnted costs for this alternative is approximately
$20.7 million. (The costs for a synthetic liner for the entire impoundment and for the clay
comDonent of the cover are estimated at $5.5 and $2.0 million, respectively.)
The major benefits that could accrue with implementation of this tailings disposal alternativeare the fol |owing:
l. The tailings would be stored in the head end of a natural basin and below the ridges boundingthat basin on all but the southern(open).qnd. Although the tailings cover is only partiall/
below these ridges [at least 1.5 m (5 ft)], the slighl grade (.21 6veratl) on the-cbver and-
small upgradient drainage area [0.065 6z (0.025 mi2)] should provide a high degree of pro-tection frqn wind and water erosion. Slopes on the perimenter of the impoundment coverwould be no steeper than 6H;1V and vrould be constructed of riprap. The entire area would berevegetated; and a layer of riprap would be placed on all exposed slopes around the impound-ment, further minimizing potential erosion problems. Although the downstrean side of thelast dike (on cell 5) has an exposed face, it will have a 6:l slope and will be constructedof rock overburden-
2. The cellular design al'lows staged reclamation, minimizing the quantity of tailings exposedat any one time. 0verburdeo storage and handling reguirements are also reduced, that is,
overburden renoved cirring excavation of later cells can be transported directly to cellsbeing reclaimed.
3. The low dikes and the shallow depth of the cells increase dike stability.
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[n the version of this a]ternative proposed ?y tl. applicant, the tairings wourd be stored;elow qrade; but the tail ings cover'would oroiruae-a66r.-g;ii.."'6or{ever, a true be.low-sradeiisoosal svstm t'.,ould have [o include tn" [ore. uetow-grade] tirii.r, -.'rio'rJor".ii.= ffiiiiJ.-iions in the applicant's oroposed plan' -Furth.".ri.ritloi'or*nri"o
would significan,y increaseiosts and would require extensive blastinq-to. ".ror" ,nn.itneiei"iatota Sandstone. Implement_inq either version of this alternative roJld.be adv;^ail;;;;';;-no retention embankment woutd bere[uired; thus the probabilitv of release and diiper]i.i'.i-t.iriigs woutd be minimized.
The estimated cost of Alternative 2 is $32.6 million (discounted to l97g dollars). This doesnot include the cost of the additional excavation or oedroiI init-roura be required to make thesvstem "below grade". The benefits that this uri""nuiir.-righ['i.r. over Alternative I do not.1ustify the additional costs.
Alternative 3: Fiitered tail ings disposal
This alternative features partiaily below-grade burial of dewatered tailings in un.lined basinsor trenches' Dewatering would be iccompliinea uy-eitn." r'ri.i.ili u.tt-typ" or disc-typevacuum filters' The firtration circuits ,oura ,"ot-..;i;.;-il;";;iposea ,,thickener,, Iiquid_so'lid separation process but would accept the-tiiiiriS'i.*'i[."iX!.t.n.r circuit and seqre-sate the tiquids and sorids for s"pa.aii airpoiii. (;;; i;;:'il:3i" The dewatered tairiniswould be transported to the disposi'r area eiirrer uv trrg!-i.'ir-j'rortable conveyor systir.The Iiquid filtrate would be diicharqed io-three e6-na 1zo-ac.i)-rin.o evaporation oonds.After completion of milling operatiois, it,.-ponJr-*ouia'o.y'ouil 'sotrot. residue and con_taminated clavs and unaerlying materiifs noria 1.6;;d'i"il'it.'pond areas and buried inthe tailings disposal area.- ihe.rapo..tio, ponds woutd-le ioniiircted-above grade, would vary#,];i.r.ll,fl] ,.2.4 m (8 rtt rn'J.pir,l'aia woura-il iiil";;;i a crayey-sirt materiai
lhe total volume of taiiings produced over the l5 years.of.project operation would a,proach5.88 x I05 m3. This vorumi *oriJ-ior""';;;;.u ofroo-r,i ([bo"ici"rt, 4.6 m (15 ft) deeo. Tobdrance excavation quantitv g.ra , ro. ,r)-ira.cover-reqri;.;;;; the appr icant proposes roconstruct a i60-ha (400-acre) impoundment,'3-m-(i0 ;l)'iJ.i.-'ii,'il'aesign wourd result in atailings projecting 1.5 m (5 ft)'iurr"-g"ia" ard ilr-e-[aiiilgt ilr." comp]etery above 9rade.The same cover scheme proposed in Arternative r would u" ,ii'iii.i.'
The maior disadvantages associated with the implementation of this alternative are as follows:I' The tairings r+ould L,e partialiy above grade,.and the rong-term stabirity of thereclaimed tail ings impiunaneni"woria-u" questionable.
2' The absence of an. impermeable liner under the.evaporation pond increases the possibilityof Ions-term reachin! or ioxic eiirenii rro, t;;-i;ii;#.,-1Th. irp"-eabirity ofthe conpacted clayeyl5ils-;;i;"i;il;;-noi-u""n-pi;;;.1"' \
' l[,T]ti:'l*l"ll.jn;rtil:';;f:H;iili be questionabre due to the wide variety or
Ihe total cost of this alternative is a function-of.the dewatering system and-tailings transport5vstem chosen. I,tith haulage.oi a"riiei.a-iiiiing, by truck oi uy"cinreyor belt and fi.ttration0v horizontat belt or disc"iiite;;;-il;';r;;'raige irom app-.rii,.ilrv $24.t to $25.0 mi,ion.(rhe cost of the clay cap would u. .pp"oiir.t.lv $z-.c;iiii;;.i'"'."=
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Sol idification of It, or other chemical fixants
1n th!l oPtignl ii]].l.ilings would be fixed with cement, asphalt, or other chemicals ro formi soria, l:::.,..:l^.b]?-pi?!y.t for disposal. The solioifiei taiiings could then be stored in
in impounomen:'.^ll:.9"posal area would be reclaimed by covering thi material with Iayers of
irerourden and topsoi I and revegetating it to minimize water and wind erosion.
portland-cemelt:::l!-?. utilized to fix either the entire tai)ings solids or the slimes only.
ip either-case:..1!..!.ilings would be neutralized-^(.probably by thi addition of time), ina tneyaste.slurrv Yo:l!.b:^g.*atered to a minimum of 60X soiids-uefore ueing miiea witn-[t"-i.r.nt.e.ilirlr-?I.1.?::! .:T.t to 20 parts tairings wourd be required for iolidification; strength,
;:';!i:n ff:'ilili:i*iit ;:'l.l?i[3'i,ii,ll'.lii;'o:'ffi[::: l? ::::]t::,:'iil'j'i,iliJ ;iJ,-'iine to a disposal site.
Ngrtl.]i::g:rd:::l:t:9_(dried) slimes and waste-sotutions could be fixed with asphalt, and rhefinal product-I9!]d !o{'!ajn approximately.60x slimes solids (rer. lr, p. 42). wfrl" ii.i['
mixed, tne proouc!-l,ould be fluid and could be shipped via.a pipeline io a disposal site- Themajor advantages of solidifying tailings in asphalt are (1) tLa[ning resiitanii-ii trign-ina
(2) radon exhalation is reduced because asphalt is an effective radon diffusion barrier.
comercially.available chemical fixants could also be used to solidify the tai)ings. If thisvaste stabilization method were to be implemented, the.tt"ri..ii'wiuti ue tienaeJ'into-ine
tailings slurry and the resultant mixture pumped to an impoundment where solidification would
occur within a few.days to a few weeks. The waste materiil would either be entirely entrapped
or the pollutants (primarily heavy metals) would be chemically bound in insoluble complexes'.q
Although theoretically feasible and environmentally desirable, solidification of tailinos rsexpensive. -.The applicant. investisated the costs^o"r utiri;il'cffij;;i';;;;;ir"i""lJiiiYi, tn.tailinss,.findins the costs.to raise from $7 to $36_per t.. ir-Ir[ii.; i;?iiilr]i'ii'l'nirin.rcost of $10 per ton of tailings is-assumea, crrimiiirii riiing ti.'iitt. raaterial produced byl5 vears of mill operation.would.cost appr6ximateiy s6t.j-miiiioi ioir.orni.o to igie-olitars).Ihe staff estimates that the costs of asitratt or clment fixation rirro "inge-r.i, iio,iiiionto $I05 mi I I ion.
This alternative consists of creating a tailings irnpoundnent by constructing a dike to enclosethe lower end of the naturat basin south of thi proiosed mill iii. iiig. -io]ci.- n-rrir:ii.tsttengineered embankment constructed of borrori mateiiai would be usea io ietain iS v.."r'of rifftailings. Because the basin created by the embankment would oe rittea riir' tiiri.gr-o!'oirt.i-bution from the top of the dam, construction of the embanr,reni-rouia have io u..oitr.i.obefore the system could be used. The downstream segment of the embankment would oe'coniiruc-ted of permeable sand. To minimize seepage, the upitrearn section wouto ue constructea oiconpacted clavey-silt and silty-sand and iould ue tieo into ihe;oii riner on irre-6oitom orthe impoundnent. The dam.would be approximately 20.i-m (sg ili higt, nttn a rrJeuoi.o-irior-ance of about 1.5 m (5 ft) for wave iiotection.- The tiiiinss i.liir6ii; rirrio i.r.i-ipp.iii-mately 103 ha (250 acres). To_prevent erosion of the downslream dam slope, 15 cm (6 in) ofsravel, overlain with 30.4 cm (1. ft) of riprap or a'10 cm-thici tq-in-tniiil ionl.ii.'.jp-reinforced with wire mesh, would-be placed over the donnstream segment. The floor of theimpoundment would be tlned.with o.o fi ii-itl of comoacted. Iocally obtained clayey-silt materialto limit seepage frcrn the impoundnent.
After the ccrnpletion of mill operations and as the tailings reach sufficient diyness to allowthe rnovement of-equipment-over.the pile, the tailings wouid be covered with liy'eri-of-iompacted
:.lay, clayey-silt.material, and_topsoil of the same configuration as proposed iorAlternative l. and the area vrould be revegetated with appiopriate plaht species.
The total estimated cost for this alternative is $9.6 million (discounted to 1978 dollars) ifriprap is used for slope protection. The cost of the clay cap'is roughly $i.S ritiion. -'
Alternative 5:
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MILL SITE
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PLAN.TAILINGS PONO
- - f].S.-.l0.4.- Conventional disposal, engineered embankment - full height. Source: EnengyFuels Nuclear, Inc., Fig. 3-3-in'Investigations of Alternative Tailingi Dispol-al Systems,t{hite I'lesa Uranium Project, Blanding, Utah," April 1978.
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Ihe applicant.also investigated the construction of-an engineered embanknrent in stages, withpach stage berng srzed ro rerain rhe tairinos from rir.-vi.rr-ri"r;ii-;p;;;;r.il ""iyii'tl"
oxception that the dam would be exposed to Erosion ar"ini-in" op.".iron.r period (because no.iprap could be adequately placed until the-final. tiig. ir-irrpl.i.i;, the impacts of staoed/ian construction would be about the same as would o.iii ii "-ilii:i.igr,t engineered embanl,nent*ere to be used' The cost would be app"oiiriierv sg.q miriior"ilirlorrted to I97B dollars).This estimate does not incrude rhe cost o.r.riu.i ;;;;."';;;'iii",lili ..r.
At tellgtirg_q: _Co-ryenti ona I above ade tailinqs dirage ol lrqutd wastes an evaporation pond for
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rhis ariernative consists of discharging t!:-!1i]ings slurry into a segmented set,ing pond,with liquid wastes being decanted inio in-evaporafion pona., in.-r.ttfing basin ana tie evapora_tion pond would be enclosed oy engineereJ iuinrr"nii liig. fO.El. The evaporation pond wouldue 1200 m (4000 ft) bv r65-m isqo"rlil.r )o.i r,i-ii;.i;;;.;;."Th" ruin basin wourd cover6pproximatelv 103'7 ha (253 acres). 'ihe miximum neighi oi'inJ'r.ttring pond embankments wourdbe 12 m (40 ft); the dam arouna the.ripofltton pona'r,iril o.-uuJrt 9 m (30 ft) hish. 9na,embankments constructed of tailings sanai woula be .onti.r.i.a*ii'il,e ru;n basin t6 create fiveseements' Tailings would be deliiered io in. iopl Ji irii."'iiles', witir *,"-.ii.ri-riq,]io, o.ingdecanted into the pond area outside ttre iailings'irporrir.rtl'^ii e..n divided segmeni is filledto design capacitv, it would be allowed io arv-anri 'tr,"^-.orJ*oTitn .- rayer of .inp.it"d .tuy,soir materiar, and topsoir of the sare-conrigu";;i;";; ,ioioilo"ro,^ Alternaiive r. Themain basin and the evaporation ponds would be Iined t. riril-r".page with a c.6 m (2 ft) Iinerof cravev-silt materials. rhe rengths oi-tn. *oint ;ri;"';;d;;Ei ao,r."ornd the impoundnentsworild be approximatelv-1lgg ' tr:'ioo-ril ;ia, tii.:.;iii;e';#;;";.d approximatery r550 m(5080 ft) for the eva'poration-poni.--rr',.'toial.cost or tiris-iiieriative wourd be ipp.oiinntety$r0.7 miliion (discounted to tiza-ioiir.ril' The cost of the cray cap is $1.8 milrion.
Alternative 7: Segregated disposal
In this alternative, tailings sands would be separated from slimes and iiquids. The dewateredsands would be placed in uniined trenirrei,-ina [r,"-iiir"i-rri'i'i'qria, would be discharged toclay- or synthetic-lined evaporatto, porii Irigr.. iO.oil -"- ,'""
The sands disposal area.would cover approximatel-v I26 ha (310 acres) and would consist of a;:i;'i i8";rl"!h#ll,iit ;ru{::,'*;:.Eifiiytrrlt:B.*tffiii,li.,l1i,?,.iii:B,tx,l'o"o..n(l) receive the total slurrv, 1lj-ffi;; ffi sanrrs from-t;";i;;; by neans of either standardhvdronetallursical cvclones-(nia."ivli"r";;=*i;;-;" ;ii1,,iri i'd""*ft."ins screen, and(3) would deposit thl moist saias 120 to-zsxmoistur;i-i;-ir," r.iir.o trenches. The depositedsands would drain to 15 to 20x roiitu.el lij arr.arair.g; r;rrj"ie'recycred to the milr. Useof the hydrocvcrone-dewatering screen Jitii', would resurt in drierminimizins the seeoaoe r.o, ii"-i"ii.r,I!.'"i..r, rnoirio"ir';.;;;;'rililtof.ll!,:ifl:;,$t;.r?i'is ri,ed' The sandi wouro oe-rev;ffir; tie naturar ;;;;.-;il-; L.r, o-rt) layer of com_i::i::r'hl"l#]t.[:||ii.lJ:ilf.;"-iril.i"o,.. *'i ,ino,-tJ"irilri ,aoon emanatii,n and to
slimes and liquids would be.directed to a 36-ha (9o-acre) evaporation pond. The applicant hasexamined four alternatg-oond confljur.itort, two. above 6r.a"'[iinea with onsrte soils). onepartially below srade (svnilretil_iiili;;;d one oeioi-giii.-tlviiiltic_rined). Ensineeredil?ilT:ll: :;il:,T":il,ili.::l,i[-s;.llki.;;;";d,iil,iii,ii,.oove-eradi opti6ns, ana tn"
rhe major differences i.n.!h:^:9:tt of the^alternative configurations are related to the anountof excavation necessarv-in construction Jr-it. ponds. - oii.'ii^ii.ijction for the above-gradeoption would resuire l:I3 x iii;-;i-Ji-iiii ,llt.;r.t, r.or'o"iii."oJ."o, ".".r. The parliarryaDove-srade option vourd result in u'.'"i..rition-;; i:;;;"ifi=ri: with 305,800 rn3 beino usedtn embanknent construction. rne ueioi;;il;'.pii"; ,"rii ,.iilt"'ii th. excavation of5.35 x 105 m3 of materiar, or rrricrr'z.zE'r'io" ns would be solid rock.
Reclamation would be ..!]:y.9. by. covering the area with a suitable radon diffusion barrierover the drv slimes' Given.the rriglt riiiui"iontent.i ti.-liii"sl ine start feels that thecover configuration proposed in Alierniliil i'could be inaoequaii'ror the slimes area.
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Fig.10'5.Convent.ionaldisposal,segmentedsettling.pondand.evaDorationpond.Source:
Enersy Fuels Nuc.tear, ii"l,-iig. i-o ih "inr"iiigiiii.i 6rAlternative Tailinss Disposal svstems'
wi'iti"N"ii uranium project, 81inding, utah," April .l978'
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as estimated by the applicant is a function of the slime-sand(the increase in costs due tois not included):
The cost of this alternative
separation method and of the'increases in cover material
Hydrocyclones only
$16,720,000
$25,147,000
$31,368,000
$ r 6 .720.000
slime pond configuration chosen
thickness over the dried slimes
Hydrocyc lones and
dewatering screens Evaporation pond
Above-grade sl imes
Partially below-grade
sl imes
Below-grade s1 imes
Above-grade disposalwith several smal I ponds
$1 5 ,924 ,000
$25 ,350 ,000
$3r,57r,000
$t5,924,000
Alternative 8: Neutralization of tailinqs
This alternative consists of treating the acidic tailings with various bases to yield a
neutral solution. According to ref. ll, pp. 132 and 133, neutralizationrr. causes the
precipitation of 90fr of the radium, almost alI the thorium, and much of the iron, copper,cobalt, arsenic, uranium, vanadium, and other heavy metal ions as insoluble oxides or hydrox-ldes. Seepagg from neturalized, compacted tailings covered by a pond, or runoff from
neutralized tailings, carries very little radium, in contrast to seepage or runoff from unneu-
tralized tailings which may carry disso)ved radium."
In Canada, Iiquid wastes from acid-leach uranium mills are routinely neutralized Pflol !odischarge'to natural watenays. Neutralization reportedly requires about 7.3 kg (l! Ib) of
limestone (CaC0s) and 4.5 lo 22 kg (10 to tl{l 'lb) of lime (Ca[0H]r) p9f tgn of ore.tz A theo-
retical vaiue oi']5.5 llT (34.4 tons) per day of lime for an ]800 1.lT (2000 tons) per day miII
has been reported. lr The White lilesa Uraniurn Project would be processing approximately '1800 l1T
(2000 tons)'of ore per day for 340 days per year; therefore, neutralization could require
ipproximately ll,O00 MT (j2,000 tons) per year of linre [assuning 32 ]lT (35 tons) per dayl.
The applicant investigated the possibility of introducing milk of lime into the tai'lings.
stream to neutralize the tailings effluent. Neutralization could be applied to any of the
tailings disposal alternatives discussed in this section. For alternatives 1,2,_and 6,-the
applicint estimated that neutralization of the tailings.would precipitate about 9l.kg (200 lb)
oi'salts (including rater of hydration) per ton of tailings. The precipitate trould !e gelati-
nous and of low density, and the total volurne of tailings vould increase slightly. The total
capital and operating costs for neutralizing'15 years of mill tailings was estinated to be
approximately $18.55 million (discounted to 1978 dollars) for these alternatives.
The applicant also evaluated the consequences of neutralizing the slimes portion of the tailings
produced by segregating the slimes and sands (see Alternative 7). The applicant estimated that
approximately 82 kg (180 lb) of salts would be precipitated per ton of tailings, increasing the
weight of the slimes and reducing the resulting mixture to approximately 40% solids. The
applicant also estimated that to maintain an adequate evaporative rate, the evaporation pond
woirld have to be doubled in size to approximately 73 ha (180 acres). (About 36 ha (90 acres)
would be needed for unneutralized slimes.) The total capital and operating costs for neutrali-
zation of only the slimes portion of the tailings were estimated to be $16.34 mil'lion, assuning
l5 years of mill operation and discounted to 1978 dollars.
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alternative I is the preferred alternative.of the applicant and the staff. The tailinqs wouldle stored in the head end of a naturai uasin anJ-oei;;';il'.;li;.i bounoing that basin Jn a,rrtt the southern (open) end' Althouqh the.covei,it.iirv"p."iiiiiy u"ro* these ridges (approxi-mateiy 5 of the l2'5 ft of cover), tne iinar grade on ti,.'...iuir.a impoundment is-slight (<2%),and rhe slopes on the perjmeter or tne core" woutJ b;;;-9;;;;;i than 5H:rv and wouid Ee'onstructed of riprap" Revegetation of the'.area.and the piui.r.nt of containmert rit".i.r (riprap-ir concrete) on alr downstream stofei ,oria.rinirii."*ini';;;';;;"" erosign. In addition, theimall drainage area above tne recliimeJ-tuiringt iri."iijloii'rilZio.ozs miz)l obviates concernsoven dispersion of cover from flooding which can be a ievere p.oit* over the long term. There-fore, the proposed cover meets tne peifornran."-"uj..i:r.i'iIr'ilir.,ron of radon exhalat.ionand garrna radiation and should elimjnate ihe neea-for an-ongoini-ronitoring and maintenanceproeram' The sesmented impoundment design,-whi;; ;ii.;; ilrl"lllsla recramation, wourd minimize
;:lll;:: exposure durins operations. rnetinJ.s-on-i.ii'i.i..i,iil'woura essentiaily eriminare
Storing the tailings below grade (Alternative 2)-in a specia'lIy dug pit would minimize.long-term wind and water erosion-of tt. ..iriirea tiiting, ;fi;Jil:r;: In addition, the proposedcover (same as for Alternative ii-rr;;i;-ffii tn. .iio, ffi;iff;;'.ld sama radiarion,*ireria.However' to provide sufficient pit capaciiy to contain u.lrr'it."i.riin6i ano.or..'.orpi.t.ryoelow grade' significant amounts or uiaroi't.worra nive i.''u.".i.ii.ted by brasting, which couldfracture the bedrock incrcasing its pe.reiiirity substantiiiry.--ri".urre the watei table is on)yl5 to 23 rn (50 to 75 rt) be)ov,'ui"-.,1"i..."ana "trre-pii-;;;;;'il; aiep.(7.6 lg s.z n iis io so rttt,anv fairure of a riner cou:a reiuit-i, iiqrja'.,;r;.; ;.;;;;;g-lnl"*ut.. tabre throush thesefractures' In addition, the cost or *,ii'l^.avation could be prohibitive.
Alternatjve 3 involves.dewatering the tailingl.. The najor disadvantages for this dewateringalternative as proposed.bv the u;pii;.;;';;"-tn.t tt. iliiirgi"ti*serves wourd be pariiaryabove grade and susceptibie to rofig-i.i:ri riro and water..oiion'ro"lowing recramatibn ano tiratthe success of filtration,-which J6p"rai g.;atry upon-il,"'J,i.rluiiitv of the ores to the methodchosen for firtration- would u. qr"IiionuBi" u"i.rl. "i;h;"';#;j;!ritr of the ores. Arso, theil!fiI;'ll',ll,,il,iffi'ff1.1;;.:l*j;ry;:jiru,fli=,,il ,ilii Jll,l"3n.,,, to be capabre or reducins
Alternative 4 involves.solidification of tailings. Aithough this courd be environmenta,yiljllill,i;.irfi,lii'lillJI.i, not-*Jir";.iI;ii;il, ;;;',;i,il"Ji,Ji,l the costs rar outweish any
Alternative 5 consists of conventional above-gr-ale agm and pond systems-.. The recraimed impound-ment area would be highlv suscepiiul" t.--ird,and water..oiion iii nouta not eriminate the needt0r 0n9oins monitorino and mainienini.-or"i"ir,".torg-terrn.--in".iiitior, the proposed crayey_sirt::ili:r:ii.:", been sh6wn to r. iipioi. ii'r.ir.:ng;.;;;;; to,,,f,l"r.,,rum extent reasonabiy
Alternative 6 consists of discharging the tailings slurry into a segmented, above_grade settlingpond and transferrino the-tajringi iiqriir"iJ.n""n.ior;1,';;;ril;aoe evaporation pond. Thereclaimed impoundmenl w3u]a !e ;;;.;;i;ii; il..:f:,f ovei the iois.te_. Arso the proposed#;:r:ii":., been sho*n to ue cipiui"'li"..ir.ir9 seepage to'thi"f,axrmum extent reasonibry
iiiiiliilf Inl'lll;!',1T,iflff,i::;:,31:ll,inss sands rrom the srimes and riquids and
i;r,irti*#; iiillii; *:irurTii'1il:';i:ff il:l'iilfiil'pj*ildi' t*ii$,;m.
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Neutralization of the entire tailings (Alternative 8) might partially eliminate the need for aIiner which is needed to prevent seepage,however, it has not been shown capable of retarding 16.movement of anions in the taiiings. Neutraiization of the slinres produced-after segregation sg-sands from slimes (Alternative 7) or neutralization of dewatered tailings (Alternatives 3 or 6lwould appear to be the nrost effective programs. However, the supp)emental costs for neutralizi-tion would be high, and are not considered to be justified at the present time by the benefitsgained at the l,lhite Mesa site.
For all of the alternatives considered, the applicant would be required to implement an interim
stabilization program to minimize the blowing of tailings to the maximum extent reasonably
achievable.
Based on the above d.iscussion and evaluation of alternatives, the staff believes that the
tailings management plan described under Alternative I is the best plan for the lihite Hesa
site w[en coniidered in terms of both the staff's performance objectives (Sect. 10.3.1) and
economic factors. This alternative represents the most environmentally sound, reliable, and
reasonable method of tailings management for the proposed l,Ihite Mesa site usinq existing
cornmercial technology. It should be noted tha! the choice of the_preferred,a!ternatiye is
oJseo on present stiiroaros and existing tecnnologies. However, if the final Generic Environ-
nental Impact Statement on Uranium Milling and associated regulations sho{ that modification
oi ihe chosen alternative is necessary, the plan will be changed accordingly.
.l0.3.4 Al ternatives considered- and rejected
Table l0.l lists sorne of the additional alternatives considered and rejected.
frblc 10.1. Altrm.tivet consldercd .nd r.Jcctcd
Al ternatl Ya Reason for r?jection
Precipitate radioactive and toxic eleflEntsto bottom of the tailings pond lndconsider top of tailings ar covar
Install drains belou pond to collect anddischarge to a'local ratenay
offslte disposal in minrs
Technology is not developed (rould
require a selectively pemeable
bottom liner)
Technology is not avrilable to allor
seepage water treatnent suf flclentto attain water that is enviroa-mentally and'legally accept.blafor releasa
Control of transportation, unloading,
storage, and placdrent of thc
Yastes in the many snull mlncs asuell as monitoring and control of
radon gas €rrissions, particulatrsi ssions, groundrater contanlnrtlon'
and other detrimntal lmpacts xould
bc very difficult (Sect. l0.l.l)
Addltlonal overburden .nd topsollrould br rcquired to rcducd 9r0rradiation to the natural backgroutdlevel, to prevent plant root
penetration into thc tllling3. and
to minimlze eroslon probllt3. Thacost of the cap rould bc excesslva'
coDared to cost of tha soil thaIlner would replacr. fhc tntcartty
of the llnar could not bc auarantacdover the long-tent dua to tha affcct3
of freezing rnd th.Hing cycles, trttla-
meot of the taillogs, and Posslblcchgnical att.cl by thc trillngs
ThG envirorm€ntal hazards .rd thc eo3t3of mitigating the adverse llIP.cts
associaied with tailing3 dlsPo3llrculd only bc shtfted fril thc
Blanding are. to another 'locatlon'
The closest active dispos.l arat3 tra'loc.ted in tloab .nd Lasal. iclthcr
impoundrrnt is crpabla of holdlrytn! design output of thr propos.d :llI'
Addittonally, transport of talllr|93
rould lffiur rl3l3 of .ccldcntr. drt-p.rsrl of tltllngs, tnd crPosur! to
!.ortars rrd othcrs along thc trrnsport
r.outa
Covering of thc talltngs rlth. syntheticliner material such as concrete. asphalt,or PVC plastic to reducr radon €$anltlon
fransport of tarllng3 to currently actlYctailings impoundnents
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t0.4 ALTERNATIVE 0F USING AN EXISTiNG I'tILL
The option of utilizing existing ore processing mills requires the evaluation of numerous
factors, including-(l) the method and distance of mine-to-mill transport, (2) variations in
ore 91919'.(3)-quality of haul roads, (4) total tonnage to be transpbrtei,'(5) haulage sched-
,ltes, (6l.traffi.c and.weather conditions, (7) possible interim transfer and storage iosts,(g) han0llng and mrlling costs, and (9) environmental costs and benefits.
Ihe nearest currently operating.uranium ore.processing facilities (in relationship to the
applicant's Hanksville and Blanding ore.buying.stations) are locatid in liloab, Utah; La Sal,
Ul;h; anq !!.rql,Colorado. The approximate highway distances of these milli from'the Hanis-
ville_and.Blanding-stations are,-respectively,.t'toaU, teS kln (ll8 miles) and .l34 kn (94 miles);
La sal,-243 km (152 miles) and 74 km (46 miles); and uravan, 339 km (ziz miles) and'170 kn
(105 miies).
Although the mill.'located in.La Sat (Humeca) is reasonably close to the Elanding ore buying
station, it would have drawbacks as an ore processing altirnative for the folloiing rea-sons,
1. The.Humeca.mill utilizes an alkaline leach process. Although tests conducted by theapplicant-indicated that some of the ores bought by its ore-buying stations cou-ld besuccessfully treated by alkaline leaching, higher iecovery ratis iould be obtained withacid for the majority of the ores. Because most of the oies are low grade (about
0,125%), any significant lowering of recovery rates would decrease the economic feasibil-ity of ore shipment from the scattered, small mining operations.
2. Currently, only ore from a. company-owned and company-operated mine is being processed;therefore, it is questionabie.whether the mill has the capacity, processin! tapability orthe willingness to accept additional ore.
The mills at liloab and Uravan utilize acid leaching (the iloab mill also has an alkaline leachcircuit); therefore, with process adjustrnents, acceptable recovery rates could be obtained.
However, primarily because of high haulage costs and the limited iapabilities of the mills toprocess additional ore, the staff has concluded that processing the'ores at either or at bothof these mills is not feasible. Assuming that (l) transportation costs are 100 per ton-mile5
and (2) the.average-grade of_the ore bought at the applicant's Hanksville and Blanding ore-
buying stations will be-0.125%, the staff estimates that, if the ore is shipped to th6securrently operating mi1ls, costs of producing each pound of U,0o would incrlase by the following
amounts for additional transportation costs alone (i.e., does'n6t include incremental costfor tolI mi1 l ing):
l. ltloab mill - $3.20 per pound.
2. Humeca mill (La Sal) - $3.04 per pound.
3. Uravan mill - $7.84 per pound.
Transporting the ores to existing nills could reduce the total land requirements for processingthe ores. Hovever, the environmental costs associated rith uranium ord processing anh taitingldisposal would not be decreased and vould only be shifted away froa the blanding irea to the -
area of the mill receiving-the ore. If the pioposed oill is -not constructed, tieie it. trigltprobability that other rills (or expansions in capacity of existing mills) will be proposed-inthe area to process the ore noy progriuned for the applicant's nili. If iro nills (br Lxpan-sions).are constructed, a substantiil econooic base ibr the Hanksville-Blanding aria wili berenoved because nany of the snall independent nines would not be econonically iiabte.
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IO.5 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
i0.5.1 Fossil and nuclear fuels
.l0.5..I.,l introduction
The use of uranium to fuel reactors for generating electric power is relatively new histori-cally. Coal was the first fuel used.in quantity ior etectrilii-po*." generation. Coal usewas reduced because of the ready availability aird low price;i oii'and natural gas, r[icn u..cleaner burning than coal and easier to use. Uranium iu.i-ii.r.n ir.un"r-tii,"iiiiriyi-tnunoil or gas-and at present l: lgs! expensive, on a thermai Uaiii,'tnan any other fuel used togenerate electric power. The following discussion concerns in"'.eiatire-availability oi fuelsfor-power generation over the next l0 to 15 years ana a compirison or the health effects ofutilizing coal and/or nuclear fuels as energy sources.
I0.5.1.2
According to the National Energy PLan, pub'lished by the Carter Administration in April 1927,the United States uses more eneigy to-produce goodi and...ric.r-tnun any other nation andconsumes twice as much energy.per capita as do6s }lest Germany,-*tian has a similar standard?l,rlrjl?ii'^ln,i11u, ffre uiriiea stltea a;nsumea app"Jirmitiiv"ii-quuorlrion Btu,s(/l x-l0r')' or 7l quads (q), of energy,-with about 93% of thii energy being rrppii.a by threefossil fuels: oi1, natural ggs, and i-oit.r,- eppioxirjtefv-iSi ii"or" energy needs aresuppled.by natural gas and oil; however, because'aomesiii irppiiei of these valuable resourcesare limited (about 7% of proved "eservei are oil q.a-giii,-il!'irornt of oi1 imported fromforeign sources has increased, undermining our militaiy iia eionorii.ecr"ltV.ii- ii[f.'ib.Zillustrates the disparity between availability and;;;'g.-;;.nIriv'tor"."s in the united states.
Tablc 102 B.lder and onGnt @nsmption o, anargy DU,B
Percentage of proven U.S. energy
res€ryes ecorcmically recocrable
with existing (1975) technologv
Percentage of total U.S. energy
consumption contributed by
erch energy resourceI
T
Coal
oir
Gas
Nuclear
Other
Soure: Tetra Tech, lnc., Eneryy F*t Book _ 1972, prepared undcr the direction oflhe Directtr, Navy Energy and National Resources Recarch and Oevetopment Office,Aprit t977.
Despite concentrated efforts to srow down our consumption of oir and natural gas, increase theusage of coal-burning facilities, and further the utilization-of nonconventional energy sources,enersv demand rorecasrs.indicate tlgt !y the year iooo,-iii"dri;ri;i;-;fi";i"ilri EiiElii iirrstill be supplied bv oil and gas,2lg uv coal, and onty;';ili'i-il;.entage (7%) by soiir, seo-thermal, and oil shale (Table-lO:3).ls -
90
3
4
3
0
r8
46
?8
3
5
frbh 10.3. Forrcrn ol gros cn.rly coosrmpiion fq 19fl), t9g5, rnd nXXt
l9g)1985 2(n0
Fuel
l0r2 gtu P?rclntagc
ot gross ro12 Btu t:r?jf ro,2 Btu
20.6
44.1
r9.4
0.8
11 .4
3.7
,m.o
Percsntaga
of gros
Coal
Petrolom
Natural gai
Oil shale
Nuclcar porcr
Hydropowrr and
geothermal
Totab
I 7.1 50
4t,040
20,600
4.550
3,800
87,140
19.7
47.1
23.6
5.2
4.4
tm.o
21,?fi
45,630
20,1m
870
r 1,840
3,850
,03,54{)
34,750
51.200
't9.6q)
5,730
46,0e)
6,070
r63,(tr
21.3
3r.3
t2.o
3.5
4.2
3.7
100.0
Sourcc: U.S. Bueru of Mincs, ttnitcd Srates Encty t mqh tho yorr n(n,Deccmbcr t975.
I 0-23
of tne 71 q of energy consumed in the United States in 1975, 20 q consisted of electrjc energy.
in estimated 8.61 of this e'lectric energy was generated using nuclear fuels, but within ten
Ipars this percentage is expected to increase Lo 26%. Coal was used for producing 59% of the
iiictric energy generated by-combustion of fossil fuels in 1975; oil and gas produced 20 andiii respectivety. Use of oil and gas to generate electric power has decriased about l0% over
ine tast three years, a reflection of high oil prices and gas unavailability.l6
current and projected requirements for electric energy (1970-'l985) and relat'ive changes in
I!ror...t used.for generition, as estimated in lhe eioieci rndependence repott,lT ar6 shown in
iiOt. tO.C. The evidence available at this time indicates that, of the resources currently
uied in electric-power generation (coal, uranium, oil, gas, and hydro), coal and uranium must
be used to-generate an increasing share of U.S. energy needs. Thi supplies of oi1 and gas
available for electric power generation are decreasing, and the United States dces not have
sufficient oil and gas reserves to ensure a long-run supply.
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Trbla 10.4. Enime&d nlaivc drtngar in rerourcs to be us.d
for gamratio of proicctad elcctric m.rgy Equirlmrn6
Ttrrmal energy required by years, %
Fuel resource u*d
Ble 1,974b t98op r98s.
Coal
Oil and gas
Nuclear
Hydro, waste, etc.
Total quads of energy
reguired t 5.6
t Actual.
6 Estimated trom Federal Enargv Administration, Nationat
Encrgty Outlook, U.S. Government Printing Office, Warhing-
ton, O.C., February 1976.cCoal usage mst increaie 77% by 1985 to attain this ldel.dUranium.fueled r.actorsfurnished 9.996 ol the total U.S.
productioo in January 1976.
Source: Federal Energy Administratio, Prci&t lnd.Nt d.
enca, U.S. Government Printing Officc, Washington, O,C",
Nov.mb.r ,974.
llith increasing energy demands, both foreign and domestic, expectations are that in the next
few decades the prices of oil and and gas will increase rapidly as reserves of these tworesources become severely depleted. Because of the time lag between initial extraction and
consumption of thc resource for energy production (three to five years from mine to generationplant for uraniun and coal, five to seven years for construction of a coa'l generating plant, and
seven to ten years for construction of a nuclear generating plant), the exploltation of bothcoal and uranium resources must be integrated with contemporary energy needs. Although coaland uranium resources are adeguate for foreseeable energy needs, major expansion of both
uraniurn- and coal-producing industries wiI'l be reguired, as neither of these industries is con-sidered capable of singly supplying future energy requirements.
The determination of availability of uranium in large enough guantities to fue'l the projected
nuclear generating capacity (for I985 and beyond) is currently a matter of study.ts Reiultsof those studies are given in Appendix B, which includes an estimate of reactor installationthrough the year 2000 and the re'lative percentage of total electricity-generating capacitythese new installations would represent.
10.5..|.3 Coal production
Congress and the Carter administration have stressed, via passed and proposed legislation,the necessity of future decreases in oil and gas demand to a'lleviate our dependence on foreignenergy sources and to reorient our energy consumption patterns. The Project fnd.qendencereport of November 1974 and the l:lational Enengg Ailook of February 1976 both proposed that
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coal productjon be jncreased from present levels (approximatery 650 mirlion tons per year) 1sapprcximatelv l'2 b'illion tons bv i985.rs,rz 1ne mgiol giprriio.'.r coa) production iiir ritut,be in rhe west (from approx_imateiv 92 m.iil,:l !:l: i, rsia't;-.iout 380 mi.njon tons i,) 1985),.because of the iow sutiw ir.,,-ii'. p.ririj^il content of mosi *eiie.n.outs. The ootential forenvironmental damaqe (aue ic aistr.6in.l-Ji generaily fragi)e ecosystems) in the westernunited states will be increased.--4...ri"-ini maior iarreii r.i"ii. coar produced;iii;. Iocatedhundreds of miles from the *ett..n-riniil i"urrpo.tution costi'*ii't u. high, as wir.r the envi-ronmental impacts associated with transporiation ,Vii.rr.--Cr.".rity, transportation costs forbrinsins western coal.to the eastein-urii.o""itii.i'ii.lirrt;;;.'ili: major portion ef the marketprice. Also, for a oiven.thermal .oni.nil-trunsport facititi.r-iJ. U306 per year are minimalcompared to those foi.coal uu.irt.-ol"ii,e'mucrr.r,iirr;f^1;;il'li^ilr, of uranium fuer. Approxi_matelv 250 tons of uros p.. v.ui i.e ".qri".a for-a I000-Hri'^;;i;;;-prant operatirrg at a prantfactor of 0'B' Annuil-westein coal ..l,ii".r.nt, ro" un.frrrui"ii rooo-Nw coal p)ant wourd beISif;ilnil"tolr'31 j?l;; ;;.:li,1::o 'urji'iiv or at-teast-I..',iillt".in troo-.u.1'oi"r6o"ton,
10.5,'l.4 Uranium fuel production
Estimates presented in the Natiornl Energy outlookt, indicate that r40,000 to 15c,000 Ml,re ofnuclear qeneratino caoacitv will be;;;;Ef i;.rrppry 26:- oi-in."iotur erectricar energy used inI985. The fjrst Froi'ec.t rnd.epencence;;;;r;i, ii,li'..i.j ;;u;';r;;;." capacity courd increaseto more than 200,000-l,tlile by i'985"-'i"r;;5""e.ent and lower.itiilii. resulted irom lower projec-tions of electricirv demani, rinanciai-pirli:y:^:lrlienced by uti.lities, uncertainty aboutgovernment policy' and continued siting'and iicensing probremi. The more recent projectionsot uranium requirements are given in fiUie-tO.S.
Tablc 10.5. Uranirm rcquinmnr
lvtwe operatirg
by 1985
Lifetim U3Os requiremnts (tons)fr specified olant factor
0.8
142,W 960.0()0 704,000
,",I'i.*;iill1ff r,ff T;,#i::,i:;;!:.:::T
February 1 976.
Table l0'6 presents estimates of quantities of uranium avai'lable at different recovery costlevets. Assuminq reserves recoverabre at a forwarJ;r;;;';;;rliion-up to $30/rb oi uror,the Department of Energv (DoE) esti;;;eJ-t[at in.tanuiry igzS'ii""iotul of al] variousry knowncategories of uranium resources was approximately 3.4g i io;-tiri.ie An est.imatea 0.6 i io. ton,of these resources consisted.of iilrr;';;;;;;Lr;-inut ls,.artriin!'and sampting have estab.tishedthe existence of these.deposits u.iri,a,iii,iriuri jJr6i],i"npplirirater y 5.2 x r0s tons oru30s could be recovered riom-very-ior-g.ii.-;,". ana cniitanolr6S'lr,ir" for about $t00/lb andiit57l;133:lY 4 x l0e tons or u3os trof, t.i*it.' ro" an eilimiiei"lost or between $300/rb ano
Teblc 10.6, U.S. unnium (U3O6l reourcr
co3rcategsy' RasryeP{$/lb) (rons)
Potential reurcs (tons)
ftobablec Posibly'Soeorlativl
15
30
50
370.0m
690,cpo
&o,q)o
540,000 49o,oq) 165,0q)r,015,m 1,135,(m 4r5,0@
1,395,0@ t,srs,ooo 565.0@
' Eacfi cct etegory imludes all lower c6t re*rye3 and reorces." Rcrryes are in known dep6iB.dProbable rsources hde noi be€n drill€d and samplcd a, extcnriv€ly a3reserye3-dPossiue and 3p€cJlative r€rorcsr havr b?.n 6iim.l!d bv inrsenco fromgeologic eyidence and limiEd $mpling!
Sourca: Departmat of Energy, St tirtial D.t of d, Unium lndutry,ReponGJO.l00(78), Jan. t, 197&
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818a.a8a856878SS990
YEAS
1y
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ted
1 N-25
Historically, resources.of uncerta'in potential have becorne established at an average rate of
iz 0.. y.u. since 1955,17 If this rate were to persist over the next decade, total reserves
would exceed requirements (1,340,000 tons of reserves vs a maximum 960,000 tons required for
iifetire nuciear generating capacity rated at 142,000 l4we) by about 380,000 tons. Assuming
no transfer of possible resources into the "probable" category, probable resources would stiil
contain 430'000 tons.
lr{il'l capacity in the Un'ited States as of January 1978 was 39,210 tons of ore per day. These
6ills operated at 79% of capacity in 1977. Uranium oxide output was approximately 14,946 tons,
equivalent to about 2.5 lb of U306 per ton of ore.
A survey of U.S. uranium marketing activity completed by ERDA in l4ay 197722 indicated that
annual contracted deliveries of U306 for nuclear-powered electric aeneration plants (assuming
no recycle of plutonium and uranium and 0.?0% uranium-235 enrichment plant tails assay until
0ctober I,'l980,0.25% thereafter) will exceed annual requirements untiI I979 (see Fiq. I0.8).
Contracted imports of U306 will exceed contracted exports by a considerable margin over the
next few years, Through 1990, cumulative contracted imports of U30s are 47,200 tons (approxi-
mately 50% of future contracted imports will come from Canadian sources), compared to .l3,500 tons
to be exported. Figure 10,7 illustrates total U30s reQuirements, domestic deliveries, imports,
and exports through I990.
-on s
:d
^ Fig. I0.7. Surmary of uraniun reguirenents and delivery comnitments as of January 1,1977.fource: Energy-Research-and oevelopment Administration, Suroey of United States |Jruttiwt M@ket-ing Aetiuity, Division of Uranium Resources and Enrichment, 0f?icit of Assistant Director of
Raw Haterials, l4ay 1977.
Cumulative U.S. supplies of U306 (including domestic and foreign inventories and contractcormitnents) will exceed 008 enriclnent feed requirements untii 1983. The gap betweencumulative supply and cumulative requirements is expected to be approximateiy 58,000 tons by1985 and widen to approximately 233,OOO tons by 1990 (see Fig. lO.b).T
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-z- REouTBEMENTS
(0,20 TAILS UNTIL
1O/1/80, 0,25 THEREAFTE R
NO RECYCLE)
208 GWe
10-26
ES{632
R EOUI B €M EN TS
(O 20 TAILS UNTIL
IO I 80- O 25 IHEREAFTER
NO RECYCLET 208 Gwe
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oj :oo
z
Fo 250z
lo! 200 CUMULATIVE DOM€STIC & FOREIGN
URANIUM DELIVERY COMMITTTIENTS
PLUS BUYERS' INVENTOEI€S
8UY E RS
INVENTORIESoN |r 77
a-. I977 DELIVERY
.. COMM'TM€NIS
1977 1978 1979 1980 r98r 1982 1983 1984 1985 1985 1987 1988 1989
^ Fi9--10.8' Comparison.ol Uage requirements and contracted deiiveries plus inventories.Iource:. Energy.Research^and oevilopment Administration, s;;; o1'url,.t.a states !)ranium Mayket-ing A.ctiui.ty, Division-of Uran.ium Resources and Enrichme.i, Oiiiil of Assistant Director ofRaw Materials, l4ay 1977.
i0.5.1.5
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Research conducted by the-U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cormission23 comparing the health effectsassociated with the coal.fuel cycle (mining,-processing, ruet tiinlportition, poner generation,and waste disposal) and the uranium ruet cyili (mining,'miiiins,-;"unim enrichnent, fuelpreparation, fuel transportation, power generatjon, iiiaalat.J'ir.i transportation, and wastedisposal) indicated that increases'in th6-Jie or i6ai f;; ;;il. ilneration may cause the adversehealth impacts related-to electric energy production to-in[..ite]- As defined by the study,health effects are stated in terms or,,eiclss;-r6rtiriiy, i""uiiitv iaii.;;;-.;l ifi;;;i,::9::{::l:T:lg l::l?.tional workers anJ-ilre senerar pi,6ric,-*r,e.i,,excess,,impl.ies il.lnessano lnJury rateF higher than-normal-and premature deaths. The estimated excess'deitni p."0.8 gigawatt-vear electric t!ry1(9)J (i.e._, per-r000 Mr,re por." piint operating at 80x, ofcapacity for one year) were 0.47 foi an ali-nucle.r eConofii-litlur"t that all of the elec-tricity used within the nuclear fuel cycle is generated by nuclear poweii ina i.r-lo s.i-ir urrthe electricity used in the uranium full cycle"tp"iri"iri"r.r'r"l^i* enrichment and reactoroperation) came from coal-fired n!ants. iiiess beaths ri,r irre-en[ire coal cycle varied from'15 to 120 per 0.8 GUyr(e). irortality estimites are shorn in iauie ro.z.
Excess-morbidity and injury rates for workers and the general public resulting from normaloperations and accidents-in an all-nuclear-cycle wert 6;tir;iei-il'be about li per 0.8 Guyr(e),with injuries to miners from.accidents (falIs, cave-ins, .nJ-"ipiosio.ii-lJ.irriij.,g"ii""lln orthese occurrences. If all the electricil power used.in'ttre urantJ; i;;i;t;i; J.iiinli.i'r.*coal-fired plants, these rates rvould increase to approximately ll-24 per o.s elriri"j.--ih"estimated excess disease and injury rate for the c6il cycle wis sz-zlb per o.e 6ui"(e1."'ioat_related illnesses among coal mineri and the general pruiic-ano-injuries'to mineri-aiiount'rorthe majoritv of nonfatal cases. Table 10.8 iltustraiii $reie-coriirative illness and injuryrates.
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Table 10.7. current encrgy Eurca exest morrality smmry per ycar per 0.g-GWyr(c) porer plant
Occupational General o:blic
Disease Accident
Nuclear fucl cycle
o.2l o. t4D
l.f t3-l ld 15-120
Ratio of coal to nuclear; 32:260 (all nuctear); l4:22 (with coal power)/
ePrimarily ratal nonradiological accidents, such as falls, explosions, etc.DPrimarily fatal radiogenic cancers and leukemias from nsmal operations at mines, mills, power plaots andreprocessing dants.cPrimarily faral transpprration accidents (Tade S-4, lO CFfi part 51) aM serious nuclear accidents.dU.S. population for nuclear eflects; regional ;npulation for coal effects.ePrimarily fatal mining rccidents, such as cayeins, fires, explosions, etc.lPrimarily coal workers pneumoconiosis and related re!piratory disases leading to respiratory failure.gPrimarily mmb€rs of the general public killed at railcrossirgs by coal trains.
'Primarily respiratory failure among the sick and elderly from combustion products from power plants butincludes d€aths from Mite coal bank fires.
I t 0096 of all electricity consumd by th" nuclear tuel cycle produced by coal pomr; amounts to 45 MWe per 0.gGWyr(e).
Source: 8. L. Gotchy, Health Effxrs Attributabte to Coa! nd Nuclar Fucl Cyclc Alternativ1, ReoorrNUREG'0332, Division of Site Safety and Enviromental Anatysis, Offie of Nuclear Re*tor Regutation, U.S.Nuclear Begulatory Commission, September 1 977.
as more coal is shipped over greater distance " (ref.23, p. l3).
Although the adverse heaith effects related to either the uranium fuei cycle or the coal fuelcycle represent small additional risks to the general public, the study ioncluded that ,,.
the coal fuel cycle may be more hannful to man by factbrs of 4 to 260 depending on the effectbeing considered, for an all-nuclear economy, or factors of 3 to ?Z w.rth' tne aisumpiion-thatall-of^the electricity_used by the uranium fuel cycle comes from coal-powered plinis . . .,,\ref. ?3, p. 13). Additionally, ". . . the impact of transportation oi coal is based on firmstatistics; this impact alone is greater than the conservative estimates of health effects forthe entire uranium fuel cycle (all nuclear economy) and can reasonably oe expeitea io *o.ien
All nuclear
With 1009o of the electricity used in the
fuel cycle produced by coal porerd
Regional population
a.24-0.25a,o 0:6-0.46b.1
Coel fuel cycl.
0.35-0.65' O-|f
o.Osc 0.060 o.4i
o:tf's 0.64-4.6" r.l-5.4
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I0.5.2 Solar, geothermal, and synthetic fuels
Estimates reported in the. natiotlal Energy 0utlookr6 indicate that solar and geothermal sourceswill each supply about,l%,of.U.S.-energi requirements by 1985 and about ?% bi 1ggo. Suppiiesof synthetic gas and oil derived from ioal iill probabl! not exceed ii oi u.i. .nergy-.E6ri".-ments as of-the year .l990. These projections are based-on-many considerations. frri-teinnotogvexists in all cases but not in a proven, cormercially viable minner. The poiential-lor-provin-gthese technologies on a comnercial-scale is great, but tinrely developnnnt iitt require a'favor-able market as well as governmental incentivis. A maximum o? 6g ot irojecteo rggd-enerqyrequirements is expected to be derived from solar, geothennal, and syntietic fuel "eioriiescombi ned.
The Natiorwl Energy plan|3 does not set specific goals forgeothermal energy, but does state that, as a possible goal,2.5 million homes bv 1985.
increased use of synthetic fuels orsolar energy will be used in
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rable 10 8. currcnt emrgy orce iummary o{ exc6r morbidity and inlury pcr 0.g GWyr(c) po*r Drant
Occupatronal General public
Morbidity lnjury Morbidity
All nuclear
Wirh t00% o, etstricity u*d by the
fuel cycle produed by coal powerd
Nuclear fud cyclc
0.84' t*
1.7 4.1r t3- tob
Coal fual cyclc
zo-tor tt-tl
o.td 14
o.sd 17-24
r{ s7-z1o
o.t*
r .3-5.39
lo-rodRegional population
Ratio of coal to nucleat 4.1:15 {all nuclear);3.4:8.8 (with coal oower),
'Primarily nonfatal cancers and thyroid nodules.
'Primarily nonfatal iniuries assaiated with accidents in uranium mines, such as rock talls, explosions, etc.cPrimarily nonfatal cancers, thyroid nodules, genetically related diseases, and nonfatal illnesses toilowing highradiation doses. gJch 6 radiation thyroiditis, prodromal vomiting. and temporary srerility.dTransportatioDrelated inruries from Table 94, lO CFR part 51.eU.S. population for nuclear effects; regioml population for coal effects.
'Primarily nonfatal diseases associated with coal mining, such as coal workers pneumoconiosis, bronchitis,emphyema, etc.9Primarily respiratory disea*s among adults and children from sulfur emissions from c@l-fired pourer ptants butincludes warte ccl bank firs-DPrimarily iniuries to coal miners f.om 6ve-im, fires, explosions, etc./Primarily nonfatal iniuries amng membeB of the general public from coilisions with coal trains at railroad
crossings.
/1m96 of all el6tricity consumed by the nuclear fuel cycle produced by cml porer; amounts to 45 MWe p€r O.gGWyr(e).
Source: R. L. Gotchv, Hcalth Effdrtt Attribrtable to Coal ild Nrclear Fuel Cyclc Altematives, ReportNUREG'0332, oivision of Site Safety and Environmental Analysis, Office of Nuclear Reactor Begutation, u.S.Nuclear Begulatory Commission. September 1977.
I0.5.3 By-product uranium
Uranium recoverable as a by-product of phosphate fertilizer and copper production is estimatedto be 140'000 tons through the year 2ooo.le These reserves are in iaallion to tle ogo,ooo tonsof $30 uranium availab'le from conventional mining ana miliin! tor"."t.
The following is noted in a report by the National Academy of sciences:24
Like all by-product coflnodities'.by-product uranium is entirely dependent uponproduction of the priTgry cormodity, is Iimited in amount by t-he llvel of fioJuctionof the prim!! comodity, and is unresponsive to the demand-for uranium. by-p"oauiiuranium could be obtained frorn the mining of phosphate, copper, and lignite.
l'luch phosphate is treated with sulfuric acid to produce fertilizer and goes througha phosphoric acid step, Uranium in the phosphate can be recovered from thephosphoric acid. It has been estimated that about 25oo sr-r30g-fei yearcould be recovered from Florida phosphate mined for fertilizer.
The Bureau of ltlines studled the sulfuric^acid leaching of low-grade dumps at l4 porphyrycopper mines and concluded that about 750 ST UlOa per year couid be.ic6r""ea. ihi;would be recovered from rocks whose uranium cont6nt ra-nges fron I to 12 ppm.-'
The Bureau of Mines thought that other porphyry copper deposits might also be possible sourcesof by-product uranium.
The staff has studied available data on the potentlal of uranium production from phosphatefertilizer production2s-14 !I9! copper dump'leaching, anA istimalei ttrat proaucti;-;ili;reach_3000 to 5000 l'lT (4000-5000 tons) per year fron-phosphoric acid extraction and 406 to900.1{T (500-1000 tons) per-year rrom iobpeiaurnp teachin!'za,re -nrirr eirori'fris-[ien-expinaeato determine the amounts of uranium that mlght be recoveied from coal ina-iignite.--!oi"'i".nt6
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vras recovered from lignite ash in the early 1960s, but the lignite itself was not a suitable
fuel for the process; supplementary fuel was needed for the necessary conversion to ash. No
rJranium has been.recovered as a by-product from the ash of coal- or Iignite-fired power plants.
ish samples continue to.be analyzed for uranium, but to date no ash containing more than 20 ppm
ijrOs nas been found, and most ash samples contain from I to 10 ppm U30s.26
10.5,4 Energy conservation
Ihe cornerstone of-the )lational lnergy PLan is conservation, the cleanest and cheapest sourceof new energy suPPlY.
If vigorous conservation measures are not undertaken and present trends continue, energy
demand is projected to increase by more than 30% between nor+ [1977] and l9B5.13
Ihe National Energy PLan lists the following consuming segments as being prime targets for
energy conservation:
I. transportation,2. buildings, including residences,
3. appl iances,4. industrial fuel use, and5. industries and utilities using cogeneration of electricity and Iow-grade heat.
Part of the National lnergg PLan will be the utilization of all possible governmental means(tax reduction,.incentives, direct subsidy, and legislation and regulation) to change the pastrelationship between energy production and use of energy requirements in the United States
where energy usage is two times higher per capita than in other industrial countries for
energy consumption and production and energy use.
The llatiorul.ry""Sy PLa.n .clearly states that both coal and nuclear electrical generationfacilities will be needed to meet estimates of U.S. energy requirements through the year
2000, even if the conservation goals of the PLqt are met, The relative amoun[s of eichenergy source used will depend on economic and regional environmental considerations.
IO.6 ALTERNATIVE OF NO LICENSING ACTION
Among the alternative actions available to the l{RC is the denial of a Source l,laterial Licenseto the applicant. Classifications of source materials are discussea ln io-crn-ii"t-io.igiul;these classifications are based on Section 52 of the Atomic Enerry Act of fgS+. wnicn-ioicifl-cally exempts "unbeneficiated ore" from control. Under these .eilrtiiioni ir..qy"ir.ir-[Jirfamine the ore but could not process it, should the NRC deny the Sdurce tr{ateriat*License.
Exercise by the NRC of this option would thus leave the applicant with three possible coursesof action:- (a) mine the ore and.have it processed at an Llisting miii posserliil;'i";;;
l1TIj.1 License;^(b).postpone the project while attempting to rEmove the.objections that ledl0 [ne denlal ot the license; or (c) abandon the project. Alternatlve (a) nds Deen discusseo inSect. 10.4. Alternative.(b) is essentially the applicant's proposal (merely shifted in tirne),uhich is the subject of this statement. Aiternative (c), thlreiore, ij ttre'oniv iit."n.iir.discussed herein.
If the.applicant were not awarded a Source ilaterial License, the uranium concentrate it intendsto produce would not becone available for use as fuel in nuilear ieictors-in-is-iir"rvimanner. The relationship of electrical energy produced by nuclear reactors to ttre toiai U.S.energy requirenents has been discussed in Seit. 10.5.
The yellow.cake produced by the llhite llesa mill will contribute to the norldride supply ofuranium which will be used as fuel in nuclear reactors that are either oDeraf-ino or'unierconstruction in the united states or abroad. As was stated in Section 10.5.1.4, contractedinports of us0a will exceed contracted exports over the next fen years. Lack of fuet wouldrequire those reactors short of fuel to reduce their output and could conceivably ."iufi-inthe shutdown of sore of them.
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The applicant has indicat.ed the effects of Io::::-of loca,l and-neoional economic benefits thatwould occur if the l'Jhite Hesa milt were not'ircensed and has also pointed out the environ-mental costs that would not be incurred should no Iicense ue irsue'a. Overall, the benefitsaccruing from the mill outweign tne coiti.--
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10-31
REFERENCES FOR SECTiON IO tl1 D. A, Clark. Scate-of-the-Art: IJrar,tutt-!4ining, Mil.!.inT, enr. Seiining rnctstry, Report" EPA'660/2-74-038,-National Enviroi,r..Iir n"i";;.;";;;#;,-i#nce or Research ind Dlveropment,U.S. Enyironmental protection Agency, June 1974,
2. R' c'.Merritt,.!he'Esttactiue MetalLuroy of Uroiton, Colorado School of Mines ResearchInstitute, Golden, Colo., I97l
3. Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc" "Proposed Tailings Disposal system, wh.ite Mesa Uranium project,Blanding, Utah", Sept. ?0, 1978.
4. Energy Fuels Nuclear, rnc.,."Investlgation of Alternative Tailings Disposal Systems, l'JhiteI1esa Uranium Project, Blanding, Utah,,, April 'l97g. -- '- -'
5. Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., "Report of Evaluation of Long-Term Stability of uran.ium Mill
16il]rnt Disposal Alternatives, l,lhite Mesa uranium projeit,-lrear sranai"ng, uiirr,,;-nug. rr,
6. u's: Nuclear Regulatory Conmisslon, Draft Enuirorntental statement Related to ihe Minerals2WL21a1721 Co_mpanyts Sueetttatet tJreniun project, Sueetuiter- Counfu, Vyoiing, OocleiNo. 40-8584, Cecember'1977.
7, U.S. Nuclear-Regulatory Conrnission, Final Enuironnenta| statenent Related to the utahrntetttatiorzal, rnc. Lucky Mc Gae ilitTs urcniwn t*iLL, oocfei-lto. qo-ZiSg, Hor"rU..-igzz.
B' U,S' Nuclear Regulatory Cormission, Draft EnuiroruneTrtal statenent Related. to the Dperationoi Moab Urcniwn MilL, Atlae Minercls Diuision, Atlas Corp., Crand Couitg, Uloi,,'-OoiietNo. 40-3453, Novernber .l977.
9. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Cormlssion, Draft Emsinonnental statement Retated. to the Esro,tMinerals 9o^?*ur u.s.A., Highland. tJranhon solution Mining proie"t',--coi;;";; ;;r A:'l'tyonrin4, Docket No. 40-8102, trlay 1978.
10. U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForeSt Service, D?aft Erusironnental Statement fo? theHonestake Mining conlpang's piteh project, sag'qnfts boun4, colotod.o, Jury 14, iiza. --
11. M. B. Sears et al. , Coanelalton o[ Rad,Loa.c.t-Lve llc.ate Tnea-bnenl. coaxa and, ttTe tnviuon-nental rtnpact of llaste Effluents i.n the Nuclear FueL cycle for use in EstablishinqttAs Lou as Precticabie" Guides - l*iltino of ttranirn orLs, RLport OnlflliN:Aggj,'r.Y. l,0ak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridg6, ienn., iSZs.-
12. D. Moffett' "Uranium l'laste Researchers Consider Alternate Means of Tailings Disposal,,,Cor. Min. J,, January 1977.
13. Executive 0ffice of the President, The National Ene"gy plan, Energy policy and planning,April I977.
'14' Tetra Tech., Inc.,.Energy-Fact Book- 7g?7, prepared under the direction of the Director,Navy Energy and National Resources Researcir and'Development Oifice, np"it-fSii. -''-
u.s. Bureau of I'lines, ttnited states Ene"g! through the rea.t 2000, Decellf,er .l 975.
Federal Energy Administration, Nationa.L Energy outlook, U.S, Government printing 0ffice,l.lashington, D,C., February 1976.
17. Federal Energy-Administration, -project fnd.eptend.enee, U.S. Government printing Office,tJashington, 0.C,, November 1974.
Department of Energy, Latest Estinate of u.s. Lttcnitn Resources, Aprit .l97g.
oepartment of Energy, stati.etical Data of the tJ?anitrn rndustnl, Report GJ0-100(7g),January I, 1978.
Nuclear oer.rs, July 1975' p. 37 [reprinted in Energy pactbook - l.g?z-J.
U'S. Bureau of llines, Recorterg oft)raniwn fnon Lot*Grade Resoutces, Decemb€r l, lgll(unpubl i shed).
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Energy Research and Development Administration, Surtey cf L:niteC Stctes UraniwnllarketLng Aeiiuit't, Division of Uranium Resources and Enrichment,Office of AssistantDirector of Raw Materials, lilay 1977.
R. L. Gotchy, lleaith Effects Aitnibutable to CcaL tnC ltuclear FueL Cgele Altez.natiues,Report NUREG-0332, Division of Site Safety and Environmental Analysis,0ffice of Nuclear
ReacLor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Reguiatory Coninission, September'1977.
National Academy of Sciences, M")neral Resoutces rnd the Enuirorunent. Suppienentaz,g3e.ort: Peaeroes andResources of Uraniwn in the u.5,, Washington, D.C., I975, p. 106.
J. Klemenic and D. Blanchfield, "Production Capability and Supply (of Uranium)," paperpresented at Grand Junction, Colo., ERDA Uranium Conference, 0ctober .|977.
J. F, Pacer, Jr., "Production Statistics," paper presented at Grand Junction, Colo.,
ERDA Uranium Conference, 0ctober 1977.
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I I .1 GENEML
Implicit in the decision of.a utility-to.construct a nuclear power plant is that the uraniumneeded to fuel the reactor is available (Appendix B). For eath appiication to tne NRC ior apernit to construct.a nuclear power plant, an Environmental Statement is prepared which includesa review cf the availability of uranium resources. The uranium to be produced by the Hhite Mesamill is among the total U.S. resources considered to be available to the conmerc-ia.l market forreactor fuel; thus, the uranium from this mill is needed to meet the demands of the nuclearpower industry. .In.the Environmental Statement, the benefits (the electricif .n.rgy p.oducea)of the nuclear plant are weighed against the economic end environmental cosis, inci"raing-aqtof3!.1:lu!.9f !h9 environmental costs of the uranium fuel cycle. These incremenial"impactsin the fuel cycle are iustified in terms of the benefits of eneigy generation. However,because these costs and benefits are not localized, it is appropiiale to review ttre-speiiflcsite-related benefits and costs for an individual fuel cyctb'faiitity such us ite yni[e-Nesamill.
I 1 .2 QUANTIFIABLE ECONOI'IIC IMPACTS
Section 4 of this Envir"onmental Statement treats the quantifiable economic impacts for thel"lhite Mesa Uranium Proiect. 0n the one hand,-many morietary benefits accrue to the comnunityfrom the presence of the mill - for example, locai expendiiures of construction and opeiatingfunds and palments of State and local taxes, Against these monetary benefits .". in."roi.tr"ycosts to the different cornmunities invoived - for example, costs foi new or expandedschools and other conmunity services. It is not possible-to iiilre at an exact numericalbalance between the benefits and costs for any one cormunity unit or for the m1l uecauiethe distribution of revenues to support serviies may not ue"timeiy-or completely coniiiientwith those geographical locations where impacts occur.
II .3 THE BENEFIT-COST SUMMRY
As stated in sect. ll.l, the benefit-cost surmary for a fuel cycle facility such as the lihitel'|esa-Uranium Proiect rests on a comparison between the societai benefit cfan arrri"i u,o,supplv (.ultimately-providins erectricar enersyi ira-io.ii-";;;;#;;;i ;;ril ;;;";i.t'If,...are no directly related compensations. For liri lihite Mesa-miii, tt"r" uncompensated environ_mental costs are basically tro: radioloqical impact una-aiiiri6anfe of the land. As shownin sect. 4.7' the radiolo!ical impact of-thi rrniii Neii-miii-it-llleptable by cu,ent standards.The disturbance cf the rand, as sirown in sect. 4.2, ii-a rons-ie;-rmpact-*rit-i, jrjsij-i.be small in comparison to alternative uses the lani riy-rrppd"i-in tn. rrtr"..
I 1 .4 STAFF ASSESSHENT
Ine staff has concluded that the adverse environmental impacts and costs are such that use ofthe mitigative measures suggested by the applicant and til-;gui;tory agencies involved wouldreduce to acceptable leveli-the shoit- and'iong-term adverse Enviionmentat impacts and costsassociated with the project.
The }Jhite Hesa uranium Project,.along with other energy-related.projects in the area, willcreate a short-term stress on the poiitical and sociai'tvii.rr-tin.iuding housing and schools)0f the area- The ouantity or-toiai-iii'r6n.i upp.u.s to the stiff to be adequate but thedistribution mav not oe (iee seii. ri.2t.-'itit'iip.it ot-tr,"-p.oj".t ir.rr".ntty receivinsattention by tha institriions aiieciii-ion...n.a, ina niiigiiili.,-ipi"..s possibre.
II. NRC BENEFIT-COST SUMMRY FOR THE WHITE MESA UMNIUM PROJECT
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As was shown.in section .l0.5.1.4, U.S. requirements for U30s will exceed production capabilityfor the next few years. Although the applicant may export the uranium derived from the U:0e
produced at the White Mesa Mill, the United States is a net importer of uranium and failure to
Iicense the proposed project would only result in the foreign demand being filled by otherdomestic/foreign mills that could be producing uranium for consumption in the United States.
in considering the energy value of the U306 produced, minimal rad'iological impacts, minimal
Iong-term disturbance of land, and mitigable nature of the impacts of growth on the local com-munities, the staff has concluded that the overall benefit-cost balance for the l.lhite Mesa
Uranium Project is favorable, and the indicated action is that of licensing.
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Appendix.A
COMMENTS OI{ THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT
AND NRC STAFF RESPONSES
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Appendix A
COM{ENTS ON THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENTAND NRC STAFF RESPONSES
In this appendix, the letters of conment on the Draft Environmental statement pertaining tothe llhite Mesa Uranium Project.are^reproduced in full. ri,e-staii-.esponses are printed con-veniently close to each conment. spei:iric coments and responies are keyed by numbers in themarsins of the letters and at the biginnings or ir,e;;;.;;ilil;;; i.rponr... rn addition,changes in the text have been made wfiere nEedeo.
Letters of comment were received from the following:
U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Environmental protection Agency, Region VIIIAdvisory Council on Historic pr6servition
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and l,lelfareDepartment of the Army, Corps of EnqineersU,S. Oepartment of Agriculture, Soii Conservation ServiceFederal Energy Regulitory ConmissionU.s. Department of Agriculture, science and Education AdninistrationU.S. Department of Transportation, U.S. Coast GuardState of Utah, Departmeni of Sociit-ierrices5Eate_oF Utah, Department of Development ServicesUtah Department of Emp)oyment Secu.ii, -
t{illiam A. LochstetR. l,i. BergCity of BlandingCity of trlont.icel loSan Juan School DistrictSan-Juan Center for Higher EducationCollege of Eastern UtahChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Da.y SaintsJim Dandy, Navajo Indian TribeCouncilman, I'lhite tt{esa Ute TribeChamber of Cormerce of Monticeiio, UtahA. W. EgbertJohn I'li tchel I , l,,lasatch Financial Coro-Tom_Redd, Hasatch Financial Corp.E. A. Black
Zelma Acton
Calisbee BlackEarl E. StevensPhil B. ActonE. Brent Redd, Abajo petroleum, Inc.Jim H. Acton
City_Council of Monticello, UtahKay R. Johnson, Jfil Insurance, inc.Robert E. and Joan Hosler, fhin geir Indian Arts, Inc.
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Appendix I
BASIS FOR NRC EVALUATIOH OF THE I{HIIE HESA HILL PROPOSAL
Appendix B
BASIS FOR NRC EVALUATION OF THE WHITE MESA MILL PROPOSAL
B. I THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
The nuc'lear fuel cycle ccrnprises all the processes involved in the utilization of uranium asa source of energy for the generation of electrical power.
The nuclear fuel cycle consists of several steps:
l. extraction - removing uranium ore from the ground, separating the uranium content fromthe waste' and converting the uranium to a ihemically stable-oxiae (nominaiii urOrl,-
?. copversion or fluorination - changing tt'9 litpa to a fluoride (UF5), which is a solid atroom temperature but becornes a gas at slightly elevated temperatlies, prior to enrichment;
3. enrichment - concentrating the fissionable isotope (uranium-235) content of the uraniumfrom the 0'7% occurring in nature to the ? to 4% required for uie in reiciori io"'po*""generat i on ;
4. fabrication - converting the enriched uraniun fluoride to uranlum dloxide (UO2), fonningit into pellets,.and encasing the pellets in tubes (rods) that are assemblid in[o ruetbundles for use in power generating reactors;
5' nuclear power generation -.using the heat resulting from uranium and plutonium fissionto generate steam for use in the reactor turbines;
6. spent fuel reprocessing - chemical separation of fissionable and fertile values(uranium-235, uraniwr-238, plutonium) from fission proaJiii-(riit"i,-riirt'loilrrr.ntseparation of uranir,rn from plutonium; and
7. waste management - storage of fission products, spent fuel, and low_level wastes in amanner that is safe and of no threat to human health or the environmnt.
Step.6 (reprocessing, involving the recycling of plutonium), which had tradltionally beenconsidered as an essent!al.nart of the nucleir tu!l cycle,'was receniiy-aiie""ei-uv't[i'National Energy Plan (NEP)I as a necessary part of thl cycle. The U.S. coilmitment to idvancednuclear technologies.based-on.the use of plutoniun recovired by ttte reprocessing ot spentlight-water-reactor (LHR) fuel has also been deferrcd. mese-ioiicy statemnts enter lnto thestaff's evaluation of the need for Iicensing the r{hite lhsa nlii,'ulcarse wtthout reoro-cessing, all Lt{R fuel must be derived frqn ihe mining and milling oi ner-uro. i"Jr'ploj".ttsuch as the lJhite t'lesa mill and the related uranium iines.
This cycle, as defined by current pollcy, is portrayed in Fig. g.l.
Nuclear reactor operation converts about 751 of the fissionable isotope (uranium-235) intofission products, thereby liberatlng thermal energy and creating ptutbntim, inoCrre"-irisionableelement, in the process. som plutonim is retaiiid in the speit'fuel.
The spent fuel removed fron the reactor is stored at the reactor site (and later at the repro-cessing plant' if policy changes) to "cool."...Ir" radioactivity of the-fuel is reauciO-Uy afactor of about l0 after. 150 days storage. Hithout reprocessi-ng, giit rp.nt'irei-ii-loisroe"eawaste. Policies and nEthods regarding its storage and/or aispoiit ane currentiy unaer-stuay Uythe DOE and l{RC.
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NUCUAR
POWIR
GTNIRAI ION
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'AFR Aray From Ractor
-Stcas
lnyolving uranium
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and til-lcvel Radiodiv. Wastls
Fig. B.l. The LIR fuel cycte.
8.2 USE OF NUCLEAR FUEL I}I REACTORS
Two types of reactors are currently used to generate_essentially all of the nuclear energy soldin the united States: the boilin91v16s." "eaiio. (axni-iil-i["'iressurtzed-*ji".-r.uitor (p]rR).Each reactor type is operated rit[ a fuel-managenent scheme des.lgned to meet the requirennntsof the utility operator- 0ifferent fuel-minagement schems "esuit ln different fuei burnuprates.which, along with other design paraneteis,-aireit-t[e qri.iity of residual fissionabtematerials, the type and amount of iadioactive wistes in *e speni riret, ano ir,"'qruniiii", ornuclear fuel consumd.
The need for uranium fuel, as dictated by the installation of 3g0 Gl{e of nuclear capacityanticipated by the vear 2000, is shown i-n Table 8.1. I iooo:m"-"eactor rill require =30 llTof uranium fuel per vear at a plant factor or 0.6 and =so-rr o?-uianlr,rn fuel for a plant factorof 0'8.- The term "plant factor" indicates itre ritio-or-irr"'.r".1g" porrer load of an electricpower plant to its rated capacity. For a 3t enriched fual-ail-o.Z5r'en;ich,,E;t-i.iis-ilr.y,7'9 tirEs the rnetric tons o? fuei replacid-iguals ilre s[inairJ tois or u30s required for a1000-nile.poue.r plant. The.percentag! oi ioiii "ieitriiii'g;;;";ilng capactty over the sametine period that thls schedule reprisents ii srroyn in rauti-g.e. 0n the basis of recent state-rnents by the industry and the DOE, the staff-believes tfrit-t[ii'schedule."porirtr-i-rniximumfor nuclear reactor installations betueen 1990 and eooo uut-is-riisonauty accurate through 1gg0.2
cumulative requiremnts through the year 2000-would be 883,ooo l,iT of uranium as u30e (Table B.l).Table 8.3 compares this. requiierent itttr iriiriuie-rr;ri;'i;;;;ves and probable rdsources)for the vear 2000 and the 30-vear ptant titittres-oi u,"leo Eil'i.o3qctei roiinstiriiiion ovthe vear 2000- Requirerrnts ind resources ire-in .eaionauie ;;iil;;;r-fiit'ir,'iii'iri'otreserves and probable resources is approrlmatety equii-io-irr"-iii"ti,i. oqirr",Liii ii'tir"380 Glle installed by 2000.
ln 1977,23 mills produced about 12,000 l,lr of u306 while handling 32,0@ It{T of ore per day.These mills operated at 80 to 85r oi capiciiy. -rf,e u3o6.onti"I'oi the ore ras less thanl'5 kg/llr (3 lb/ton; <o.l5z).{ 0res p"oiJsiia bv lre"rf,rie ir"li 'iiri riii-rriri i'uror".ont"ntapproximating this national average.
FUIL PRIPARATION
AND
FA 8R I CAT ION
RTACTM SIIE
SPTM fuTI. SIORAGT
B_5
Tabh B.l. Proirted U.S. requircmntr for U,06, t976-2000a,
Generating
cap*ity
(GWe)
Annua I
Ur Os
requirements
(MT)
Cumulative
U: or
requirements
(MT)
l 976
197'?
I 978
r 979
l 980
1 981
1 982
r 983
1984
r 985
I 986
r 987
! 988
1989
1990
r99r
1 992
1 993
1994
19!)5
1996
1 997
r9g8
1999
2mo
9,500
r 0,000
1 0.000
1 t,000
1 1.000
r 7.500
l 8,000
20.s00
225N
26,500
28,0@
30,0m
32,500
35.5m
38,000
4 1,000
43,500
46,500
51,500
54,500
58,000
6r.5@
65,5m
68.500
71.500
9.350
l 9.1 00
29.100
40,200
52,0(x)
69,400
87.600
r08,000
130.000
t57,Om
l85,mo
21 5,000
248,000
283,000
321,0m
352,000
406,000
452,0q)
504,m0
s58,0(n
616,000
678,o(n
743,0(n
8l t,000
883.Om
43
49
53
57
6t
74
87
r00
112
127
141
t54
167
r8l
r95
210
?25
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
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26
32
36
,Th! annual U3 06 requiremcnts wrc calculaled on thc ba3is otannual dischargG of 28 MT/GW0 (0.7 plant factor) of spcnt fuol andreplxcmcnt of drat spenl fuel with a ]f mrich€d fuel with tail3 -syof 0.25% in snrichmcnt.
OTo convart to *rort tom, multiply by l.l.
Teblc B'2. comprdron ol iotd ud nud.r Ft r.6'lt cepcity, oprrrtiq in ym r977-2flxt
Nuclear gemrating €pcity (GW.)Total gaf,.rating
ycar capacity (GW!P
Minif,xrm Maximun
Planncd s unda
const r.Etion
Nudcar, Nuclcrr,
Estimatod minimum c-o maximum caca(%) (U
1978 fi1
19BO W
1985 624rsn 7y
1996 869
2qD 103)
$7
627
840
I l3'
1 525
2492
84
127
r95
12
l4
l5
t7
t8
18
2n
3A)
,From "Etrtric trtititiG $udy" by TRlv for EROA, Contret El.lg-t).3g&i, pp. l_tg,.r s.q.M:ximum caca is 7.0% compo{rnd.d rnnurr growth throrgh rgg5, than 6.4% to 2000. Minimum cac r:3.9% throush 1985, thcn 3.5* to 20fl).
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TaHe 8.3' compari:on of u.S. ractor rcquinrnen. ar.d dom'tic r* rnirrbility{in mtric ton, of U3 Os u of Jmu.ry l978f .D
Resq:rce availabilityTime FEriod Beacttr demand
At S,o/|bf At S50/lF
Through year 20OO
For 30-year lifetime of 380 GWe
ReserveP
Probable rsources
Sum of reerves and probable rsourc*
883.000
2,051.000
626.000
921.000
r.550.000
808,000
r.180.0@
2.000.000
As can be seen in Table.B.l,.the annual requirerent^for u306 in lggl (l7,5oo MT) exceeds theoutput of existing uranium.mills ('l2,000 MT). In 19g0, tfie"ff,ite-f€sa Uranium projectwould prcduce 6r of the_natlonal-capacity for tons oi-.iri iei:"oii, ana its toiai [ioiuction otU303 through the next l5 years of operation would be about'3g oi"ir,. national requirements.Although this productig! lt^not cur;ent.lv^nlannea ror uie-to-,reet-Nagonal requirementsdirectlv, it will increase^the overall u3os'suppty iraiiiuie.'-iie project will contribute tomeeting the demand forecast for the nucldai porir-industiy.-
'To convert to short tons multiply by l. ,.bBa*d on ioformatim pre*nted by U.S. En*gy Research lnd owelopment Administration {now u.S.oepartment of Energy) at the uranium rnduitry s€mimr, Grand Junction, cororado, oaober rg77, and in"EBDA Makes Estimate of Higher con Uranium Resources," U.S. Emrgy Raraarch and DweropmentAdministration. Jue 1978.ccosts incrude alr those imrred in propcny exproitetion and prod*tion excopt costs of mon€y andtaxes.
dDoes not imlude 126,00O MT of U3Og which cold b. producrd as a byfrod*-. of phospha.fenilizer and copper production-
REFEREIICES FOR APPENOIX B
1, 0ffice of the President, Nationa.L Energy ptot, llashlngton, 0.C., April 1977.
2' Brown and l{illiamson, u.s. Departrent of.Energy, "Domstic uraniun RequirerEnts, policyand EYaluation'" paper presenied at the uranilil-semi;;;;'drini .lunction, colo., 0ctober1977.
3' "EROA }rakes preriminary Estimate of Higher cost uranium Resources,,'u.s. Energy Researchand Deve'loprrEnt Administration Notice,'June I977.
4. J. F. Pacer, Jr., ,,Seminar on Uraniun Resources,,,paper presented at the Uranlum Seminar,Grand Junction, CoIo,, 0ctober .1977.
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Appendix C
STATEI',IENTS OF GENERAL FUND REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES
FOR SAN JUAN COUNTY,
ELAI{DIilG AND I-IONTI CELLO
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Appendix D
[)ETAILED MDIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
n,
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APPENDIX D. DETAILED MOIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
Supplemental information is provided below wh'lch describes the nrodels, data, and assumptionsutilized by the staff in performing its radlological impact assessment of the l.lhite Mesa UraniumProject. The primary calculational tool employed by the staff in performing this assessmentis an NRC-nrodified version of the U0AD (Uranium Dispersion and Dosinetry) coimputer code,originated at Argonne National Laboratory (Ref. I).
D.I ANNUAL RADIOACTIVE I.IATERIAL RELEASES
Estimated annual actlvity releases for the [h1te ltlesa site are provided in Table 3.3. They
are based on the data and assumptlons given in Table 3.2 and described elsewhere in Section 3
and in Appendix F, with the exceptlon of the annual average dusting rate for exposed tailings
sands. This dusting rate is calculated in accordance with the following equation:
(D-l )
where F" is the annual average frequency of occurrence of wind speed group s,' dimensionless;R. is the dusting rate for tailings sands at the average wind speed for wind speed' group s, for particles < 20 um dlameter, g/m2-sec;M is the annua'l dust lossler unlt area , glnz-yr;
3.156 x 107 is the number of seconds per year; and0.5 is the fraction of the total dust loss constituted by particles < 20 um diarneter,
dinrensionless (Ref. l).
The values of R- and F- utilized by the staff are as given in Table 0..l. The calculated
value of the aniuai duBting rate, l.l, is 555 g/m2-yr. Annual curie releases from thetailings piles are then given by the following relationship:
S = M (l-fc) ft (423)(2.s)(lxl0-tz1 (D-2)
where A is the assumd beach area of the pile, m2;f^ is the fraction of the dusting rate controlled by mitigating actions, dimensionless;f| is the fraction of the ore content of the particular nuclide present in the tails;S'is the annual release for the particular beach area, Ci/yr;
423 is the assumed raw ore actlvity, pCi/g;
2.5 is the dust to talls activity ratio; andlxl0-12 is CilpCi.
Table D.l Parameter Values for Calculation of Annual Dusting
Rate for Exposed Tailings Sands
M = 3.156 x 107 )*rt,--T-3- s
t{lnd Speed
Group, knots
0-3
4-6
7-l 0'll -16
17 -21
>21
Average t{ind
Speed, mph
'l.s
5.5
10.0
15.5
2l .5
28.0
&rstino Ratc .(Rr), q/mZ-sectal
0
0
3.92x1 0-7
9 .68x1 0-6
5. 7l xl 0-s
2 .08x1 0-a
Fnequency of,*1
0ccurrence(F- ) \"
-_r--
::
0.2836
0.1 736
0.0395
0.0229
T
I
T
T
I
T
I
T
I
(a) Dusting rate as a functlon of wind speed is corputed by the U0AD code(Ref. I ).(b) l{ind speed frequencles obta{ned from annual joint frequency data
presented ln Table 0.2.
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D-5
_l
ul
For the l{hite l'tesa site' it was assumed that two lOO-acre cells would be available for dust.ingwhile drying prior to reclamation. Required mitigating;.ii;;; [o reduce dusting were assumedto reduce dust losses by 80 percent for these cell-s. it-*is-iiro'assumed that half of athird loO-acre cell being filled would be beach area and iriiiiui" ro" Jusirtni. -Ho.oni.or
was assumed for the exposed beach area of the operational cell.
Dust Iosses from the six-acre ore storaoe oile_were-estimated by assuming they would be aboutone percent of those from an equivarent-arLa or tairini, o.iir,.' '
0.2 ATHOSPHERIC TRANSPORT
The staff analysis of off site air concentrations of radioactive mater.ials released at thewhite I'lesa mill site has been based on a full year or reteoioiolical aata collected on siteover the period 3/1/77.through 2/2s/78 (Ref. z). Tne colie.i"a'*t.o"ologiial d;a; i; enteredinto the UDAO code as input, after.assemblage and reduction, i; lhe rorm 6t i loini trequencydistribution by stability c1ass, wind speed-group, and aireit.ion. The joint-fieqren.y-jataemployed by the staff for this analysis are presLnted in Table 0.2.
The dispersion model empioyed by the U0A0 code is the basic straight-line Gaussian plune nndei(Ref. l). Ground level,.slctor-average concentrations are.o*prtia usinq this model and arecorrected for decay and ingrowth in transit (for Rn-222 and daughters) aia io. aepietion areto.deposition losses (for particulate material). Area sourcei-ire triated using i viriuarpoint source technique. Resuspension into the air o-f particulate material iniiiaiiv aepositedon ground surfaces is treated using a.resuspension factor which depends on the ug. i,t-i["deposited material and its particle size (Ref- l).- For the isotopbs of concern fiere, the totalair concentration including resuspension is aooui .l.6 tims ttre-olalnarv iir-conleniiaiion.
The assumed particle size djstribution, particle density, and deposition velocities for eachsource ane presented in Table D.3.
Table 0.3 Physical Characteristics Assunred for Particulate l,laterial Releases
Crusher 0usts I .0
Yel lorcake Ousts I .0Tailings, ore Pile 5.0 (30f)ousts 35.0 (70X)
In-grown Rn Daughters
Oeoosition
Vel oc i ty , MADa ,cm/sec um
r.0 1.55].0 2.98I.0 7.758.8 54 .20.3 0.3
Diameter, Density,Activity Source um q/cm3
T
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T
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T
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T
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T
T
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t
t
t
I
2.4
8.9
2.4
2.4
1-0
aAerodynamic eguivalent diameter, used in calculating inhalationdoses (Ref. l).
0.3 CONCENTRATIOI{S II{ EI{VIROI{I,IEI{TAL MEDIA
Information provided belon describes.the methods and data used by the staff to determine theconcentrations of radioactive materials in the environrental mdia of concern in the vicinityof the llhite ilesa site. These include concentrations in the air (for inhalation and dir€ctexterflal exposure), on the grcund (for dlrect external exposure), and in mat and veqetables(for ingestion exposure). Concentration values are computed explicitly by the UDAo iode forU-238, Th-230, Ra-226, Rn-222 (alr cnly), and pb-210. hpncentritlons -of in-Z:q,-pa-ii4. anAU-234 are assumd to be equal to that of U-238. Concentrations of Bi-210 and po-2lO are'assumdto be equal to that of Pb-210.
D.3.1 Air Concentrations
0rdinary, direct air concentrations arc computed by the UOAD code for each receptor locafion,frrm each activity source, by particle size (for pirtlculates). 0ircct air contentrationscorputed by U0A0 include.depletlon by deposition (particulates) or the effects of ingrowthand decay in transit (radon rnd daughters). In order to corpuie lnhalation doses, tfie totalair concentration of each 'isotope at each location, as a function of particle size, ls computedas the sum of the direct air concentration and the resuspended air concentration:
caip(t) = catpd t c.tpr(t)(D-3)
D-6
I
I
t
I
t
where cu;r(t'
]|,)ff,tota'r air concentration of isotope i, particle size p, at t.ime t,caipo
Ji,)lS,.lff.t air concentration of isotope i, particle s.ize p, (consrant)
cuip.(t) liJT,Hiil!:*o -ir concentration of isotope i, particle size p, at
I?iliti|i?i|oo.o,ru," concentration is computed using a time dependenr resuspension factor,
Rp(t) = (t7vr11g-s.-Ut (for t < I.82 yrs) 1o-ca)
Rp(t) = (l/Vp)t0-s (for t , 1.82 yrs) (D_4b)
where Rr(t) l:-tlt-:ltig of the resuspended air concentration to the ground-concentration,' ror a ground concentration of age.t yrs, of pi.ii.i. iiie,p,-*=rlvi.es,'v'q!'v,vn l: :l: g:potttion velocity of pirtici" iii. [';;;;.;rD rs the assumed decay constant of the resuspeiriion'iilio. (eqriralent toa 50-day halftife),-5.06 yi; -
Io-s is the initlai vaiue.oi 1"rl" resuspension factor (for particles with a depositionvelocity of I cmlsec), m-l;lu I ls the terminal value of the resuspension factor (for particles with a depositionvelocity of I cmlsec), 6-l; andr'82 is the time requrred to reach the terminar resuspens.ion factor, yrs.
The basic formuration of the above expression for.the-resuspension factor, the initiar andfinal values, and the assisned a"iai [o"liait.oerive fil;-;l;;;.i;;ntal observations (Ref. 3).The inverse relationshjp t6 oeposiiion-reiJ=.itv etiminates irilii'olirn.. problems invo,lvingresuspension of more than r00%'of the initiir i.orna aip"ii;;;;;" the 35 un particre size(see Table D.3). Based on it,is-ro.iiir.i'iJ,i, *,".";r#;il'ii.'lon.ent"ation is siven by
cu.ip.(t) = 0.01 c.,ro I to-t f t - exo [-(^,. * rR) 1.82]t t ,^,.. ^il J
, ,o , [ .r, (-l.82ri*) - exp (_rr*t)) I (o_s1
+ltt ( ^,. -)l
*n.". ll.,,,lr,lr".,ilt".tive decay constant for isotope i on soil (see Eguation 0_7), yr-r. and
Total air concentratlons ane computed using Equations D-5 and D-3 for all particulate eff.luents.Radon daughters which grow in i"5r-"eriiiii radon are not deplete<t due to deposition lossesand are therefore not issrmed to resuspinJ.
0.3.2 Ground Concentrations
concentrations of particu'late.materials in and on soil are corputed from direct air concentra-tions' Resuspensibn of dcposlted-.ctiriiv is not treated as a iois mcnanism and rrdepositionis ignored. Ground concentrations ire'giien Uy
cstr(t) = o.ol cu,ro ,, [, - exp (-r,*t) It-lL tri* J (D_6)
wnere crir(t) is the ground concentration of isotope i, particle size p, at tirc t, pci,/mz; and
^i* is the effective decay constant for isotope r on or in soirr jF-I.
and where lri = 1. 1 1* (D_7)
where .1, is the radiolog.ical decay constant, .yr-l; and
l* is the assumd envlronmntal loss constant for activ.lty ln soll (equivalent to a50-yr halflife), l.3g \ lO-2/yr,
t
I
In general' the ha'lf-lives of the pertinent isotopes are such that it is appropriate to assumeeither.complete ingrowth or no^ingrowth. However, ingrowth-or-po-zto r"o, Ra-226 is treatedexplicitly using the standard Bat6man formulat.ion.
0.3.3 Vegetation Concentrations
concentrations of released particulate materials can be environmentally transferred to the edibleportions of vegetables, or.to hay.or pasture grass consumed by animais, by two mechanisms _direct foliar retention and root intake. Five categories or'veletatjon are t"eaieJ-uv-fhe staffmodified version of the UDAD code. They are edible";bo;; i.orii-r.g.tables, potatoes, otheredible.below.ground vegetables, pasture grass, and tay. -V6gei;iion concentrations are computedusing the following equation
cr,o = o.or vp cuip ,," ,, []
- i;'rl ^.',' ]- rn,o 1;.
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t
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t
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Fr
P
t
Y
tw
II.
(D-8)
where Brt is the soil to plant transfer factor for isotope i, vegetation type v, dimensionless;
Cuip it the resulting concentration of isotope i, particie size p, .in vegetation v, pCi/kg;
E, i:_!t,lll:,ion of the foliar deposition reaching edible portions of vegetation v,otmenslonless;
is the fraction of the total deposition retained on plant surfaces,0.2, dimnsionless;
is the assumed areal soil density for surface mixing, 240 kg/nz;
is the assurned duratlon of exposure while growing for vegetation v, sec;
is the a:sunpd yield density of vegetation v, kg/m2;
is-the degay constant accountlng for weathering losses (equivalent to a l4-day half-life), 6.73 x 10'7lsec; and
0.0I is m/cm.
The value of E, is,assumed to be l.0 for all above grounnd vegetation, and 0.1 for all belowground vegetables (Ref. 4). The value_of t, is takin to be 66 days, except for pasture grasswhere a vaiue of.30 days -is assurcd. The^yYeld density, y.,, is tikin to be Z.O lglri eri.pt fo.pasture_grass, where a value.ol 9.7! kg/m2 is applied. Va[ues of the so.il to plaii trinsfircoefficients,8r' are provided'in Table 0.4.
Table 0.4 Environmental Transfer Coefficients
UThRapb
Pl ant/So i l ( Bri 't )
a) Edible Above Ground:b) Potatoes:c) 0ther Below Grrund:d) Pasture Grass:e) Stored Feed (Hay):
Beef/Feed (FUi's)
pCi/kg per pCi/day:
2.5 x l0-32.5 x l0-3
2.5 x I0-3
2.5 x t0-3
2.5 x l0-3
3.4 x l0-q
4.2 x l0-34.2 x I0-34.2 x 10-34.2 x l0-34.2 x I0-3
2.0 x l0-2
3.2 x l0-32.0 x l0-2
6.6 x l0-2
6.6 'x l0-2
4.2 x l0-3
4.2 x I0-34.2 x l0-3
7.8 x l0-2
7.8 x l0-2
2.0 x lo-b 3.0 x l0-3 2.9 x l0-b
0.3.4 ltkat Concentratlons
Radioactive materials can be deposlted on grasses, hay, or sllage rhlch are eaten by matanimals, which are in turn eaten by man. For the fniii llesa siie, lt has ben assuied that matanimals obtain their entlre feed requiranrent by-grazlng, 5 mnths perye.r, and by erting locallygrown stored feed the remainder of the year. Thi equa[lon used to estimati neat ioncentiatlons -
is
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c*i = Q Fbi (0.5 cpgi * o.s c61) (o_e)
where Cpgi is the concentrat.lon of isotope i in pasture grass, pCilkg;
cni is the concentration of isotope i in hay (or other stored feed), pci/kg
Cmi is the resulting concentration of isotope i in reat, pCi/kg;
F-, is the feed to meat transfer factor for isotope i, pcilkg per pci/day (seeu i Table D.ai;
Q is the assumed feed ingest.ion rate, 50 kg/day; and
0'5 is the fraction of the total annual feed requirement assuned to be satisfied bypasture grass or locally grown stored feed. '
D.4 DOSES TO INDIVIDUALS
Doses to individuals have been calculated for inha.lation, external exposure to air and groundconcentrations, and ingestion of.vegetables and-neai- -trtel-riii"io.", u.. calculated by the staffusing dose conversion factors which-yietd ttre-50-yi-aor;;;il;;*;t, i.e., the entire doseinsult received over a period.of 50 years roirowi"ng;i;;";ilh;jliion o. ingestion. Annuat dosesgiven are the 50-yr dose conmitrnents resulting rrori;;;;-y;;;-;iiorr.. period. The one_yearexposure period was taken to be the final yeai of mill opeiaiion-'inen environmental concentra-tions resulting from plant operations are ixpected to be at thiir highest level
0.4.'l Inhalation Doses
Inhalation doses have been computed.using air concentrations obtained by Equation D-3 (resus-pended air concentrations are included) ior particulate *te"iiii, and the dose conversionfactors-presented in Table 0.5. These dose conversion factors nive ueen computed uy-ArgonneNational-Laboratory's UOAD code (Ref. l) in accordance with the iask Ground Lung-6oiet dr tneInternational Cormission on Radiological protection (Ref. 5): - -
Doses to the bronchial epithelium from Rn-222 and short-lived daughters were computed based onthe assumption of indoor exposure at l00X occupancy. The dose coiversion factor for bronchialepithelium exposure from Rn-222 is derived as follows (s"" lpp.nJix I for addit.ional details):
l) 1 pCi/m3 Rn-222 = 5 x 10-6 t{orktng level (t{L).*
?) Continuous exposure to I t{L = 25 cumulative worklng level nonths (t{Ll,l) per year.
3) I t{Lit = 5000 mrern (Ref. 6)
Therefore:
I pci/m3 Rn-?22 x (5 x to-e Oar}p x (2s !frf) x (5000 ffifrt = 0.625 mrem
and the Rn-222 bronchial epitheltr.rm dose conversion factor is taken to be 0.625 mrem/yr perpCi/m3.
0.4.2 External Doses
External doses from alr-and gvtund concentratlons are corputed using the dose convers.ion factorsprovided in Table 0.6 (R€f. i). Doses were computed based on tool 6ccupany at the particularlocation. Indoor exposurr ras assullEd to occur 14 hrs/diy ii u aor" rate of 701 of the outdoordose rate.
0.4.3 Ingestion Ooses
Ingestion doses have been computed for.vegetables and ncat (beef and'lanrb). Ingestion dosEsreported are based on concentratlons obtained uslng Equatiois-0-8-and D-9, lnteiiion-.aies given
t0ne l{L concentratlon is deflned a!-lny cornblnatlon of short-Iived radioacilve &cay products ofRn-?22 in one liter of alr that rill release i.g-i ios-iiiir-oi'iiptr" Brttcle energy durtng thetrradioactive decay to pb-210.
D-9
Table 0.5 Inhalation 0ose Conversion Factors (mrern/yearlpCi/m3)
T
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Particle Size = 0.3 Microns
l{hol e BodY
Bone
Ki dneY
Liver
Mass Average Lung
Particle Size = I.0 Microns
DensitY = 8.9 g/cm3
tlhol e Body
Bone
Ki dney
Liver
l,hss Average Lung
Particle Size = I.0 Hicrons
DensitY = 2.4 glcn3
l,lhol e Eody
Bone
Ki dney
Li ver
llass Average Lung
Particle Size = 5.0 Microns
t{ho1e Eody
Bone
Ki dney
Li ver
llass Average Lung
Particle Size = 35.0 Microns
Uhole Body
Bone
Ki dney
Liver
l{ass Average Lung
PB2l0 P0210
7.46E+00 .l.29E+00
2.32E+02 5.24E+00'I .938+02 3.87E+015.9lE+01 I.l5E+01
6.27E+01 2.66E+02
I .44E+00 I .64E+00
2.42E+01 2.64E+01
5.53E+00 6.30E+000. 0.
2. I3E+03 ?.42E+03
u238 U234
1 .65E+00 I .87E+00
2. 78E+0t 3.03E+01
6.33E+00 7.22E+000. 0.
2.88E+03 3.28E+03
u238 U234
1.16E+00 I.32E+00
I . 96E+01 2. I 4E+014.478+00 5. I0E+000. 0.
I .24E+03 I .428+03
u238 U234
TH230 M226
.l.378+02 3.97E+01
4.90E+03 3.978+02
1.37E+03 1.40E+00
2.82E+0? 4.94E-02
2.37E+03 3.04E+02
TH23O RA2?6
'1.66E+02 3.40E+01
5.95E+03 3.40E+02I.67E+03 I.20E+00
3.438+02 4.22E-02
3.2?E+03 4.048+02
TH23O RA2?6
l.0lE+02 4.47E+0I
3.608+03 4.47E+0?
1.00E+03 1.57E+00
2.07E+02 5.55€-02
I.38E+03 I.878+02
TH230 P.0.226
u234u238 P821 O
9 .428+00
2.87E+02
2.398+02
7. 32E+0 1
2 .49E+0i
PBzI O
8.248+00
2.56E+02
2.138+02
6.53E+01
3. 38E+01
PB2I O
1 .00E+01
3. I I E+02
2.598+02
7.93E+01
I .45E+01
PBzI O
P02l 0
I .77E+00
7 .22E+00
5.33E+01
I .59E+0.|
1 . I 2E+02
P0210
1.54E+Q0
6.29E+00
4 . 64E+0 1
I . 38E+0 1'1.488+02
P02l 0
1.96E+00
7.998+00
5 .89E+01
1.76E+01
7.0IE+01
P02l 0
7 .92E-01 9.02E-01 5.77E+0'l 4.40E+01 9.668+00 1 .93E+001.34E+01 1.46E+01 2.07E+03 4.408+02 3.00E+02 7.84E+00
3. 05E+00 3. 47E+00 5 . 738+02 'l . 558+00 2.50E+02 5 . 79E+010. 0. l.l9E+02 5.47E_02 7.65E+0t t.73E+01
3.33E+02 3.80E+02 3.71E+02 6.38E+01 3.91E+00 2.58E+01
Table 0.6 Dose Conversion Factors for External Exposure
Dose Factors for Ooses from Air Concentrations, mrem/yr per pCi/m3
I SOTOPE
u2 38
TH234
PAl.r234
u234
THz30
R,226
RNz2?
P02l 8
PB2l4
8t214
P0214
PB21 O
SKITI
't.058-05
6.63E-05
8.57E-05
I .36E-05
1.298-09
6.00E-05
3.468-10
8.18E-07
2. 068-03'1.368-02
9.898-07
4. 'l 7E-05
TIIOLE BOOY
I .57E-06
5 .24E-05
6 .64E-05
2.498-06
3. 598-06
4.90E-05
2.83E-06
6. 348-07
I .57E-03
l.l6E-02
7.66E-07
1.43E-05 f
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Dose Factors for Doses from Ground Concentrations, mrem/yr per pCi/m2
I SOTOPE
U238
TH234
PAHz34
u234
TH23O
M?26
RNz?2
P0218
P82I4
B12I4
P0214
PB2l0
SKIN
2.138-06
2. I 0E-06
i.608-06
2.608-06
2.20E-06'I . t 6E-06
6. r 5E-08
I . 42E -08
3.89E-05
2. I 8E-04
1.72E-08
6 . 65E -06
I{HOLE BODY
3. r 7E-07
1.66E-06
I .24E-06
4.78E-07
6.12E-07
9.47E-07
5.03E-08'I .l0E-08
3.16E-05
I .858-04'I .33E-08
2.27E-06
in Table D-7, and dose conversion factors given in-Table D-g (Ref. I and Ref. 7). vegetab.leingestion doses were computed assuming an irerage soz-aitiviti"ieduction due to food preparation(Ref' 4)' Ingestion doses to childrei and teenagers were computed but found to be equivalentto or less than doses to adults.
Table 0.7 Assumed Food Ingestion Rates,a 1g7yp
child
48
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'105I. Vegetables (Tota1 ):
a) Edible Above Ground:b) Potatoesc) Other Below Ground:
II. ltleat (Beef and Lamb):
Teen
76
29
42
5
45
l6
27
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60
3
78
a All data taken-fromTeErence 4.holds. tlo allowance is creditedbe availabie.
-Ingestion rates arc averages for typical rura.l farm house_for portions of year when iocaliy ;;'h; gilwn tood may not
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REFERENCES FOR APPEIIOIX D
M. lilonBni et al., "Uranium Dispersion and Dosimetrv (UDAD) Code", Argonne l{ational LaboratoryReport, in preparation.
Personal communication (letter), Environmental Coordinator, Energy FuelsNuclear, Inc., to U.S. tlRC, November 8, 1978.
Generic Environmental Impact Statement on Uranium Milling, NUREG-051.l,April 1979.
J. F. Fletcher and l.J. L. Dotson (compilers), "HERl.ltS - A Digital Computer Code for Esti-mating Regiona'l Radiolog;s6l !f!eq!s from the Nuclear Power Industryr', Hanford Engineering
Oeveloprnent Laboratory, HEFL-TME-71-168, 0ecember 1971.
ICRP Task Group on Lung Dynamics, "pqpssition and Retention ltlodels for Internal Dosimetry ofthe Human Respiratory Tract", Health Physics l2:l8l, .I956.
National Academy of Sclences - National Research Council, "The Effects on Populations ofExposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation," Report of the Advisory Comittee on theBiological Effects of Ionizing Radlatlon (BEIR), U.S. Governnent Printing 0ffice, 1972.
G. R. Hoenes and J. K. Soldat, "Age - Specific Radiation Dose Cofiversion Factors for a 0ne-Year Chronic Intake," Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, U.S.NRC Report NUREG-O172,
November 1977.
Appendix E
LETTER TO THE ADVISORY COUNCIL OI{ HISTORIC PRESERVATION
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Ltlay 3, L979
/.z.\-Il.1f Nl -' e- 1 '::4\;J'.1-i1:)1;'..
!.fl,7-:i$LiJ4 \tJ_..,1,_ar--./,..,/ xtrlr! .r.
\a. r!r. .,jV
ST.{TE OF UTAH
Scott Il. Ilrtheson. Covcrnor
DEP.\R nl[\1 ()[
DE\'I] LOP}IE\-T SL,RI'ICLS
J. Phillip Kecne tll
Exccutivc Direcror
I 04 Sratc Capiro I
Salt hke Ciry, Utah 8.ll t4
Tclcphone: (801 ) 533.5961
L{r. Ross A. Scarano, Section LeaderUrariun MiIl Licensing SectionF\-rel Processing and Fabrication BranchDivision of ftrel Cycle andllaterial SafetyU. S. Nuclear Regulatory C-amissionl{ashington, D.c. 20555
ffi: Proposal for the_Conte,nts of a t{grnrandun of Agreerent$Ihj.te lresa, San Juan CountyDear l,tr. Scarano:
The staff has reviesed the pr.oposed msrrcra.ndun of agr€€rr,.nt.T9.*p.*Aq of agreanent will gatisfy the necessarvmr.trgatron urder the requirqnents of 106 revieur procdures.
Hoqever, the a€resrEnt does call for scme unnecessary miti_gation by the developer. We uDuld li-[e to review tbeseltenE individually at a later date.
Il-Vgl_E- any questions, pleae contact I{ilson G. ltartin,801-53!6017, or Jim qrioan, S01-533_6000.
State Historic heserr/ation Officer
cc: Energy F\rels iili.rclear, Suite 9OO, Three part Central,1515 Arapalroe Dri',re, Denver, @ n2A2
IlG.{: jr:B7<I6SJ
pS: Table A sbould be amended_to list sites 6391, &fi, Ut\,e4s, w, 6st. 67s2. ?@6 iu Eli;Gi"-;i,H, iort*aof un&termined. rtre iabre :..--ilJ-i";;L* of ourloowledge er(cept for the afo.re cirrnge: -- *- "
I)II'ISION OF: INI)USTRI.,\L PROIIOTION . TRAT'EI. OEVELOPTTEN'I' . EXPOSTTIONS . STATE HISTORY . FINE ARTS
Sincerely,
Phillip Keere III
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Archeo I ogi ca 1
TAELT A
Sites Re'lated to the
Undetemined Sites
Hhite t{esa Project
Eligible I
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42Sa 6379 66996385 6739oaezJ 67406388, 75s36392 76556393 76566394 76576395 76586396 76596403 76606405 76616408 766a64?7 766864?9 76756430 75846432 76876435 76896439 75906441 76916443 76936444 76966698 7700
425a 3766 64366381 64376382 64386383 64405389 64426390 6445639t 66866398 56976399 67526400 67536401 67516402 76626406 766364A7 766464',t9 7669' 64?0 76706421 15716422 76726423 76736424 767464?5 76766426 76796428 75806431 768]6433 i6826434 7683
Non-Ei igible
6380
6384
6386
6397
6404
6684
6685
6754
7654
7698
425a768s
7686
7688
769?.
7694
7695
7696
7699
7i50
7751
7752
77 53
77 54
78i5
787 6
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Tota i : I0ot3l: €l
Appendix F
MOON RELEASE DURING I.IILLII{G OPEMTIOTIS
i1
APPENDIX F. MDON RELEASE DURIIIG MILLING OPERATiONS
F. I ORE PADS
The radon-222 release from the ore
Area of the ore pads (,a)
Thickness of ore piles (t)
pad can be estimated by the following data and assumptions:
Radium-226 concentration (c*u )
Density of ore (p)
Decay constant of radon-?22 (x)
D ^/D (diffusion coefficient/void'fraction)
Radon emanation coefficient (generic 0.2value given, actual ore from numerous
mines may vary widely) (r).
The radon-222 flux (.r) at the surface of an area with a finite depth of uniform material maybe estimated:
r = c*uoE \tfb-Jf lanhl {x/@/ift) ,
where the symbois are as defined above.
The hyperbolic tangent factor corrects the infinite thickness radon f'lux for the thicknessof the pi1e. .Substituting into this correction factor for a 670-cm (?z-ftl pile and a305-cm (10-ft) pile reveal that the radon release is reduced Uv 9 x iO-fu ind 0.75%respectively. This reduction is negligible so the piles may be Eonsidered infinitelythick.
The radon flux (.r) for an infinitely thick pile is given by
r = cx^oE {lb7a .
Substitution of the above values gives
J=(4npci/g)(l.6g/cm3)(o.z)=o.o3lpCi/crn2.sec.
2.43 x 108 cm2 (6 acres)
670 cm (22 ft) - maximum case; and 305 cm(.l0 ft) - equilibrjum case
423 pCj per gram of ore
i'6 g/cm:
2..l x l0-5 sec-1
2.5 x 10-2 cm2lsec
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Multiplication by the area gives the release rate:
JA = (0.031 pCilcm2.sec)(2.43 x 108 cm2) = 1.54 x l0o pCi,/sec = 1.54 uCi/sec = 240 Ci/year
l:l: ::*:".!H.lr[*::lX.rn. maximum and equilibrium stockpi.les, as the f]ux is a function of
F,2 TAILINGS IMPOUNDMENT
For fill operations and prereclamation conditions the impounctment is assumed to have areas ofsaturated tailings, areas.of moist tailings,.and ...is .i-".i.iir.ty dry tailings. Thefollowing data and assumptions were usea i6'oetermine-riao.-izi'i"r"ase rates from thedifferent areas.
423 pCi/s
l'6 g/cme
0.2
5 x l0-2 cm2lsec (ref.
I x l0-2 cm2lsec (ref.
Table 9.29)
5.7 x 10-6 cm2lsec(ref. l, Table 9.29)
The "jnfinite thickness" flux is calcu1ated by the expression
r- = cRapr ,l@;)
Substitution of the above values gives
J-, dry tails = 439 pCilm2-sec.
J*, moist tails = 196 pCi/mz-sec; and
J-, saturated tails = 4.7 pCi,/m2-sec.
Based on the conservative assunptions of 40 ha. (100 acres) dry tails, 40 ha (100 acres) molsttails' and 20 ha (50 acres) satir.iea iiiii, thi annual ilaon'-zii release from the taiiingstmpoundnent svsten ls calculated to be 8064 ci. n.JJn r"ieis"l-ir* ponded areas arenegligible' Radon'222 releases rrqn Jri,-nroisi, inJ-sairrii"i-tiitt are 5552 cilyr,?482 Ci/yr, and 30 Cllyr, respectively.-
F.3 TArLIflGS CoVER REQUIRBTEITS
J[ri::]":;13"t!ffi]fi,*s used in calculatins the reduction in radon rlux produced by the
Radium concentration (cR.) of sol.ids
Dens i ty
Emanation factor
Dn/u for dry tailings (8X nroisture)
Dn/u for moist tailings
(l5x moisture)
D"/u for saturated tailings
(37U moisture)
I, Table 9.29)
'I,
r=roex.li''q"'
l
i(
where
d " the ith layer of a multicomponent cover (z is the number of components) ,
t = decay constant for radon-222 (2.1 x 10-6 sec-l) ,
r = thjckness of cover layer (cm) ,
/ = resulting radon flux after attenuation through cover (pCi/m2.sec) ,
Jo = radon flux at the surface of the tailings (pCi/m2.sec)
The cover proposed by the applicant consists of 6l cm (2 ft) of compacted clay overlain
by 1.2 m (4 ft) of silt-sand soil, a l.8-m (6-ft) layer of rock overburden material,-and
l-5 cm (0.5 ft) of topsoil. The estimated o^/t: for these materials are L2 x I0-3 cm2lsec
for the clay and 2.? x 10-2 cm2lsec for the"rest of the cover.2 The dry tailings
(8% moisturL) infinite thickness flux of 439 pCi/m2.sec is assumed to rnodel the long-
term conditions for the system. Substitution of these values into the equation yields
r = (439 pci/mz.sec)exp {-ffi(340) - ffiforl}
= (439 pCilm2'sec)(3.42 x l0-t)
= .l.5 pci/m2.sec
As reported in the Supplementa'l Environmental Report3 the average background flux is
0.64 pCi/m2.sec. Because of its thickness, the silt-sand material is expected to contribute
background flux,so the total radon flux would be essentially twice background. The proposed
cover is adequate for areas where there is no significant accumulation of slimes. Theapplicant's proposed operating plan should prevent excessive sand-slimes segregation,
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F-6
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX F
1' R' E' Blanco et a1-., corr-elation of Rad.ioactiue ttdlte Tteabnent coate and. the Enuiron-mental^rnpqct of waste Effluents, vol. l, Report 0RNL/iN-qsol 0ak Ridge Haiionai-Liuo.u-tory,Oak Ridge, Tenn., May )975, Table 9.29.
2, Energy Fuels Nuclear, In?.,-s-"p?!<ment to the pz.oposed. ?ailings Disposar systen, hhiteMesa Jroiiitm Prcjeet, Oct, 16, l9/8.
3' Energy Fuels Nuclear, lnc,, supplemental Report, Baseline Radiol-2sa Enuirormental Report,tthite Mesa rJrstiun project, san- Ju.on coltntu-, utah, sept. zs,-igia"," p-.
'i 5.- -*'*- ''"'
Appendix G
CALCULATIONS OF TAILINGS PILE GAI,II,IA RADIATION ATTENTUATION
G-3
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APPENDIX G
CALCULATIONS OF TAILINGS PILE GAI,fl{A MDIATION ATTENUATION
Assuming soil to be composed mainly of Si02, the mass attenuation coefficient for I-2 MeVgarma ray is.0.0518 cn2/g.r (Most of the dose rate from a typical natural emitter is inthis_range.2) Assuming ihe ganma radiation from the uncoverid taili;gs pife to ue ipp"ori-mately 12 R/year (same as for Bear Creek project) and the bulk density oi ttre soit tb'Ue1.5_g/cm:, the effect of the 3.28 m (.l0.75 ft) of soil materials proposed (excluaint tneshaie Iayer) would reduce the ganma radiation to approximately 10.3 pR year.
rlro = expl-Gen/p)pcl = exp[-(0.05i8 cmzTg)(1.5 g/cm3)(rZg cm)] = 9.5 x 10-12 ;
I = (8.5 x I0-12)(.I2 R/year) = t0.3 pR/year
The background radiation dose as measured by the applicant3 is 77.7 nR/year. The garmaradiation from the deposited tailings would be insignificant compared tb the naturilgarma background.
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX G
I. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and tllelfare, Radiological Eealth llandbook, U.S.Government Printing 0ffice, liashington, D.C., January .l970, p. 139.
?. H. May and L. D. l{arinelli, "Cosmic Ray Contribution to the Backgrcund of Low LevelScintillation Spectrometry," Chap. 29 in The Nahtm.L Radiation Enoircnnent, J. A. S, Adamsand tl. ltl. Lowder, Eds., University of Chicago press, Chicago, 1964.
3. Energy Fuels Nuclear, lnc., Supplattental_Report, Baeeline Radiology Euoirortnental Report,Uhite Mesa Urctiwt Pz,ojeet, Sept. 26, 1978, p. Zl .
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Appendix H
AT}IOSPHERIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS
H-3
APPENDIX H
ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS
Tables_H.l through H'4 list 1/Q (sec/m3) values calcutated by the staff using AIR0OS-Il,a F0RTMN computer code,l and onsite meteorological data sup-ptiea by the appiiconi.i - '
rable H.l. Annual average r/Q (sec/m3) at various distances for the l6 cmpassdirfftions, release height I m
l,iind
Towa
0istance from effluent (m)
790
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N 7. l3E-6 1.23t-6 8.558-7 5.3sF_7
NU 6.65E-6 l.t6E-5 R 0qF-7 6.Olt_7 3.76E-7 2.54E-7 I.33F-7
,rN[ 3,94E-5 6.88E-7 4.828-7 i.59E-7 Z.?5E-7 l_52E-7 7.oqE_8
[ 3.00E-6 5.03E-7 3.49E-7 ?.58E-7 l.6OE-7 l.O7E-7 5.58E-B
l.3lE-5 8.24E-6 5.62E-5 4.09E-6 2-51E-6 I 56F-6 n 16F-'
2.88E-5 4.54E-5 3.ilE_5 2.27E_6 l-
2.548-5 3-98t-5 2.7?t_6 1.988_6 1.2
ESE 9.82E-5 i.578-6 l.o8E-6 7.93E-7 4.qlF-7 3.27E-7 1.688-7
E 8.40E-6 1.378-6 9.46E-7 5.96E-7 4 32F-7 2 FqF_7 1.49E-7
Iable ti.z. Annual average x/Q (sx/n3) rt yarlous distancai for th€ 16 cmp.ssdlrections, release helght 6 E
tind oistanc€ fro eff.luent (n)
Toward 335 790 940 1095 t400 t720 2400
N 7.10E-6 1.54E-6 l.O9E-5 8.13E-7 5.loE-7 1.43E-7 r.7qE-7
ilt{H 5,t08-5 t.llE-6 7.938_7 5.93E_7 3.748-7 2.538-7 I.338_7
3.918-6 8.12E-7 5.998-7 l.48t-z 2.82E-7
?.31t-5 5.53E-7 3.958_7 2.958-7 ,t arF-7 1 2re-1
ssy 9-24E-6 2.34E_6 t.57E-6 1.248-5 7.85E-7 q 2Ar_7
5 4.59E-5 1.22E-5 8.638-5 6.42E-5 t n F_A 2.5sF-6 I rTsr
2.42E-5 6,49E-6 4.638-6 3.45E-6 2-17F-6 I r6F_r ' lnc_,
sE 2.188-5 5.788-6 4.il8_6 3.068-6 t.928_6 1.28E-5 6 q7-_1
ESE 8.61E-6 2.?2E-6 I.588-6 t.t8E-O t.$E-t 4.97E-t 2.s6F-t
7.5?E-6 r.888-6 t.348-6 g.g7E-? 6.28E-7 4 ??F-7 2- 198-'
5.578-5 1.348-6 9.58E_7 t.t7E-7 4.548_7
5..l9E-6 9.05E_/ 6.34E-7 4.
2.54E-6 4.328-7 3.01E_7 ?.23E-7 t.lqF-
5H 6.34E-6 l-05t-5 7-33E-7 5.42E-7 I 38E_7 2 27F-' l.laF_7
r.04E-s I.69t-6 l.t7E-5 8.59E_7
6.09E-5 I _03t-6 7.208_t 5.33E-7
1.?7E-5 2.16E-5 't.5.lE-5 l.l2E_6 6.eeE-7
INE 1.008-5 1.73E-6 l.2lE-6 9.Ott-7 5.658_7 1 8"F-7 Z.OIE_7
6.61E-6 1.438-5 t.o2E_5 7.60E-7 4.7A8-1
B 2.948-6 6.708_7 4.75e-7 3.53E-7
r.208-5 2.77E-6 1.97E_6 1.478-6 9.308-7 6.27E_7
9.58E-6 ?.17E-6 t.548_5 l..t6E-6 7.308_7 4.94E-7
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T.ble H.3. Annual average x7g (sec/mr) at various distances for the 16 cmp.ssd.irections, re.lease height 13.7 m
Lind Distance from effluent (m)
Toward 335 790 940 1095 l4oo ri?o
3.92E-6 t.l9t-6 9.318-7 7.418-7 5.06E-7 l.5rF-7 2 0?F-7
2.818-6 8.78E-7 6.84€-7 5.458-7 3-7tE_7 2.54E-1 I aRF_7
ilH 3.67E-6 l.l3E-6 8.80E-7 7.OtE_7 4.71E-7 3.39E-7 I qoF_7
r{Nr{ 2.?28-5 6.79E-7 5.25E-7 4.16E_7 ?.82E_7 2.00E_7 1.1?E-l
r 1.29E-6 4.76E-7 3.84E-7 3.tjE-7 2.taF-t I qnF_7
15t 9.588-7 3.838-7 3. I lE_7 ?.55E-7 1 .t9E-7
St{ 2. l5E-6 9.47E-7 7.85E-7 5.5t8-7 4.53t-7 3.3sF-7 I qdF-7
ss[ ?.?1E-5 r.37E-5 l.l8E-6 l.ooE-6 -1
5.828-6 6.28E-5 5.708-6 4.95E-6 3.708-6
3.llE-5 3.36E-6 3.05E-6 2.65E-5 1.97E-6 1.48F_5 8 r]F-'
3.25E-5 3.02E-6 2.738-6 2.37E-6 t.75E-6 1.32E-6 7.7\F_7
1,76E-6 1.25E-5 l.toE-5 9.368-7 6.88E-7 5.12E-7 ?.qsF-1
E 2.108-5 1.1?E-6 9.6t8-7 8.',l'lE-7 5.88E_7 4.358-7 2-52€-1
EttE 2.04E-6 8.95E-7 7.388-7 6.098-7 4.32E_7 3.16E-7 1.82E-7
[E 5.30E-6 1.94E-6 t.578-6 L28E_6 8.968_7 6.50E-7 3.70E_t
4.74E-6 1.608-5 t.z7E-6 l.o2E-6 7.09E_7 5.t0t-7 ?.89E-7
fable H.4. Antrual ayerag. r/Q (sec/m3) at various distances for thc 16 cmp.ssdirections, release helght 27.4 m
Li nd 0istan.. frm efflueat [m]
Touard 335 1095 t400 t7?o
2.068-6 8.078-7 6.38E-7 5.20E-7 3.72E-7 2.818_7 .t.7sF-7
1.35E-6 5.888-7 4.69€-7 3.84E-7 ?.16E_7 ?.OgE_l ,1.30E-7
r.828-6 7.62E-7 6.06E-7 4.95E-7 3.558_7 ?.68E-7 r.67E_7
t.078-6 4.638-7 3.698-7 3.OlE-7 2.15E-t l.6tE-7 9,93E-8
5.688-7 2-t6E-7 2-Z7E-7 l.9tE-7 ',t.44E-7 l.t3E-7 7.43E-8
3.95t-7 ?.07E-t t.738-7 1.488-7 l..t4E-7 9.04E-8 5_04E-8
7.438-7 4.14E-7 4.058-7 3.53E-7 2.79t-7 2.?1E-7 l.s5E_7
ssr. 5.82E-7 5.13E-7 4.13E-7 4.388-, 3.758-t 3.23E-: z lti-,
1.028-5 1.50t-6 t.5rE-6 t.6lE-6 I.56E-6 1.0!E-5 I rqF-6
5.018-7 1.998-7 8.438-7 8.64E-7 8.338-7 1.72E_1 6.128_7
1.49E-7 7.948-t 8.01E-7 8.03E-7 7.58E-7 6.97E_7 s.48E_7
rsE 1.85E-7 1.'t2E-7 3.908_7 3.718_7 3.29E_7 Z.gN.-7 z.rgl-7
E 7.67?.-7 4.698-7 4.15E-7 3..tqE-7 3..nE_7 2.648-7 I.9lE-7
EltE 7.59E-t 4.47t-7 3.528_7 3.32E_7 2.62E_7 2.\2E_t 1.458-7
flF 2.458-5 l.l2E-6 9.158-7 7.72t_7 5.83€-7 4.60E-7 3.04E-7
[r{F ?.288-6 9.858-7 1.96E-7 6.628-7 C.A8E_U 3.7U.-t ?.118-7
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t1_ 5
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX H
R. E. Moore, The AfRDOS--II Conputer Code for Estinating Radiatiott Dose to Man fronAirborne Radionuclidea in Areas-sunotmding Nueleat palilitiea, Report gRNL-5425,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, ienn., I977.
0ames and Moore, "Supplemental Report, t|eteorology and Alr Qua.lity, Environmental Report,|Jhite Mesa Uranium Project, san Juan county, uta[, ror sneriy-rueis Nuclear, Inc." Denver,Sept.6,1978.
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APPEilDIX I
RADOI{ DOSE COI{VERSION FACIORS
-l-
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I-3
APPEIOII I. RADOI{ OOSE C$TVERSIOII FACIORS
ihe basis upon dllch the llRC staff h.s relled for its radon daughter inhalatlon dose converslon
factor consists of the folloring major cdnponent oarts:
l. The indoor vorking level (llL) concentration resulting frm an outdoor radon-222
concentrati@ of I pCl/n3 is appmx'imately 5.0 x '10-6 liL;
2. The nuber of cumlative rork'lng level [Dntns (]aL[) exposure per year for an
average individu.l at a constant concentr6tlon of one lL ls 25 lLtl/yri and
3. Ihe ccrmitted dose equlvalent to the brcnchial eplthe'lim (basal cell nuclel
of segnented bronchi) per unit tlll{ exposure ls 5000 mren (5 r€n).
Thesecomponent parts enter into the folloing equation ihich ytelds lhe ndon-??z lnhalation
dose conversion factor used by the staff:
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5.0 x l0-5 liL ?5 llul./y"
I pct/m3 LL
5000 mren -0.625 wf,l.lyr
IlLt{ I pCllm3
Each of the three corponents identifled above deriye frm sources and data identifled bclor:
1. 5 x lo-e HL per pcilm3 ol r.don-Zz? ls established by the assumd lndoor tlr
concentratisr ratios for radon-?z?, polonium-218, lead-214, and blsnuth-2llof 1.0/0.90/0.51/and 0.35. These concentratlon ratios and the derived conve15ionfactor are nepresentatlve of condltloos ln a reasonably well ventllat€d StrucurFe(Refs. I and 2).
?. 25 y,ul,lyr per fL coocentratlon derives fron the assmptlon th.t an averageindividual's average breathlng rrte rill be rbout 50 percent of that of a
rorking nlner. A tllll ts defined, ln tems of exposure to a rork'lng dln.r,
as one nonth's occupational exposure to a one-LL concentration. Thls assl,Pd
br€athing rrt! rould result in an aver.ge lndivldurl necelYing abott 0.5 llli
as a result of the sarE length of etposure to alr at a one-llL concentratlon.
I}le foltorring relattonship app'l les:
(8760 hn/yr) , ae*i#Sih;m r 0.5'25 tli/yr{L
3. Five H/talr,l ls the value derlved frdn applylng. qu.llty factor (QF) of I0for a'lpha radlatlm, to convert frf,t r.d to ftn (R.fs. l,2,.nd 3), to tn.
figure of 0.5 radlllil.s reported tn thG SEIR Rlport (Rcf. 3, prg. 148).
Ih. staff considers the abov? b.sls for lts r!don-222 lnh.lrtro dosc convarsldl frctor to Dc
both sotnd ind reasonable. The strff acknaledgss th.t rrdon doslfittty ls .rtt.e[!y cilPlcr
and stro[gly lnfluetcad by .ssur:d envlromntal and blologlctl cotdltlon3. In vla of thelirge var{rtlons lnduced by rrther sn ll changcs ln thr asstEd frac-loo fnctlon, lelltlvceqliltbrtn, thlckncss of'th. intenentng tlsiue.nd mrcors layers, .tc,, th€ strff-hts
mdearcrad to use phytlcrl, anvlroment.l, and other data rersonably Epresentrtlyr of rvcragc
condl ttons.
llftrurrs for loPcndir I
l. 'potGntlll Rrdlologlcrl trFct of Atrborne R.l..ses .nd 0l].!ct GIf Rrdlatlon to IndlYldual3
f.tving ilGar tnac6ic Urrnti, 11tlI T.tltDgs Plles," U,S. EPA, EPA-520/I-76-001, Janrrry 1976.
2. "Enylronrcrtal ln.lysls of the Ur.nltr Fuel Cyclc' Part I--FuGl SupPly" u.5. EPA'
EPA-520/9-73-003-8, 0ctob€r 1973.
3. "Il|c Effects on PopulrtlonJ of Exposur. to Lr Lrv.ls of Ionlzlng Rldlatlon,'i.port of dra
ldylsory Cooltt.. on th€ Etologlcrl Effacts of Ionlzlng Radl.ttons (BEIR), t ttonrl Aardt{
of Sclencls - tlrtlon.l R.s..rch Cqrncll, tbvclbcr 1972.
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NRC eoau 335
11-77t U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY Cq$MISSIO'{
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET
I REPOFT NUMBEB lAsvgneo cv OOCt
NUREG.O556
4 fITLE ANO SUBTITLE lAdtl votum No.. ilQptqneOl
Final Environmental Statement related to operation of
hlhite Mesa Uranium Project, Docket No. 40-8681
2. lLe*. bln,< )
3, RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
7, AUTHOR (S)5. DATE REPORT COMPLETEO
MoNTH I vean
9 PERFORMING ORGANIZAIION NAME ANO MAILING ADORESS IINCIU& ZiP COdC)
U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Conmission
Office of Nuclear Material Safety & Safeguards
I.lashington, D.C. 20555
OATE REPORT ISSUEO
uolrix lvernMev 1q7q
6- lLede bl.nkl
8. lLeNe blank)
12. SPONSORING OBGANIZATION NAME ANO MAILING ADORESS IINCIUCIE ZiP COCIE)
Same as above.
IO. PBOJECT/TASK/WORK UNIT NO
I1. CONTRACT NO.
13. TYPE OF BEPORT
F'inal Envi ronmental Statement I
rearoo covEREo finctusrvc daos)
I5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. lLe*r dJrk)
16. ABSTBACT (200 wordt or loss)
A Final Environmental Statement for Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc. re1ated to issuanceof a source materia] 'license for the I'lhite l'lesa Uranium Project to be located in
San Juan County, Utah (Docket No. 40-8681 ) has been prepared by the 0ffice of
Nuclear l4aterial Safety and Safeguards. This statement provides (l) a surmaryof environmental impacts and adverse effects of the proposed action, and (2) a
consideration of principal alternatives. Also included are corments of governmental
agenc'ies and other organizations on the Draft Environmental Staternent for this project
and staff responses to these corments. The NRC has concluded that, after weighing
the environmental, economic, technical, and other benefits of the White l*'lesa Uranium
Project against environmental and other costs and considering available alternatives,
the action cal'led for is issuance of a source material license, subject to stipu'lated
condi ti ons .
r7. KEY WOROS ANO OOCUMENT ANALYSIS Ih D€SCBIPTOES
I 7b. IOENTI FIE RS/OPEN.EN OE D TEBMS
I8. AVAI LAEI LITY STATEMENT
Release unl imited.
19. SECURITY CLASS ffrnlrponl 121. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECUBITY CLASS /rrr,iprr, |
22. PBICE
Nnc FoRM 3:}5 (7-17)
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