DRC-1978-001021 - 0901a068807b2a14

ENVIRONMENTAL REPCRT
WIIITE MESA UMNIIIM PROJECT
SAN JUAN COUNTY, UTAH
FO;q.
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
Prepared By
DA;{ES & MOORE
?o-869
?5,o.317o,zbqPDR ADOCI(I
?80515o400a681
PDR
srB o 81978 )
'*,I$T1**
,ffitrii iuruo
Ui & Nrclcq necdghu
January 30, L978
09973-01 5-14
January 30, 1978
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.
Executive 0ffices, Suite 445
Three Park Central
I515 Arapahoe Street
Denver, Colorado 80202
Attention:Mr. Muril D. Vincelette
Vice President of Operations
Gentlemen:
with Ehis letter we are transmitting Ehe 160 copies that yourequested of the "Environmental Report, white Mesa uranium project, SanJuan CounEy Utah For Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.r'
The
with NRC
Report s
scope of work performed and this report are in accordance
Regulatory Guide 3.8 (April 1973) Preparation of Environmentalfor Uranium Mil11. On-going studies concluding in JuLy l9Z8 wiflprovide a yearts baseline data as required by NRC Regulatory Guide 3.8
and will be presented in the Supplemental ReporE.
rt has been a pleasure to work with you on this project. rf we may
be of further assisEance, please do not hesitate Eo contact us.
Very truly yours,
DAMES & MOORE?.-tltMRichard L. Brittain
"'","x:^-*;;" /k.2q..,
Kenneth R. Porter, Ph.D.
ProjecE Manager
RLB/ KRP/ t 1g
'IABLE OF CONTENTS
PROPOSED ACTIVITIES. ........
Page
1-1
2-L
!.- r
2-6
2-6
2-7
2-9
2-tl
2-I i
1-1 1
1-1 ')
2-12
2-15
2-23
., -10
2-30
1,0
2.2 REGIONAI. DET,IOGMPIIY AND LANT USES. .. ...... O '
THE SITE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1 SiTE LOCATION AND LAYOUT.
2.2.2
117.
2.2.L.1 Hiscory of the Region.... ..
2.2.1.2 RegionaI Demography.........
2.2.L.3 Regional Land Use andOwnership .., , o.
2.2.L.4 Transportation Faci1iries........
2.2.1.5 Regional Economic Base.....,....o
2.2.1.6 Housing and Social Service
Systems. ... . .... t
Blanding Area, Scutheastern Utah
2.2.2.L History of San, Jrran CcunEy.......
2.2.2.2 Demography of San Juan Corrnty....
2.2."2.3 Land Use and Cwnership.
2.2.2.4 TransportaEioa Faciliries.
2.2.2.5 Economic Base.
2.2.2.5 Housing anci PublicSerrrices ... '.1_-42
Hanksville Area. ..... .. ?-57
2.2.3.1 History ..... . Z-57
2.2,3.2 Demography.... ....2-58
2.2.3.3 Land Use anci Ownershio. 2-63
TABLE 0F CCNTENTS (Ccntinued)
Page
2.2.3,4 Transportation Faci1ities........ 2-66
2.2.3.5 Economic Base. ..... .... 2-68
2.2.3.6 Public Services .. ... ... 2-72
2.3
1.4
REGIONAL IIISTORIC AND CULTURAL, SCENIC AND
NATURAI, LANDMARKS
2.3.1 Historic and CuItural Sites
2.3.2 Scenic Areas.
2.3.3 Archaeological Sites
2.3.4 Natural Landmarks.....
GEoLOGY. ... ... ... .
2,4.1 Regional Geology ..... ............
2.4.I.1 Physiography... r.. . ... o.. ...
2.4.I.2 Rock Units. ...
2.4.1.3 SEructure and Tectonics......o...
2,4.1.4 Uranir:m Deposits........r...o....
2.4,1..5 Other Mineral Resources. . . . .
2.4.2 Blanding Site Geology.. .. ... o.. r......
2.4.2.I Physiography and Topography......
2.4.2.2 Rock Units....... ..
2.4.2.3 Structure. .....
2.4.2.4 Mineral Resources
2.4.2.5 Geotechnical Conditions at
2-75
2-7 5
2-7 6
2-7 7
2-80
2-8 I
2-81
2-8L
2-82
2-90
2-94
1 -41
2-99
2-99
2-100
2-105
2-106
the Proposed Mill andTailing Retention Sites. .... ... 2-106
2.4.2.6 GeologLc Hazards........ .... 2-108
2.5
.L
1tr
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
SEISM0L0GY.... ..... .. 2-i0B
2.5.L Seismic History of Region 2-108
2.5.2 Relationship of Earthquakes tc TecEonic
StrucEures. . .. 2-l!4
2.5.3 Potential Earthquake Hazards Eo ?roject.... 2-L14
I{YDROLOGY 2-115
2.6.1 Ground WaEer lydrology . 2-1i5
2.6.2
2.6.1.1
2.6 .t ,2
2.6.L,3
2 ,6 .t.4
2.6 ,1.5
2.5.1.6
Sur €ac e
2.6.2.i
1Ar,)
2 .6 .2.3
!.o . t,4
2.6.2.5
Regional Occurrence and
Distribution of Grorrnci I^Iate:... 2-1I5
B.egional Ulilization of
Ground Water ..... 2-119
Ground WaEer Regime of
Project Site 2-l2I
Utilization of Ground I{ater
in Project Vicinity... . 2-126
Ground Wacer Reg:-me of
I{anksvi l le Ore-Buying
Station 2-\27
UEilization r:f Cround WaEer in
Vicinity cf Hanksviile Ore-
Ruying Station. . 2-130
I,iater l{ydrology 2-130
RegionaL Clccurrence anc
Drainage of Surface [,'ater 2-130
Regional LItilizar-ion r:f
Su::face WaEer 2-i1+0
Pro-j ect Vic ini t1' I{aEe rshecl . . 2-Lt+0
Bland ing Si !e Drainage " " . 2-L43
riiianaing uice l'r-ooo ing
f'otenEial.. 2-143
2.'t
1V
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.6 .3
Page
Water Quality 2-149
2.6.3.L Ground Water Quality in
Project Vicinity... ... .... 2-150
2.6.3.2 Surface Water Quality in
Project Vicinity. 2-158
2.6.3.3 Ground lJater Quality inVicinity of lianksville
Ore-Buying Staticn 2-165
2.6.3.4 Surface Water Quality inVicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station. . ..... . 2-168
METEoRoLOGY AND ArR QUALTTY... ...... 2-168
2.7 .l Regional Cliruatolog]... ..... 2-L68
2.i .2 Clirnatology of Blanding and Project Site. .. 2-170
2.7.2.L Data Sourc€se. .... 2-170
2.7 .2.2 Temperature........... . 2-172
2.7.2.3 Precipitation.................... 2-172
2.7 .2.4 Relative Huuidity... o..... o . 2-175
2.7.2.5 Fog.. ....o............. 2-177
2.7 .2.6 Evaporation. ... .. .... o . 2-177
2.7.2.7 Sunshine Duration and CloudCover...... ..... 2-177
2.7.2.8 Winds.......... 2-180
2.7.2.9 Severe Weather 2-L87
2.7.2.10 Diffusion C1imato1o9y............ 2-188
Climatology of Hanksville and Buying
Station.. o... ... 2-194
2.7.3
TABLE OF C0NTENTS (Continued)
Page
Data Sources.. 2-l9il
TemperaLur€o o.... r ... ...... ... ... 2-198
Precipitation. ..... 2'2Al
Relative lturnidity............... . 2-20L
Evaporationo ., 2-203
Sunshine DuraEion and Cloud
2.7 .3.1
2.7.3.2
2.7.3.3
2.7,3.4
2.7 .3 .5
2.7.3.6
2.8
2.7.4
Cover.
2.7.3.7 Winds
2.7 .3.8 Severe I^Ieather.
2.7.3.9 Diffusic,n ClimaEology...
Air Quality........ . ... ......
2.7.4.1 Regulatory SEandsrds
2.7.4.2 Priority Classifications....
2.7.4.3 Sigaificant Deterioration.
2.7.4.4 Existing Air Quality.
ECOLOGY.
2.8.1 General Ecology of Region .. . .. . ..
2.8.2 Eccology of Project Site
2-203
2-205
2-205
?-2A8
a-n7 /,
L-ZL+
2-2t8
2-219
2-222
1-'t 1,
2-225
2-226
?-245
,Q1
2.8.2.1 Vegetatr.on.
2.8.2.2 Wi1d1ife. . ... ..
Ecology of llanksville Buying StaEionvicinity. 2-257
2.8.3.1 Ecology of Hanksville Region..... 2-267
2.8.3.2 Vegetation of Hanksvi I l-e
n.,.,: -.- dl - h.: -,- tt.i ,- j -.: +.. .l--aAO9UtLLL5 usdL!vrl r!L-.1-Lrv
v1
2.9
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
2. 8 . 3. 3 I{i ld Ii f e. 2-283
2.9.1 Blanding. 2-292
2.9.L.L Airborne Particulates.. 2-292
2.9.1.2 Radon Concentrations in Air. 2-292
2.9.1.3 Ground Water. ... .. 2-296
2.9.L.4 Surface Water. ..... 2-296
2.9.1.5 Soils 2-296
2.9.1.6 Vegetation. ... 2-296
2.9.1.7 Wildlife. .. ... . . .. . 2-296
2.9.1.8 Environmental Radiation Dose..... 2-298
2.9.2 Hanksvi11e... ..... 2-298
2.9.2.L Airborne Particulates.. ..... 2-298
2.9.2.2 Radon ConcentraEions in Air...... 2-298
2.9.2.3 Ground Water 2-303
2.9.2.4 Surface Water. ......... 2-303
2.9.2.5 Soils...o...... ........ 2-303
2.9.2.6 Vegetation........... .. 2-303
2.9.2.7 Wildlife.. ........ 24A5
2.9.2.8 Environmental Radiation Dose..... 2-305
2.9.3 Highway Corridor fron Hanksville toBlanding. .... o.. 2-305
2.9.3.I Environmental Radiation Dose..... 2-305
3.0
2.10
l.TLE
3.1
?. 1
,, 1
\,1 L
TABLE 0F C0NTENTS (Cont:lnued)
Page
OI}IER ENVIRONME}ITAL I'EATURES.. . 2-305
2.10.1 Soils ........ ?.-305
2.10,1.1 ProjecE Site....................o 2-305
2.L0.1.2 Hanksville Vicinity...... r...... . 2-3L4
2.10.2 Noise 2-318
2.10.2.1 Arnbient Sound Levels ...2-32L
MILL AND BUYING STATIONS 3-1
EXTERNAL APPEARANCE CF TIIE .LIILL. ... .. 3-i
THE MILL CIRCUIT. .... 3.1
3.2.1 Uranium Circuit ..... o.. 3-i
3.2.2 By'Product Copper Recovery. 3-5
3.2.3 By-Product, Vanadium Recovery. 3-7
SOURCES OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS. ......... 3-IO
3.3.1 Non-Radioactive Mi11 l,lastes and
3 "3.2
Effluents 3-10
3.3.I.1 Gaseous Effluents.... 3-10
3.3.L.2 Liquid Effluents 3-11
3.3.1.3 Solid Effluents 3-13
Radioactive Mi11 rlastes and EffluenEs. 3-14
3.3.2.1 Ore SEorage Pads. 3-15
3.3.2.2 Ore Grinding Operation. 3-16
3 . 3 . 2. 3 Leach ing Operat ion. 3- 1 5
3.3.2.4 Uranium Concentrate Drying
and Packaging. 3-15
3.3.2.5 Tailins... 3-16
3.4
3.5
vl 11
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
3.3.2.6 Sunmary of Airborne ReleaseRates 3-18
COMROLS OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS.. .. 3-19
SANITARY AND OTHER MILL I,IASTE SYSTEMS 3-20
3.5.1 Sanitary and Solid Wastes 3-20
3.5.2 Building and Process HeatinC......... .3-21
3.5.2.1 Gaseous Wastes ....3-21
3.5.2.2 Solid l,trastes . 3-2L
3.5.3 Analytical LaboraEory.. .....3-22
HANKSVILLE AND BLANDING BUYING STATIONS. . 3-22
3.6.I External Appearance of Buying Stations..... 3-22
3.6.2 Sources of Ore .... 3-22
3.6,2.1 Hanksville Station. .... 3-25
3.6.2.2 Blandi.ng Station........ .... 3-25
3.6.3 Hanksville Station Operationso... ..... 3-25
3.6.3.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of
Delivered Ore.. . 3-25
3.6.3.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore. .. 3-27
3.6.3.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore.. 3-27
3.6.3.4 Sample Preparation. o... o.... . o. .. 3-27
3.6.3.5 Control of Dust in P1ant. .... .... 3-29
3.6.3.6 Haulage to Blanding Mil1... . 3-30
3.6.4 Blanding Station Operations. ...... .... 3-30
3.6.4.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of
Delivered Ore...,... . 3-30
3.6
1:(
4.0
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
3.6.4.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore,. 3-30
3.6.4.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore. ...... 3-31
3.6.4.4 Sample Preparation....... . ., 3-31
3.6.4.5 Control of Dust in Plant 3-32
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION AND },IILLCONSTRUCTION.. . 4.I
4.I EFFqCTS 0N IIIE PIIYSICAL ENVIRoNMENT.... . .. ... ... ... 4-1
4.1.1 Air Quality.. . ... .. . ... 4-1
4.1.2 Srrrface l,Iater l{ydrology ..... 4-?
4.1.3 Cround WaEer Hydrology ..,.., 4-3
4.I.4 hlater Quality ..... t'-4
4.1.5 Land. ........o. ...4-4
4.1.6 Sound ... 4-4
4.1.6.L ConstrucEion Noise Sources .. 4-4
4.1.6.2 Ambient Sound Levels During
4.2
ConsEruction.. .. 4-6
4.1.6.3 Impact Assessment.... ..4-6
II"IPACTS ON THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIROM{ENT... . 4-7
4.2.1 Aquatic Biota. .... l+- t'
4.2.2 Terrestrial Biota. ..... 4-7
4.2.2.L Vegetation. ... .... 4-7
4.2.2.2 Wildlife ..... 4-8
IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC E}IVIRONMENT . 4.1I
4.3.f Population.... .... 4-11
4.3.2 Housing .4-15
t,,
5.0
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Conrinued)
Page
4.3.3 Pub1ic Service Delivery Systems .. 4-ZO
4.3.4 Economic Base. .... 4-Zz
4.3.5 Taxes ... 4-23
4.3.6 Quality of Life ... 4-23
4.3.7 Land Use Impacts ., 4-25
4.3.8 Historical and Archaeological Sites . . . t+-25
4.4 RESoURCES COMMITTED .. o.. .. 4-26
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF }{ILL OPEMTIONS .. 5-T
5.1 MDIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON BIOTA OTHER THAN MAN. 5-I
5.1.1 Exposure Pathways ..... . 5-l
5.1.2 Radioacti.r'ity in the Environment......r.... 5-3
5.1.3 Effect on Biota. .. 5-6
5.2 RADroLocrcAL IMPACT ON MAN. .o........ .... 5-6
5.2.1 Exposure Pathways . 5-7
5.2.2 Liquid Effluents ...... ... ... 5-7
5.2.3 Airborne Effluents . ... . 5-8
5.2,3.1 Data Base 5-8
5.2.3.2 Radiological DiffusionAnalysis . ... . ... ... .. 5-10
5.2.4
5 .2.5
EFFECTS
5.3. 1
Dose Estimates From AtncosphericPathways ..... .. ... ... 5-12
Populat.ion Doses From Atmospheric
Pathways ...o. ........ 5-12
OF CHEMICAL DISCHARGES. ..... 5.18
Airborne Discharges. ... ..... 5-18
5.3
TABLE OE CONTEI{TS (Concinued)
Page
Vehicle Emissions. r.... 5-18
IlilI S:ack Emissions of
5.3.t.i
5.3.1.2
5.4
5.5
Chemicais... 5-18
5 .3.2 Liquid Discharges. . . . 5-2C
EFFECTS OF SANITARY AND OTHER I,IASTE DISCHARGES.... . 5-20
OTHER EFFECTS 5-21
5.5.f TerresErial Biora. ...,.5-Zl
5.5.1.1 VegetaEion.... 5-Zl
5.5.1.2 Wildlife 5-Zt
5.5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of ProjeclOperation 5-22
5.5.2.1 Population.... ,,.. 5-22
5.5.2.2 Housing . 5-2tr
5.5.2.3 Municipal Services and Ehe
Tax Base 5-25
5.5.2.4 Economic Base. 5-30
5.5.2.5 Quality of Life 5-33
5.5.2.6 Land Use Impacts 5-33
Sound ... 5--16
5.5.3.1 Ambient Sound Levels Durine0peration. . 5-36
5.5.3.2 ImpacE Assessment.. 5-36
5.5.4 Surface Water 5-37
5. 6 P.ESOURCES CO}{MITTED 5-38
EFFLUEI\IT AND ENVIRONMENTAL },IEASiJREMENTS AND
MOI'IIIORING PROGRAI{ 6_T
5.5.3
6.0
6.1
x]-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
PREOPEMTIONAL ENVIROMIENTAL PROGRAMS. 6-1
6.1.1 Surface Water 6-I
6.1.2 Ground Water. 6-3
6.1.2.1 Sampling Locations. 6-3
6.1.2.2 Physical and Cnemical
6.1.3
Parameters.... ....... 6-6
Air.. 6-8
6. i. 3. 1 I'leteorological MonitoringPrograms ... ... .,. ... . 6-8
6.1.3.2 Air Quality 6-8
6.I.3.3 Computer Models....t.... 6-10
6. 1. 3. 4 Other Mode 1 s. 6-1 1
Land. 6-13
5. i.4.1 Soils 6-13
6.1.4.2 Land Use and DemographicSurveys ... ... o. . 6-20
6.I.4.3 Ecological Parameters..o......... 6-2I
Radiological Survey.... .o........ 5-25
6.1.5.1 Direct Environmental Radiation... 6-28
6.I.5.2 Radionuclides in Soils. .... o.... . 6-29
5.1.5.3 Radionuclides in Water. ..... 6-29
6.L.5.4 Biological Radioactivity......... 6-29
6.1.5.5 Airborne Particulates.. 6-29
6.1.5.5 Radon Concentrations in Air...... 6-30
6.1.4
6.I.5
6.2 PROPOSED
6.2.1
6.2.2
x1 r1
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMS.
Radiological Monitoring
6. 2. I. I Effluent Monitoring Program
6.2.L.2 Environmental Radiological
Surveillance Program.
Chemical Effluent
6.2.2.L Ground Water
5.2.2.2 Surface Water.
7 .t.1.2
7.i.1.3
7.t.t.4
Page
6-3 I
6-3 r
6-3 I
5-3 1
6-34
6'3t+
6--44
6-34
6-34
7-i
i-L
7-2
l-,/-
7-3
7-3
7-4
7-4
7-5
7-5
7-5
6.2.3 MeEeorological Monitoring....
6.2.4 Ecological Monitoring..
7.0 ENVIRCNMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS
7.1 MILL ACCIDENTS
7.I.1 Failure of Tailing Retention and
Transport Systems
7 . 1. I . 1 Flood Wa Eer Breaching of
ReEention System.
Overflow of Tailing Slurry.......
Structural Failure of Tailing
Dike s
Seismic Damage to Transport
Sys tem.
7.1.2 Minor Pipe or Tank Leakage..
7. 1. 3 Maj or Pipe or Tank Breakage.
7.L.4 Electrical Power Faiiure
7 "1.5 Process Equiprnent Malfunction and/or
Operator Error.
7.2
x]-v
TABLE OF C0NTENTS (Continued)
Page
7.L.6 Tornado . 7-6
7.1.7 Minor Fire. 7-6
7.1.8 Major Fire. 7-6
TM}ISPORTATION ACCIDENTS 7-7
7.2.L Special Training for Yellow Cake
Iransportation Accidents ....... 7-8
7.2.2 Spill Countermeasures 7-9
7.2.3 Emergency Actions . 7-10
7.3 QUALITY ASSURA}ICE .... 7-IO
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF MILL CONSTRUCTION ANDoPERATTON ..... . g-1
8.1 BENEFITS ... 8-1
8.2 CoSTS . 8-2
PJCLAMATION AND RESTOMTION. .. ... t. 9-1
9.1 LAND USE AND ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION. ..... ....... 9-]
9.1.1 Project Site. ..... 9-I
9.2 PLANS FOR RECLAIMING AND RESTORING AFFECTEDAREAS..... ....... .. g-2
9.2.I Tailing Retention Sysrem...... ........ 9-2
9.2.1.L Summary of Tailing Retention
Plan. ... o.. .. . . .. o .. . 9-2
9.2.1.2 Cover Material... o... o o. 9-3
9.2.L.3 Background Radioactivity.......,. 9-3
9.2.1.4 Tailing Radioactivity. . 9-5
8.0
9.0
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
RadioacEivity AtEenuation ...9-6
Tailing Reclamation
9.2.t.5
9.2.1.6
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
Alternatives.. . 9-11
9.2.L.7 Conclusions and Recommendations.. 9-14
9.2.2 Decommissioning of Facilities 9-16
SEGREGATION AND STABILIZATION OF TOPSOiLS. 9-17
TYPE AND MANNER OF PROPOSSD REVEGETATION. 9-17
9.4.1 General Practices . 9-L7
9.4.2 Species anrl Seeding Raies..... 9-i8
9.4.2.L Project SiEe. 9-18
9 .4.2.2 Hanksvi l1e Buying SEarion Sire. . . 9-i9
9.1+.3 Cultural Practices 9-20
LONG-TERM }IAINTENANCE AND CONTROL. ..... 9.21
9.5.1 Diversion of Surface Water and Erosion
Control 9-Zl
9.5.2 Maintenance of Es tab lished r/egetaEion. . . . . . 9-23
FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS.. 9-23
10.O ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION i0-1
IO.I NO ACTION I,O-i
IO.2 ALTERNATIVE MILLING AND EXTMCTION PB.OCEDURES...... IO-2
10.2.1 Hanksville Viciniry. LA-2
10.2.2 Blanding Viciniry... LA-z
10.2.2.i Zekes HoLe. I0-4
!0 .2 .2.2 l{e s a. l.0 -{
>iv1
TABLE 0F CONTENTS (Concluded)
Page
10.2.2.3 Calvin Black Property. . I0-4
10.2.2.4 White Mesa. f0-5
10. 2.3 AlternaEive White Mesa SiEes. . . . . I0-5
10.3 ALTERMTIVE WHITE MESA SITES. ... . ........ 10-6
I1.O BENEFIT-COST ANA].YSIS AND SI]MMARY. ..... 11-1
I2.O ENVIRONMENTAI APPROVALS AND CONSULTATIONS. ..... I2-I
13.0 REFERENCES.... 13-1
xv]. r
LIST OF TABLES
llab ie Page
2.2-L Population Centers of the Proiect Region. 2-B
2.2-2 Population Estimates, San Juan CounEy-
i{arch 1977. 2-16
2.2-3 HisEorical Population Estimates, Blandirrg Area. .... 2-18
2.2-4 Selected Demographic CharacEeristics, San Juan
counEy compared to utah, 1970 ..... 2-L9
2.2-5 Visicor Statisti,:s, Recreetion Areas Southeastern
Utah, 2-20
2.2-6 Population ProjecEions .... 2-22
2.2-7 Land },rnershi2 in San Juan CounEy, 1967. . 2-26
2.2-8 Land Use in San Juan County, E:<cluding Federai
Land, 1967 . '2-28
2.2-9 Traffic Voh:me, 1975 . 2-31
2.2-10 Crop ProducEioa and Livestock Inrzentory, San JuanCounty,1974 .. il-33
2.2-l I Employment by Industry, San .Iuan Cr>unty. 2-35
2.2-12 LocaEion of Manufacturing Establisl'rments, San
Jr:an County , 19 t'7 -19 78 . . . 2-36
2.2-L3 Cir,,ilian Labor Force, EmpIoymenE, and Unernployrnent
RaEes in San Juan County... 2-37
2.2-L4 Occupational Characteristics of Job Appi.icants,
QuarEer Ending, 3-3L-77, Blanciing Area. 2-39
'2.2-15 Per Capita Income, San Juan County Compered tothe SEaEe , L973-L976.., . 2-40
2.2-16 Sur:lr'lary <rf San Juan Countv Ceneral FunC
E>:pendi Eures 2-43
2.2-\7 CLE), of Bl-anding, Summar.v of CeneraL b'und
Expencii:ures, Fiscal l,lear i iil6-1.97 r- Z-/4L
2.2-i S Scnoo I En'ro i rme nt ano Capac i c1' rn -U J- and rng ,t977-t9 78... ...2-49
xYl_ L i
LLST CF TABLES (Continued)
Table Page
2.2-19 City of Monticello, Surnmary of General Fund
Expenditures Fiscal Year 1976 and 1977. ..... 2-52
2.2-20 Population EsEimates of the Hanksville Area,
1950 to 1975. . 2-59
2.2-21 Selected Demographic Characteristics, Wayne and
Garfield Counties and the State of Utah, 1970.... 2-61
2.2-22 Population ProjecEions Wayne County and Garfield
County Compared to the State. 2-62
2.2-23 Land Ownership, Wayne and Garfiel-d Counties, 1967.. 2-64
2.2-24 Land Use in Llayne and Garfield Counties,
Excluding FederaL Land, 1967. 2-65
2.2-25 Traffic Volume , 1975 ..... . 2-6i
2.2-26 Crop Production and Livestock Inventory, I'layne
and Garfield Counties, 1974. ...:. . 2-69
2.2-27 Ernployment by Industry in Wayne County and
Garfield Couniy , 1976'1977 .... ..... .... 2'70
2.2-28 Labor Force, Unemploynent and Per Capita Income
in Wayne and Garfield Counties Compared to the
State. ..... ... 2-7I
2.2-29 Wayne County General Fund Expendicures 2'73
2.3-l Historic Sites in Southeastern Utah Included in
the NaEional Register of Historic Places
llovenber 1977...... .....2'75
2.3-2 Distribution of Recorded Sites According to
Teurporal Position. ..... . 2-79
2,4-L Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Subsurface
Rocks Based on 0i1-We11 Logs . 2-84
2.4-2 Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Exposed
Rocks in the Project Vicinity. .... 2-85
2.5-1 Modified Mercalli Scale. .. 2-Il0
:<i x
LIST C,F TA.BLES iConrinueci )
Tab ie Page
2.6-i WaEer Weiis in Project Vicinity BlanCing, Ura.h 2-L?9
2.6-2 Water lfells in Vicinicv of Hanksville 0re-BuyingStacion ?--132
2.5-3 Drainage Areas of Project Vicinity and Region. :Z-l3S
?.6-4 Current Surface hlater Users in Project ViciniEy.... Z-L4L
?-.5-5 Present Utah liater Use ( l165) of San Jua;r Rive-r..,. 2-i42
2.6-6 I{ater Quality of Ground I,JaEers and Sprinrzs inProjecr t/iciniry.... Z-L52
2.6-7 Water 0ua1iL_v of Suriace Ua:ers r-n ProjectVicirrili,, Blanciing, UEah. Z-li)
2.5-t) ir:aier OuaiiLy of Ground i.iater and Si:rface i."l,rterin Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-Euying SE:rEion,
Hanksvi lle, Utah . 2-I6{t
2.7-\ l'lean Yonthl;.2 Belative tiumiciit.v BLandi-ng, L'Eeh . 2-L7S
2.7-Z ilean Fog 0ccr:rrence )ays at Bianding, Utah197C-i974... .. 2-i73
2.7-3 i.{cethLy and AnnuaL Sunshine Duration and Sky
Ccver at tslanding, ULeh 2-i7g
2.7 -4 llcnthly PercenE Frequency 0ccrrrr:ence ,:,f t{inC
Speeds in Excess of 10 t"fPS by Direcrion" 2-i83
2.7-5 Percent Frequencv DistribuEion of Wind Speed(Classes) by l/ind Direction at the 0n-SiLe
StaEion and the tslanding NtrlS Starion (llarch-
Augrrs t L977 ). ... 2-136
2.7-6 ){aximum liind Speed and Recurrence IrrLerrra I in the
Bl.anriing Vicinity Z-'LBB
2,7-7 Es Iirna:ed Ya:<imum Point Precipitacicn Amouni-s
( crn) in lhe BlanCing Area tor Se Iecied ;rr.rrat ions
and llecurrence Iniervals. ,. 2-189
2.7 -6 Seasonai and r\nnual- l4ixine lle igh Es and l"le an i,jind
Sp=eis Dl-a,riir;ig i'it-:-nit)"... 2-i9i
LIST OF TABLES (Contiaueci)
Tab 1e Page
2.7-9 Number of Restricted Mixing Episodes Lasting
Two or More Days in Five Years and Total
Episode Days in the Blanding Area. 2-L97
2.7-10 Monthly Percent Frequency of Occurrence for
Stability Classes Blanding, Utah ...o. 2-193
2.7-11 Monthly and Annual Sunshine Duration and Sky
Cover at Hanksville, Utah. 2-204
2.7-12 Seasonal and Annual Percent Frequency of Wind
Direction and Wind Speed at Hanksville, Utah
t949-1954 2-207
2.7-L3 Maximum ![ind Speeds and Recurrence Intervals at
Hanksvi-11e... . 2-208
2.7-14 Estimated Maxioum Point Precipitation Amounts
(cm) at Hanksville Site for Selecte<i Durations
and Recurrence Intervals 2-209
2.7-i5 Seasonal and Annual Mixiag Heights and }tean Wind
Speeds Hanksville Vicinity.... 2-210
2.7-16 Number of Restricted Mixing Episodes Lasting lWo
or More Days in Five Years and Total Episode
Days in Ehe HanksviLle Vicinity. ..... 2-214
2.7-17 Seasonal and Annual Frequency of Stability
Occurrence (l) Hanksville, Utahr'................ 2-212
2.7-18 Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Pasquill
Stability Classes by Direction Hanksville, UEah.. Z-2L3
2.7-19 National an<i State of Utah Air Quality Standards.. . 2-215
2.7-20 Federal Regional Priority Classifications Based
on Ambient Air Quality. .......... . 2-217
2.7-21 Air Quality Data Collected at Bull Frog }iarina,
1975 Through i977.. ..........o.... 2-220
2.7-22 Monthly Sulfation Values (ug SOr/c^2/a^y)
Blanding, UEah , 1977 ....j ......... 2-221
xx1
LIST 0F TABLES (Continued)
Tab, 1e Page
2.8-L Species Composition of Cou'.rnunities Sampied a.t
the Blanding Project Site... .2-229
2.8-2 Communit.y SEruciure Paramet.ers of the Blanding
Site PIanE Communities. . 2-231
2.8-3 Production and Percent. Composition of the Pinyon-
Juniper CommuniEy on the Semidesert SEonyhi11s... 2-240
2.8-4 Production and Percent Composition of CommuniEies
Sarnpled on Ehe Semi<iesert Loam Range Si Le " 2-21+2
2.8-5 Blanding tsird InvenEory 2-2!+9
2.8-6 Blanciing Bird PopulaEion Estimaces from Emlen
TransecEs 2-250
2.8-7 Blending Winter 1977 Roadsj.de Bird Survey 2-25!
2.8-8 Spring 1977 Roadside Bird Survey 2'252
2.8-9 Summer 1977 Roadside Bird Survey 2-253
2.8-L0 FaLL L977 Blanding Roadside Bird Survey 2'2i5
2.8-11 Blanding Rabbit Transect CounEs 2-263
2.8-L2 Rodenc Distributicn and Relative Abunciance by
Habitat 2-264
2.8-13 RodenE Grid and Transect Trapping Data 2-265
2"8-14 Species Composition of Communities Sampled at
Ehe Hanksville SiEe. 2-273
2.8-15 Community Structure of the Hanksville SiEe Plant
CominuniEies. . . 2-275
2.8-16 i{anksville Bird InvenEory . 2-286
2.8-17 Hanksville Bird Population Estimates from Emlen
Transects.... . 2-28t-
2.8-18 Hanksville Roadside Bird Transects. .. 2-2EB
2.E-L9 i^anksviiie Roacisicie F.abbic Surve;, 2-29A
xx1 1
LIST 0F TABLES (Continued)
Tab 1e Page
2.8-20 Hanksville Rodent Transect Trapping Data. 2-29L
2.9-l Radiomet.ric Anallzses of Air Particulates
Collected in the Environs of the Blanding Site... 2-294
2.9-2 Ambient Radon-222 Concentrations in Air at
Blanding Site. 2-295
2.9-3 Radiometric Analyses of Vegetation Collected on
the Project Site. 2-297
2"9-4 Radiouretric Analyses of Terrestrial Mammals
Collected in the Vicinity of the Project Site.... 2-299
2,9-5 EnvironmentaL Radiation Dose at the Project Si.te... 2-300
2.9-6 Ra<iiometric Analysis of Air PariiculaEes Collected
by High-Volume Sampler in the Environs of the
Hanksville Station . 2-301
2.9-7 Hanksville Ambient Radon-222 Concentrat-ions 2-302
2.9-8 Radiomeiric Analyses of Vegetation Collected in
the l'Iicinity of the Hanksviile Ore Buying
Station. . 2-304
2.9-9 Radioureiric Analyses of I'larnmals Collected in theVicinity of the Hanksville Ore Buying Station.... 2-306
2.9-10 EnvironmenEal Radiation Dose in the Vicinity of
the Hanksville Buying Station. 2-3A7
2.9-L1 Locati.on of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters Along
Srare Road 95 (Blanding ro Hanksville) Utah. 2-308
2. l0-1 SoiI Series Information for Project Site and
Vicinity of Hanksville Ore Buying Station. .. 2-310
2.10-2 Results of Soil Samp1e Tesi Analyses for Project
Site and Vicinity of Hanksville Buying Station... 2-313
2.10-3 Summary of Arnbient Sound Levels -dBA. ......... 2-322
4.1-1 ConsEruction Equipmeat Noise Levels - ExcavaEion
of Processing Plant and Tailing Retention Ce1ls.. 4-5
Tab 1e
/, 1. _1
xxt tI
LIST OE TABLES ( Co nt inued )
P age
Ambieni Sound Levels During Construction of the
Processing Plant, Tailing Ce11s, anci Slurrv
Pipeline - dB. ...,. 4-6
Maximum Seasonal }lumber cf Birds 0ccurring in
Ilabitat to be Removed from ProducEion. 4-10
Minimum Number of Rcdents Supported by Habitat
to be Removed from ProducEion. .... 4-11
ConsEruction Work Force RequiremenEs. . .. . 4-13
Population IncremenE Associated with Project
Construction. . 4-14
ProjecE ConsErur:tion-Induced Population Qsetvth
Compared to 1979 PopuiaEion.... ... 4-16
Current and Projected Excess Capacity of Mobile
Iiome Parks November 197 t' .... . 4-f 8
EstimaEed Housing Supply, 1979 and Project-Induced
Demand 4-I9
Summary of Mill ConstrucEion CcsEs (1977 Dollars).. 4-24
l,laxirnum Activity Dens ity Dry Deposition-Uii1
Effluent Southern Sector 5-5
Summary of P.elease Rates 5-9
Individuai Whole Body and Lung Dose Commitments
from Mill Site Effluent... 5-13
Individual Bone and Kidney Dose Conrmi tment s f rorn
Mill Site Effluent . 5-14
Dose CommitmenEs aE Project Boundaries for Each
Sector Effec:ed from YilI Sice Effluent 5-1-s
Indiviciual Lung Dose Cornmitments from Tai-1ing
Effluents (mrem) 5-16
Exposure Eo individuals at S:ecific Locations in
the Vicinity of the Mi11... 5-17
/+.2-l
L n-1
4.3-l
t, 1-a
4.3-3
t, '1-t,
4.3-6
5. r.-r
5 .2-2
q ,-'l
5 .2-4
aotr
5.2-6
xx1\,
LlST 0F TABLES (Continued)
Tab le Page
5.3-I Emission Rates for Heavy-Duty Diesel-Powered
and Gasoline-Powered Construction Equipment . 5-19
5.5-1 Anticipated Housing Demand of Imported Project
Workers 5-24
5.5-2 Long-Term Project-Induced Population GrowEh
Compared to 1980 Population and Capacity of
Public Services 5-26
5.5-3 Estimated Property Tax Payments.. 5-29
5.5-4 Basic and Non-Basic Enplo)/uent, San -iuan County,
1976 Annuai Average.... . 5-32
5.5-5 Average Daily Traffic on Potentially Ia,pacted
Highways 5-35
5.5-5 Arnbient Sound Levels During Processing Plant
Operation - dB...... 5-37
6.1-1 Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters..... 6-7
5.L-2 Meteorologicai- Monitoring Program SensorInformatiorr... ..... 6-9
6.1-3 Pre-Operational l'lonitoring Program - Hanksville
Site. 6-26
6.1-4 Pre-Operational MoniEoring Program - Blanding
Site. 6-27
6. i-5 Pre-Operational Monitoring Program - Highway
Corridor. 6-28
6.2-I Effluent Monitoring Program.......... ......... 6-32
6.2-2 Environmental Surveillance Program. . 6-33
8.1-1. Quantifiable Benefits. 8-3
8.2-L Quantifiable Costs AssociaLed with the Proposed
Project . ... ... 8-4
9.2-l Alternative Cover I'laterial Evaluated for Tailing
Management.... 9-4
LIST 0F TABLES (Conciuded)
Table Page
9.2.2 Thickness of Covers Vs. Ratio of Radon Surface
Flux Eo Radon Background FIux for Various
Cover Materials ... . 9-10
1 I .0-1 Quantifiable Bene fits. Ll-Z
11.0-2 Quantifiable Costs ll-3
Plate
2.1-l
2. l-2
, l-?
1 1-1
2.2-2
, ?-t
2.4-t
2.4-2
2.5-t
2.6-r
2.6-2
2,6-3
2.6-4
2.5-5
2.6-6
2,6-7
2.6-8
2.6-9
2. 6-1 0
2. 5-1 I
2.7 -1
xxvr
LIST OI' PLATES
Page
Regional Map.. 2-2
Vicinity Map.. 2-3
Project Site Map. 2-5
Population in the Project Vicnity. 2-24
Designated Lan<is in Sc,utheastern Utah. 2-27
Locations of Archaeclogical Sites .. . t. 2-78
Tectonic Index Map.. ..... ..... . 2-83
Geologic I'lap of Project Area. 2-lO4
Regional Teciorric M.ap.. 2-109
Generalized Stratigraphic Section. 2-117
Grouncl Water Level Map of ProjecE Site. 2-125
Water Wel1s in Project Vicnity . 2-128
Water We11s in Vicinity of H.anksville Buying
Station. . 2-131
Drainage Map of Project Vicinity. 2-L33
S:reamflow Summary Blanding Vicinity . o... 2-138
Precipitation Depth Duration Frequency... . ... . 2-146
Probable }laximum Thunderstorm Hydrographs 2-148
PreoperaE,ionaL WaEer Quality Sanpling Stations
in Project Vicinity. .... . o. .. . ... . ... ... ... . 2-151
Preoperational Water Quality Sampling StaEions
in Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-Buying Station..... 2-169
Meteorological l-lonit,oring Location Map -Blanding. ..... 2-l7l
Plate
2.7-L
1 1_{-
? 7-q
'i '1 -O
, 7-] )
': -7-1 1
8-1
tr-:
8-3
8-4
8-)
8-6
xx\,f ! 1
LiS'l 0i FLnTES (Conciaue<1)
-l-LE-
I'1onthl.y l':teans and Extremes of Temperatures
Blanding, Utah 2-L7l
i,{ean }lonthly Precipitation Blanding, lltah. 2-L73
Annual Percenc Frequency DisEribution of trlind
b.v- Direc tion Blanding, Utah. . 2-181
Seasonal Percent iirequency Distribution of Wind
bv DirecEion Blanding, llEah 2-18?
Percent Frequency 0ccurrence of liinri b',' Directic,n.. 2-185
Annual PercenE Frequeacy )istribuEi-cn of Stabi.f.ity
Classes A and B. .. . .., . 2-L95
An,rrial- Percent Frecuenc.T Distri.but:-,rn of Stabii-ity
Cilasses C and D.... 2-196
Annual Percent FreqLrency Distribr.rticrn of S:abili-c1'
Classes E and F... . . ..:. 2-1,97
ileteorolo,3ica1 i'fonitorinq Locai:i{)n }fap -u.-r,..,-;!]- ,-loo-ldriN5vtttE a-Lr7
)ionthly ){eans and Extrernes of Teuiper.'ature -i.trni.srril1e.. 2-2OA
llean ;.1onth1y' Pi:ecioitaiic'rn '- Hank,;vilie.. 2-202
+nnuai Fercent. Frequenc.r- Distribution o:'"lind
Dir:ec cion. - Hanksvi L ie. .
Project Siie Ii;olcgy' Sampli-ng I-ocati.ons.
!'/egetati-cn lia,: oi Project Site
.,'li,ili.e ]loadsicie Tre:lsccI Lc,caticns .. Blanding....
iiani< sv:- L l.e Eco io gy Sar,rol i.ng i,ccet ioi-rs
2-246
1-771
2-228
2-246
2-284
Vege Eat icrn ilap of Harilisvi - ie Site
l'/ildlife Ro;-rdside Transer:t Loca:ions - Hanksrril-1e..
Plate
, o-l
2.10-I
2. l0-2
2. L 0-3
2. L0-4
I ',l-l
3.2-L
3.2-2
3.2-3
3. 6-1
3.6-2
3. 6-3
3.6-4
5. 1-1
6.1-1
I 0. 2-1
xxvl 11
LI ST OF PLA.TES ( Conc 1':d ed )
Page
Radi.ologicaL Monitoring Location Map - Blanding.... 2-293
Soil Survey l"iap - Project Vicinity.. 2-311
Soii Survey liap - Hanksville Station Vicinity...... 2-315
Agrbient Sounci Survel, Measurement Locations -
Project Vicinity. 2-319
Ambient Sound Survey Measurement Locations -Hanksviile Vicinity.... . 2-320
Artist's Rendition. 3-2
Generalized Flowsheet for the Uranium Y.ilLing
Process 3-3
Generalized Flowsheet Showing Recorrery of Copper... 3-8
Generalized Flowsheet Showing Recovery of
Vanadir.rm. -?-9
Blanding Buying Station. 3-23
Hanksville Buying Station. ..... 3-2lt
Location of Mines Relative to Buying Stations . 3-26
Generalized Flowsheets of the Hanksville and
Blanding Buying Stations. o... 3-28
Principal Iheoretical Exposure Pathwals.o. 5-2
Sketch of Typical Ground Water Monitoring Well 6-5
Alternative Areas Near Blanding for MiIl Site...... 10-3
1-1
EN!' IROI.]MEI{TAL REPORT
WHITE MESA I]RANILTM PB-OJECT
SAN JUAN AND WAYIIE COUNTIES, UTAH
FOR
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
I. O PR.OPOSED ACTIViTIES
Energy FueIs Nuclear, Inc. proposes to construcE and operate an
acid leach uranium mill- and asscciated faciiities fcr prcrducin.g ye11ow-
cake uranium concentrate and, when eccncmically feasibie, iimired quanti-
ties of copper and/or vanadium cifncentrates. Ore f,tr the miii feed will
be provided by tvo exirsting uraniurn ore buving sEations thaE Energy Fuels
i{uclear, Inc. operates. these ore bu.iing stations,lre locared near
i{anksville, Wayne County, UE.ah and Blan<ling, San Juan Ccunty, Utah and
have been in operation since januar;r L9i? gnd I'1ay L1)77 , resDecEively.
Bo ttr btiying s Letions :eceive ore f rom independen: arrcl conrpany owned mine s
'*'ithin a raciius of aborrr 100 niles (mi) of each siatiin. Yirtiiailv e1l
of r-he mines suppiying ore to these buying stacirlns have cperatecl in:er-
mi tt ent I-.2 io'l 20-25 vears .
Energv Fuels Nuclear, Lnc. presentiy conLrols by' cw:rershr p', ieasing
or contract an estimaEed 19 miliior, pounds of U_r,l,g in poEenti:r1
i:eserr,/es. These reserves inciude both Hani<svilie anci Bl-ancling a:eas andz-\have an average grarle otQi:;)ercent U:OS. I; additi.on, tire oresence
of a sampling plant at the miLl locaticn and th: mij-1 aesign will allow
Energy Fuels to process custom or:s.
The mill and al"1 associaiecl faciiicies, incl-uding the laili"n"-:
retent j-on ii)rs Eem, will be ,-ocateci on private Lanci own*d by X;ri:rg;; Fuels
Nuclear, Inc. The mill sile, excludir:g the taiii.ag r€r Lerr!1on sl/stem)
t,rill- Lnclude ihe exiscing Blanding ore buyi:rg sL.atir:n and'oiii occup'7
abcrut. 50 acres, of 'nhich it acres ar13 occup:r-ed by the bu_.ri-ng s raci-on.
Al 1. processi-ng of c)re wil-1 be incioors and Liquirls in the ni. 1i ci::cui:
wil.L be confined Ln,e cl-c'rsed systenr" Cr:nve:ltj-cnaL mi.iling raethcds r.ri11
7-2
be used to process Ehe ore, including grinding, two-stage leaching,
solvenc extracEion, precipitacion and thickening, drying and packaging,
Recovery of r30S is expected to be approximately 94 percent of that
contained in Ehe ore. The mill is planned to have a 2,000 tons-per-day
capacity and a projected life of 15 years. Coal will probably be used as
fuel for both process heat and heating of buildings.
The tailing retention svstem will consist of three partiall-y
excavated 7O-acre celIs. Each tailing ce11 will be surrounded by an
embankment and lined with an artificial membrane Eo prevent seepage.
Each cel1 is designed to contain a 5-year production of tailing and each
will be constructed and used sequentially. Tailing stabilization aad
reclamation will be accomplished as soon as possible after each cell is
filled, beginning about the fifth year of project operation for the first
ceIl, abouE five years later for the second cell, aad at ihe end of the
project for the third cell. The tailing retention systerc will be located
adjacent to the mill site. A slurry pipeline will transport tailing by
pumping from the mill to the tailing cells.
Fresh water for the mi11 and potable needs will be supplied by
wells. Ihe toEal fresh rrater requirement is estimated Eo be 500 gprn. 0f
Ehis, an average of 380 gpm will be required for mil1 make-up water.
A sepLic tank will be used t.o treaE saniEary wastes and the dis-
charge will go Eo a leach fie1d. Chemical wastes frorn the laboratory
will go Eo the tailing retention systeu.
ElecEricity wiIl be supplied by Utah
by way of an existing electric power line
total eiectrical capacity requirement for
2800 KvA.
Power & Lighr Public Uriliry
on the site to the nill. The
the rni11 is estimated to be
of mill construction
and commencement of
The present schedule anticipates initiation
by January 1979 and completion of construction
t-3
operation of the mill by early 1980. A request will be made to consErucE
aon-operating buildings such as office, Laboratory and warehouse in
a<ivance of this schedule. The yellowcake wiIl be Eransported from the
Blanding mill to Uto conversion planEs locaEed ouEside Utah. After
conversion and processing into fue1, the uranium will be used for
fueLing power planEs.
2-l
2.0 T}tE SITE
This section includes baseliae descriptions of the physical,
biological and socioeconomic aspects of Ehe environment EhaE may be
affecEed by construction and operation of the WhiEe Mesa Uraniura project.
2.t SITE LOCATION AND LAYOUT
The White Mesa Uraniuia Project site is in San Juan County, in
southeastern Utah and the Four Corners Region (plate 2.I-l). The Four
Corners Region, named for the intersection of the boundaries of LIEah,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, is characterized by an arid climate, a
sparse population base and diverse topography. Ii is rich in sce'nic
beauEy anci mineral resources. Tourism and energy resource development
have been major factors in recenE growth and urbanizati.on of the Four
Corners Region.
The project region, as Ehe term is generally used thrrtughoul Lhis
report, is the Canyon Lands Section of the Colorado Plateau physiographic
proviace. To the north, this secEion is distinctly bcundei by the Book
Cliffs and Grand Mesa of the Uinta Sasin; western margins are defined by
the t.ectonically controlled High Plateaus section, and the southern
boundary is arbitrarily defined a}-ong the San Juan River. The east.ern
boundary is less distincE where Ehe ele'rated surface of Ehe Canyon Lands
section merges with the SouEhern Rock-y llountain province.
The projecr vicinit;, is defined as i./hite Mesa. This is a relativellr
fLat mesa of approximaEely 29,000 acres bounded on Ehe west by Westwater
Creek and on the easE, by Corral tlreek, both of which are tributary to the
San Juan River ( plate 2.I-2). Suriace drainage patterns cn I,Ih ite lle sa
are intermittenE and poorly def ined. The principal cornmunit;v in the
project vicinity is Blanding, abouE 6 miles north of Lhe project site.
Tire project vici.nity is crossed in a general north-south direction by
Highr.ray 163 and is primaril.7 used for livestock grazing and wildlife
range.
PTITE 2.I - I
P|-ATE 2.2-2
2-4
The WhiEe Mesa Uranium project site is defined as Ehe toEal area
owned by Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inco oesr Blanding, including the existing
Blanding uranium ore buying sEation and Ehe proposed sites for the mil1,
tailing retention sysEem, and associated facilities. This site is
approxinately 6 mi south of Blanding, Utah, which is the nearest Eown.
The project site includes all of Section 28 and portions of Sections 21,
22,27,32 atd.33 of T37S R22E (plate 2.1-3). IE comprises 1480 acres.
The project site boundary shown on Plate 2.L-3 is also being used Eo
define the restricted dr€3o Thus, project site and resEricted area are
one and the sane as defined here. Only a sma11 portion of the project
siEe will be disturbed by construction and operation of the proposed
project. A total of about 77 acres (including 15 acres occupied by the
existing buying starion) in the southern one-fourth of Section 28 would
be disturbed at the nill site. The tailing retention systeur will occupy
a ioral of about 250 acres in the NE 1/4 of Section 32 and the NI'I l/4 of
Section 33. No disturbance is planned in Sections 2L, 22 and 27.
No economic deposits of oil, coal or minerals are known Eo be presenE on
Ehe project site.
As indicated previously, Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc. owns Ehe surface
of the enEire project site. Ihe following adjoining properties are fee
Iand:
T375 R22E Section 33, SEI/4
T375 R22E Section 21, NEl/4SI^I\14
T37S R22E Section 21, Nl /2SEL/4
T37S R22E Section 22, Nl /2SwL/4
The surface of all other contiguous land is federally owned and
administered by Ehe U.S. Bureau of Land ManageuenE.
The existing Hanksville uraniuu ore buying station is Iocated
approximately l0 mi south-southeast of Hanksville, Utah in Section 36 of
T29S RllE. This is about L22 mi from ttre Blanding uranium ore buying
staEion and the site of the proposed mill (P1ate 2.1-1).
+
PR(IIEGI SITE IIIAP
(TOWNSHIP 37 S.OUTH RANGE 2? EAST)
t arES I mooar
Pr,rrE 2.1-3
2-6
2.2 REGIONAL DE}IOGMPHY AND I.AND USES
2.2.L Regional Setting
The proposed developnent, would generat.e social and econouic impacts
of varying intensities in the projecE region. Social inpacts associated
wich the uranium mi1l and buyiag sEation aL Blanding would primarily
affect Blanding and Monticello and, to a lesser extent, Ehe small cortr-
munity of Bluff. The three tolrns are located within 30 miles of the mill
site and are thus expected Eo share most of the population and economic
grotrrth induced by the proposed development. The primary impact area of
Ehe nill. and Blanding buying station is therefore defined as San Juan
County. The county is described in detail in SecEion 2.2.2 of Ehis
report, with special euphasis placed on Blanding, MonticeLlo, and Bluff.
In comparison to population impacts, economic impacts of the project
would affect a wider geographical area. There are no urban areas of
substantial size within 50 rniles of Ehe proposed niIl site. Thus, the
regional service centers of Moab, Cortez, and Grand Junction wculd
experience increased eommercial activity due to population growth gen-
erated by the projecE, even though t.hese cities are too far from the rnill
site Eo experience noticeable, direct populatioa impacEs.
The operation of the ore buying station at llanksville, in Wayne
County, and the transportation of ore to Blaading affecE the socioeco-
nomic impact area of the proposed de',relopment such that it inciudes the
community of l{anksville, as well as the area traversed b."* Uiah Route 95.
The Hanksville Eo Blanding Ersnsportation corridor includes rural- llayne
and San Juan Counties and a 30-mile segurent of Garfield Corrnty. Desig-
nated areas in Ehe llanksville to Blanding corridor incl'rde Ehe Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area, Natural Bridges National Yonument, and
Manti-La Sa1 National Forest. A description of the existing environment
cf E.he Hanksviile area and Ehe !ransportation route to Blanding is
presented in Sectioa 2.2.3 of this report.
2.2.1.i Eistory cf the Region
Sau theas Eern Uteh was sparsel-y inhab i ted bi, I.lava jc, Ute and Paiute
lndians when Europear, explorers firs; entered the area in 1540. The
first recorded entry by whites consisteci of a band of Spanish soldiers
u'ho were sent by Coronacio Eo explore the Colorado River. Nothing more is
knovm of the region until L776, when the Dominguez-Escalante expedition
entered Utah as part of an effort to establish a route from Santa Fe to
California. During the next 70 years Utah rdas explored by Spanish,
Mexican and Americans who came as fur trappers, tradesmen en route Eo
California. and missionaries.
In 1846 the Mormon movemenE into Utah began, and by 1890 a Mormon
nission was established in souiheastern Utah on the San Juan River.
Early inhabitants of southestern Utah incluCed Indians, Mormons, and
non-llormon ranchers and homesteaders. Agriculture was the predom-
inant economic pursuit. and sone mining occurred in the La Sa1 and Blue
Mountains. The area Jontinued as an isolated, agriculturaL region until
the 195Cs, when the discovery of uranium generated a boom in population
and econoraic activity.
2.2.L.2 Regional Demography
The population of Utah and Coiorado is concentrated primarily in
the major metropolitan areas cf each state. The Denver-Boulder metro-
politan area accounted for 56 percent of the total population of Colorad,c
in 1976. Sirnilarly, in 1975 the SaIt Lake City-0gden metropolitan area
incorporated 65 percent of the total population of Utah. Outsi<ie of the
major metropolitan areas and medium-sized cities of each slate, the
resident population base is thinly dispersed throughout a wide geo-
graphical area. A rugged terrain makes access to many areas difficult,
and has effectively isolated much of the Four Corners region.
In the general region of the proposed Blanding Uranium Project
the major population centers include Moab, Utah; Durango, Cortez and
Grand Junction, Colorado; and Farmington, New Mexico. Table 2.2-I sum-
marizes the 1970 and 197-s populations of these cities and those of the
2-8
IA.I,LE I.Z-L
POPIILATION CENTERS OF THE PROJECT REGION
L970 1975Population Population
Ilanksville Site
-j,ilTEil-
150
2t5
260
1_?,0
140
140
10
12C
290
area is not available
1975 esLimate is by(r977).
Approximate
Ilighway Mileage
Colorado
Grand Juncti.on
Cortez
Durango
UEah--Etanaing
Monticel to
B1u ff
Ilanksvi 11e
Moab
New Mexico-Ta--irrgEon
2,2A9 ,596
24,043
6,032
10, 333
L,059 ,2732,250
1 ,431
119ana
4,793
I ,017 ,0552I, -o79
2,54L,3LL
27 ,729
6,793ll ,77 L
|,202,672
2,7 58
L,726
150
150ll
4, 500
L,L43 ,827
27,802
18 rl
85
130
3A
20
140
80
160
a An official census estimate of the Hanksville
because Hanksville is not incorporated. The
Westinghouse En'rironmental Systems Departnent
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1976, 1977
Blandin
2-9
Primary impact communities of Hanksville, Blanding, Montieello and
BIuff.
2.2.L.3 Regional Land Use and Ownership
This section focuses on land use and ownership patterns within
50 niles of Blanding and Hanksville, and along utah Route 95, the
Hanksville-Blanding corridor. The region includes l{ayne, San Juan and
Garfield Counties, Utah, and the Cortez and Dove Creek areas in Montezuma
and Dolores Counties, Colorado.
The federal government owns and administers a significant proportion
of land in the Four Corners Region. In San Juan County, which covers
4.9 million acres in souEheastern Lltah, the federal government owns 62
percent of the toEal land area. In south-central Utah, I.layne County
encompasses 1.6 miLlion acres, 90 percent of which are federally owned.
Eighty-nine Percent of Garfield Countyrs 3.3 million acres are federal
land (u.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1970). The Bureau of Land Manage-
menE oversees the bulk of federal land in the region. This land is
cl-assified as nultiple use and as such is leased for grazing, oiL an<i
gas exploration, and mining clairns. Wildlife management and recreation
uses also occur on BLM land (Verbal Comuunicacion, Ms. Opal Redshaw,
BH, Monticello of fice, september 29, 1977). The u. s. Foresr service
adminisLers 450,000 acres of the Manti-La Sal National Forest in San Juan
county, 162,000 acres in wayne county, and I urillion acres of Dixie
National Forest in Garfield County (U. S. Soil Conservation Service,
1970). National ForesE land is also open to multiple uses, including
recreation, agriculture, and timber and mineral production.
Several national parks and national monuments are located in the
project region. Canyonlands National Park, Capitol Reef National
Park, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Hovenweep National }tonument
and Natural Bridges National Monument are all located within 50 miles
of Blanding, Hanksville, and/or Utah Route 95. Arches llatioaaL parl:,
near Moab, and Mesa verde Naticnal park, easL of cortez, are located
within a 100-nile ra<iius of the project site.
2- 10
Indian land reservations comprise another major category of land in
the Four Corners Region. Ttre Navajo Indian Reservation covers 24,700
square miles in Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona (t"tcXinely Area Council of
Governments, L977). In southeastern Utah, this reservation includes 1.2
million acres. Ihe Ute Mountain Indian ReservaEion encompasses 433,000
acres in southwestern Colorado, 107r500 acres in New Mexico and 13r500
acres adjacent Lo Ehe Navajo Reservation in San Juan County, Utah (U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation, 1977).
Non-federal land in the Utah portion of the project region is
devoted almost exclusively Eo agricr.rlture. llowever, this agricultural
use is restricted by the arid climaEe and rugge<i landforms characteristic
of the region. Ihe predominant agricultural land use in souih ceni:al
and southeastern Utah is grazing.
Urban developuent in the region is limited to sma11, rural com-
munities. Less than one percent of the total San Juan County acreage
is classified as urban and transportation and this is accounied for by
Monticello, Bianding and other communities along RouEe 163. In I,Iayne
County, urban and transportaEion land uses represent 0.3 percent cf the
cotal acreage and are concentrated in the rresEern porticn of the county
along Route 24. Urban and transportation uses cover 0.3 percent of the
land area of Garfield County and are found in the western part of the
county, over 50 air-niles frour Route 95 (U.S. Soil Consen'ation Service,
1970).
Agriculture is the major use of land in southwestern Colorado.
llon-irrigated and irrigated cropland and pinyon-juniper-rockland,,-rsed
primarily for grazing, are the principal types of land in the cortez and
Dove Creek areas. The Ute tlountain Indian Reservation, located souEh and
west of Cortez, is covered almost exclusively by pi.nyon-juniper-rockland.
Urban de.relopment i-n Montezuma anC Dolores Counties is liniteC to Cortez,
Mancos, Dolores, and Dove Creek (U.S. Soil Conservation Serrice, L976).
2-1t
2.2.I.4 TransporEation Facilities
Ihe private autonobile is the principal node of transportation in
the project region. Interstate 70, the major east-west highway in the
region, passes through Utah in an area approximately 100 road-niles north
of Blanding and 50 rniles north of Hanksville. U.S. Route 163, the
principal north-south highway in southeastern Utah, provides access from
I-70 to Blanding and terminates at its junction with Route 160 in
northern Arizona. Utah Route 95 extends 134 niles from Blanding to
Hanksville, and Utah Route 24 provides access from Hanksville to inter-
state 70. The above highways, with the exception of Interstate 70, are
2-lane, paved roads.
Ihe Denver and Rio Grande Railroad provides freight service to Moab,
Richfield, Green River and other porEicns of central Utah; no rail
service extends into the Blanding or Hanksville areas. Corrmercial air
service to the region is linited to Cortez, Durango, and Grand JuncEion,
Colorado. Frontier Air Lines sctredules flights daily to these cities.
hlthough smal1 rnunicipal airports are located at Moab, Hanksville,
Blanding, Monticello, Bluff and Canyonlands National Park, there is no
cormercial air service to the southeastern region of Utah.
2.2.L.5 Regional Economic Base
Agriculture, nining and tourism are key sectors of the economic base
in the general project region. Dry bean and wheat farming and cattle
produciion are the predominant agriculture in southeastern Utah and the
Dove Creek area of Colorado. Mining activity, centering on uranium
production, is on the upswing in the region and this is stinulating
population growth and urban development throughout the Four Corn€rs 8r€8o
Tourism is keyed to the many diverse natural and scenic attractions. Ihe
large number of national parks, national moniments, and national forests
in southern Utah and southwestern Colorado suggests that tourisur will
continue to be a strong factor contributing to regional economic growth
in the future.
2-L2
Several developrnents are proposed with Ehe potential to generate
social and economic changes in Ehe region. These inctude the Dolores
River Project, a rrater diversion projecE in Dolores and Montezuma
Counties, Cotorado and the Shell 0i1 Companyts t'C0-2 Projectrt".rhich is a
proposed pipeline from Cotez to Denver City, Texas for the Eransport of
carbon dixoide used ia oil recovery. Developnent of the Do!.ores River
Project is expecied to conmence in L978; iinal decision on Ehe CO-z
Project is stil1 pending (Verbal Comounication, Mr. Ron Short, San Juan
Basin Regional Planning Commission, September 6 , 1977).
2.2.1.6 Ilousing and Social Service Systems
Social service systems are virtually non-exisEent in the Four
Corners Region outside of estabiished communities. Housing sr:pplies and
related public services are found primarily within and surrounding Ehe
towns.
Horrslng and social services in communities within the primary
socioeconomic i.mpact area are discussed in detail in Sections 2.2.2.6 and
2.2.3.5 .
2.2.2 Blanding Area, Southeastern L;tah
This sect,ion addresses the existing social and economic environment.
of southeastern Utah, the area potentially affecied by Ehe construction
and operation of the proposed ni11 and by ongoing operations of the
Blanding ore buying station. The primary socioeconomic impact erea is
contained within San Jr:an County. Thus, Ehis section focuses on the
county as a whole; however, Blan,Jing, MonticelLo and Bluff are given
special aEtention where appropriaEe.
2.2.2.1 Itistory of San Juan County
Throughout its early history, southeastern Utah was inhabited
by scattered bands of Navajo, Ute and Paiute Indians. The first recorded
entry of Europeans iaEo Ehe region occurred in 1540, r"-hen a grorJp of
soldiers of che army of Francisco Vazquez de Cornado'*-as sent to explore
ihe Coloracio River. The party was unsuccess ful in irs aEtempts l-o cross
2-13
the river, due to steep irnpassable canyons, and turned back. Little is
kao''rn cf the next 200 years, although it is assumed that occasicnal
Spanish e>lpeditions took place as far as the Colorado R.iver and canyons
of the San Juan River. The best recorded early jcurney into the region
rrras that of the Dominguez-Escalante expedition, organized in 1776 tc
establish a route from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Monterrey, California and
to initiate contact with Indian tribes. The expedition entered Colorado
at a point near Pagosa Springs, passed the present day sites of Durango
and Dolores, and entered Utah near La Sal. The party then turned north-
ward through the Grand Va11ey and crossed the Colorado River at Moab. By
the time the group reached Sevier Lake in western Utah, winter weather
had begun to set in; the voyage was therefore abandoned, and expedition
members returned to Santa Fe. Although the Dorninguez-Escalante expedi-
tion failed in its uajor purpose, the trip nevertheless provided the best
documentaEion of the area at that time. This and other early Spanish
forays into southeastern Utah helped to develop what was to become the
Old Spanish Trail, the most important route through the region during the
early 1800s.
During the century following the Doninguez-Escalante expedition,
southeastern Utah was explored by Spanish, American and Mexiean tradesmen
en route to California, fur trappers and missionaries. Initially,
Mexicans domiaated comrercial trade between New Mexico and California.
American tradesmen came later, following the early trappers who were
atEracted Eo the La Sa1 and Blue (Abajo) Mountains in southeastern Utah
during the I820s and I830s. By 1841, regul-ar euigration to California
began, producing a sEeady stream of travellers Ehrough Utah.
Although Mormon settters began moving into Utah in 1846, San Juan
County was not inhabited by whites until the late 1800s. Indians pre-
sented a constant threat to settlement of southeastern Utah. However,
relations between the early llormons and the federal government were
strained; thus, the U.S. Army rras not requested to assist in establishing
peace with the Indians.
,-'t t,
Ranchers from Colorado began Eo roove into San Juan CounEy i.n 1877,
followed soon Ehereafter by Mormon missionaries and farmers. In 1878 the
leaders of the Moraon Church directed a group of foiiowers Eo construcg a
trail fron Escalante, in south-central Utah, to the San Juan River. The
expedition started out in April 1879 and arrived ar Bluff rhe following
year, after cutting a wagon trail Ehrough some of the m,ost desolate,
rugged territory on the continent. A mission was established in 1880
near the San Juan River in an attempt to initiate peaceful contact with
the Indians and to ProtecE the area from takeover by non-l'lormr:ns. As
the Mormon mission grei, into a cooperative agricultural village, Ehe
Indians learned to tolerate whites, traded with them and limired vio-
lence Eo the occasional theft of livestock. In return, the white set-
tlers tolerated the Indians and minimized the establishurent of outsid,e
(i.e., U.S. Arny) control.
Two distinct socieEies gre$, up in southeastern Utah in the latter
part of the 19ch century. In Moab, La Sal and other northern portions of
the region, Ehe population was heavily non-Mormon and conformeri to the
traditional ideal of a rrestern fronlier sociery. Rugged indivitiualism
was the dominant characteristic of the northern populaticn, whi.cir nas
composed primarily of cattle ranchers, niners and homesteaders. in
contrast, southern san Juan county rras inhabited primarily by Mormons
atEempting to establish an agricultural village society. The church, and
not individual fortune, rras the major influence over early Mormon
pioneers. During the early years of inhabitation of San Juan Couniy,
Ehree major grouPs of residents, including Inriians, l{onnons and ranchers,
coexisted in a less ihan peaceful fashion. Confrontation between the
groups was less Ehan bloody, but constant. The county was formally
established in I880 (perkins, et al., l9S7; peEerson, lg75).
Monticelto lras established as a Morrnon mission in 1888. Initial
growth of the area \.ras siow, due to uncerEainty over \rater rights, which
rrere in litigation at [haf Eime, and Ehe possibility of Ehe federai
government designating the area an Inrlian Reservation. Frequent cowboy
brawls further lessened the desirability of living in Monticello. In
2-15
1906 ihe town rdas described by one traveler from the east as "a wild
place in the road," inhabited by 30 Mormon families (Perkins, et aI.,
1957). In 1910, the town of MonEicello was incorporated anci had 64
registered voters. Farning and cattle and sheep ranching were the
principal economic pursuits of early Monticello residents.
In the early 1880s, the L.C. Ranch rdas established by a wealthy
widow, Mrs. Lacey, on lhe south side of the BIue Mount.ains near what was
to become Blanding. Ilorurons graduall), began moving into the area and by
1905 the coumunity, called Greyson, had a population of four farnilies.
In 1906 five more fanilies moved in, and by 1916 the name of the town was
changed and Blanding became an incorporated cornrrunity. During this tiure
Blanding receil.,ed a substantial influx of Monnon families frcm Mexico who
were driven array by the Mexican revolution (Perkins, et al., 1957).
San Juan County remained an isolated, agricultural area until
the I950s, when uranium and oi1 discoveries spurred significant popu-
lation growlh. Uraniun activity and population growEh rates slackened in
the 1960s, and oi1 production, agriculture and tourism formed the eco-
nomic mainstay of the area until 1975, when uranium production intensi-
fied once again. Today, San Juan County is a rural area experiencing
rapid growth due to mineral exploration.
2.2.2"2 Demography of San Juan County
The largest county in Utah in terms of acreage, San Juan County is
sparsely inhabited, with a 1977 population of 13,368. The 1977 average
density of the county rras L.7 persons per square mi1e, compared to a
statewide density of 14.6 persons per square mile in 1975. Table 2.2-2
sumrnarizes the population distribution of the county and indicates that
Blanding and Monticel 1o , the county I s largesE communities , together
account for 40 percent of the total resident population. Navajo Indians,
most of whom reside on or near the Navajo Reservation, total 61000 and
represent 45 percent of the county total. Ute Mountain Indians residing
at white Mesa number 295 (written Communication, San Juan County Clerk
and Recorder, March 1977).
2-15
TABLE 2.2-2
popuLATIoN ESTTMATES, SAN JUAN CotNTy, MARCH 1977
San Juan County
Blanding
MonticelloBluff
Navaj os
Wtrite Mesa
Aneth
total 13 ,368
city 3,075surrounding 250
2,208
280
,6000(Ute Mountain
Indians )
Source:
Mexican Hat
Monument Valley
MonEezuma Creek
Cedar Point
Eastlaad & Horsehead
Ucolo
Bug Point
La Sa1
Lisbon Valley
Boulder & rrMrr Ranch
Spanish Val1ey
San Juan County Clerk and Recorder,
295
93
99
92
200
59
L32
i04
10
378
19
15
59
1977
2-t7
Growth of San Juan County since the l95Cts has been largely influ-
enced by developments in the uraniun i-ndustry. The populaEion of the
county increased by 70 percent from i950 to 1960, concurrent r^rith the
region's first surge in uranium mining activity. From 1960 to 1970, the
county population base experienced only a minimal (6 percerrt) increase.
Since the early 1970s, however, San Juan Councy and its principal com-
munities have experienced a steadily increasing population due to renewed
interest in uranium nining and related activities. As Table 2.2-3 indi-
caEes, the 1975 county population was 11,964, representing a 24.5 percent
increase since 1970. From i975 to 1977, the growth rate increased and in
I"larch 1977 the county reached a population of 13,368. Since 1975 Bluff
an<i Monticelio have outpaced the rest of the.county in terms of growth,
while Blanding's growth has almost matched the countywide 11.7 percent
increase.
Demographic Characteristics
Table 2.2-!+ summarizes selected deurographic characteristics for San
Juan CounEy and Utah and indicates significant social and econonic
differences between ihe countyrs population and that of the state as a
who1e. The countyrs population is heavily non-white, and native
Americans account for most of this segment. The county had a signifi-
cantly higher proportion of residents with less than 5 years of schooling
and an overall lower median educational attainment than the statewide
a\rerage. The median family income of San Juan County residents repre-
senied only 70 percent of Ehe stateride median family income. A1so,
33 percenE of the farnilies of San Juan County were below Ehe poverty
1eve1 in 1969, compared to 9 percent throughouE Ehe state.
Seasonal Population
Southeastern Utah experiences a significant influx of tourists
each yearo Table 2.2-5 surnnarizes visitor statistics for recreation
areas in the region. The figures reveal variations in visitor use of
each area, with an overall increasing trend at each location other than
Manti-La Sal National Forest.
TABI.E 2.2-3
HISTORICAL POPULATION ESTII'{ATES, BLANDING AREA
PercenE
Increase,
Prl rcen E
Increase,1950 1960 L97O 1973 1975 1970 to 1975 1977 1975 to 1977
San Juan County 5,315 9,040 9,606 11,303 11,964 24.5 13,368 ll.7
Blanding 1,177 ,,"u 2,250 2,651 2,768 23.0
Monti.cetlo 1,172 ,r"" 1,431 1,651 L,726 20.6
Blu ff aana- na t 19 140 150 26.1
3,075 11.1
2,208 27 .g
280 86.7
ana denotes data are noL available, because cornmunities of lees than 2,500 residents rirere not
conEained in cerEain census reports.
Sources: 1950 to 1975 estimates from U.S. Bureau of Census, 1960,1977
1977 esti.mates from San Juan County Clerk , 1977
N)
I
@
2-19
I4nt r_2. z-+
SELECTED DE}IOGMPHIC CHARACTERISTICS,
SA}I JUAN COUI,ITY COMPARED TO LITAH, 1970
San Juan Count'r
Tocai Population
Race
Wh ite
Other (ii)
Foreign Born (Z)
Leading CounEry of Origin
Educat ion
Medfan School Years
Conopleted ( Population
25 years and over)
Percent of Populationwith less than 5 years
Percent of Population
with 4 years of college
or more
Ase Median Age
Percent under 5 years
Percent 5-17
Percent 18-64
Percent 65+
Income, 1969
Median Farnily Incorne ($)
Percent of Families Below
Low Income Level
Housing - occupied unit (number)
Average persons per unit
Lacking Soue or all PlumbingFacilities (Z)
With 1.01 or more personsper roorn (Z)
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1973
9,606
5,153
46.4
5.2
Mexico
10.7
27 .0
8.8
18.0
r3. 9
36. 0
45 .6
4.5
6,601
33.2
2,206
4.3
32.2
39 .8
Utah
i,059 ,273
1 ,033 , gB0
2.4
t2.4
United Kingdom
12.5
2.0
14. 0
23.0
10. 6,,o A
52.5
7.3
9,320
ot
297 ,934
3.5
1.9
10. 0
2-20
TABLE 2.2.5
VISITOR STATISTICS. RECREATION AREAS
SOUTHEASTtrNN UIAN,
Area
Glen Canyon
N.R.A.
Canyonlands N.P.
Manti-La Sal
National Foresi(visitor days)b
Capitol Reel ll.P.
Ilovenweep N.M.c
Natural Bridges N.M.
Visitors (Thousands)
1974 1975 t97 6 L977 (Jan-Seot)
60 .8 52.6 59 .0 71 .8 80.0
t97 2
105 .3
272.0
L2.L
58.5
t973
100.9
311 .2
12.0
1,., -,
88 .7
234.0
11 .0
40. 3
7 6.4
292.L
l1 ,
48.4
469.6
t9.4
'7 1 0
A'rg )
57 .3
dna
364.2 (thru
16.2
67.L
Sal
A
12 hours.
tDrt. refer to actual visitations for each area excepE Manci-La
National Forest. Here, data indicate recreation .risitor days.visitor day is the equivalent of I person entering an area for
br"a" refer to the Monticello Ranger District only.
"D.t" refer tc the Square Tower R.uin Unit, near Blanding.
dlrdi"ra"s data not available.
2-21
Projected PopuLation
Tabl.e 2.2-6 presents population orojections for Utah and San Juan
County. The "high" projection, based on the assumptions of a gradual
decline in mortality, constant fertility and positive net migration,
fcrecasts a population of 33,300 in San Juan County by the year 2000,
representing a 160 percent increase over the I975 population leve1. In
comparison, the high projection for the State shows a 78 percent increase
from 1975 to 2000. A population base of 33,300 in San Juan County would
represenE a density of 4.3 persons per square mile, significantly lower
than the 1975 statewide average of 14.6 persons per square mile.
Comparing these growth projections Eo esiimates by the U.S. Bureau
of Census and the San Juan County Clerk reveals thaL actual growth from
1970 to 1975 was below the "low projection," defined as a gradual decline
in urortality, constaat fertility and no neE nigraEion. However, from
1975 to 1977 the county apparently began to caEch up vith Ehe projections
outlined in Table 2.2-5. From 1975 to L977, the county population in-
creased approximately 5.9 percent annual1y. If this rate continues, the
1980 population of San Juan County would be 15,730, approxirnately midway
between the high and low projections for that year.
Population Wirhin A 5-Mi1e Radius of the MiI1 Site
The area r^rithin 5 miles of the proposed miIl site is predominantly
agriculEural land owned by residents of Blanding (Verbal Communication,
Mr. Bud Nielson, Blanding City Manager, September 7, 1977). One farm-
house, located approximately one mile north of the nil1- site, is owned by
a couple residing in Blanding and rented to a family of four (Verbal
Co"rmunication, l'lrs. Clisbee Lyman, November 2, 1977). A mobile home
associated with a service staEion at the intersection of Routes 95 and
163 is occupied by 4 people (Verbal Communication, Mr. Wil1ie Tortlita,
Vowe1l and Sones 0i1 Co., L977); this is within 3 miles of the mi11
site. Three persons live at the Blanding airport approximately 3.5 niles
north of the project area, In addition, an average of 30 to 40 persons
fly in and out of the airport each day (Verbal Corrnunication, Mr, John
Hunt, Manager, Blanding Airport, November 2, 1977).
TABLE 2.2.6
POPI'LATION PROJECT TOWS"
Utah
high
1ow
San Juan County
high
1ow
Percent
Increase,
19 75-20001 975b
L,2!6,843
r,206,584
i2,816
L2 ,716
1980
I ,420,553
I ,302,815
L7 ,373
L3,954
2000
2,L63,927
1,655,529
33,300
Lg ,753
1990
1 ,903, gg5
1,484,231
26,002
16,9L7
78
31
160
55
'Figlrr", shown indicate high and 1ow projections; (see text fordefinitions); high medium and low medium are also presented in the
reference.
blr.S. Census esEimaEes for 1975 indicate a sEatewide population of
L,202,572, which is below the "1ow[ projection presented in thistable. In San Juan County, 1975 population was 11,964, which isalso betow the "1ow" projection.
Source: Utah Agricultural ExperimenE Station, December 1976,
Population ProjecLions by Age and Sex for Utah Counties,
r9 70-2000.
2-23
Southeast of the proposed mill site is White Mesa, a community of
295 Ute Mountain Indians. Ihe homes associated with White Mesa are
dispersed throughout a 4 to 5-mile area, and the northern edge of the
cornmunity is approximately 3.5 iniles south of the mi11 site. It is
estimated that eight to ten of the families in White Mesa reside within 5
miles of the projecE area. This woulC represent between 60 and 75
persons, assuming an average of 7.4 persons per householC in the com-
munity (Verbal Communications, Mr. Cleal Bradford, Utah Navajo
Development Council and Ms. Anne Robinson, Ute Mountain Tribal Housing
Authority, November 2, 1977).
Plate 2.2-7 summarizes pennanent population esEimates of Ehe area
within about 7 rniles of the propose<i mi11 site. Utah Rouie 163, the
major north-south highway in southeastern UEah, provides access to the
proposed ni11 sii.e from Blanding. The ni11 would be located approxi-
mately one-half mil-e rrest of this highway. In 1975, the average daily
traffic on Route 163 at a point eight rniles south of Blanding was 740
vehicles. Between 27.5 percent and 32.49 percent of this traffic con-
sisted of out of state vehicles; from 7.5 to 12.49 percent consisted of
treavy truck traffic (Utatr Department of Transportation, 1976).
2.2.2.3 Land Use and Ownership
The souEheast corner of Utah, known as the Canyonlands area, is
characEerized by a dry climate and a rugged terrain feaEuring rocky
buttes, mesas, escarpments, and narrorr canyons. These landforms have
resulted in limited access to the region and. together with the arid
climace, have restricEed agricultural and urban development. At the same
time, unique rock formations and ancient Indian ruins, found in abundance
in southeastern Utah, have made the area an increasingly popular des-
tinaEion for tourists.
Land ownership patterns of San Juan County are dominated by federal
and Indian land, which encompass approxinately 60 percent and 25 percenE,
respectively, of the total county land area. In San Juan County, Indian
land includes over 1.2 million acres of the Nava.jo Reservation and 13,500
PLATE 2.2-I
2-25
acres of the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation, adjacent to the Navajo
R.eservaEion on the north (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, l97l). In addi-
tion, the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Canyonlands National
Park, Manti-La Sal National Forest, and numerous national and state
monurtrents in the county are well known tourist and recreation sites.
Federal land is typically classified as oulitple use and, as such, is
leased for grazing, oi1 and gas exploraEion, nining claims, Eimber
production, and wildlife management (verbal comnunication, Ms. 0pa1
Redshaw, BLM, Monticallo Office, september 29, LglT). The Bureau of Land
Hanagement adminisLers the largest portion of federal land in San Juan
County, consisting of approxioately 2 million acres. Ihe National park
service has responsibility for 570,000 acres, the u.s. ForesE service
manages 450,000 acres, and the Bureau of Recramation oversees 1r200
acres in San Juan County (utatr SEate ForesEry and Fire Contro1, l975).
Prirrate l-and accounts for only 8 percent of san Juan county's
4.9 million acres. TabIe 2.2-7 outlines land ownership paEterns in the
county and PlaEe 2.2'2 depicts the location of designated lands in the
general region.
Approximately 40 percent of San Juan County is non-federal land,
devoted almost exclusively to agriculEure. Aridity has a pronounced
effect on agricultural land uses; the growing seasons are extremely
variable, and summer heat causes evaporation to substancially exceed
precipitation (Battelle Memorial Institute, Lg72). As a result, grazing
is the predominant agricultural land use, and crop production is cenEered
on dry farming, which produces primarily wheat and beans. Table 2.2-g
summarizes land use a(:reages for the county.
Residential, commercial and industrial land uses are Iimited Eo
smal1, rural communiEies; there are no sizeable cities in san Juan
county. Population centers occur primariry along u.s. Route lb3, Ehe
region's principal north-south highway. The largest connnunities in the
county are Blanding and l{ontice11o. Urban and Eransportation iand uses
accounE for 0.3 percenE of the Eotal Iand area of san Juan countv.
2-26
TABLE 2.2-7
LAND OWNERSHIP IN SAN JUAN couNTY, 1967
Acres Percent of CounEy TotalOwnership
Federa I
Indian
Private
State
Urban and Transportation
Sma11 Watero
Total
2,985 ,630
r,247 ,563
416,600
325,3L7
15 ,253
997
4,ggl ,360
59.8
25.0
8.3
6.5
0.3.b
acres and streams less thanalnc ludes rdater
one-eight mile
bl"r, than 0.1
areas of. 2 to 40in width.
percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1970
\ n."- isl- gucxxoex -19* a ffi,
-\ FLA| qv 5. 4,=
H;h-!,'--:-.r I *,eli
$.* .s ^ ',,,, . n^.'-^ #lu e" M ,le i R ".
,,.r^rffi "'l -"tr: 'zl
,lf s("
"t .e"oudl ry ."r$o
UJ
1
(y'|. ,..N
Frrr. tm' t ,.a/ "''",)l f
"'"'c I (
or.t' ilt!! '--il 1i
\lr
/)r.
t,-' E
I BhA
BUY
t
lt\I
il
lt
il
l-,.,$,
)o'
rr' t:\\ n
an "'.; Y.l
:
Ff-
Sd
a.
o+
4r,^
\.,"I dr.,E;'i li\1.=("=**FBi-\-.=_"#/.* l-="fO.Lr) *o=d. ,/-\il-w - '\ .-j=)
o.'' Eb.ra
VJb, o, ora Oo.t
\ li"-trL}I
,Ut,)t
ir
Ihd. lla.t
. _m. rcn. t?LA7EAUr hb'
\ rElc JrlnntcPd o||do DESrGllATEll tAt{lls !ll
S(IUTHEASTER]I UTAH
3CALE II{ FEET
DATI' ! TOOII
I.NAVA
lon.lr rd. . rr. !-l rrh
.l x.y.nh
2't*ax
. - -.+\
(r
li*-.f -
hEi6xrirr l-
2-28
TABLE 2.2.8
LAND USE
EXCLUDING
Acres
IN SAN JUAN CoUNTY,
FEDERAL LAND,^ tg67
Cropland
Irrigated
Non-irrigated
PasEure
Range
Fores t
0Eher
Urban and
TransporEation
Small raterb
Total Non-Federal
Land
Federal Land
Total County
Acreage
146,016
7,111
138 ,905
.60,53I
r,263 ,007
462,318
57 ,608
15,253
997
2,005 , 730
2 ,985 , 630
4,ggr,36a
Percent of Total Non-Federal
7.3
0.4
6.9
3.0
63 .0
23.0
2.9
0.8
100.0
"W"t". areas of more than 40 acres and rivers wider than
one-eighEh mile are also excluded.
blncludes water ares of 2 to 40 acres and sEreaos less than
one-eighth uile in width.
"L"", than 0.1 percent.
Source: U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1970.
2-29
Land Use Within a 5-Mi1e RaCius of the Site
Ihe prcposed ui11 would be located near the existing Energy Fuels
Blanding ore buying station, approxirnately 6 rniles south of Blanding.
Access to Ehe site is provided via 11.S. Route 163 from Blanding. The
surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, consisting of grazir.g
land, limited cropland, and some pinyon-juniper areas. A snal1 airpark
is locaEed 2.5 miles north of the proposed mill site, and another uranium
ore buying station operated by Plateau Resources, Ltd., is located near
the intersection of Utah Route 95 and Route 163, approximately 2.5 rniles
north of the Energy Fuels property.A sma11, highway-related coumercial
establishment is also located at this intersection. An access road to a
U.S. Army installation intersects Route 163 approximately 1.2 miles north
of rhe Energy Fuels turnoff. This is a radar facility and is part of the
Blanding Launch Site of the Utah Launch Cornplex, operated by the llhite
Sands Missile Range. Several small buildings connected with this opera-
tion are located approxinately 0.5 to I mile east of Route 163. In
additioa, the actual Launch Site is in Section 2 of Township 38S, Range
21 E, apprcximately four uiles southwest of the proposed mill site. The
Blanding Launch site has.not been used for five or six years, due to
military budgetary constraints. The possibility of future operation of
the site is under study by the Army (Verbal Communications, Mr. Ed lftrite,
Public Affairs, White Sands Missile Range, and Mr. F. Sedillo, Facilities
Planning, White Sands Missile Range, Januarv L7, 1978).
The northern edge of the Ute Mountain Indian comnunity of White
Mesa lies within 3.6 miles of the proposed nill site. The homes of White
Mesa residents are located on both sides of Route 163 and extend in a
north-south direction for approximately 3-4 mi1es.
2.2.2.4 Transportation Facilities
The highway system in San Juan County consists of two-lane paved
highways and sma1ler, unimproved roads. U.S. Route 163, the major
north-south highway in rhe region, extends from Interstate 70 to Route
160 in northern Arizona. IntersEate 70 is approximately 100 miles north
of Blanding, and cuts through Grand County north of Uoab.
2-30
Utah Route 95 provides access frou Blanding to western San Juan
County, Glen Canyon and Hanksville. This road has been designated Ehe
Bicentennial Highway because its paving was completed in Lg76.
The average 1975 daily traffic volume of highways in the region
is summarized in Table 2.2-9. The table indicates that the point of
heaviest traffic flow in San Juan County occurred near Monticello, where
2685 vehicles per day were counted on Route IG3. The figures also
indicate a high proportion of out of state vehicles in the area.
Although complete Eraffic volume data are not available for Lg77,
estimates have been made for flows near Hanksville and Monticello. For
the L975 to 1977 interval, t,he daEa reveal an increase of 33 percent in
traffic on Route 9-5 south of Hanksville, and a 43 percent increase on
Route 163 near Monticello (Utatr Depart.ment cf Transpcrtation, June
1977).
There is no rail or air service to San Juan County. The closest
rail connection is in lloab, to which the Denver and Rio Grande Western
Railway provides freight service. Although nunicipal airports are
located in Blanding, Bluff, Monticello, and canyonlands National park,
regularly scheduled commercial air service is not provided to souEh-
eastern UEah. Grand Junction and Cortez, Colorado are the locations of
the closest airline connecEions (Utatr Industriai Development Inforaation
System, L973).
There is no bus service to San Juan County,
provides intercity bus service to Moab.
Continental Trailways
2.2.2.5 Economic Base
San Juan, Grand, Carbon and Emery Counties comprise the Southeastern
utah Planning DisErict, one of the most rapidly growing areas of the
state. Coal and uranium development is the major impelus behind recent
growth trends. Mining, consEruction, transportaEion, finance, and
services are the areas exhibitint the fasiesL gains in ernployarent during
Highway
Utah Route
U.S. Route 163
Utah Route 276
Utah Rotrte 263
Utatr Route 261
aTwo figures in this colunrn
on the Traffic Volume Map.
one tocaEion.
Source: Traffic Volume Map,
TABLE 2.2_9
TRAFFIC VOLtn{[, 1975
9"g31e"t_
Blanding to Natural Bridges N.M.
NaErrral Bridges to tlite
Hite to Hanksville
Honticello to La Sal Junction
tlonEicello to Blanding
Blanding to Utah Route 262. turnoff
Utah Route 262 to Bluff
Bluf f to llexican Hat
Route 95 to Bullfrog Basin aE
Glen Canyorr
RouLe 95 to Halts Crossi.ng at
Glen Canyon
RouEe 95 to l{exican Hat
25- 35
130
given for different points
a traffic count !,ras taken at
Average Da il.y
Traffic Counts
Approximate
Percentage of
Out of State
Passenger Traffic
95 310
95
sio
560
220
290
2685
I 895
925
to7"
201l
to%
207"
207"
t2'"
,riz
407"
257"
207"
507"
207"
357"
257"
307"
95
1490
860
740
l.J
I(,
represent a range of values
One figure i.ndicates Ehat on 1y
Utah DepartmenL of Transportation, 1976.
2-32
the year ending July L977. During this time, total nonagricultural
payroll employment in the region increased by 11400, almost half of which
was due to mining (UtaH Department of Emplo)'Erent Securiiy , 1977).
The econonic base of San Juan County is heavily tied to the mineral
extraction, agriculture and tourism industries. This county is the
targest uranium producer in Utah and had several large mines and numerous
internediate-sized nines active in SepEember 1977. One of the two
uranium mills in the state is located near La Sal, in San Juan Countyl
the second ui11 is located in Moab, approximately 7O ariles north of
Blanding (Written Communication, Larry Trinble, Utah Geological and
Mineral Survey, September 29, 1977). In addition t.o uranium, naEural gas
and crude oil are the principal resources under development in south-
eastern Utah. The Aneth Oil Field, located in souEhern San Juan County,
is Ehe second largest field in Utah. Although oil production has been
<ieclining since L974, it is sti1l an iuportanE source of enploymenE and
income in the region. In 1976, oil production in San Juan County totaled
9.8 million barrels, representing a decline af 2.5 percent from Ehe
1975 level of production. In contrast, natural gas production has beeir
increasing steadily since 1975 (Utah Department of Employnent Security,
Lg77).
Historically, agriculture has played a major role in the developmeni
of San Juan County. Due Eo an arid climate and rugged terrain, cattle
and sheep grazitg and dry land farming are the ruajor agricultural acEiv-
ities. The principal crops produced in the county are wheat and beans
(Verbal Communication, Mr. Lyman, Manager, Blanding Oifice of Enploynent
Security, September 7, 1977). AgriculEural produetion sratistics for
1974 are summarized in Table 2.2-L0. IE should be noted that, although
data are not avgilable for bean production on a countl/ basis, it is an
important iten in San Juan County. In 1975, the statewide production of
.iry beans was rralued at $600,000 ( State of Utah, DepartmenE of
Agriculture, 1977).
I tern
Wheat
0a t.s
Barley
Corn for Grain or Seed
Corn for Silage
Po tatoe s
Hay and Grass Silage
Alfalfa Hay
Wild Hay
Cattle and Calves
Sheep and Lambs
iiogs
Chickens over 2 mos.
?ABLE 2.2-iA
CROP PRODUCTION AND LIVESTOCK INVENTORY,
sAN JUAN CoIINTY , 1974
Unit of Measurement
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Acres
1 00-we igh t
Tons
Tons
Tons
Number
llumber
Number
Number
Produc t ion
566,3t6
10,510
9,962
637
300
438
9,517
6,233
25
25,266
11 ,894
526
2,244
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1974.
2-34
San Juan County offers a wide variety of scenic and histori.c fea-
tures thaE draw tourists from a large geographical area. Tourisu
appears to be on the upswing in southeastern Utah; in 1976 tourist rcom
sales in San Juan CounEy, as well as t,otal taxable sates, exhibited a 14
percent increase over I975 leveIs, and tourist activity during 1977 has
promised to reach even higher 1eve1s (Utatr DepartmenE of Employment
Security, L977; Verbal Communication, Manager, Blanding 0ffice of
Employroent Security, September 7, L977), The iurportance of tourism' is
reflected in rates of enployment in retail and service sectors.
Table 2.2-Ll summarizes euployment by industry in San Juan Couniy
and indicates that mining and government are the two largest sources of
employment in the county. These two sectors accounted for 50.6 percent
of total county employment in April L977. Trade, services and agricul-
ture are other important sources of employemnt in the county.
Manufacturing in San Juan County
in Blanding and four in Monticello.
a varieiy of goods is produced by the
establishment ranges froo less than 10
is lioited to four establishments
As summarized in Table 2.2-12,
locat f irns. Emplolment at each
to 199.
According to a I972 study, southestern Utah is deficient in key
factors that are conducive to in<iustrial growth. The lack of skilled
labor, an absence of industrial buildings, the unavailability of financ-
ing, inadequate housing supplies and poor access to materials have been
cited as the major barriers to industrial development in southeastern
Utah (Battelle Memorial Laboratories, I972).
Table 2.2-L3 sumoarizes labor force and employment in San Juan
County and indicates that employmenE growth has outpaced increases in the
labor force since 1975. The unemployment rate for the county declined
from a 1975 average of 10.6 to 8.6 in July 1977. For the same time
periods, the statewide average unemployment rates lrere 7 .2 and 5.1,
respectively. Higher than average unemplol'ment in southeastern Utah is
EIIPL0YI,IENT BY INDUITRY,
SAN JUAN COUNTY.
1976 Average
2-35
TABLE 2.2-11
Percent
of Total
90.3
28.1
,(
6.1
5.3
t2.4
0.8
10. 6
24.6
9.7
April i977
Nonagricul tural
Payroll Employnent
ToEal
Mining
ConEract Construction
Manufactur ing
Trans port at ion ,
Communic at ion ,uril iries
Wholesale, Retail Trade
Finance, Insurance,
Real Estate
Servi ce s
Government
Agricul tural Employment
Total Payroll and
Agricul tural
Employment
aPreliminary Estimates
Source: Utah Department
2,793 100.0 2,576 100.0
Number
2,523
784
10
169
L47
347
22
296
688
270
Number
2,306
683
43
140
139
353
22
305
621
274
Percent
of total
89. 5
26.5
1.7
5.4
<t,
L3.7
0.9
11 .8
24.t
10. 5
of Employment Security, 1977
2-36
TABLE 2.2-12
LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS,
sAN JUAN CoUNTY, 1977-1978
Location Fi.rm Product
Blanding Canyonlands 21st Secondary Smelting
CenEury Corp. and Refining
HursE Cabinet Shop Wood Kitchen Cabinets 1-9
Southern Utah
Indus tries C1 oth ing
Enployment
Range
25-49
100-1 99
t-9
Ihin Bear Indian
Arts and Crafts Jewelry
Monticello Blue Mountain
Meats, Inc. lleat Packiag 25-49
Four-Point DeerProcessing Meat PackinC 1-9
San Juan Record Newspaper 1-9
Youngs Machine Co. Mining l,lachinery 10-24
Source: Utah Job Serviee, 1977
!-51
TABLE 2.2-13
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE, EMPLOYI'IENT,
AND UNEMPLOYI'IENT RATES IN SAN JUAN COUNTY
July 1977
Labor Force 4,270
Employed Personsa 3,903
Unemployment Rate 8.6
t97 6
4,409
3 ,980
9.7
t97 5
4,211
3,763
I0.6
tThi" total does not correspond to the ernployment total in
Table 2-11 because it is a broader caEego::y, including the
self-ernployed, unpaid family and domestics. Table 2-11
includes agricultural and non-agricultural payroll ernployment
only.
Source: L977 estimate from the Blanding Office of Ernployment
Security 1975, 1976 esti[0ates from Utah Department of
Employment Security, 1977.
2-38
due partly to the seasonal nature
which are importanE sources of jobs
agriculture and tourism, both of
the area.
In addition to the unemployed, a number of local residents who have
jobs but are actively seeking alternative ernployment have registered with
Ehe Blanding office of Employuent Security. In the firsc three months of
L977, that office reported over 800 active job applicants. The occupa-
tional characteristics of the applicanEs, sumuarizeC in Table 2.2-L4,
indicate that a substantial labor pool exists in categories related to
the construction and machine Erades. The data suggest that Energy Fuels
may be able to hire a significant proportion of iEs work force from the
loca1 labor poo1.
It should be noted that probleurs associate,l with unemployment
and underemploymenE are not shared equally by all area residents. rn
April 1977 the Navajo Nation contained a potential labor force of 65,600;
16 percent of these people irere unemployed and actively seeking work. of
the 40,000 tribal uembers who were employed at that time, 2l pe::cent were
earning less than $5,000 per year (Navajo Area office of vital
statisEics, 7977 ,\. rn the Blanding area, 76 perceat of the active job
applicants in early I977 were Indians (Utatr Department of Employment
SecuriEy, L977).
Per capita income in san Juan county was $3,300 in L976, represent-
ing only 51 percent of the statewide average of $5,400. Table 2.2-15
indicates that, while income in San Juan County has remained well below
the statewide average since 1973, its rate of growth has exceeded that of
the state's in the recent past. rncome in Ehe county can be expected Eo
continue to rise due to increased industrial and commercial activity.
The forces which are exPected to contribuEe to future economic growth in
San Juan County are surmarized below.
Uranium
of
in
produc t ion.
- Mining activity in san Juan county is centered on uranium
Almost 100 new mining jobs opened up in the county during
the year ending in july !977, which have stimulated retail trade,
2-39
TABLE 2.2-14
OCCUPATIONAL CI{AMCTERISTICS
QUARTER ENDTNG, 3-31-77 ,
Total Applicantsa
Pr:of es s ional , Technical , Ilanagerial
Clerical, Sales
Service
Farm, Fisheries, Forestry
Processing
Machine Trades
Bench Lrork
Structural Work
Miscellaneous
OF JOB APPLICANTS,
BLA}IDI}IG AREA
638
57
60
122
79
5
47
75
285
108
alncludes persons
were employed at
actively seeking employneni,
the tine.
some of r*rom
Source: Utah Departnent of Employment Security,Job Service, 1977
2-40
TABLE 2.2.15
PER CAPITA INCoME, SAltr JUAN Cotrlrfi
col,rPARED T0 THE STATE, L973-L975(Dol1ars )
Percent
Increase1973 1974 1975 1976 1973-1976
Utah 4,100 4,500 4,900 5,400 32
San Juan Corrnty 21100 2,500 3,000 3,300 57
Source: 1973-1974, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis
1975-1976, Utah Department of Emplo)ment Security,
Research and Analysis SecEion
2-41
residenLial cor:strucEion, and oEher service industries (Utah Department
of Enploynent Security. 1977). In addition to the Energv Fuels buying
station, a uranium ore buying station is in operation in the area south
of Blanding, and Ehere is a possibility that the operator, Plateau
Resources, Ltd., will construct a uranium mi11 (Verbal Communication,
Manager, Blanding Employment Security 0ffice, September 7, 1977).
The exact number of active mines in Ehe county is not known but is
estimated to be 100-200, the najority of r.rhich are relatively sma11.
Since 1975 regional uranium activity has intensified. and the Energy
Fuels and PlaEeau Resources buying stations have been partially
responsible for this upswing (Written Communication, Mr. Larry Trimble,
Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, September 1977).
Navajo Reservation - The Utah Navajo Development Council (UNDC)
oversees a long-term fund for the development of housing, cultural,
educational and health facilities and agricultural capabilities on the
Reservation. The fund is designed to benefit. Navajo Indians in San Juan
County. One major project of the UNDC is the construction of the Broken
Arrow Center, a Native American cultural center adjacent to the new Edge
of Cedars State Park near Blanding. Upon completion, the center is
expected to coniribute substantially to the tourism/recreation industry
in the Blanding area (Verbal Communication, llanager, Blanding 0ffice of
Employment Security, September 7, 1977).
Construction of a marina on the San Juan branch of Lake Powe11
has been proposed by a private company. The marina, currently in the
early planning stages, will be located on the Navajo Reservation and will
further stinulate recreational activity in Ehe general area (Verbal
Communication, Manager, Blanding Office of Enployment Security, September
7, t977).
Support Services - Contiuned uranium, natural gas and oi1 production
will ensure a strong demand for transportation and 'other industrial
support services in the future. The Moab to Blanding corridor is ex-
pected to be used heavily Eo transport supplies to southeast.ern Utah from
2-42
Moab, the location of the closest rail
Mr. M.B. Lincoln, Manager, Moab 0ffice
9, 1977). Also, increased tourism and
industrial development will furEher
service industries in the county,
Montice I 1o.
connecrion (VerbaI Communication,
of Employnent Security, September
regional poputation growth due to
stinulate the construcEion and
in particutar in Blandi:rg and
2.2.2.6 Housing and Public Services
San Juan Count;r provides a range of public services, including
general administration, police and fire protection, mainteRance of roads
and health and recreation facilities, and television reception. Table
2.2-16 sunmarizes L975 and 1976 General Fund expenditures of the county
and indicates that road maintenance is the largest expense, representing
43 percenE of total General Fund expenditures in 1975.
Public Services in Blanding
The populaEioa of Bianding grew by approximately 4.6 percent per
year from 1970 to L975. Since 1975, growth has accelerated to a rate
of almost 8 percent annua11y, primarily due to increased uranium mining
activiEy. City officials expect Blanding to reach a population of
4,500 by 1981, which represents an annual growth rate of approximately 10
percent (Verbal Cornmunication, Mr. Bud llielson, Blanding CiEy Manager,
0ctober i2, Lg?7).
Planning for growth is an ongoing process in Blanding, tied to
expectaEions of a population of 4,500 by 1981. City officials appear
confident that conEinual improvement of facil.ities will enable the city
to keep up with incrased dernand in the future; services will be provided
as a response to growth on an as-needed basis (Verbal Communication, Mr.
Bud Nielson, Blanding City Manager, October, 12, 1977).
Table 2.2-17 sumrarizes budgeted General Fund Expenditures for
fiscal year Lgl7 and indicates that the largest single expenditure
category is the electric, water and sewer fund. Outlays for this fund
1_t i
TABLE 2.2-16
SU},IMARY OF SAN .]UAN COUNTY GEI.IEML FUND EXPEII,ITURES
Departments
Commiss ioners
District Court
J.P. Courts
Other Judicial.
C1 erk-Aud i tor
Recorder
At torney
Treasurer
As se sso r
Surveyor
PIanni,ng Comnniss ionBuilding & Grounds
Aud it
Computer
Dues
Sheri ff
Count,v Jails
Liquor ControlIndian Task Force
Special Task ForceFire Controi
Emergencv Services
Bi-Centennial
0Eher
County Road
tdeed & Rodent
Poor & Indigent
Touris t
Extension Service
Airport: llonticello
Blanding
0ther
Hospital
Recreation: North
N. Golf
N. Swin
South
S. Swiur
S. Third
Television Receotion
County Fair
State Fair
Community Involvement
Election
Assessing & Collection
Employee Benefits
ToEal General Departments
197 6
Budget
3i,950.
3 , 150.
Lt,725.
6 , 500.
35 , goo.
33 , 8Eo.
24 ,200.
14, 200 .
27,870.
39 , 700.
I , 000.
i 6 ,850.
3, 500.
5 , 000.
6 , 500.
77 ,800 .
31,600.
16 ,000.ll ,270.
40 ,000.
5 ,350.
11,930.
25, 000.
10 ,000.
535,500.
11,500.
6 , 0oo.
30 , 740.
12 ,34t.
2, 800.
3, 500.
7L ,22L.
5 ,850.
16 ,933.
7, 850.
12,000.
12 ,000.
8,437 .
6 , 900.
2 , 500.
300.
900.
8,775.
7 , 000.
t25 ,397 .
L,479 ,419.
1977
Approved
Budget
3I,950.
3 , I50.
15,000.
6,500.
4A ,250.
36 ,980 .
24,100.
16,390.
28 ,925.
39 ,970.
I , 000.
I9,150.
3 , 500.
5 , 000.
10 ,000.gg, g00.
36,100.
16,000.
13 ,020.
38 ,00c .
5 , 835.
12 , 600.
15,000.
I0 ,000.
65 3 , 500.
1I,500.
6 , 000.
32 ,070.
13 ,875.
82 ,900.
3,500.
22,000.
204,815.
6, 340.
23 ,433.
8 , 150.
13,500.
10 ,900.I,970.
9,500.
5 ,000.
lloo'
7 , 000.
140,000.
I , 780,063.
Source: San Juan County, 1977
2-44
TABLE 2.2-L7
CITY OF BLANDIIIG, SI]MMARY OF GENERAI, FUND
FISCAL YEAR 1976-1977
EXPENDITURES,
General Government
Public Safety
Police Departloent
Fire Departnent
Inspection Department
Public Works
StreeEs and Highways
Airport
Sanit at ion
Parks
Debt Service
Electric, Water and
Sewer Fund
Payroll Taxes, Retirement
Fund, Insurance, Etc.
Total Appropriat.ed General
Fund Expenditures
Source: City of Blanding, L977
Fiscal Year 1976
Actual Expenditure
9, 838
49,323
4,923
I80
22 ,07 L
4,859
L4,429
i05
27 ,037
27 ,850
9,397
170,011
Fiscal Year 1977
Approved Budget
11,350
52,000
5,200
540
23 ,300
5,200
1O , )UU
125
36,428
260,895
1 1 ,675
421,2t3
2-45
increa sed drarna t i ca1 1-v-
imorovements in Blandingr
Water
The City of Blanding obtains water from surface runoff and under-
ground we11s. In 1976 total consumpEion r^7as approximately 200 million
gallons, an average of 547,000 gallons per day. Peak daily use llas
1.59 million ga1lons. The city operaEes a water Ereatment plant with
a capacity of 1800 gallons per minute. City officials estinate that the
existing water treatmenE system is adequate for serving a toEal popula-
tion of 3,900, representing au increase of more than 80 families above
ihe July 1977 population. AIso, with minor improveoents to the treatment
plant, the system could support an additional increase of 600 residents,
or a maximum pcpulation of 4,500 (Verbal Conmunication, Mr. Bud Nielson,
Blanding City Manager, September 7, I977).
Blanding has not been forced to formally ration hrater use in years,
despite drought conditions during 1977. Instead, the city has increased
water rates, which has discouraged consumption. Water supply is not
considered a major problem in Blanding due to the availability of a
substantial reservoir of ground h,ater. In September 1977 the city
cornpleted the drilling of a new 960-foot we11, and additional wel1s will
be drilled in the future to provide \rater as needed. A1so, one stater
storage reservoir is under repair. The combined capacities of the
existing sEorate reservoir and the one being repaired will be adequate to
aceommodate a 40 percenE increase in population (Verbal Communication,
1"1r. Bud Nielson, October 12, 1977).
Ihe wat.er distribution system in Blanding is in need of improvement.
The city is planning Eo instaLl 2 rniles of eight-inch pipes within the
next six months. With planned improvements in the water transmission and
storage systems and the ability to dri1l wells as needed, the city will
be able to accommodate a maxiuum population of 4,500, representing a 40
percent increase in the June i-977 resident population.
frorn 1976 to 1,o77, due primarily to planned
s r4rater treatmenE system.
2-46
Sewage Treatment
The city mainEains a sewage treatmenE lagoon which is being ex-
panded. The sewage t.reatmenE improvements are expected to be completed
in 1981, and the system should then be adequaEe to accommodate a maximum
population of 4,500. Because occasional overflow of sewage effluent is
used for irrigation by the owner of property adjacent to the lagoon, t.he
sewage is contained in a localized vicinicy and does not pollute ground
water. No problems or inadequacies in the town's serirage treatment are
anticipated (Verbal Communication, Mr. Bud Nielson, Blanding City
Manager, September t', 1977, October 12, 1977).
Utilities
Electricity is supplied within the Blanding City limits by rhe
Utah Power and Light Company through a distribution system owned by the
city of Blanding. In October 1977, consumpEion of electricity repre-
sented approximately one-half of the total capacity of the distribution
system. There is no natural gas service in Blanding and propane is
provided through 2 local companies (Verbal Communication, Mr" Bud
Nielsoa, Blanding City Manager, OcLober 12, L977).
There are no najor constraints to supplying electricity to an
increased population in Blanding; the loca1 distribution sysEem has
excess capacity and the long-term supply outlook for Utah Power and tright
is good (Verbal Comurunication, Mr. Jay Be11, Utah Power and Light, iloab
Regional 0ffice, October 27, L977).
Solid Waste
The city of Blanding provides solid waste collection and disposal
services. Collection occurs twice weekly. Waste is disposed at a dump
located west of the community. within the next 2 years, city officials
hope to have a sanitary landfiIl, to be operated in cooperation with
other communiries or federal agencies (Verbal Communication, Mr. Bud
Nielson, Blanding City Manager, September 7, 1977).
2-47
Public Safety
The Blanding Police Depa:trnent consists of 3 officers. A new
member will be added to the force in fiscal year lg7g. There are 2
patrol cars. The police force is supplernenEed by an auxiliary force of 8
members.
The city is served by a 15-member Volunteer Fire Department and
maintains a 1750-ga1Ion hose car and 11,500-ga11on purnPer Eruck. Ihe
fire insurance rating is 7 (Verbal Conmunication, Mr. Bud Nielson,
Blanding City Manager, September 7, 1977).
HeaIth Care
The San Juan County Hospital, located in Monticello, serves Blanding
residents. The hospital is a 35-bed general care facility with an
average occupancy rate of 40 percent. There is a 31-bed nursing hone in
Blanding. Two medical doctors, one dentist and one public health nurse
provide services in Blanding (Verbal ComnunicaEion, Mr. Arlo Freestone,
San Juan County Hospital, October 20, 1977).
A public health nurse provides a range of services to the community,
such as immunization clinics, home and school visits, visual screening,
and handicapped children services. Public health nurses are assigned to
Blanding, Montieello and the Navajo Reservation (Verbal Conmunication,
Ms. Mabel Wright, Public Health Nurse, October 20, 1977).
Four Corners Mental Health, a regional agency supported by state,
iocal and federal funds, provides psychological counseling services to
residents of San Juan, Grand, Emergy and Carbon Counties. The agency has
established a mental health clinic in Blanding, staffed by one therapisE
and one secretary. In addition, four outreach workers provide services
to the Navajo Reservation and the corrmunities of Bluff and Mexican Hat.
San Juan County residents also have access to a psychologist at the
mental health center in Moab. The average active caseload of the
Blanding Mental Health Center is 80 (Verbal Communication, Ms. Colette
Hunt, Blanding Mental HealEh Center, September 8, 1977).
2-48
Educat ion
Two elementary schools and one higtr sctrool are located in Blarrding.
Table 2.2-18 summarizes enrollment statistics and estimated peak
capacities. Although the high school is currently overcrowded, new
facilities are under construction which will alleviate this problem. A
new high school will open in August 1978 at Montezuma Creek and another
new high school is expected io open in L979 or 1980 in rhe Oljaro-
Monument VaI1ey 8r€8o School officials expect that enrollment in the San
Juan High School will drop to 400 upon completion of the new facilities.
(l{ritten communication, san Juaa schcol District, llovember 3, 1977 and
Verbal Comnunication, IIs. Clyda Christensen, San Juan SchooL District,
January 17, 1978).
?arks and R.ecreaeion
There are four public parks in Blanding which are naintaiaed by
the San Juan County Recreation Department. An additional park is i.n the
planning st.ages. The san Juan county librar,v is located north of
Blanding on Route 163.
Hous ing
Demand fcr housing has been growing rapidly in BLanding during
the past several years. Until 1975 residential construction activity in
the town produced an average of l0 units per year. That rate has risen
to 50 units per year in 1977 and consErucEion is expectad to further
inEensify in the future. The two largest builders in the area e:rpect Eo
double in capacity; each will be capable of producing 40 units per year
by L979 (Verbal Communication, Mr. Terry Palmer, PaImer Builders, 0cLober
27 , t977).
Construction of a l4-unit subdivision was underway in Blanding
in the fal1 of L977. Three single-family housing <ievelopments have
recenEly been approveC and, upon completion, will provide a tota1 of.127
unics. In addition, a l5-unit apartment complex is planned, and builders
are antieipating Ehe consEruction of one 16-unit complex each year for
2-49
TABLE 2.2-I8
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CAPACIfi IN BLANDING,
t917-t978
BI and ing
Albert R.
San Juan
Schoo 1
Elementary
Lyman Elementary
High School
Number of
Students
34r
289
874
Peak
Enrol lment
Capac ity
400
350
700
Teacher-Student
Ratio
1:18
l:26
I :20
Source: Llritten Communication, San Juan
VerbaI Communication, Ms. C1yda
District, January 17, L978.
School DistricE, November 3, L977;
Christensen, San Juan School
2-50
four years (Verbal Commrrnicaiion, Hr. Terry Palmer,
0ctober 27, L97i).
Palmer Builders
New construction has managed Eo keep pace with denand, and in Ehe
fall of 1977 there was neiiher excess demand nor excess supply of single-
fauily houes in Blanding. The supply of rental units is deficient, and
planned construction should help to alleviate this problem (Verbal
Communications, Mr. Ken Bailey, Hal Ken, Inc., October 27, 1977 and !Ir.
Terry Palmer, Paluer Builders, 0ctober 27, 1977).
Although the vacancy rate for housing is low, there is a substantial
amount of reasonably priced laqd available within the Blanding city
limits, and city officials have exhibited a pro-developrnent posture. iE
is estimated that Blandingrs development potential includes lots for 200
single-family houes, and the lead time necessary for construction of
prefabricated, modular housing is from three to six months (VerbaL
Communications, l,{r. Terry Palmer, Patmer Builders, and Mr. Ken Bailey, Ilal
Ken, Inc., 0ctober 27, 1977).
WaEer availability is a key consideration involved in development
plans in Blanding. The city is taking steps noq, to alleviate the prob-
lem. At the present time, therefore, che najor constraint to expanding
the local housing stock is the diffieulty of obtaining financiag. There
is no savings and loan institution in the area; funding for construction
has come from the Fecierat Housing Adurini.sEration and Farmers Home Loan
programs (Verbal Conmunication, Mr. Terry Palmer, Palmer Builders,
OcEober 27, 1977).
In summary, Ehe prevailing attitude among local developers is
optimistic. It is generatly believed that, although current housing
supplies are barely keeping pace with demand, Blanding has the capacity
to accommodate a rapidly growing population throughouE EIre coming years.
Given adequate sources of financing and several monrhs of 1ea<i time,
developers are willing to ensure an adequate housing stock for permanen!
resicienEs. However, developers aiso adu,it chac a shorEage of renCai
2-5r
housing exists which will probably not be alleviated by construciion
projecEs currently being planned.
MobiIe home parks in Elanding have minimal capacity to absorb
a growing population. According to the San Juan County Travel Council,
there are two mobile home parks in Blanding. One has no vacancies and
does not foresee any increase in capacity by 1979 (Verbal Communicat.ion,
Palmerrs Trailer Court, October 27, 1977). The second park has excess
capacity of.25 to 27 spaces and is planning to add 12 to 14 new spaces in
the coming year (Verbal Communication, Ms. Carol Thayne, Manager,
Kamppark, November 3, 1977).
Public Services in Monticello
Table 2.2-L9 summarizes General Fund expenditures of Lhe city
of Monticello. The general fund budget does not include utility fund
expendirures of 369,600 (FY 1976) and thus is not entirely comparable to
the Blanding General Fund expenditures outlined in Table 2.2-L7.
Sewage Treatment
Monticello currently operates a digestor plant providing primary
and secondary sewage treatment to the town's 2r208 residents. A popula-
ticn of 3,000 would represent maximum capacity of the existing p1anE.
The city is planning to consEruct a new sewage treatment lagoon to
replace the p1ant. Ihe lagoon is in the preliminary planning stages
ani should be courpleted within the next E\to years. Upon completion,
the new systen will be adequate to serve from 4,000 to 5,000 residents
(Verbal Communication, Mr. Dan Shoemaker, September 15, L977).
llater
Ground water and surface runoff are the sources of qrater in the
Monticello area. The city maintains a water treatment plant that is
operating at approxilnately 55 percent of fuI1 capacity and processing an
average flow of 160 to 200 gallons per minute (Verbal Conrmunication, I1r.
Dan Shoemaker, Monticello City Manager, September 15 and October 26,
1977).
?-52
TABLE 2.2-19
crrY 0F MONTrCELL0, sln'll'{ARY oF GENEML FU}ID EXPENDTTURES
FISCAI YEAR 1975 A}ID 1977
Departnent
Adurinis tration
Municipal Court
Police Department
Fire Department
Streets, Curbs
and Gutters
Pa::ks and Recreation
Total Operating
Disbursements
Fiscal Year 1975 Fiscal Year 1976
16,106
6,547
39 ,908
3,163
21,762
4,015
91 ,501
15,489
2,g3g
4A,6Lg
4,477
8,965
2,210
75,699
Source:San Juan Record,Thrusday,September 15, 1977
2-53
Due to drought conditions, Monticello was forced Eo ration qrater
in 1976 and 1977. The city is expanding its water suppl,v by drilling
eight new we1ls and, thus, local oflicials do not anticipate the need for
rationing in 1978. AIso, one of the town' s triro water storage reservoirs
is being expanded; the conpletion of this project will result in a total
storage capacity of 100 acre-feet. It is anticipated that the improved
r^rater supply system will accommodate a maxiuum population of 4,000;
overall improvements should be completed within the next two years
(Verbal Communication, Monticello City Manager, September 15, 1977).
Heal th
The San Juan County Hospital, located in Monticello, provides
general care to residenis of San Juan County and the Dove Creek area of
western Colorado. The facility has 36 beds and an average occupancy rate
of 40 percent. Four medical doctors, six registered nurses, and eight
licensed practical nurses are employed by the hospital. Two of the
doctors are from Monticello and two are frorn Blanding. There are no
plans for expansion of the hospital (Verbai Communication, I'tr. Arlow
Freestone, San Juan County Hospital, October 20, 1977).
A public health nurse provides health care services including
school visits, immunization clinics, home visits, visual screening, and
handicapped children services. The Four Corners Mental Health agency has
established a clinic in Monticello, sEaffed by one therapist, a part-time
secretary, and one outreach worker. Monticello residents aLso have
access t.o a Four Corners psychologist in Moab (Verbal Communication, Ms.
Colette Hunt, Blanding Mental Health Center, September 8, 1977).
Recreation
Recreation services are provided by San Juan County, one city park
with a playground and swimuring pool and a public golf course are located
in Monticello. The county also provides television reception.
2-54
Public Safety
The Monticello PoIice Department i.s staffed by one part-time and
Ehree fuli-time employees. Tne city owns one patrol car. The municipal
police force is supplemented by 2 or 3 members of the County Sheriff
Department who patrol the Monticello area.
Monticello has a 30-member volunteer fire department and three
fire trucks.
Education
Educational services are provided by the Monticello Elementary
School and Monticello High School. The elementary school has an enroll-
ment of 365, representing only 56 percent of the estinated peak capaciEy
of 550. The high school has an enrollment of 370 and peak capacity of
500. Teacher-student ratios are 1222.8 at Monticello Elementary and
L:L7.6 at MonEicello lligh School (Written Cornnunication, San Juan School
Districr, November 3. 1977).
utiliEies
Natural gas is supplied to llonticello residents by Utah Gas Service.
-4,t the present time there is no constraint to expanding the residential
or commercial supply in Monticello (t/erbal Cornmunication, Mr. Jones, Utah
Gas Service, October 27, L977). Electricity is supplied by Utah Power
and Light through the city of IIonticello. Although the Monticello
substation is in good condition, the local Eransmission system cannoE
accommodate any significant increase in demanC. Utah Power an<i Light has
submitted cosi estimates and plans for an improved transmission system tc
the city of Monticello. There has been no response and hence there are
no plans for improving electrical service to the Monticello area (t/erba1
Couruunication, Mr. Jay 8e11, Utah Power and Light, Moab Regicnal Office,
0ctober 27, L977).
Housing
In September L977 there were between 550 and 700 houses in Ehe
Monticello City Linits. Nerl home construction produced 50 hcmes from
2-55
1976 to 1977, and it is an-uicipated that this rate will <iouble in the
coming year. Capacity for new home consEruction is somewhat lower in
Monticello than in Blanding, due to less available land in Ehe city
limits, fewer loca1 developers and, until recently, a less favorable
attitude toward growEh on the part of city officials. However, steps are
being taken to promote development in the town. The city is undertaking
an aggressive annexation program, and modification of the Monticello
Master Plan and zoning ordinances is anticipated. An 80-acre tract of
land is expected to be annexed soon and will provide between 150 and 200
single family 1ots. City officials are aware that large-scale growth
will occur throughout San Juan County and do not want their city to be
by-passed (Verbal Communications, Mr. Dan Shoemaker, Monticello City
Manager, September 6, 1977; Mr. Terry Palmer, Palmer Builders, 0ctober
27, 1977; Mr. Bill Jones, United Farm Agency, November 2, L977).
Iionticello residents are faced with the difficulty of obtaining
financing in the absence of a 1ocaI savings and loan institution. One
real estate agency has been successful. in encouraging a corporation in
Salt Lake City to begin to offer financing in the Monticello area. It is
believed that the shortage of financial sources will be alleviated by
mid-I978 (Verbal Communication, Mr. Bill Jones, United Farm Agency,
November 2, L977).
There are two mobile home parks in Monticello with excess capacity
and additional land available for expansion.
Public Services in Bluff
Bluff is a smal1, newly incorporated conrmunity located approximately
19.5 niles south of the proposed ni11 site. Bluff is described as an
ideal retiremenE area, and almost 20 percent of the Eownrs population is
composed of senior citizens. Cornmercial establishments in Bluff include
5 stores and 2 bars. The Church of the Latter Day Saints is the pre-
dominant religion. An Episcopal mission, St. Christopher's, is also
located in B1uff. The 1977 population of the town is 280 (Written
Communication, Ms. CIytie Barber, San Juan County C1erk, September
2-56
19771, Verbal Conmunication, Mrs. John Thonpson, fonner Treasurer and
Acting Secretary, Town of Bluff, Septenber 8, 1977).
Since its incorporation in L976, Bluff has been consolidating and
upgrading public services. In 1975 the Eown installed a water supply
system composed of three artesian wel1s and a 200r000 ga1lon storage
tank. It is estimated that. the system could accommodate a maximum
population of 500, .representing a 79 percent increase above the lg77
population.
Individual septic tanks now provide serrage treatment to Bluff
residents. Ihe town has proposed construction of a serrage treatment
system, which wilI depend on federal fundi.ng. Timing of the project is
uncertain, and it is believed Ehat the systen will not be constructed
prior Eo the f all of i978 (Yerbal Cornnunication, l,Irs. John Thornpson,
September 8, L977).
School-age children attend Bluff Elernentary School. The school
has an enrolLment of i04 and peak capacity of 200. The teacher-student
ratio is 1:17 (Written Communication, San Juan School District, November
3, t977) .
Public safety is provided in the genera!. area by Ewo sheriff depu-
ties; the Eown has no municipal police force. An eight-member volunteer
fire department provides fire protection.
Residential construction in the last five years has coasisted
of 25 ot 30 new dwellings, and the vacancy rate for housing in Bluff is
now zeto. An increase in demand for housing would encoirrrage some
development and it is estinated that there are 70 vacant lots available
with connections to the townrs waEer sysEeE. Also, two mobile home
courEs in Bluff have excess capacity (Verbal Communication, Mrs. John
Thompson, September 8, 1977).
2-57
Residential development capacity of Bluff is rimited; there is a
smal1 nuaber of 1oi.s avaiiabie in ihe !own. The prevailing attitude
toward moderate growth in Bluff is favorable, but most residen;s would
not welcome a population boom (Verbal Communication, Mrs. John Thompson,
September 8, 1977).
2.2.3 Hanksville Area
This section describes the existing socitreconomic environment of
the area surrounding the Hanksville ore buying station and the transpor-
tation corridor fron Hanksville to Blanding. Ihe ore buying st.aEion is
located in central l,layne county, approximately 1o niles south of
Hanksville, in south-central Utah. Ihe transportation of uranium ore
from the buying station to the mi11 at Blanding would occur via Utah
Route 95, which crosses southern l{ayne county, a thirty-mile segment of
northeastern Garfield County, and rural San Juan county. The highway
also traverses the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. Because
Blanding and san Juan, county are addressed in section 2.2.2 of this
rePort, this section focuses on Hanksville, rural Wayne and Garfield
Counties, and the Hite District of the Glen Canyon National Recreatiqn
Area. Hanksville is the only populaLion cenEer within this area and,
hence, public services and housing data (section 2.2.3.6) refer to the
Hanksville vicinity.
2.2.3.1 History
Due to geographical isolation and lack of access, the Hanksville
area was unexplored until relatively recently. Ihe general area rdas
occupied by Shoshone-speaking Paiute Indians until contact with whites
occurred in the l9th century. rn 1866, a group of 60 men, led by captain
James Andrews of the utah militia, explored the paria River, the
Escalante and the then unnamed Fremont River. Ihis party is believed
to have been the first group of whites to observe Ehe Hanksville area.
Subsequentl.y, Major John I{. Powe11 made expeditions to the general area
in 1869 and 1871, and named the Fremont River and the Henry Mountains.
2-58
I{hite settiers from St. George, in southwesEern Utah, were ini.tially
attracted to the Hanksville area by free grazing and free water. Also,
the isolation of Eanksville made the area safe for fanilies who wanted to
practice polygamyr,which rras i1lega1. In Ehe spring of 1883, a sma1l
seEtlenent was established ai the junction of the Fremont and Uuddy
Rivers by Ebenezer Hanks and several other families. The name of the
settlement lras changed from Graves Valley to Hanksville in 1885, and a
post office rras established (U.S. Bureau of Land Managenent). Since that
time, Hanksville has remained a srna11, isolated, agriculturally-based
community.
2.2.3.2 Dernography
Wayne and Garfield Counties are sparsely populaEed, with average
I975 densities of 0.7 and 0.6 persons per square mile, respecEively.
Both counties experienced a decline in population from 1950 to 1970 which
whs reversed in the early 1970s. From 1970 to 1975 Wayne County in-
creased by 14.7 percent and Garfield County grew by 4.5 percent. Table
2.2-20 summarizes population from 1950 to 1975 for the two couaties.
Three sna11 communities located in lrestern Wayne County account
for almost one-half of the total county population base. They are Loa
(the county seat, wiEh a L975 populaiion of 341), Bicknell (1975 popura-
tion 282) and Torrey (1975 population 104). A11 are located along Utah
Route 24, the principal east-qrest highway of the county. Torrey is the
closest community !o Hanksville and is located approximately 55 roaci
miles to the west. Hanksville is the only population center in eastern
Wayne county and in 1975 had an estimated population of 160 (Westinghouse
Environmental Systems DeparEment, 1977). In 1977 Ehere were 100 regis-
Eered voters in Hanksvil.le and iE was estimated that approximately 500
residents of the surrounding area came to tgwn regularly to pick up their
mail (verbal coramunication, wayne county clerk, septenber 15, lgt77). No
official population estimates for Ilanksville are available.
Route 95 passes Ehough
Garfield County. This area
isolated, 30-oile segcent of northeasiern
efrectively separat.eti rrom the populacion
an
is
2-59
TABLE 2.2-20
POPI'LATION ESTI},IATES OF THE HANKSVILLE
AREA, 1950 to 1975
Land Area
(sq ui)
2,486
ana
5,158
1960 1970 1973
Percent
Change,t975 1970-r975
Wayne County
Hanksvi 1 1e
Garfield County
1 950
2,205
ana
4,151
L,728
ana
3,577
I ,483
ana
3, i57
1,551
dna
3,L77
1,701
160b
3, 300
t4.7
ana
4.5
"offi"ir1 census estimates of
available, because Hanksville
has a population of less than
the population of Hanksville are not
is not an incorporated comnunity and
2 ,500.
brni, estimate
Environmental
refers to a 1975 estimate
systems Department (1977).
by the Westinghouse
Source: U.S. Bureau of
by Westinghouse
Census , 1977, 1973, 1960 (Iianksville estiroate
Environurental Systems Department , 1977).
2-6A
cenfers of ceiltral and qrestern GarfieLd County by the CapitaI Reef
National Park. There is no paved road. -directly linking the eastern and
western portions of the ccunty. Panguitch, the largest city and county
seat of Garfield County, is located along U.S. Route 89 over 100 air-
niles west of Route 95. The I975 population of Panguitch rdas l,31li.
Panguitch and 7 oEher comurunities ranging in size frorn 126 to 652 account
for over 90 percent of the Garfield County population. The remain-
ing residents, estimated to be 284 in 1975, are dispersed through-
out 5,000-plus square miles (U.S. Bureau of Census, 1977).
Table 2.2'21 presents selected demographic characteristics for Wayne
and Garfield Counties and for the state of Utah as a whoIe. The figures
indicate that both counties had more a houogeneous population base Ehan
the state, with fewer nonwhite residenLs and fewer foreign born in 7970.
EducationaL achievement at Ehat time was siuril.ar in both counties and the
state, although Wayne and Garfield Counties ha,l feiger college graduates
than the rest of UEah. In 1969, median farnily income was lower in Wayne
and Garfield Couniies than the statewide average. Also, housing con,Ji-
tions hrere somewhat poorer in both counties than the state.
PopulaEion forecasEs sumrnarized in Table 2.2-22 iadicate that
Garfiel<i County's projected high and low growth scenarios parallel those
of the State. In comparison, population growth in ifayne County through
the year 2000 may be as high as 131 percent or as low as 29 percent.
Even assuming high rates of growth, Wayne and Garfield Counties would be
sparsely populated by 2000, with 2 persons per square mile in llayne
County and one person per square mile in Garfield County.
Conparing U.S. Bureau of Census population estinaies with the 1975
projections outlined in Table 2.2-22 indicates thaE the projections have
overstated aclual gro.arth fron 1970 to L975. The 1975 census estimates of
1,701 in Wayne County and 3,300 in Garfield County are below the "loEtt
projections outlined in the table.
2-6r
TABLE 2.2-21
SELECTED DE}{OCRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS,
WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES AND THE STATE OF UTAH, 1970
Total Population
Raceffiite
Other (Z)
Foreign Born (Z)
Leading Country of Origin
Education
M"dG" School Years Cornpleted,
Persoas 25 years and overPercent with less than 5 ]rearsPercent with 4 years of college
or tllore
4EI'ledian Age
Percent under
Percent 5-17
Percent 18-54
Percent 65+
5 years
Median Family Incone ($)
Percent of farnilies below
low income leveI
Housing - Occupied Units (Number)
Average Persons per unit
Lacking Some or A11 PlunbingFacilities (Z)
With 1.01 or trore persons per
roon (%)
Wayne
County
1,639
1,630
0.5
Mexico
1' r-L4. L
1.2
8.9
27.3
7.4
35.4
49.3
7.9
5,828
10.5
472
3.4
4.9
14.2
Garf ie I d
County
3,157
3,r57
0
United
Kingdom
1' 1
0.3
8.7
26.4
8.2
32.6
49.4
9.8
7,110
72.3
923
3.4
3.3
13.0
Utah
I,059 ,273
,033 ,880
2.4
United
Kingdom
12.5
2.0
14.0
23.0
10.6
29.6
52.5
7.3
9,320
9.2
297 ,934
3.5
1.8
10.0
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, 1971
2-62
TABLE 2.2-22
PCPTILATION PROJEC'IIONSA
I,IAYNE COUNTY AND GARFIELD COUNTY CO}fARED TO THE STATE
l9 75
Percent Change
19 75-2000198019902000
UtahHigh 1,216,800 1,420,600 1,804,000 2,163,900 77.8Low 1,206 ,600 1,302,800 L,484 ,200 1,555, 500 37 .2
Wayne CountyHigh I ,950 2,660 3 ,770 4,530 i31. ILow 1,950 2,060 2,3L0 2,510 28.7
Garfield CountyHigh 3,480 3,940 4,670 5,950 7L.3Low 3,470 3,760 4,460 5,120 47,6
tttigh projecticns assune a gradual decline in mortality, con-<tant
fertility and positive neE nigraticn. I"ow projections assuue a gradual
decline in nortality, constant fertility and no net migration.
Source: Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, 1975
2-63
2.2.3.3 Land Use and Ownership
Both Wayne and Garfield Count-ies contein a high proportion of
federally owned land. This territory is multiple use land administered
through the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service and the
National Park Service. Designated areas in Wayne County include portions
of the Glen Canyon Nationai Recreation Area, Canyonlands National Park,
Capitol Reef National Park, Dixie National Forest and Fishlake NaEional
ForesE. Glen Canyon, Capitol Reef National Park, and Dixie National
Forest also extend into Garfield County.
Land ownership acreages of lJayne and Garfield Counties, summarized
in Table 2.2-23, indicate that federal land enconpasses 84.2 percent
of lJayne County and 89 percent of Garfield County. Ihe siate of Utah
owns the second largest proportion of both counties, while private land
includes only 6.3 percent of l,Iayne County and 4 percent of Garfield
County. There is no Indian land in either county. Urban development and
transportation, occurring primarily in western Wayne County and central
and urestern Garfield County, represent a relatively insignificant land
use in terms of acreage.
Rangeland is the
and Garfield Counties.
land and indicates that
land in l.layne County and
largest category of non-federal land in Wayne
Table 2.2-24 presents land use of non-federal
rangeland encompasses 68 percent of non-federal
62 percent in Garfield County.
Land Use Specific to the Hanksville Buying Station and Route 95
Rangeland is the principal land use in the Hanlcsville area, although
there is some irrigated cropland in the Fremont River Va11ey at
Hanksville, approximately 12 miles west of the project site. Recrea-
tional activity is liurited to seasonal hunting for game aninals and
waterfowl along the Fremont River (Westinghouse Environmental Systems
Department, 1977). NorEheastern Garfield County is similar to the
Hanksville area and is predominantly rangeland.
2-64
TABLE 2.2-23
LAND OWNERI{SIP,
WAYNE AND GAMTELD CoUNTTES, i.967
Wayne County GarfieLd County
Acres
Federa 1
State
Indian
Private
Urban and
Transportation 5 r4L6
Small WaEer 133
Total CountyAcres I ,591 ,040
I ,339 ,975
146,651
-0-
99 ,965
Percent of
Total County
84.2
9.2
-0-
6.3
0.3
100.0
Acres
2 ,953 ,7 29
222,712
-0-
L32,337
9,662
960
3,318,400
Percent of
Total County
89 .0
6.7
-0-
4.0
0.3
100.0
aless than 0.1 percent
Source:Department of Agriculture,19 70
LAND
2-65
TABLE 2.2-24
Wayne County
PercenE of Total
Acres Non-Federal
USE IN INAYNE AND GARFIELD COI]NTIES,
EXCLUDTNG FEDEML I,AND, Lg67a
Garfield Countv
Percent of TotaI
Acres Non-FederaI
Cropland
Irrigated
Non-irrigateci
Pasture
Range
Forest
otherD
Urban and
Railroads
Snal1 Waterc
Total
Non-FederaI
Federal 1
Total CounEy
21 ,815
21 ,815
-0-
-0-
17 r ,645
La,464
42,69I
5,4L6
133
252,165
, 338 ,875
AA
8.6
-0-
-0-
66. 0
1.2
16.9
o1
d
100.0
33,732
31,869
1,863
3, 660
227 ,L39
60,120
30, 3gg
8,662
960
364 ,67 t
2,953 ,729
3,318 ,400
o,
8.7
0.5
I.0
62.3
i6 .5
8.3
2.4
0.3
100.0
than one-eighth
f1ats, uarshes,
and miscellaneous
less than one-
Acreage I ,591 , o4o
"}J.tur areas of more than 40 acres and rivers wider
mile are excluded.
b"othe.t' includes strip mine areas, salt flats, mud
rock outcrops, feed lots, farm roads, ditch banks
agricultureal land.
clncludes water areas of 2 to 40 acres and streams
eighth mile in width.
dL""" than 0.1 percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, I970
utah Route 95 is a winding, two-rane paved highway thaE was com-
pleted in 1976. Sharp curves and steep grades characterize much of the
distance between HanksviLle and Blanding. The highway traverses an
isolaEed, rugged area. There are no cities between Hanksville and
Blanding. Population centers or other signs of human activity are
linited to the Hite crossing of Glen canyon, consisting of camping
facilities, boat ranps and several rnobile homes; Fry canyon, which is a
saal1 truck stoP; and the Natural Bridges National Monument, a tourist
area adjacent to the highway.
2"2.3.4 Transportation Facilities
The highway system linking l{anksville to oEher parts of Utah con-
sists of state Routes g5 and 24, which are two-1ane, paved highways.
Route 24 provides access from Hanksville to central Utahts major esst-
rrest highqay, rnterstate 70. The interstate is approximaEely 50 miles
north of Hanksville. Route 24 also connects Hanksville to more populous
areas in western wayne county. rn Lg75, average daily traffic on Route
24 near Hanksville was 320 vehicles.
Utah Route 95, extending 135 miles from Hanksviile to Blanding,
cuts through isolated Parts of Wayne, Garfield and San Juan Counties.
rmprovement of Route 95 to a paved, all-weather highway lras conpleted in
L976. rn r975, traffic volume counts for Route g5 ranged frore 95
vehicles per day aE Natural Bridges NaEional l,Ionument to 310 vehicles per
day near Blanding. At a point south of Hanksville, Eraffic flow was
approiimately 290 vehicles per day. Although compleEe traffic counts
have not been estimated since 1975, a station near Hanksville reported an
increase in traffic volurne on Route 95 of 33 percent from June lg75 to
June 1977. rncreased use of the highway can be expected due tc its
recent completion.
Table 2.2-25 sumuarizes traffic volume counts for Hanksville area
highways, Route 95 and connecting roads. The figures reveal that a
substantial proportion of total volume that year was due Eo oui of staEe
visitors.
Highway
Utah Route
Utah Route 276
Utah RouEe 263
Utah Route 2.6I
95
TABLE 2.2_25
TRAFFIC VOLI.IME, I975
Segrnent
Blanding to Natural Bridges llational
Monument
Natural Bridges ro Ili.te
Hite to Hanksville
Route 95 to Bullfrog Basin at
Glen Canyon
Route 95 to Halls Crossing at
Glen Canyon
Route 95 to Mexican HaE
Average Daily
Traffic Counts
310
95
95 - 290
220
25- 35
130
Approximate
Percentage of
Out of State
Passenger Traffic
207"
r07"
t07" - 207"
25i(
20"1
507.
NJ
Io\!
a_-Two figures in this column represent a range of values given for different points
on the Traffic Volume Map. One figure indicates that a traffic corrnt was taken at only
one location.
Sotrrce: Traffic Volume Map, by UEatr DeparEment of Transportation, 1976.
2-68
There is no air or rail service to Hanksville. Although Hanksville
has an airpark, the closest airports'rith regular cormnercial service are
Located in Gr:and Juncticn and Ccrtez, Colorado. Richfield, Green River
and l.loab, Utah are the locaEions of the closest rail connections.
Bus service is noE avaitable to the Hanksville area. Continerrtal
Trailways provides service to Green River, Utah approximately 60 uriles
northeast of Hanksville.
2.2.3.5 Economic Base
Wayne and Garfield Counties are primarily rural in nature. Agri-
cultural production, sunmarized in Table 2.2-26, is centered on f.ivesEock
and dry land farming. Agriculture is a major sorrrce of employrr.ent,
especially ia Wayne County, where this sector accounEs for over one-third
of all jobs.
Table 2.2-27 presents estimates of euployment by industry in l{a;yne
anC Gsrfield CounEies. In l.Iayne County, goi,ernnent and agriculture .are
the largest sources of employment and together accounted for over 7O
Percent of total county enployuent in 1976. Employment patterns are rnore
widely dispersed among industrial sectors in Garfield county. Here,
government, uanufaciuring, services, agriculture, trade and mining aLL
contribute substanEially to the total enployment picture.
As indicated in Table 2.2-28, unemployment in 1975 and l9i6 rras
significantly higher in Wayne and Garfield Counties Ehan in the rest of
the state. The table also reveals that, although per capita income in
tr'Iayne County has matched the statewide average s ince 1975 , income in
Garfield County has remained below the rest of the state.
I,Iayne County is part of the Central Utah Planning Districi, where
overall eeonomic growEh was sluggish throughout the year ending in july
1977. NeverEheless, key economic indicators have been optimistic for
wayne county, where 100 jobs were generated during the year ending in
July 1977. The sectors of mining, construction, manufacturing, trade and
2-69
TABLE 2.2.26
CROP PRODUCTION AND LIVESTOCK INVENTORY,
WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES, 1974
Unit of
Measurement ProductionIEem
Wayne County
llh ea t
Oatsa
Barleya
Corn for silage
PotaEoes
Hay and grass silage
Alfalfa hay
Wild hay
Cattle and calves
Sheep and lambs
Hogs
Chickens over 2 mos.
Garfield Couaty
Wtrea t
0atsa,
Barl ey-
Corn for grain or seed
Corn for silage
Po tato es
Hay and grass silage
Alfalfa hay
trti 1d hay
Cattle and calves
Sheep and lambs
llogs
Chickens over 2 oos.
Bushels
Bu shels
Bushels
Acres
I0O-we ight
Tons
Tons
Tons
Number
Number
Number
Number
Bushe 1s
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Acres
100-we igh t
Tons
Tons
Tons
Number
Number
Number
Number
2,232
9,576
98, 335
513
L5,457
L8,946
16 ,7 66
100
1a 1l.o
14,029
338
376
15,904
16,237
19,875
110
282
2,2gg
/.J ,4J+
17 ,337
520
t9 ,286
6,561
235
2, 501
and over.alncludes only those farms with sales of $2,500
Source: U.S. Bureau of Census, L974
TABI,E 2.2_27
EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY IN I^IAYNE COI]NTY
AND GARFIELD COUNTY, lg76-Lg77a
ilayne CountvIndustry
Agricul ture
Mining
ConLract
Cons truc t ion
Manu fac tur ing
Trans pora t ion ,
Commuui.cat ion,uriliries
["Iholesale and
Retail Trade
Finance, Insurance
Real Estate
Se rvi ce s
Goveroment
Total
1976 AverageNumber Percent
April 1977Number Percent
Garfield Corrnty
Number Percent Ntrmber Percent
26
26
190
22
47
6
37
205
562
33.8
3.9
.4.6
4.6
190
20
35. r
3.7
0.7
2.6
0.2
14.6
1.3
3.3
38.4
I 00.0
r70
79
31
25L
12.t
5.6
2.2
t7 .9
170
202
l2
216
13.2.
t5.7
0.9
16. B
4
t4
0.5
8.4
1.1
6.7
36.5
100 .0
79
7
IB
208
541
57
164
l5
281
356
1404
4.1
11.7
l.l
20. 0
to 4
100.0
46
152
9
185
295
1287
3.6
tl.8
0.7
t4.4
22.9
100. 0
N
I\to
a_.-Figures represent preliminary estimates, and
AgriculEur:al employnent estimates from verbal
Secirr ity, Research arrd Analys:i s , Septenrber l 5 ,
include nonagricultural payroll
communicaEion, l.lr. David BIaine,
1977
and agricultural ernployment
Department of Employment
jobs
UEah
2-7 1
TABLE 2.2-28
LABOR FORCE, UNEMPLOY}IENT AND PER CAPITA
INCO}IE I}I WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES
COMPARED TO THE STATE
Utah
Labor Force
Unemployment Rate (7)
Per Capita Income ($)
Wayne County
Labor Force
Unemployment Rate (Z)
Per Capita Income ($)
Garfield County
Labor Force
Unenployment Rate
Per Capita Income
(7.)
($)
197 5
516,877
1n
4,900
875
7.9
4 ,900
1 ,640
14.4
4, 100
t97 6
536 ,0oo
6.1
5 ,400
859
8.0
5 ,400
r,662
12.3
4, 500
Source: Utah Departnent of Employment Security
2-72
services accounted for this gain. Also, Ehe value of residenEial build-
ing permits during the first six months of 1977 was 230 percent above the
value of permits issued during Ehe first half oi 1976 (Utair Department of
EnploynenL Security, 1977) .
Garfield County is one of five counties in the Southwestern Planning
District of Utah. AlEhough economic growth in that region rras stronger
in earLy 1977 than in the previous year, Garfield CounLy at that time was
experiencing a slowdown in activity" Crude oi1 production, an important
source of revenue in the county, has been declining at an accelerating
rate since 1974. Crude oi1 production Eotalled 1.7 million barrels in
1974 and 1.2 million in L976. In January L977 production .iras 15 percent
below that of January 1976. Both building cr>nstruct,ion activity anci
toLal employment in Garfield County in early 1977 were below levels of
the previous year (Utah Departmeat of Employment SecuriEy , 1977).
2.2.3.6 PubLic Services
Hanksville is noE an incorporated community and, thus, Wayne County
is responsible for the piovision of many of the area's public services.
The county supplies education, road maintenance, and law enforcemenE
services Eo the Hanksville area. one pa::t-tine sheriff is assigned to
Hanksville. Although the communitv Coes not have a fire staEion at Ehe
presen!, one is planned and consEruction should be compleLe in early
1978. Wayne County also operates a soLid waste dump near Hank-sville on
U.S. Bureau of Land Manageuent land (Verbal Corrmunication, Ms. Angela
Nelson, wayne count-.r clerk, October 21, 1977). Table 2.2-29 sumnarizes
General Fund expenditures of the county for 1975, 1975 and L977.
There are no health care facilities in Iianksville. The closest
hcspital is in Moab, over 100 miles from Hanksville. Ambulance service
and euergency uredical personnel are available in Hanksville. The closest
medical clinic is in Green River, Utah approxinateLy 60 niles north of
Hanksville (verbal communication, Ms. Angela Nelson, 0ctober ?1, L977)"
2-73
TABLE 2.2-29
I,JAYNE COUNTY GENERAL FUND EXPENDITURES
County Commissioners
Jud ic ia1
Central Staff Agencies
Adrninis tration Agenc ies
Nondepartment.a I
General Government Buildings
Civic Center
El ec t ions
Pianning and Zoning
Elections
Law Enforcement
Fire Department
Civil Defense
Health Departuent
Ambulance
Streets and Highways
Airport
Parks
Librar ie s
Conservation and Economic
Deve lopment
Miscellaneous (non-
c1 ari fiab le )
Total General, Fund
Expenditures
r97 5
Actual
7,579
6,436
12,683
23,543
9,055
t9,576
26,66r
76
252
536
18 ,284
14,2r8
168
7 ,665
774
t32,338
t6,443
8 ,639
2,639
10 , 165
37,305
45t,460
1976
Es t iraat ed
8 ,369
5, 800
1,579
22,838
1, 203
12,488
29 ,I45
':l'o
I,594
17 ,7 50
2,786
t20
7 ,022
20, 578
136 ,600
3,244
3,978
2,639
l0 , 91I
10,911
402,845
!977
Approved Budget
12,847
7 ,720
4,029
36,587
23,687
22,825
180
5,000
5,800
24,I52
5,525
620
7,119
4,200
133,887
4,650
3 ,300
3, 200
15,428
15,428
343,L76
Source: I{ayne County , 1977
2-74
Hanhsville Culinary Water Works, Inc. supplies water frorn a wel.1
to 150 residenEs through 37 connecticns. The system is currently operat-
ing at peak capacity and expansion of the supply is anticipated in the
near future (Written Communication, Mr. Dean Ekker, President, Hanl'.svi1le
Culinary Water Works, Inc., November 1977). There is no centralized
sewage Ereatnent system in Hanksville; residences are equipped with
individual sepEic Eanks (Verbal Communication, Ms. Angela Nelson, 0ctober
2t, t977).
The capacity of Hanksville to absorb growth is limited. Excess
hcusing is nonexistant and developable land with connections Eo the',rater
system is not available (Written Communication, IIr. Dean Ekker, November
1977).
The Gar-Kane Power Company, an REA cooperative, supplies electricity
to the Hanksvill€ ar€eo
The lianksville School had a fa11 L97 r- enrollurent of 50 students
in grades kindergarten through six. The school employs 3 teachers and
has a maximum enrollment capacity of 60. Current plans for school
consEruction call for a new classroom that will be built by September
i978. This will replace a temporary building now in use an<i wiil
not increase Lhe schoolts capaciEy.
Students in grades seven through twelve attend middle school and
high school in Bicknell, 65 rniles from Hanksville. The Bickneli lliddle
School has a fall 1977 enrollment of 105 and a staff of eight. The high
school has i55 students and 13 teachers. Peak capacity of Ehe nriddle
school is 120 students and capacity of Ehe high school is 200. The
schoot district has no plans for expansion of Bicknell schocls (Verbal
Communication, Mr. John Brinkerhoff, I,Iayne county Boerd of Education,
October 20, 1977).
EnrollmenE in sehools throughout Wayne County is expected to remain
stable or increase siightly in th,e foreseeable future. For several
2-7 5
years Prior to 1977, enrollment had been declining. School officials are
not making school enrollment projections at this Eime (VerbaI Communica-
tion, Mr. John Brinkerhoff, October 8, I977).
Hanksville residents have access to the numerous recreationai
opportunities afforded by Capitol Reef National Park, Dixie and Fishlake
National Forest.s, and Glen Canyon National RecreaEion Area. A1I of these
areas are partially located in I,trayne county. In addition, Arches
National Park, canyonlands liational Park, and Manti-La Sa1 National
Forests are locat.ed in southeastern Utah. No recreation services are
provided locaIIy.
2.3 REGIONAI HISTORIC A}ID CULTUML, SCENIC AND NATURAL LANDUARKS
2.3.1 Historic and CuItural Sites
Landmarks of southeastern Utah included in the National Register of
Historic Places are summarized in Table 2.3-1. Closest Eo the proposed
mill site is the Edge of Cedars lndian Ruin, locared in Blanding.
TABLE 2.3-1
HISTORIC SITES IN SOUTHEASTER}I UTAH INCLUDED
IN THE NATIONA], REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
November 1977
LOCATIO}I SITE
San Juan County
B I and ing
Southeast of Mexican Hat
25 miles souiheast of Monticello
30 niles west of Monticello
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
14 miles north of Monticello
Wayne County
Capital Reef National Park on Utah
Rr. 24
Edge of Cedars Indian Ruin
Hovenweep National Monument
Poncho l{ouse
Alkali Ridge
Salt Creek Archaeological
Dis tr ict
Defiance Housea
Indian Creek State Parka
Fruita School House
2-76
TABLE 2.3-1 (Conclude<i)
LOCATION
Wayne County - continued
3 niles southeast of Bicknell
50 miles south of Green River, in
Canyonlands National Park
Green River vicinity
Capital Reef National Park
Capital Reef National Park
Capital Reef }lationaL Park
Garfield County
45 lliles south of Hanksville
SITE
Nielson, Hans Peter, Gristmill
llarvest Scene Pictograph
Horseshoe (Barrier) Canyon
Pictograph Panel
Gifford Barna
Lioe Kilna
0y1er Tunnela
Starr Ranch
ional Park Service. National
1975 anC the FeCeral Register
subsequenE issues Ehrough
aPending
His toric
Sources:
nominations to the National Register of
P1 aces
U.S. Dept. of Inierior, Nat
P.egister of Historic Places,
Tues . , Feb. 10, 197 6, and
November 29, 1977
2.3.2 Scenic Areas
Southeastern ULah is known for its
particular the abundance of massive sEone
format.ions. The general area features a
wide vistas, badlands, and steep canyons.
unusual scenic quaiities, in
arches and oEher standing rocl:
uniquely rugged Eerrain with
Canyonlands National Park is an area of unusual geologic formaEions
and the GIen Canyon National Recreation Area offers opportunities for
Iirater sports on Lake Powe11, a manmade lake on t.he Coiorado River.
Capitol Reef Na'uional Park contains numerous colorful stone formations.
At Natural Bridges Nat.ional Monument, millions of t,ons of rcck span deep
2-7 7
canyons, forming Ehe largesE natural bridges in the wor1d. These and
other naEural and scenic landmarks draw visitors to southeastern Utah
every year. In addition, the area contains an abundance of Indian ruins
and petroglyphs. Newspaper Rcck State Park, Edge of Cedars State Park,
and Hovenweep National Monument are noted areas of archaeolosical inter-
es t.
2.3.3 Archaeological Sites
An intensive archaeologicai survey of the project siEe was condueted
in the fal1 of L977 under the direction of I1r. Richard A. Thompson
of Southern Utah State College (Appendix A). The surve]' was con-
<iucted on Whiie Mesa, including Sections 21,28,32 and 33 of T37S,
R228. The total area encompasses 1260 acres, of which 180 are admin-
isEered by the Il.S. Bureau of Land Managenent. The remaining acreage is
privately owned.
During the survey, 57 sites were
to have an affiliation with the San
trates Ehe location of the siCes and
found within the project boundaries.
recorded and all were determined
Juan Anesazi. PIate 2"3-1 illus-
indicates that all but four were
Table 2.3-2 summarizes the recorded sites according to their
probable temporal positions. The dates of occupation are the best
estimates available, based on professional experience and expertise in
the interpretation of archaeological evidence. However, it' should be
noted that the archaeological investigation was hindered by a lack of
reliable evidence concerning the length of time the sites were occupied.
Available evidence suggests that settlement on White Mesa reached a
peak in perhaps 800 A.D. Occupation remained at approximately that leveI
until some Eime near Ehe end of Pueblo II or in the Pueblo IllPueblo III
transition period. After this the population density declined sharply
and it may be assumed that White Mesa was, for the most part, abandoned
by about 1250 A.D.
__-J
lI
I- .(trt IAl
]_j
| { .,',.n
i-o:,r,'-! -- -
1o,,,., i .::"
L - ---I
I
I
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I
I
a
I
Il_
I
I
tllc?
.rll rll
r I r ll21.n
.Lr. '.YoFCl !rllI .tvl;li I
rtt
--r- --r- - --
! ..,o,-
I
I
I
It--
I
I
I
I 'arJr Ii-lrrl!
rlt
,.,rrL l t'cYro-llr
J---
I
I
I
. Lrco Ol
', e lot. c
I
It--'-
I
It.
I
I
I
____1 ____
II r.rrs. tr
. cvrr b
O.LYos I
I
l.r,rrr e
I o'c;a;
I
e----------l
White Mesa Project, San Juan Co. ,UtahSecs. 21,28,32, and 33, T375, RZZE SLil,I
. BMIII - PI
oPI
OPI-PII
t PIi
A PII - PIII
tr PiII
A PII+
n PI, PII, PIII
--- Project Boundaries
Area Affected by
Construction
tllclTl0lls 0t
ARGHIE(II(IGIGAt SITES
D rES I mototrc
-- ---
PL-ATE 2.3- I
2-79
TABLE 2.3_2
DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDED SITES ACCORDING TO TEMPORAL POSITION
Approxiqa Ee
Da tes o
(t.n. )
Number of
S ites
Identification Numberof Each Site
6384, 6386, 6400, 6403,
6440, 6442
6382, 6383, 6394, 640t,
6404, 6420, 642L, 6424,
6426, 5435, 6443
6385, 6388, 6405, 6t406,
6438, 6444
6387, 6393, 6399, 64t9,
6422, 6428, 6429, 643L,
6432, 6436, ('438, 544i
5380, 638r, 6a27 ffi"".";;
6402, 6407, 6433, 5434,
6437
6390, 6391, 6392, 6397,
5445
6395, 6396, 6408
6379 , 6389, 6398, 5423,
6425
Temporal Position
Basket Maker III/
Pueblo I
Pueblo I
Pueblo I/Pueblo II
Pueblo II
Pueblo Ii/Pueblo III
Pueblo III
Pueblo II +b
llu1t ic omponentc
Un ident i fiedd
575-850
750-85 0
850-950
950-1 100
1100-t 150
I t 50-l 250
5
tl
I2
4
5
3
5
alncludes transitional periods.
L"Although collecti.ons at these locations were lacking in diagnostic
material, available evidence indicates Ehat the site would have been
used or occupied no earlier than 900 A.D., and possibly some tine after.
ccera*ic collections from each of these sites ind.icate an occupation
extending fron Pueblo I through Pueblo II and into Pueblo III.
a-Four of these sites produced shr:rds which could not be identified.
The fifth site lacked ceramic evidence but co:rEained an ovoid outline
of verticai sLabs. This evidence was not sirc.rlg errough to justify
--.. ;J^-F.:f,.i^^*.'ariji iaenL j.:r-caLj-3n.
2-80
The survey crews recorded evidence of structures at 3l of the
57 sites. At I2 sites, depressions vTere reported with diameters ranging
from 5 to 15 meters. Twenty-seven sites contain evidence of other,
presumably surface, structural forms and at 8 siEes depressions are
combined with surface sEructures, The <iepressions are apparently pit
houses or kivas and thus indicate permanent use or residence.
The dimensions of mosi of the apparent surface structures built of
stone suggest that they were used primarily for storage. The only
exception to this, in terms of direct observation, is at site 6441 where
a Pueblo II room block measuring L2 by 3 meters is recorded. I{ith the
possible exception of two sites, the existence of structures cannot be
precluded in the 26 locations where surface indications are 1acking as
the cultural data conEained within a site are not often manifest on the
surface. Also, there is a low degree of correlation between the extent
of cultural debris on the surface of an archaeological site and the
presence or absence of structures below the surface.
rt would appear like1y that many of rhe smaller sites, both with
and \^rithout surface indications of structures, may well be what Haury
(Wittey, 1956) has cal1ed the "farm house." Ihat author believes that
the isolated one or two room structure is a concommitant aspect of nucle-
ation. It is also suggested that these structures are not likely to be
found dating from any point earlier ihan 1000 A.D., and that most come
somewhat later in time, prinarily in pueblo rrr and, in some areas, in
Pueblo IV.
It may well be, therefore, that White Mesa sites reflect pueblo
III nucleation trends. Determination of this issue would require
additional field investigarion.
2.3.4 Natural Landmarks
The Henry I'IounEains, located in Garf ield County 43 miles south-
southeast of Hanksville, are included in the National Registry of Natural
2-81
Landmarks. No other siLes are included in the Registry from ltlayne, San
Juan or Garfield Counties.
2.4 GEOLOGY
The proposed projecE site is near the rdestern margin of the Blanding
Basin in southeasEern Utah and within the Mont.icello uranium-mining
district. Thousands of feet of multi-colored marine and non-marine
sedimentary rocks have been uplifted and warped, and subsequent erosion
has carved a spectacular landscape for which the region is famous.
Another uniqrre feature of the region is Ehe wide-spread presence of
unusually large accrrmulations of uraniuu-bearing minerais.
2.4.1 Regional Geology
2.4.L.L Physiography
The project site is',sithin the Canyon Lands section of the Colorado
Plateau physiographic province, To the north, this section is distinctly
bounded by the Book Cliffs and Grand Mesa of the Uinta Basin; western
margins are defined by the tecEonically conu.rolled High Plateaus section,
and the scuthern boundary is arbitrarilly de.fined alcng lhe San Juan
River. The eastern boundary is iess distinct where the eleverEed surface
of the Canyon Lands section merges with the Southern Rocky Mountain
province.
Canyon Lands has undergone epeirogenic uplift and subsequent majcr
erosion has produced the region's charact,eristic angul,ar topography
reilected by high plateaus, mesas, buttes, structurai. benches, anci deep
canyons incised into relatively flat-lying sedimentary rocks of pre-
Tertiary age. Elevations range from approximately 3000 feet (914 meters)
in the botloms of ihe deeper canyons along ttre souihwestern margins
of the secEion to more fhan 11,000 ft (3353 rn) in the topographicalli'
anomalous laccolittric Henry, Abajo and La Sal Mountains to the northeast.
With Ehe exception of the deeper canyons and isolated mountain peaks, an
average elevation in excess of 5000 ft (1524 m) persists over mosE of the
Canyon Lands secEion.
2-82
On a rnore localized regional basis, the project site is located
near the western edge of the Blanding Basin, so:letimes referred to as the
Great Sage Plain (Eardly,1958), lying east of the north-south trending
Monument Uplift, south of the Abajo Mountains and adjacent to the north-
westerly-trending Paradox Fold and Fault Belt (plate 2.4-1). Topo-
graphically, the Abajo Mountains are the most prominent feature in the
region, rising rnore than 4000 ft (1219 rn) above the broad, gently
rolling surface of the Great Sage Plain.
The Great Sage Plain is a sEructural slope, capped by the resistant
Burro Canyon Forrnation and the Dakota Sandstone, almost horizontal in an
east-!rest direction but decends to the south with a regional slope of
about 2000 ft (610 m) over a disEance of nearly 50 mi (80 km). Though
not as deeply or intricately dissected as other parts of the Canyon
Lands, the plain is cut by nunerous narrow and vertical-waIled south-
trending valleys 100 to Eore than 500 ft (30 to 152+ n) deep. Waters
from the intermittent strealns that drain Ehe plain flow southward
to the San Juan River, eventually joining Ehe CoLorado River and exiting
the Canyon Lands section through the Grand Canyon.
2.4.1.2 Rock Units
The sedimentary rocks exposed in southeastern Utah have an aggregate
thickness of about 5000 to 7000 ft (1829 to 2134 m) and range in age
from Pennsylvanian to Late Cretaceous. 01der unexposed rocks are known
mainly from oil well drilling in the Blanding Basin and Monument Uplift.
Ihese wells have encountered correlative Cambrian to Permian rock units
of rnarkedly differing thicknesses but averaging over 5000 ft (1524 rn)
in total thickness (I{itkind, 1964). Most of the wells drilled in the
region have bottoued in the Pennsylvanian Paradox Menber of the Hermosa
Formation. A generalized stratigraphic section of rock units ranging in
age fron Cambrian through Jurassic and Triassic(?), as determined
from oil-weIl Logs, is shown in Table 2.4-1. Descriptions of the younger
rocks, Jurassic through CreEaceous, are based on field mapping by various
investigators and are shown in Table 2,4-2.
la? ShoandL7.1956 i Kr
EXPLANATION 250255075
TCALE III IILET
EOUI{DARY OF TECTOXIC DIV.
ltl
MOt{OCLll{8, SHOU|t{G TRACEoF AX|S Ar{O DtRECTtot{ OF
DIP
TTGT|ITIG ITDTI TIP
ailT ICLlt{Er SHOWIi{G TiACEoF AXr3 AtD DtRECTtOil OF
PL UXOE
tYxcLttE, sHoull{c TRAGE
oF AX|S AXD OtRECT|OI{ OF
PLU'IOE NII..ICOII
PIITE 2.I. I
2-e4
TABLE 2.4-I
GTIIERNTIZTD SIRATIGRf,PIIIC St$TIOH OT SIJBSUNFf,{}[
n(lc[s BASED 0ll 0lI-HELL t0GS
(After Stokes, 1954; tlitkind, 1964; Huff and Lesure, 1965; Johnson and Thordarson, 1966)
Ase
Stratigraphic Thickness*Descripti.onUni.t ( ft)
Glen Canyon GrouP:
jurassic and Na?ajo SandsEone 3OO-4OO Buff to light gray, massj.ve, cross-
Triassic(?) bedded, friable sandstone
Triassic(?) Kayenta Formation IO0-150 Reddish-brohrn sandstone and mudstone
and cccasional conglonerate lenses
Triassic Hingate Sandsione 250-350 Reddish-bro-,tn, massive, cross-bedded,
f ine-grained sandstone
Chinle qorrlation:
undivided 600-700 varj.egatec cL3ystone with some thin
beds of siltstone and limestone
Moss Back Member 0-100 Lr{Jht colored, conglomeratic sand-stoie and couglomerite
shinarump llember 0-20 Yellot ish-gray, fine to coarse-
graj.ned sandstone; conglomeratic
sandstcne and congLorerace
----- 'Jnconforlnity
Middle(?) and l,toenkopi Formation 50-100 Reddish-brown mudstone and fine-
Lower Trj,assi.: grained sandstone
oHoN
U1
G]
I
!
i
U
s
d
t -- Unconformity ---------A
Pennian Cutler Formation:
crgan Rock Member 0-500 Reddish-brown, sandy mudstone
cedar Mesa 1100-1400 Reddish-brown, raassi-ve, fine to
Sandstone Membe! medium-graiaed sandstone
Pennsylvanian Rico Formation 450 Red and gray ealcareous, sandy shale,
and Permian(?) gray limestone and sandstone
Pennsylvanian HermosaFornation:
Upper t{e:nber 1000-1200 Gray, tnassive linestone; some shale
and sandstone
?aradox i,lember L200 Halite, anhydrite, gypsum, sha1e,
and siLtstone
Lovrer !,ternber 200 i.ifiestone, siltstone, and shale
Uneonformity
Mississippian LeadviiLe i,imestone 500 white tc tan sucrose to c=ysta.Lline
limestone
Devorlian ouray Limestone 100 Light gray and tan, thin-beddedlimestone and dolomite
Eibert Folr.atj.on 200 Gray and brown dolomite and limestonewi',h *-hin beds green shale and sand-
stone
Unconformity
Car.brian ophir Formation and 600 cray and brown lirnestone and dolomi*-e,Tintic Quartzi..e feldspathic sandstone and arkose
t To convert reet to meters, multiply by 0.3043. Average thickness given if range is not
sh )wn .
I?
BAmr3I *lG)|onm
2-85
TABLE 2.4-?
Gt}IERATIZED STRITIORIPRIC $ECTI(}H (}r TIP(}SEDt0cl(s ilt THt PR0IEcT utcllilTY
(After Hoynes et ol., 1962i Withind, 1964i Huf, ond Lssors, 1965)
ERA SYSTEM SERIES
(Age)
STRATIGL{PU1C
UNIT THICIWESST(ft)LITHOLOGY
o
N
2Eo
QUATERNARY
Holocene
toPleistocene
Alluviun 2^25+Sllt, sand and gravel ln arroyos and streanTaIl.eys.
Colluvlun an<i Talus 0-15+
Slope vash, talus and rock rubble ranglngfrou cobbles and bouLders to msslve blocksfalleD froD cltffs and outcrops of reaistantrock.
Loess o-22+
Reddlsh-brown to light-brom, unconsolida-ted, uell-sorted slIt to nediuE-graiDedsand; partlally cenented with caliche ln
aoDe area; reworked partly by uater.
o
N
E
CRETACEOUS
Upper
CretaceouE
llancoE Shaie 0-u (?)Gra:r to dalk-gray, fiseile, thln-beddedmarine shale wlth fossiliferous sandy lloe-
at.one in lover strata.
Dakota Sandstone
UnconforEl.ty -
Burro Canyon Forutlon
30-75
Light yelloutsh-brom to light gray-brom,thick belded to cross-bedded sandstone,conglo[eratic sandstone; interbedded thlnLentleular gray carbor^aceous claystoneand lnpure coal; loeal course basel con-glomeraLe.
Louer
Cretaceous 50 - 150
t,ight-gray and llght-brom, usslve andcross-bedded eonglomeratlc aandatone andlnterhedded green end gray-green nudstone;1ocal1y contalns thin discontinuous bedsof sillclfled sandatone and llrestonenear toP.
JUEASSIC
Upper
Jurassi.c
l;;;:-200-450
Variegated gray, pale-green, reddish-brom,and purpJ-e bentonttlc Dudstone end silt-atone containlng thln discontlnuous sand-sfone and congloDerate lensea.
o
6E
o
o6
Io
Westwater Cenyon
llember 0- 250
Interbedded yellowlBh- and greenish-grayto ?lnklsh-gray, flne- to course-grainedarkoslc sandatone and greenlsh-gray toreddlsh-brom sandy shale and Eudstone.
Recapture l.lenber 0-200
Interbedded reddlsh-gray to llgbt bromflne- to uedlm-grained sandstone andreddlsh-gray silty and sandy claysrone.
SaIt llash MeDber 0-350
lnterbedded yellovish-brom to pale
reddlsh-brovn flne-grained to conglorerltic sandatones and greenish- andreddlsh-gray Dudstone.
otsg
oE
6c
a6
Bluff Sandstone 0- I 50+
Lthlte to grayish-brom, Msslve, croas-
bedded, flne- to Dedr.urgralned eoliaBsendstone,
S@ervllleFomtlon 25-125 Thin-bedded, rlpp1e-narked reddlsh-bromuuddy sandstone and sandy shaIe.
Entreda
Sandstone r50-180
Reddlsh-brom to graylsh-whlte, Esglve,cross-bedded, flne- to Dediu-gralnedsandstone.
CarDel ForMtion 20-l0o+
Irregulary bedded reddlsh-brom muddysandstone and sandy trudstone wlth locelthin beds of brom to gray llnestone andreddish- to greenlsh-gray sha1e.
Mldd1e
Jurasalc
*To convert feet to reters, mltlply feet by O.3O4g.DAIIIS 8 ilO(DTlI
2-86
Paleozoic rocks of Canbrian, Devonian and Mississippian eges are
not exposed in the southeastern Utah region. Most of the geclogic
knowledge regarding these rocks rras tearned from the deeper oii we11s
drilleC in the region, and from exposures in the Grand Canyon to the
southwest and in the Uinta and Wasatch Mountains to the north. A few
patches of Devonian rocks are exposed in the San Juan Mountains in
southwesEern Colorado. These Paleozoic rocks are the result of periodic
transgressions and regressions of epicontinental seas and their litholo-
gics reflect a variety of depositional environmenLs.
In general, the coarse-grained feldspathic rocks overlying the
Precambrian basement rocks grade upward into shales, limestones and
dolomites that dominate the upper part of Ehe Cambrian. Devonian and
Mississippian dolomit.es, limestones and interbe<i<ied shales unconformably
overlie Lhe Cambrian sErata. The compleEe absence of OrCovician and
Silurian rocks in Ehe Grand Canyon, Uinta lvlountains , souEhwest Utah
region and adjacent portions of Colorado, New l{exico and Arizona in<li-
cates that the region was probably epeirogenically positive during these
times.
The oldest stratigraphic unit that crops out in the region is the
Hermosa Formation of Middle arrd Late Pennsylvanian age. 0n1y the upper-
most strata of this fornation are exposed, the best exposure being irr Ehe
canyon of the San Juan River at the ttGooseneckstt where the river tra-
verses the cresE of the Monunent Uplift. 0ther exposures are in the
breached centers of the Lisbon Valle-v, Moab and CasLle Valley anticlines.
The Paradox .r{ember of the Hermosa Formation is sandwiched between s
relatively Lhin lower unnamed member corrsisting of dark-gray shale
siltstone, dolomite, anhydrite, and limestone, and an upper unnamed
meuber of siniLar lithology but having a much greater thickness. com-
pcsition of the Paradox Member is dominantly a thick seqlience of inter-
bedded salE (halite), anhydrite, gypsuxc, anC black shale. Surface
exposures of the Paradox in Ehe Moab and Castie Valley anticlines are
limited to conEorted residues of gypsum and black shale.
2-87
Conformably overlying the Hermosa is the Pe::nsylvanian and permian
(?) Rico Formation, composed of interbedded reddish-brown arkosic sand-
stone and gray marine limestone. The Rico represents a transition zone
between the predominantly marine Hermosa and the overlying continental
Cutler Formation of Permian age.
Two members of the Cutler probably underlying the region south of
Blanding are, in ascending order, the cedar l,lesa Sandstone and the
Organ Rock Tongue. Ihe Cedar Mesa is a r^'hite to pale reddish-brown,
massive, cross-bedded, fine- to medium-grained eolian sandstone. An
irregular fluvial seguence of reddish-brown fine-grained sandstones,
shaly siltstones and sandy shales comprise the organ Rock rongue.
The Moenkopi Fornation, of Middle(?) and Lower Triassic age,
unconformably overlies the cutler strata. rE is cornposed of thin,
evenly-bedded, reddish- to chocolate-brown, ripple-narked, cross-
laminated siltstone and saady shales with irreg'r1a:'beds of massive
medium-grained sandstone.
A thick sequence of complex continental sediments known as ttre
Chinle Forrnation uncoaformably overlies the lloenkopi. For the purpose of
making f.ithology correlations in oi1 we11s this forrnation is <iivided into
three units: the basal Shinarump Member, the lloss Back Member and an
uPPer urrdivided thick sequence of variegated reddish-brown, reddish- to
greenish-gray, yellowish-brown to light-brown bentonitic claysEones,
mudstones, sandy siltstones, fine-grained sandstones, and limestones.
The basal shinarump is dominantly a yellowi,sh-grey, fine- to coarse-
grained sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate character-
istically filling ancient stream channel scours eroded into the Moenkopi
surface. Numerous uranium deposits have been located in this member in
the ltrhite Canyon mining district to the west of Comb Ridge. The Moss Back
is typically composed of yellowish- to greenish-gray, fine- to medium-
grained sandstone, conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate. It conrmonly
cornprises the basal uniE of the ChinIe where the Shinarump was not
2-88
deposited, and in a like manner, fil1s ancient streau channels scoured
into the underlying unit.
rn the Blanding Basin the Glen canyon Group consists of three
formations which are, in ascending order, the wingate sandstone, the
Kayenta and the Navajo sandstone. A11 are conformable and their contacts
are gradational. Commonly cropping out in sheer cliffs, the Late Trias-
sic wingate sands'tone is typically composed of buff to reddish-brown,
massive, cross-bedded, well-sorted, fine-grained quartzose sandstone ofeolian origin. Late Triassic(?) Kayenta is fluvial in origin and
consists of reddish-brown, irregularly to cross-bedded sandstone, shaly
sandstone and, localIy, thin beds of limestone and conglomera6e. Light
yellowish-brown to Light-gray and white, massive, cross-bedded, friable,
fine- Eo medium-grained quartzose sandstone typifies the predominantly
eolian Jurassic and Triassic(?) Navajo Sandstone.
Four formations of the Middle Eo Late Jurassic San RafaeI Gr'up
unconformably overly the Navajo sandsEone. These strata are composed of
alternating marine and non-marine sandstones, shales and mudstones. rn
ascending order, the forrnations are the Carmel Formation, Entrada Sand-
stone, Summerville Formation, and Bluff Sandstone. rhe Carmrrl usuarIl,
crops ouL as a bench between the Navajo and Entrada sandstones. rypi_
cally reddish-brown muddy sandsEone and sandy mudstone, the carrnel-
locally contains Ehin beds of brown to gray limestone and reddish- togreenish-gray shale. predominantly eolian in origin, the Entrada is a
massive cross-bedded fine- to raedium-grained sandstone ranging in color
from reddish-brown to grayish-white that crops out in cliffs or hummocky
slopes. The sumrnerville is compose,J of regular thin-bedded, ripple-
marked, reddish-brown muddy sandsEone and sandy shale of marine origin
and for,ms steeP to gentle slopes above the Entrad,a. Cl-iff-fcrrning BJ.uff
sandstone is present only in the southern part of the Monticello disErict
thinning northward and pinching out near Blanding. rt is a whife tograyish-brown, massive, cross-bedded eolian sarrdstone.
2-89
In the southeastern Utah region the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation
has been divided in ascending order into the Salt llash, Recapture, West-
water canyon, and Brushy Basin Members. In general, these strata are
dominantly fluvial in origin but do contain lacustrirre sediments. BoEh
the Salt Wash and Recapture consist of alternating mudstone and sand-
stone; the Westwater Canyon is chiefly sandstone with some sandy mudstone
and claystone lenses, and the hetero$eneous Brushy Basin consists of
variegated bentonitic mudsEone and siltstone containing scattered thin
limesione, sandstcne and conglooerete lenses. As strata of the Morrison
Formation are the oldest rocks exposed in the project area vicinity and
are one of the two principal uraniurn-bearing format.ions in southeast
Ut.ah, the Morrison, as well as younger rocks, is described in more detail
in Section 2.4.2.2.
The Early Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation resEs unconformably(?)
on Ehe underlying Brushy Basin l"tember of the Morrison Formation. Most of
the Burro Canyon consists of light-co1oreC, massive, cross-bedded fluvial
conglomerate, conglomeratic sandstone and sandstone. Most of the con-
glomerates are near the base. Thin, even-bedded, light-green mudstones
are included in the formation and light-gray thin-bedded limestones are
sometimes 1oca11y interbedded with the mudstones near the top of the
formation.
Overlying the Burro canyon is the Dakota sandstone of upper
cretaceous age. Typical Dakota is dominantly yellowish-brom to light-
8raY, thick-bedded, quartzitic sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone with
subordinate thin lenticular beds of mudstoner gray carbonaceous shale
and, 1oca1Iy, thin seams of impure coal. The conEact with the underiying
Burro Canyon is urrconformable whereas the contact with the overlying
Maneos Shale is gradational from the light-colored sandstones to dark-
gray to black shaly siltstone and sha1e.
Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale is exposed in the region surrounding
the project vicinity but not within it. Where exposed and weathered, the
2-90
shale is light-gray or yellowish-gray, but is dark- to olive-gray'*here
fresh. Bedding is thin and well developed; much of it is laminated.
Quaternary alluvium within the project vicinity is of chree Eypes:
alluvial silt, sand and gravels deposited in the sEream channels; col-
luviuon deposits of slope wash, talus, rock rubble and large displaced
blocks on stopes below cliff faces and outcrops of resistant rock; and
alluvial and windblown deposits of silt and sand, partially reworked by
water, on benches and broad upland surfaces.
2.4.1.3 Structure and TecEonics
' According io Shoemaker (1954 and I956), structural features within
the Canyon Lands of southeastern Utah may be classified into Ehree main
categories on the basis of origin or mechanism of the stress that created
the structure. These three categories are: (1) structures related to
large-scaIe regional uplifting or downwarping (epeirogenic deformation)
directly related to movements in the basement complex (Itonument Upliit
and the Blanding Basin); (2) structures resulting from the plastic
deformation of thick sequences of evaporite deposits, salt plugs and
salt anEiclines, where the structural expression ac t,he surface is not
reflected in the basement complex (Paradox Fold and Fault nelt); and (3)
structures that are formed in direct response to sEresses induced by
magmatic intrusion including local laccolithic domes, dikes anci stocks
(RUajo MounEains ).
Each of the basins and uplifts within the project area region
is an asyaretric fold usually separated by a steeply-Cipping,in,rorrc
monocline. Dips of the sedimenEary beds in the basins and uplifts rarely
exceed a f ew degrees except along the r.ronocline ( Shoemaker, i956)
where, in sooe instances, the beds are nearly vertical. Along the Cornb
Ridge monocline, Ehe boundary between the l"Ionument Uplift and the Bland-
ir,g Basin, approxinately B ni (12.9 km) wesi of the project area, dips
in the Upper Triassic i,IingaEe sandstone and in the Chinle Formation are
more Ehan 40 degrees to Ehe easE.
2-91
Structures in the crystalline basement eomplex in the central
Colorado Plateau are relativeLy unknown but where monoclines can be
followed in Precambrian rocks they pass into steeply dipping faults. rt
is probable that the large monoclines in the Canyon Lands section
are related to flexure of the layered sedimenLary rocks under tangential
compression over nearly vertical normal or high-angle reverse faults in
the nore rigid Precambrian basement rocks (re1ley, 1955; shoemaker, 1956;
Johnson and Thordarson, 1966).
The Monument Uplift is a north-trending, elongated , upwarped
mi (S0 km)
1"y, 1955).
Conb Ridge
structure approxiurately 90 mi (145 km) long and nearly 35
wide. Strucrural relief is abour 3000 fr (914 m) (fet
Its broad crest is siightly convex to the easE where the
monocline defines the eastern boundary. The uniform and gently descend-
ing western flank of the uplift crosses the White Canyon slope and merges
into the Henry Basin (plate 2.4-l).
EasL oi the Monument Uplift, the relatively equidimensional Bianding
Basin merges almost imperceptibly with the Paradox Fold aad Fa'.rlt Belt to
the norch, the Four Corners Platform to the southeas! and the Defiance
Uplift to the south. The basin is a shallow feature with approximately
700 ft (213 m) of structural relief as estimated on top of the Upper
Triassic chinle Formation by KeJ.ley (1955), and is roughly 40 to 50 mi
(64 to 80 km) across. Gentle folds within the basin trend westerly to
northwesterly in contrast to the distinct northerly orieatation of the
Monument Up!.ift.
Situated to the north of the Monument ltplift arrd Blanding Basin is
the raost unique struc.tural feature of the Canyon Lands section, the
Paradox Fold and Fault Be1t. Ttris tectonic unit is dorninated by norrh-
r'test trending anticlinal folds and associaEed normal faults covering an
area aboui I50 mi (24l kE) long and 65 mi (104 km) wide. Ihese anri-
clina1 structures are associated with salt flowage from the Pennsyl-
vanian Parado>: i'fenber of Ehe Henncsa Formation and scme show piercement
of Ehe cverLying younger sedimentary beCs by plug-1ike salt intrusions
2-92
(Johnson and Thordarson, 1965). Prominent valleys have been eroded along
the crests of the anticlines where salt piercemenEs have occurred or
collapses of the central parts have resulted in intricate systems of
step-faults and grabens along the anticlinal crests and flanks.
The Abajo Mountains are located approximately 20 oi (32 km) north
of the project area on the rnore-or-less arbitrary border of the Blanding
Basin and the Paradox Fold and Fault Belt (Plate 2.4-l). These mountains
are laccolithic domes that have been intruded into and through the
sedimentary rocks by several stocks (witkind , 1954). At least 31 lacco-
liths have been identified. The youngest sedimentary rocks that have
been intruded are those of llancos Shale of Late CreEaceous age. Based on
this and other vague and inconclusive evidence, Witkind (1964) has
assigned the age of these intrusions Eo the L,ate Cretaceous or early
Eocene.
Nearly all known fautts in the region of the project area are
high-ang1e normal faults wich displacenents on the order of 300 ft
(gt m) or less (Johnson and Thordarson, 1965). The largest known
faults within a 40-rni (64-km) radi.us around Blanding are associated
with the Shay graben on Ehe north side of the Abajo Mountains and the
Verdure graben on the south side. Respectively, these faults trend
northeasterly and easEerly and can be traced for approximate distances
ranging f rom ?7 to 34 mi (-?4 Lo 55 km) according to Witkind ( 196/+) .
Maxioum displacements reported by I'Iitkind on any of the faults is 320
fE (98 m). Because of the extensions of Shay and Verdure fault systems
beyond the Abajo Mountains and cther geologic evidence, the age of these
faults is Late Cretaceous or post-CreEaceous and antedate the laccolithic
intrusions (witkind, 1964) .
A prominenE group of farrlts is associated wiEh the salt anticlines
in the Paradox Fold and Faule Be1t. These faults trend norEhwesterly
para11e1 tc the anticlines and are relaEed to the salt empLacer:rent.
Quite likeIy, these faults are relief features due to saIE inirusion or
salt renovaL by solution (fnompson, 1967). Trro faults in this region,
2-93
the Lisbon Valley fault associaEed with the Lisbon Valley salt anticline
and the I'loab fault at the southeast end of the Moab anticline have
rnaximun vertical displacements of aE least 5000 ft (L524 m) and 20OO
ft (609 m), respectively, and are probably associated with breaks in
the Precambrian basement cryscalline complex. It is possible that zones
of weakness in the basement rocks represented by faults of this rnagnituCe
may be responsible for the beginning of salt flowage in the salt anti-
clines, and subsequent solution and removal of the salt by ground rdater
caused col1-apse within the sal.t anticlines resulting in the formation of
grabens and local compLex block faults (Johnson and Thordarson, 1966).
The longest faults in the Colorado Plateau are located some 155 to
210 mi (249 to 338 km) west of the project area along the western
margin of the High Plateau section. These faults have a north to
northeast echelon trend, are nearly vertical and downthrown on the west
in most places. l{ajor faults included in this group are the Hurri-
can, Toroweap-Serrier, Paunsaugunt, and Paradise faults. The longest
fault, ',he Toroweap-Sevierr can be traced for about Z4O mi (386 kn)
and may have as much as 3000 fr (914 m) of displacemear (Xelley, 1955).
From the later part of the Precambrian until rhe middle Paleozoic
the Colcrado Plateau sras a relatively stable tect.cnic unit undergoing
gentle epeirogenic uplifting and downwarping during vhich seas transgres-
sed and regressed, depositing and then pertially removing layers of
sedimentary materials. Tllis period of stabiliEy aras interrupted by
northeast-southwest tangentiaL compression thst began sometime during
late Mississippian or early Pennsylvanian and continued intenuittently
into the Triassic. Buckling aLong the northeast margins of the shelf
produced northwest-trending uplifts, the most prominent of which are Ehe
Uncompahgre and San Juan Uplifts, sometimes referred Eo as the Ancestral
Rocky Mountains. Clearlv, these positive features are the earliest
marked tectonic controls that may have guided many of the later Laranide
structures (t<e1ley, 1955).
2-94
Subsidence of t.he area southrvesE, of Ehe Uncompahgre Uplift through-
out Eost of the Pennsylvaniaa led to the filling of Ehe newly formed
basin with an extremely thick sequence of eveporites and associated
interbeds which comprise the Paradox Member of the Hermosa FormaEion
(fe1ley, 1958). Following Paradox deposition, continental and marine
sedimenEs buried the evaporite sequence as epeirogenic aovements shifted
shallow seas across Ehe region during the Jurassic, Triassic and uruch of
the Cretaceous. The area underlain by the Peradox Henber in eastern Utah
and western Colorado is commonly referred to as the Paradox Basin (Plate
2.4-L). Renewed coupression during the Permian initiated the salt
anticlines and piercements, and salt flowage continued through the
Triassic.
The Larauide orogenyr lasting from Late Cretaceous Ehrough Eocene
Eime, consisted of deep-seaEed compressional and loca1 vertical. stres-
s€so The orogeny is responsible for a north-south to northwest trend in
the Eectonic fabric of the region and created most of Ehe principal
basins and uplifts in the eastern-half of the Colorado Plateau (Crose,
19721' Keiley, 1955).
Post-Laramide epeirogenic deformation has occurred throughout the
Tertiary; Eocene strata are flexed sharply in the Grand llogback mono-
cline, fine-grained Pliocene deposits are tilted on the flanks of the
Defiance UpIift, and Pleistocene deposits in Fisher Valley conEain three
angular unconfonoaties (Shoemaker, 1955).
2.4.L.4 Uranium Deposits
Most of the productive uranium deposits in southeast Utah are in
the Cutler, Chinle and Morrison Formations. Minor uranium mineralization
is found in the He;mosa, Rico, Moenkopi, Wingate, and Kayenta FormaEions.
Vanadium is a byproduci of mcst uranium deposits in the Morrison and of
some in the Chinle. Deposits in the Morrison and Chinle are the most
important, in the MonEicello mining district.
2-95
Two distinct types of uranium deposits exist in the region: (l)
labular, or peneconcordant, deposits ueariy parallel to the bedding of
fine- to coarse-grained to conglomeritic sandstone lenses, and (Z)
fracEure-controlled deposits. None of the fracture-controlled deposits
have yielded large production and their resource potential is sma11
(Johnson and Thordarson, 1966).
Localization of Eabular ore deposits is primarily controlled by
sedimentary features that tend to restrict lateral movement of ore-
bearing solutions. These features range from regional stratigraphic
pinchouts to 1ocal channel fiils and interfingering of sandstone and
mudstone lenses. Ore deposits in the basal Shinarump and Moss Back
Members of the Chin1e Forrnati-on are located where ore-bearing solutions
moving through permeable sandstone have been dammed by either the pinch-
out of the sandstone or interfingering with less permeable rocks i.rithin a
few miles of the northeastern regional pinchout of these members. Ihe
Salt Wash llember of the Morrison Formation is a highly lenticular and
interfingering assemblage of claystone, mudstone, sandstone, and con-
glomeratic sandstone. The larger ore deposits are found where lenses of
sandstone and mudstone predominate, the sandstones allowing passage of
ore-bearing solutions and the less permeable mudstone confining the
solut.ions in the sandstone.
Most of the ore-bearing sandstones are stream deposits that filled
channels cut into less permeable underlying beds or 1ateral1y
inter-fingered with fine-grained sediments that accumulated on fLood
plains. The ore bodies are usually in the lower parts of these filled
channels where the sedimenis are irregularly-bedded, fine- to coarse-
grained, sometimes conglomeratic, quartzose or arkosic sandstone.
Carbonaceous rnaterials (carbonized leaves, stems and wood fragments) are
sParse to abundant. Localizaiion of ore in the lower portions of these
sediments is assumed to be due to either gravitational flow of the
ore-bearing solutions to Ehe channel bottoms or favorable compositional
anC textural characteristics of the sediments in this part of Ehe fi11.
2-96
Tabular deposiEs in the sinuous channel fi11s are usually elongate
in the channel direction and nearly concordant with bedding in the host
rock, but do not follow the bedding in detail. A1i iayers range in
thickness from a few inches to uore than a few tens oi feet. Some ore
layers ere split into two or more thin overlapping tongues, sometiues
separated by several feet of barren sandstone. The ore bodies range in
size from sna11 masses only severai feet wide, and containing only a few
tons of ore, to those hundreds of feet across and conEaining several
hundred thousand tons (Fischer, 1968).
According to Fischer ( 1956) ore <ieposi.ts within the region are
classified by the relative amounts of uranir:n, vanadium and copper that
they contain: uranium deposits (containing little or no vanadium or
copper), vanadium-uranium deposits (VrO, conEent greater than U3Og),
and copper-uranium deposits (more copper than U30g). Typically, ore
mined in Ehe region ranges from about 0.05 to 0.2 percent U3Og, buE
smalI pods of high-grade within the ore bodies often contain more than
2.0 percent U3Og.
In general, ore minerals uainly coaE the sand grains. eiiher
parEially or conpletely filling the pore space in Lhe sandsLone. Often
they form rich replacements of carbonized wood fragments and partially
replace the sandstone enclosing the fragmenis. The minerals also
impregnate or replace thin shaly searus and u,udsEones fragments in the
ore-bearing sands Eone.
Unoxidized priurary ore minerals occur as 1ow-valent oxides and
silicates of uranium and vanadium. Principal uraniun minerals are
uraninite, an oxide, and coffinite, a silicate. The 'ranadium silicates
are all nicaceous and consist of vanadium-bearing chlorite, hydrous mica
and roscoelite. Montroseite is t.he utost abundant vanadium oxide.
Accessory minr:ra1s are uainLy sulfides and include pyrite, marcasite,
chalcopyriEe. borniEe, chalcocite, galena, and sphalerite. Miaerals
containing seleniun, nickel, ccbalt, molybdenum, chrornium, and silver are
also present, but usually not abundant. enough to be reccgnized (Finch,
2-97
1967 3 Fischer, 1968).
in a si-ngle deposit.
0f course, not all of the accessory minerals occur
Vanadium silicates are stable under oxidizing conditions, but
the vanadium oxides, the uranium oxides and silicates, and the various
sulfides oxidize and readily form simple to complex secondary ore min-
erals. During oxidation of vanadium-rich deposits, most of the available
uranium combines with the vaaadium to form the hydrous vanadate minerals
carnotite and tyuyamunite. In vanadium-poor deposits, the uranium and
associated sulfide minerals alter to secondary silicates, arsenates,
carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates. If excess vanadium is present
afEer forming the uranium vanadate minerals, other secondary vanadium
oxide rninerals roay occur, such as dolorsite, navajoite, and corvusite.
Other secondary vanadium minerals may include simplotite, hewettite and
volborthite. Secondary accessory minerals may include malachite,
azurite, cuprite, goethite, hematite, jarosite, calcite, gypsum, man-
ganese oxides, and lepidocrocite (Finch, L967).
Most investigators agree that the uranium-vanadium deposits are
epigenetic (precipitated from solutions after placement of the host
rocks) but differ as to the source of the metals.
2.4.1.5 Other Mineral Resources
Following the discovery and derrelopmen! of Ehe Aneth oi1 field
north of the San Juan River, numerous wildcat we1ls were drilled without
success along the western border of the Blanding Basin. Seven wells have
been drilled within an approximate 4-ri (6-km) radius surrounding the
project site. A11 of these wells bottomed in the Paradox Member of the
Hermosa Formhtion, except one that penetrated the }iermosa and bottomed
in Cambrian limestones. A11 were dry and abandoned.
Thin discontinuous beds of carbonaceous sha1e, impure lignite
and coal, and low-rank coal beds up to 2 ft (0.6 ro) thick are known to
oceur throughout the areal extent of the Dakota Sandstone. Although
several of these seams have been mined on a very limited scale in the
2-98
Blanding area, most of the coals are too impure for commerciai use (liuff
and Lesure, i965) and of insufficient quantity to offer any nining
po tent iai .
Numerous smaLl gold and silver mines operated in the Abajo Mountains
from 1892 to 1905, but the amount of ore produced never equalted the
amount of time and money invested (I,IiEkind, 1964). Ore occurrences lrere
located in sulfide-mineralized veins in the shatter zones surrounding
the stocks and near the margins of Ehe laccoliths. Sulfide minerals
associated with the gold and silver included pyrite, chalcopyriLe,
sphalerite, and galena. Minor amounts of free gol,cl were produced from
placer deposits near Ehe heaCs of Recapture and Johnson Creeks on the
Abajor s southern flank.
Copper deposits are associated liith the fracture-controlled uranium-
vanadium deposits in the Abajo Mountains anci with some tabular sedi-
mentary deposits, especially in the Chinle Formation. Copper content of
the rnined uranium-vanadium ore has been as high as 3 percent (averages 1
to 2 percent in Chinle).
Pediment deposits up to 100 ft (30 m) in thickness on the north,
east and south slopes of t.he A.bajo }lountains are sources of base-coarse
material and road metal used in pavement construction. These deposits
consist of unconsolidated and poorly-sorted mixtures of angular to
well-rounded sand, gravel, cobbles, and boulders up to 4 ft (1.2 m) on
a side. Highway deparEments for the StaEe and San Juan County have
opened pits in these deposits and use the rock extensively after crush-
itg, sizing and washing. Inclusions of chert and crytocrystalline quartz
in these rocks preclude their use as suitable concrete aggregate
(Iilirkind , 1964).
According to Huff and Lesure (1965) ttre Dakota and
Formations have been used as a source of sand used in
struction. Rock from a quarry about 2 mi (Z.Z km) east
was crushed and screened, mi.xed with gravel, and used
Burro Canyon
highway con-
of Monticello
in pavemenE.
lle11s drilled on the GreaE Sage Plain uplands yield water supplies
adequate for stock waterine and, in some places, domestic use. These
wells produce from saLurated sandstone at the base of the Burro Canyon
FormaEion. At soue localities, \irater produced from the Dakota Sandstone
and Burro Canyon is so highly mineralized Ehat it is unfit for hurnan con-
sr:mption (Witkind, 1964). Ttre underlying Morrison Formation does not
contain any aquifers. Deep we1ls drilled into the Entrada and Navajo
Sandstones have yielded potable water (Johnson and Ihordarson, L966;
Witkind, 1964). SeveraL springs in the project vicinity discharge ground
Idater froro the saturated sandstone at the base of the Burro Canyon
Formation where this horizon crops out at the head of canyons.
2.4.2 Blanding Site Geology
2.4.2.I Physiography and Topography
The project site is located near the center of white Mesa, one
of the urany finger-like north-south trending mesas that make up the Great
Sage Plain. The nearly flat upland surface of White l"iesa is underlain by
resistant sandstone caprock which forms steep prominent cliffs separating
the upland from deeply entrenched intermittent stream courses on the
east, south and west. ,
Surface elevations across
to 5650 ft (1692 to 1722 a) and
south at a rate of approximately
the project site range from about 5550
the gently rolling surface slopes to Ehe
60 f t per mi (18 rn per 1.5 kn).
l'laximum rel ief between tbe mesa I s surf ace and Cottonwood Canyon
on the west is about 750 ft (229 n) where Wesrwater Creek joins Cotton-
wood Wash. These two strearos and their Eributaries drain the west and
south sides of White llesa. Drainage on the east is provided by Recapture
Creek- and its tribuEaries. Both CotEonwood l{ash and Recapture Creeks are
normally interrtrittent streams and flow south to the San Juan River.
Hcwever, cottonwood wash has been known to flow perennial.ly in the
project vicinity during rret years.
2-1 00
2.4.2.2 Rock Units
Only rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages are exposed in the
vicinity of Ehe proposed project site. These include, in ascending
order, the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash, RecapLure, Westwater Canyon, and
Brushy Basin Members of the Morrison FormaEion; Lhe Lower Cretaceous
Burro Canyon Formation; and Ehe Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone. The
Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale is exposed as isolated remnants along the
riru of Recapture Creek valley several miles southeast of the project site
and on the easEern flanks of the Abajo Mountains sone 20 mi (32 km)
north but is not exposed at the project site. Howerrer, patches of
Mancos Shale may be present within the project siEe boundaries as iso-
lated buried remnants that are obscurred by a mantle of alluvial wind-
blorm silt and sand.
The Morrison Formati.on is of particular economic imporEance in
southeast Utah since several hundred uranium deposits have been dis-
covered in the basat Salt Wash Member (Stokes , L957).
In most of eastern Utah, the Salt Wash Member underlies the Brushy
Basin. However, just south of Blanding in the project vicinity the
Recapture Member replaces an upper portion of the Salt Wash and the
Westwater Canyon Member replaces a lower part of the Brushy Basin. A
southern limit of Salt Wash deposition and a northern liinit of Westwater
Canyon <ieposition has been recognized by l{aynes et a1. (1962) in
Westlrater Canyon approximately 3 to 6 Ei (4"8 to 9.7 km), respecEively,
northwest of the project site. However, good exposures of Salt Wash are
found throughout Ehe I'lontezuma Canyon area 13 ni OL km) to the east.
Ihe Salt Wash Member is composed dominantly of fluvial fine-grained
to conglomeratic sandsiones, and interb'edded mudstones. Sandstone
intervals are usualLy yellowish-brown to pale reddish-brown while the
mudstones are greenish- and reddistr-gray. Carbonaceous malerials
("trash") vary from sparse to abundant. Ciifi-forming massive sandstone
and conglomeratic sancistone in disconEinuous beds nake up to 50 percent
or uore of the member. According to Craig ec al. (i955), Ehe Salt
2-101
Wash r.ras deposited by a system of braicied sEreams flowing generally east
and northeast. Most of the uranium-vanadium <ieposits are located in the
basal sandstones and conglomeratic sandsLones that fill stream-cut scour
channels in Ehe underlying Bluff Sandstone, or where the Bluff Sandstone
has been removed by pre-Morrison erosion, in similar channels cut in the
Summerville Formation. Mapped thicknesses of this member range from 0 to
approximately 350 ft (0-107 m) in southeast Utah. Because Ehe Salt l^lash
pinches out in a southerly direction in Recapture Creek 3 mi (4.8 kE)
northwest of the project site and does not reappear until exposed in
Montezuma Canyon, it is not known for certain that the Salt ilash actually
underlies the site.
The Recapture Member is typically composed of interbeCded reddish-
Bray, white, and 1.ight-brown fine- to medium-grained sandstone and
reddish-gray, silty and sandy claystone. Bedding is gently to sharply
lenticular. Just norEh of the project site, the Recapture intertongues
with and grades into the Salt Wash and the contacE between the two
cannot be easily recognized. A few spotty occurrences of uraniferous
mineralization are found in sandstone lenses in the southern part of the
Monticello district and larger deposits are known in a conglomeratic
sandsEone facies some 75 to i00 mi (iZ:. to 161 km) southeast of the
Monticello district. Since signifieant ore deposits have not been found
in extensive outcrops in more favorable areas, the Recapture is believed
not to contain potential resources in the project site (Johnson and
Thordarson. 1956).
Just north of the project site, the I.Iestvater Canyon Member inter-
tongues with and grades into the lower part of the overlying Brushy Basin
Member. Exposures of the WesEwater Canyon in CoEtonwood Wash are typi-
cally composed of interbedded yellowish- and greenish-gray to pinkish-
8raY, lenticular, fine- to coarse-grained arkosic sandstone and minor
amounts of greenish-gray to reddish-brown sandy shale and mudstone. Like
Ehe Salt l,Iash, the hlestwater Canyon Member is fluvial in origin, having
been deposited by sLreams flowing norEh and northhrest, coalescing with
streams from the southwest depositing the upper part of the Salr I,rIash and
2-toz
the lower part of the Brushy Basin (ttutf and Lesure, j.9G5). several
small and scattered uranium deposits in the Westwater Canyon are located
in the extreme southern errri of the Monticello district. Both the
Recapture Member and the Westwater Canyon contain only traces of carbona-
ceous materials, are believed to be less favorable host rocks for
uranium deposition (Johnson and Thordarson, 1966) and have very little
potential for producing uranium reserves.
The lower part of the Brushy Basin is replaced by the westwater
Canyon Member in the Blanding area but the upper part of the Brushy Basin
overlies this member. Composition of the Brushy Basin is dominantly
variegated bentonitic mudstone and siltstone. Bedding is thin and
regular and usually disEinguished by color variations of Eray, pale-
green, reddish-brovln, pale purple, and Barcon. Scattered lenticular thin
beds of distinctive green and red chert-pebble conglomeratic sandstone
are found near the base of the member, some of which conEain uranium-
vanadium mineralizaEion in the southernmost part of the llcnticello
district (Haynes et al., L962). Thin discontinuous beds of liuesEone
and beds of grayish-red to greenish-b1ack siltstone of locaI extenE
suggest that uuch of the Brushy Basin is probably lacustrine in origin.
For Ehe most part, the Great Sage Plain ordes its existence to the
erosion of resisEant sandstones and conglomerates of the Lower Cretaceous
Burro canyon Formation. This formation unconformably(?) overLies ile
Brushy Basin and Ehe contact is concealed over most of the project area
by talus blocks and slope wash. Massive, light-gray to light yeLlowish-
brown sandstone, congloaeratic sandstone and conglomerate comprise more
than two-thirds of the formatioa's thi.ckness. The conglomerate and
sandstone are interbedded and usr-raIly grade from one to the cther.
However, most of the conglomerate is near the base. These rocks are
massive cross-bedded units formed by a series of interbedded lenses, each
lens rePresenting a scour fi1led with stream-d.eposited sediments. In
places the formation contains greenish-gray lenticular beds of mudstone
and claystone. Most of the Burro canyon is exposed in the vertical
cliffs separating the relatively flat surface of I,IhiEe IIesa from the
2-103
canyons to the west and east. In souie places the resistant basal sanci-
stone beds of the orrerlying Dakota SanC-"tone are exposed ar the top of
the cliffs, but entire cliffs of Burro Canyon are most common. trfhere the
sandstones of the Dakota rest oa sandstones and conglomerates of the
Burro Canyon, the contact between the two is very difficult to identify
and most investigators Eap the two formations as a single unit (Plate
2.4-2). At best, the contact can be defined as the top of a silicified
zone in the upper part of the Burro Canyon that appears to be rernnants of
an ancient soil that formed during a long period of weaLhering prior to
Dakota deposition (ttuff and Lesure, 1965).
The Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone disconfornably overlies
the Burro Canyon Formation. Local1y, the disconformity is marked by
shallow depressions in the top of Ehe Burro Canyon fi1led with Dakota
sediments cont.aining angular Eo sub-rounded rock fragments probably
derived from Burro Canyon strata (Wittina, 1964) but the contact is
concealed at Ehe project site. Ihe DakoE.a is composed predomi,nantly of
pale yellowish-brown to light Eray, massive, intricateLy cross-bedded,
fine- to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone 1ocalIy well--cemented with
silica and calcite; elsewhere it is weakly cemented and friable.
Scattered throughout the sandstone are lenses of conglomerate, dark-gray
carbonaceous mudstones and shale and, in some instances, impure coal.
In general, the lower part of the Dakota is more conglomeratic and
contains more cross-bedded sandstone than the upper part which is nor-
nally more thinly bedded and marine-1ike in appearance. The basal
sandstones and conglourerates are fluvial in origin, whereas Ehe carbon-
aceous mudstones and shales were probably deposited in backwater areas
behind beach ridges in front of the advancing Late Cretaceous sea (Uutf
and Lesure, 1955). The upper sandstones probably represent littoraL
marine deposits since they grade upward into the dark-gray siltstones and
marine shales of the llancos Shale.
The Mancos shale is noE exposed in the project vicinity. The
nearest exposures are small isolated rennants resting conformably on
Dakota Sandstone along the western rim above Recaoture Creek 4.3 to 5.5
REFERENCES:GEOLOGY, rN PART, AFTER
BLANDINGI BRUSHY BASIN
qJAORAT{CLES.
ANATION
LOESS
MANCOS SHALE
HAYNES ET AL., 1962. EASE MAP
WASH, 8LUFF, AI{D TONTEZUMA CREEX
PREPARED FROM PORTIOI{S OF THE
U,S.G.S, I5. XIr{UTE TOPOGRAPHIC
EXPL
f:ffil''I,cr,l[ ,' .i r.: ,..t
r#
@
tErEf,n'Efj..:..r.Iffiffi
SCALE3000 0 5000 6000ffi
FEET
OAXOTA AND SURRO CAI{YON
FORTATIOilS (UNOIFFERENTIATEO}
MORRISON FORXATIOI{:
BRUSHY AASIl{ METBER
WESTUATER CANYOI{ TEMAER
NECAPTURE IETBER
CONTACT, OASHED WHERE
GE(lT(lG IG
0t
PR ll|EGT
iIA P
A REA
-;-'
e
.APPROXIXATE
STRIXE AND DIP OF BEDS
r{oRtz^xT L aEos DATI" T(o(DII
PLATE 2.4-2
2- 105
mi (6.9 to 8.9 km) southeast of the project site. Additional exposures
are found on the eastern and southern flanks of the Abajo Mountains
approximately 15 and 20 ui (26 ana 32 kn) to the north. It is possible
that thin patches of Mancos may be buried at the project site bui are
obscurred by the manEle of alluvia1 windblo\rn silt and sand covering the
upland surface. The Upper Cretaceous Mancos shale is of nnarine origin
and consists of dark- to olive-gray shale with ninor anounts of gray,
fine-grained, thin-bedded to blocky limestone and siltstone in the lower
part of the formation. Bedding in the Mancos is thin and well der,reloped,
and much of the shale is laminated. I^Ihere fresh, the shale is brirtle
and fissile and weaEhers to chips that are light- to yellowish-gray.
Topographic features formed by the Mancos are usually subdued and com-
monly displayed by low rounded hills and gentle slopes.
A layer of Quaternary to Recent reddish-brown eoiian silt and
fine sand is spread over the surface of the projecE site. Most of the
loess consists of subangular to rounded frosted quarEz grains Ehat are
coated with iron oxide. Basically, the loess is uassive and homogeneous,
ranges in thickness from a dust coating on the rocks that form Ehe rim
cliffs Eo more than 20 ft (6 n), and is parEially cemented r,rith calciun
carbonate (caliche) in light-colored mottled and veined accumulaEions
which probably represent ancieriE immature soil horizons.
2.4.2.3 Structure
The geologic structure at the project site is comparatively sirnple.
Strata of the underlying Mesozoic sedinentary rocks are nearly hori-
zonEal; only slight undulations along the caprock rims of the upland are
perceptible and faulting is absent. In much of the area surround-
ing the project site the dips are less than one degree. The prevailing
regional dip is about one degree Eo the south. The low dips arrd simple
structure are in sharp contrast to the pronounced structural features of
the Comb Ridge Monocline to the west and the Abajo }lountains to the
north.
2-106
Jointing is common in the exposed Dakota-Burro Canyon sandstones
along the mesars rim. More often than not, the primary joints are
virtua!-ly parallel to the cliff faces anC the secondary joints are ahnost
perpendicular to the primary joints. since erosion of the underlying
weaker Brushy Basin mudstones removes both vertical and lateral support
of the sandstone, large joint blocks commonly break away from the cliff
leaving joint surfaces as the cliff face. Because of this, it is not
possible to deternine if the joints originated after the development of
Ehe canyons or it the joints influenced the development of canyons and
cliffs. However, from a geomorphologic standpoint, it appears that the
joints are related to the conpaction of the underLying strata and,
therefore, are sedimentary and physiographic features rather than
tectonic in origin. whatever the original cause, two sets of joint
attitudes exist in the resistant sandstone6 adjacent to the west side of
the project site. These sets range from N.l0-18oE. and N.60-85'E. and
nearly para1le1 the cliff faces.
2.4.2.4 Minerai Resources
Because of extensi'"'e and easily accessible outcrops in the dissected
Great Sage Plain, the Salt Wash Member of .the l4orrison Formation has been
one of the most prospected ore-bearing strata in southeastern Utah. One
old and sma1l pcssible prospect site was located in Cott.onhrood Canyon
during field reconnaissance. No evidence of uranir:m mineralization was
found at this location.
Other than the possibility of quarrying sandstone from the Dakota
Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation for construction materials, there
are no other known mineral resources with potential for econoroic develop-
ment beneaEh the project site.
2.4.2.5 Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed Mi11 and Tailing
Retention Sites
A geotechnicaL investigation of the proposed ni11 and tailing
sites was conducted during Septenber 1977. Field data and observaticns,
resulEs of laboratory testing, and conclusions based on the results of
the investigation are presented in Appendix H.
2-\07
The mi11 site is underlain by interbedded chin layers reddish-brown
silty fine sand and fine sandy silt co depths ranging from 7.5 to 14.5 ft
(2.3 to 4.4 n). These materials are loessal soils Ehat have been
partially reworked by surface waier (probably by precipitation runoff).
In general, they are loose at the surface, are mediuu dense within I to
2 f.t (0.3 to 0.7 rn), and become more dense with increasing depth. In
places, these materials are stighcly to moderaEeLy cemented with calcium
carbonate. The tailing site is undertain by the same soil types possess-
ing Ehe same general charact,erisEics, however, thicknesses range from 3
ro 17 fr (1.0 ro 5.2 u).
In 1I of the 28 bori.ngs drilled during the geotechnical investiga-
tion, a light gray-brown t,o grayish-green, stiff to very-stiff silty clay
was encountered below the loessal soil materials. IE is possible Ehat
these silty clays are weathered shales of the Mancos Formation. Ihick-
ness of the silty clays range fron 1.5 to 11 ft (0.5 to 3.4 rn). Ihe
thinner layers could be mudstones and claystones that are known to be
included in the upper marine facies of the Dakota Sandstone, buE the
thicker layers tend to indicate that these materials could be Mancos.
Regardless of origin, these materials have undergone subsEantial weather-
ing and should be classified as soil rather than rock.
Underlying the loessal soils and silt,y clays is the Dakota Sandstone
Format,ion. This formation is composed of a hard to very hard fine- to
coarse-grained sandstone and congloueritic sandstone. It is poorly Eo
highly cemented wich silica cr calcium carbonate and, sometimes, with
iron oxides. Losses of drilliag fluid during the subsurface investiga-
tion indicate that open fracEures or very permeable layers exist within
the formation. The contact between the Dakota Sandstone and Ehe under-
lying Burro Canyon Formation is extremely difficult to detect in a dri1l
hole without continuous coring. Souetimes it nay be identified by a thin
greenish-gray mudstone layer beneath the Dakotats basal conglomeraEe.
Wlrere the sandstones of the Dakota rest on Burro Canyon sandstones, Ehe
contact can hardly be distinguished even in ouicrops. From a geotech-
nical appraisal, tha physical properties and characteristics of the two
formations are nearly identical, even sharing the
(see Section 2.4.2.3) and having similar zones of
2.4.2.6 Geologic Hazards
Other than Ehe possibility
activity, no potentially hazardous
aE the proposed project site.
same joint patterns
high permeability.
of very minor effects from seismic
geologic conditions are known to exist
2.5 SEISMOLOGY
2.5.1 Seismic History of Region
Because of the regionts late settlement, the record of earthquake
oecurrences in the Colorado Plateau and surrounding regions dates back
only 125 years. Docunnentation of the earlier events was based solely on
nelrsPaper rePorts that freguently recorded effects only in the trore
populated areas which may have been some distance from the epicenters.
Not until the late 1950s was a seismograph network developed to properly
locate and evaluate seismic events in this region (simon, lg72).
The project area is within a relatively tectonicaLly stable portion
of the Colorado Plateau noted for its scarcity of historical seismic
event6. Conversely, the border between the Colorado plateau and the
Basin and Range Province and Middle Rocky Mountain province some 155 to
more than 240 mi (249 to 386 km) west and northwest, respectively, frorn
the site is one of the most acEive seisnic belts in the western United
States.
The epicenters of hisrorical earthquakes from 1853 through Lg76
within a 200-mi (320-km) radius of the site are shom o, plate 2.5-r.
More than 450 events have occurred in the area, of which at least 45 were
darnaging; that is, having an intensity of vr or greater on the Modified
Ilercalli scale- A description of the Modified Mercalli Scale is given in
Table 2.5-I, and all. intensities mentioned herein refer to this scale.
only I5 epicenters have been recorded within a r00-mi (160-km)
radius of the project area. 0f these, 14 haci an intensity ttr or less (or
to80 r060
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NEW MEXICO
LEGEND KEY TO EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS
SYMBOL MOOIFIEO MERCALLI INTENSITY
-
UNCLASSIFIED FAULT vilt
& .- THRUST FAULT: . v||SAW TEETH ON UPTHROWN SIOE
,..-.. NORMAL FAULT:
HAoHURES oN DowNrHRowN srDE , REGIONAL TECTONIC MAp
--{_ anrrcrrNAl Axts lv 0R LEss 0R NorNrENsrrY GrvEN sHowlNG HlsToRlc EARTHQUAKE
+ DoME NUMBER REFERs 10 MULTTeLE
EVENTS rN saME LocAroN. EPICENTERS WITHIN 200-MILE
INTENSITY OF LARGEST EVENTIS PLOTTED. RADIUS OF THE PROJECT S]TE
References: Cook and Smith,l967; Hadsell,l968;Simon,1972i coffman and von Hake,1973a,1973b,1974,and 1975i Coffman and Stover,1976i Giardina,l9Tii NoAA,1977. Tectonicbase after Cohee ET AL, 1962.
SCALE
?5 o 25 50 75 roo
-
TILES DAMES E HOIOEE
PLATE 2.5-I
2-1 10
TABLE 2.5-I
YODIFIED UERCALLI SCALE(Abridged)
I. Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable cir-
cums tances .
II. Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors
of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may swing,
III. FeIt quite noticeably indoors, especially on upper floors of
buildings, but rnany people do noE recognize i.t as an earthquake.
Standing rnotorcars may rock slightly. Vibration like passing oftruck. Duration estimated.
IV. During the day felt indoors by many, outdoors by few. AE night
some awakened. Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walLs make
creaking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing lnotorcars rocked noEiceably.
Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some dishes, windows,
etc., broken; a few insEances of cracked plasterl unstable objects
overturned, Disturbances of Erees, poles, and other tal1 objecEs
sometimes noLiced. Pendulum clocks Eay stop.
VI. Felt by all, many frightened and run outdoors. Some heavy furni-
ture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys.
Damage slight.
VII. Everybody runs outdoors. Damage negligible in buildings of
good design and construction; slight to moderaEe in well-built
ordinary s tructures ; considerable in poorly built or badly
designed sEructures; some chimneys broken. Noticed by persons
driving Eot.orcars,
VIII. Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in
ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse; great i.n
poorly built structures. Panel walIs thro'run ouE of frame struc-
tures. Fal1 of chinneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments,walls. Heavy furniture overturned. Sand and mud ejected in smallamounts. Changes in welt water. Persons driving noEorcars
disturbed.
IX. Dauage considerable in specialiy designed structures; well-
designed frame structures Ehrown out of piumb; great in sub-
staniiaL buildings, with partial co1lapse. BuilCings shifted off
foundations, Ground cracked conspicuously. Underground pipes
broken.
v.
2-111
TABLE 2.5-1 (Concluded)
x. some well-bui1t wooden structures destroyed; most masonry andframe structures destroyed with foundations; ground badly cracked.Rails bent. Landslides considerable from river banks and steepslopes. Shifted sand and mud. I,Iater splashed (slopped) overbanks.
xr. Few, if &D}. (masonry) structures remain standing. Bridgesdestroyed. Broad fissures in ground. underground pipelinescmrpletely out of service. Earth slumps and land slips in softground. Rails bent greatly.
xrr. Damage tota1. waves seen on ground surface. Lines of sightand 1eve1 distorted. Objects thrown upward into the air.
2-1t2
unrecorded) and one was recorded as intensity V. The nearesi e',-ent
occurred in the GIen Canyon llational RecreaEion Area approximately 43.5
mi (70 kus) west-ncrthwest of the project area. The next closest et'ent
cccurred approximately 58.5 ni (94 kn) to the
Durango, Colorado, approximately 99 mi (159 km)
area, an eveni having a local int.ensity of V was
1941 (Hadsel1, 1968). It is very doubtful that
been felt in the vicinity of Blanding.
Three of Ehe most danaging earthquakes associated ',rith the seismic
belt along the Colorado Plateaurs \resLern border have occurred j.n the
Elsinore-Richfield area about 158 mi (270 km) northwest of the project
site. A11 were of intensity VIII. 0n November 13, 190I, a strong shock
caused extensive damage frour Richfield to Parowan. Many brick sEructures
'rere Camaged; rockslides were reporEed near Beaver. Earth cracks rcith
Ehe ejection of sand and water were reported, and some creeks increased
their flow. Aftershocks continued for several weeks (von Hake , 1977).
Following several weeks of sma11 foreshocks, a strcng earthquake caused
najor dauage in the l{onroe-Elsinore-Richfield area on September 29, 1921.
Scores of chimneys were Ehrown dowo, plaster fe11 frosr ceilings, and a
section of a new 2-st.ory brick walL collapsed at Elsinorers schoolhouse.
Two days later, on 0ctober 1, anoEher strong tremor caused additional
daaage to Ehe area's struct.ures. Large rockfalls occurred along both
0n1y 15 epicenters have been recorded within a 1O0-mi (I60-kr)
radius of the project area. Of these, 14 had an intensity Itr or less (or
unrecorded) and one was recorded as intensity V. The nearest evenE,
occurred in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area approximately 43.5
roi (70 krn) wesE-northwest of the projecE area. The next closest event.
ocr:urred approximately 58.5 mi (94 krn) to the norEheast. Just east of
Durango, Colorado, approxiaately 99 mi (159 km) due east of the project
area, an er/ent having a local intensity of V was recorded on AugusE 29,
1941 (Hadsell, 1958). It is very doubtful that these events wculd have
been felt in the vicinity of Blanding.
northeast. Just east of
drre eas t of the pro j ec t
recorded on August 29,
these evenEs would have
2-t13
Three of the most damaging earthquakes associaEed wiEh the seismic
belt along the CoLorado Pla:eeurs westerr. border have occurred in the
Elsinore-Richfield area about 168 mi (ZlO km) northwest of the projecr
site. A11 were of intensity vrrr. on November 13, 1901, a strong shock
caused extensive danage from Richfield to Parowan. Many brick structures
rrere damaged; rockslides were reported near Beaver. EarEh cracks with
the ejection of sand and water were reported, and some creeks increased
their flow. Aftershocks continued for several weeks (von Hake , tg77).
Following several weeks of sma11 foreshocks, a strong earthquake caused
major damage in the Monroe-Elsinore-Richfield area on September 29, lg2l.
scores of chinneys were thrown down, plaster felr from ceilings, and a
section of a new 2-story brick waIl collapsed at Elsinorers schoolhouse.
Two days 1aEer, on 0ctober L, another strong tremor caused additional
damage to the area's structures. Large rockfalls occurred along both
sides of the Sevier Val1ey and hot springs were discolored by iron oxides
(von Hake , L977). rt is probable that these shocks may have been per-
ceptible at the project site but they certainly would not have caused any
d amage.
Seven ertents of intensity Vtt have been reported in the area shown
on Plate 2.5-1. 0f these, only two are considered to have any signifi-
cance with respect to the project site. on August 18, LgIz, an intensity
VII shock damaged houses in northern Arizona and was felt in Gallup, New
Mexico, and southern Utah. Rock siides occurred near the epicenter in
the San Francisco Mountains and a 50-mi (80-krn) earth crack was reported
north of the San Francisco Range (U.S. Geological Survey, 1970). Nearly
every building in Du1ce, New Mexico, was damaged to some degree when
shook by a strong earthquake on January 22, 1956. RockfaLls and land-
slides occurred 10 to 15 rni (15 to 24 kn) west of Dulce along Highway 17
where cracks in the pavenent were reported (von Hake, 1975). Both of
these events may have been felt at the project site but, again, would
certainly not have caused any darnage.
2-r14
2-5.2 Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic sErucLures
Ihe majority of recorded earthquakes in Utah have occurred along
an aclive belt of seisaicity that extends from the Gulf of California,
through western Arizcna, central Utah, and northward into \restern British
Coluurbia. Ttre seismic belt is possibly a branch of the active rift
system associated with the landward exEension of the East pacific Rise
(coot and smith,1967).
It is significant to note that the seismic belt forms the boundary
zone between the Basin and Range and Ehe Colorado Plateau-Middle Rocky
MounEain Provinces. This block-faulted zone is about 47 to 62 ni (25 to
100 kra) wide and fornos a tectonic lransition zone between the relatively
simple structures of the Colorado Plateau and the coraplex fault-control-
led sEructures of the Basin and Range Province (Cook and Srnith, 1967).
Another zor.e of seismic activity is in the vicinity of Dulce, New
Mexico near the Colorado border. This zone, which coincides with an
extensive series of Tertiary inErusives, may also be related to the
northern end of the Rio Grande Rift. This rift is a series of fault-
controlled structural depressions extending southward from southern
Colorado Ehrough central New l{exico and into Mexico.
IlosE of Ehe events of inEensity V and greater are Loca1ed within
50 ni (80 km) of post-oligocene extrusives. This relarionship is not
surprising because it has been observed in many other parts of the world
(Hadsel1, 1968).
2.5.3 Potential Earthquake Hazards to project
The project site is located in a region known for its scarcity
of recorded seismic events. Although the seismic history for this region
is barely 125 years old, the epicentral pattern, or fabric, is basically
set and appreciable changes are expected not Eo occur. Most of Ehe
larger seismic events in the Colorado Plateau have occurred along its
uargins rather than in the inEerior central regioa. Based on the
region's seisuric history, the probability of a major damaging earthquake
2-1t5
occurring at or near the project site is very remote. sEudies by
Algermissen and Perkins (1976) indicate that southeastern Utah, including
the site, is in an area where there is a 90 percent probability that a
horizontal acceleration of four percent gravity (0.04g) would not be
exceeded within 50 years.
Minor earthquakes, not associated with any seismic-tectonic trends,
can Presumably occur ranConly at almost any location. Even if such an
event with an intensity as high as VI should occur at or near the project
site, horizontal ground accelerations would not exceed 0.10g but would
probably range between 0.05 and 0.09g (coulter et al., 1973; Trifunac
and Brady, 1975). These magnitudes of ground motion would not pose
significant hazerds to Ehe projeet's proposed facilities.
2.6 HYDROLOGY
2.6.1 Ground I{ater Hydrology
2.6.1.1 Regional occurrence and Distribution of Ground water
The occurrence and distribution of ground water in the region
enconPassing the Blanding area are influenced by the type and extent of
rock formations anC the structural features naking up the Canyon Lands
Section of the Colorado Plateau physiographic province (see Section
rn generaL, the rock formations of the region are flat-lying with
dips of one to three degrees. Ihe rock- formations are incised by streags
that have formed canyons between intervening areas of broad 1gesas and
buttes. An intricate sysrem of deep canyons along and across hog-backs
and cuestas has resulted from faulting, uprsarps and distocation of
rocks around the int.rusive rock masses such as Abajo Mountains, approxi-
mately 25 miles to the north of the project site. Ttrus, the region
is divided into numerous hydrological areas controlled by structural
features such as the San RafaeI Sr^re11, the Monument Upwarp, and the
Abajo, Henry and La Sal Mountains as well as the faulted anticlines in
Sa1t, Spanish and Lisbon Va1leys.
2-1t6
Water-bearing sedimentary rock formations r:f Cambrian and Devonian
through Cretaceous age are exposed in the region or have been identifi.ed
in oi1 wells in the Blanding basin. Data on bedrock aquifers for most of
the region are sperce and that information available is iargely restric-
ted to wells locate,cl in only one or two areas thet are noE near the
project site.
Bedrock Aquifers
0n a regional basis, the foraations Ehai are recognized as bedrock
aquifers are: the Cretaceous-age Dakota sandstone and the upper part of
the Morrison formation of late Jurassic age; the Bluff sandstone, the
EnErada sandstone and the Navajo sandstone of Jurassic age; the Wingate
sandstone and the Shinarump raember of the Chinle fonnation of Triassic
age; and the DeChelle member of the Cutl.er formation of Permian age.
These units are shown in Plate 2.6-L, a generalized secticn of strati-
graphic uniEs including '.r3ggr-bearing uniEs in southeastern Utah.
0ther fornations within this sequence also contain waEer but its
quality varies frou slightly saline to very saline. Underneath Ehe
Permian Cutler formation are saline waEer-bearing units within the Rico
formation and the Hermosa formation of Pennsylvanian age from which oil
is produced in Lhe Blanding basin.
There are no available reports with quantitative daLa regarding
transmissivity, sLorage and other aquifer characteriscics of major
bedrock aquifers in this region of southeastern Utah. Some data on the
reported yields of wells are contained in older geologic reports (Goode,
1958; Felcis , L956; and Lofgren, 1954). For instance, according to
Feltis (i966) Ehe range in yield for six wells drilled inEo the DakoEa
sandstone and Burro Canyon fomration east of Monticello varies froa 22 Eo
L25 gallons per rninute (gpm). Two we11s drilled into Ehe Morrison
formation in Ehe same area yield 15 to 22 gpa whereas, in other areas of
San Juan CounLy, Utah, the yield from wells drilled into the Morrison is
L or 2 gpn or less.
k=
q
le
EE
M;;;S\-[Rlr-uv ruN.>-\ \ from s
Dakota ss l to grea
yield.
qual i tyin the
(-)
v|a
d.=-
Morrison \Jf
formation \
Bl uff sandstone \ frn*orA san\{ formati
\ [ availab
Summerv'ille fm
I,Entrada ss
Uarme I fm \ \for trt
Navajo sandstone {N
water.
and we
Kayenta formation \
Wingate sandstone \
\ IENTRADA
'\ ill:
i\t ff,,l
Chinle formation
Shinarump member
\
Moenkopi formation \ r*,n,,
7_
=d.
UJo_
De Chel 1y member
Cutl er formation I
\\
v
o
a
n
r
Rico formation \
z.z.Lrlo-
Hermosa formation
GETERATIZEI' SIRITI G
GEOLOGI C
AGE
*=
SH llITIil G
UTITS IT
Source: After Goode, 1958
Provides small quantities of waterhallow wells. Such wells are subjectat seasonal variation in amount of
The water is generally of poory--probably owing to the sulfate salts
Mancos shale.
dstone and upper parton. Water of fair to
1e by pumping.
of MORRISON
poor qual 'ity
dstone. Artesian aquifer, potable
Supplies a spring east of Blufflls south of Hatch.
A sandstone. Artesian aquifer,
able water. Crops out in western
southern parts of area but base
ches depth of nearly 1500 feet intral part of area (near Aneth field
Blanding basin).
AJO sandstone. Artesian aquiferyielding good quality water. Crops
out in western and southern parts of
area and reaches depths of 1850 feet
near Aneth oil field.
I.lINGATE sandstone. Artesian aquifer
Provides good qual ity water forwells in vicinity of Bluff.
SHINARUMP member of Chinle
formation and DeCHELLY sandstone
member of Cutler formation.
Local 1y provide good water where
they are near surface, as invicinity of Bluff.
SIRITIGRTPilIG SECTI(lX
FRESH ITITERBEARI]IG
SI)UTHEISIERil UTAH
DATES 8 MO(ORE
PTITE 2.6- I
2-1 18
Likewise, the Bluff sandstone, found only in southern San Juan
County, has report,edly yielded 13 and 25 gpln in two wells drilled
near Bluff (reltis , 1966: 27)
yield an average of 143 gpn at
yields as high as 1200 gpm have
Urah (Felris, I965: 27).
. The Entrada sandstone is reported to
five wel1s drilled in San Juan County, but
been reported in other areas of southeast
The Navajo sandstone is one of the most permeable bedrock aquifers
in the region with reported yields as high as 1335 gpm (Feltis, 1966:
26), although many we1ls drilled into the Navajo in southeast Utah only
have yields varying between 35 to 72 gpur. The Energy Fuels mill site
well drilled into the Navajo sandstone is reported to have yielded 120
gpn after 1.5 hours of pumping shortly after it was drilled.
Throughout Ehe region, snall quantities of r-ater are produced from
shallow wel1s constructed in che alluvium that occurs in stream valleys
and a veneer on the flat-top mesas. These wells are subject tc great
seasonal variaiion in yield and the water withdram is generally of
poor quality, perhaps due to the Ieaching of sulfate salts in the
Mancos shale which is present et or near the surface near streau valleys
over much of the region.
Recharge
The source of recharge to bedrock aquifers of the region is pre-
cipitation. Precipitation in southeastern Utah (see Sections 2.7.1 and
2.7.2) is characterized by wide variations in seasonal and annual rain-
fal1 and by lcng periods of deficient rainfall. Short-duration summer
storms furnish rain in sma11 areas of a few square miles and this is
frequentty Ehe total rainfall for an entire month within a given area.
Ihe average annual precipiLation in the region ranges fron less than 20
cn (8 in) at Bluff to more than 4t cm (16 in) on the eastern flank of the
Abajo Mountains, as recorded at Monticello. Precipitation at the projecE
site is discussed in Section 2.7.1. The nountain peaks in the llenry, La
Sal and Abajo Mountains rnay receive more than 76 cm (30 in) of
2-Lt9
precipitation but these areas are very small in comparison to the vast
area of much lower precipitaiioa in the ;egi.on.
Recharge to bedrock aquifers in the region occurs by direct infil-
tration of precipitation into the aquifers along the flanks of the Abajo,
Iienry and La SaL Mountains and along the flanks of the folds, such as
Comb Ridge Mcnocline and the San Rafael Swe1l, where the permeable
fornations are exposed at the surface. Recharge also occurs on the wide
expanses of flat-lying beds that are exposed on the mesas between these
major structural features. In these cases, some precipitation is able to
percolate rhrough the near-surface joints and fractures in the Mancos
Shale and Dakota sandstone, where it circulates according t,o the 1oca1
ground water regime.
2.6.L.2 Regional Utilization of Ground Water
Rainfall throughout most of the region is inadequate for grorrth of
crops so that irrigation is necessary in most locations, except in a
smal1 area east and southeast of l,fonticello. Ground water is utilized
for irrigation, livestock, domesEic needs and more recently for municipal
irater suppl ies.
Present Use
Ihe area of greatest present devel.opment of ground water use in the
region is in the Blanding basin, en artesian basin east of Conb Ridge in
San Juan county (see Plate 2.4-l in Section 2.4.L.L). Within Ehe
Blanding basin in the areas of Moniezuma Creek valle;r and south and east
of Blanding, there are a number of deep wells which derive good quality
rrater from the deep bedrock aquifersl i.e., the Entrada, Navajo and
Wingate Saadstones. These waters are used for irrigation and domestic
needs of residents in the area. The estimated total amount of ground
water withdrawal of all these deep bedrock we1ls in the region is
unknown but considered very small compared to the total amount of water
available in the aquifers.
2-L20
Within Ehe last year (1977), a few deep wells for municipal vater
supplies have been drilled into the Entrada and Navajo sandstones near
Blanding and Monticello, Utah. The present usage of these wells is not
known. Blanding coupleted one deep welL (960-foot depth) in 0ctobet l9l7
and anticipates drilling three Eore. Monticello is currently (fall,
1977) drilling a new 1000-foot deep well and anticipates drilling more as
the need occurs.
I'Iater from shallow we11s, drilled principally into unconsoli-
dated aluvium overlying the bedrock in Eany areas of the region, has been
used from the earliest days of settleoent to the present as a source of
domesEic and stock lilater supplies. Some of these shallow wells, mosEIy
less than 150 feet deep, have been drilled into the saturated upper
portion of the Dakota sandstone which directly underlies the Mancos shale
throughout much of the region. Ihe estiraated tcltal annual ground water
withdrawal from these shallow aquifers in the region is unknown.
Another area of ground water developmenE in the region outside
of the Blanding basin is the broad, flat, plain eest of Monticello.
Here, the grorrnd ltater is derived principally from ihe thin veneer of
surf;rce alluvir:m that overlies the Dakota sandstone and from the upper
portion of the Dakota and under!.ying Morrison fornation. Most of rhe
we1ls in this area are shallow and, for the Eost part, water suppry
requirements are relatively sna11.
I'he remainder of the region is very sparsely populated with cnly a
few scattered stock wells of low yields and shallow depth deriving water
from alluvium and the upper part of the Dakota sandstone or l,Iorrison
formation.
Projected Use
The projecEed regional use of ground lrater for domestic purposes and
stock watering will probably increase at the saue raEe as population
growth occurs in the rural areas outside of the three popu!.ation centersof Blanding, Monticello and Bluff, Utah. l'he ground water used for these
2-LzL
purposes would 1ikely be derived from near-surface sources such as
al1uvium, the Dakota sandstone, the Burro Canyon forrnation and the
Morrison formation. Increases in use of ground water for irrigation will
depend on the availability of land for raising of crops and an increase
in tillable acreage. However, no significant change is anticipated.
Ground water use for municipal water supplies for Blanding, Monti-
cello and Bluff will increase at a rate conmensurate lrith the increase in
population (see Section 2.2). Ttre communities do anticipate drilling
additional wells for water supplies to accommodate growth
2.6.L.3 Ground llater Regine of Projeet Site
Ihe project site, located on a flat-toP mesa approxiroately two
uiles wide, is partly covered with a thin veneer of alluviun which in
some places is underlain by the Mancos shale and in other locations by
Ehe Dakota Sandstone/Burro Canyon formations. The Mancos shale contains
water soluble salts and generally rrater circulating through it beco,rnes
fairly highly mineralized. The Mancos is not a fresh water aquifer.
St,ratigraphically below the Mancos shale is the Dakota sandstone, the
Burro Canyon formation and the Morrison for:uration which yield fresh to
slightly saline water to numerous springs and shallow wel1s in the
project vicinity. Both the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon forura-
tion crop out in the canyon walls and valleys of Westlrater Creek,
Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek near the site. the formations are
continuous beneath the site, extending fron the outcrops in Corral Creek
Canyon east of the site to the Canyon of Cottonwood Creek and llestwater
Creek west of the site.
The subsurface fornations below the project site are represented by
the typical stratigraphic rock section es discussed in Section 2.4 and
illustrated in Plate 2.6-1. The known fresh water-bearing unit,s below
the Dakota sandstone, Burro Canyon and Morrison formations at the site
are mainly the Entrada sandstone and the Navajo sandstone as shown on
Plate 2.6-l and discussed in Section 2.6.1.1. Ihere are no quantitative
aquifer data available on these formations in the site vicinity and
2-t22
little is known of the <ieeper aquifers such as Ehe Wingate aud Shinarump
of the Chinle formation.
Recharge
In the project viciaity, the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon
fomation localIy receive recharge from infiltration of rainfall on the
flat-lying Eesa.
In the site area, the Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon fonoation
are well jointed by two joint sets trending N.10-18oE and N.60-85'E (see
Section 2.4 f,or more detail). These open joints provide pathways for the
percolation of rainfall and downward infiltration of ponded surface
waters on the site. Ihe joints also may act as conduits for the 1ocal
Eovenlent of ground rrater underneath Ehe site.
The recharge area for Ehe underlying deeper aquifers such as Ehe
Navajo sandstone and the EnErada sandstone, as they occur rrithin the
Blanding basin and under the sit:e, is the outerop area of these sand-
stones along the length of the north-south trending Comb Ridge Monocline
approximately 8 miles west of the project site.
Ground Water Movement
The moveoenL of ground lrater occurring al shallow depths in the
Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation at the project site is
believed to be confined to isoLated zones wichin hihite Mesa. These
formations are exposed and crop out in the canyon wal1s oi the surface
drainages both east and west of the site. Due to Ehe location of the
site on the norLhern margin of the northwest-southeast trending Blanding
basin, the near surface formations dip one or two degrees to the south.
Beneath the shatlow aquifers, the Brushy Basin Member of the llorrison
foroation is generally impermeable and there are 1oca1ly impermeable
lenses in the base of the Burro Canyon forrnation. Thus, \raEer perco-
lating into the near surface fonnations of the project site, such as
Ehe Dakota sandstone and Ehe Burro Canyon formation, will generally
nigrate southward downdip. Ii is probable that slight ground water
2-123
mounding may occur in the east-central part of the nesa at the site.
Ground water levels may be highest in the center of the mesa, coincident
with the highest land elevations, and lower to the east and west where
ground water can drain from the mesa through springs and seeps in the
canyons of Westrrater, Cottonwood and Corral Creeks. Ihis is partially
substantiated by water levels measured in drill holes and wells in the
project vicinity. Several springs exist along the canyon walls adjacent
Lo the project site.
Supplenental drilling at the mill site and tailing retention area is
planned for the spring of 1978 and will provide rnore infornation on the
local occurrence and movenent of ground hrater at the site. Results from
this study wilL be included in the Supplemental Report.
Ground water mol,euent in the deeper aquifers is related to the
deeper structures of the Blanding basin. The recharge area of the
EnErada and Navajo sandstones is along Conb Ridge Monocline about 8 miLes
directly west of the site area. The ground water movement in these units
is thought to proceed from the recharge area eastward and southeastward
downdip toward the center of the Blanding basin, approximately 18 roiles
south-souEheast of the project site. At present, there are no data to
substantiate this hypothesis as there are neither maps of potentiornetric
surfaces in the Navajo or Entrada nor long-term records of water levels
in the site vicinity for we1ls penetrating the Navajo or Entrada.
Ground Water Coaditions,at Mil1 Site and Tailing Retenticn Site
Ground rrater is present beneath the mi1l site at a depth of approx-
inately 56 feet below the land surface (see log of borehole No.3 in
Appendix H). Ttris ground water is probably the water table or uncon-
fined ground water, although it Eay represenE perched ground water.
As part of Ehe geoteehnical investigations of the mi11 site area
and tailing retention site area, a number of boreholes were drilled in
the project vicinity and water levels measured in those boreholes in
which water was present. Based on these water level measurements and
2-t24
miscellaneous water leve1 meaaurement,s made in some abandoned sEock we1ls
in the immediate vicinit,y, a ground waEer-level map \ras constructed
showing the elevation of the waEer table (plate 2.6-2) and indicating
general gradienEs. The \dater leveIs mapped in Ptate 2.5-2 are from a few
boreholes and stock we1ls and are believed to represent a water table
situation and not artesian conditions. I{owever, it is not knowa if the
lrater table recorded in each borehole is the saue and is continuous or
whether there are a number of "perchedt' waier tables throughout the
project vicinity. One of the objectives of the supptemental. investiga-
tions at the nill site and tailing site areas in spring of 1978 will be
to evaluate the ground water flow system in more detail.
Using the ground water-leve1 map (Plate 2.6-2), it eppears that
the shallow ground water forning the \^rater table throughout the prcject
vicinity has a gradient toward the south-southwest. The general ground
vraEer gradient appears to be related to the general topographic gradient;
i.e., the highest elevations are generally at the northeastern edge of
the project. site near Highway 47 and the lowest elevations are aE
the propertyr s southwest corner. Based on the recorded lrater levels as
shown on the map and assuming that the rrater table is continuous throrrgh-
ogt the map area, it can be calculated that the wacer table gradient
under the mil1 site is about 0.03, and Ehat under the tailing retention
area is 0.01.
A number of ttpez:oreability" tests .cere conducted in boreholes during
the geotechnical inrresEigation of the mi11 site and tailing retenEion
sit.e. The tests used packers in Ehe borehoLes and injection cf waEer
under pressure for various periods of time. The results of Ehese "perme-
ability" tests indicate that, in general, the hydraulic conductivity
("horizontal permeability") of the formaEions below the rraEer tab1e, on
Ehe average, ranges between 5 and 10 feet per year. However, it should
be noted that sorire of the packer tests conducted above t.he water t.abie
indicated a uuch higher hydraulic conductivity rrhilg a few packer tests
conduct,ed both above and below the water table indicated a much lower
hydraulic conductivity for sele:ted interval-s (see r\ppendix H).
\
)
!
'lI
A\7
GRouilD WIIIR ttUil itlP 0r PR0JIcT stlt
KEY
-552Or- ELEVATION OF WATER TABLE (FEET ABOVE MSL)
<- DIRECTION OF SHALLOW GROUNO WATER MOVEMENT
SOREHOLE LOCATION AND NUMBER ENCOUNTERNG WAIER
," /.."\./
^: /
ssoo
t'-.5
2-125
Lrsing the formuia based on Darcyr s Law
,r=Ki'e
where:
v = the rate of movement of ground n ater through formation
6 = I'permeabiliiy"; hydraulic conductivity of formation(measured as 5 to 10 ft/yr)
0 = porosity of formation (assumed as 20 percent)
i = gradienr (calculated as 0.03 at mi1l site and 0.01 attailing retenrion site)
the average rate of grouad water movement through the water-saturate{
portion of ttre fornaEion below the waEer iable can be estimate<i. Thus,
based on the recorded values and implied assumptions, it is estinated
that, on the average, the shallow ground rrater movement at the mi11
site is approximately 0.01 to 0.02 ft (0.3 to 0.6 cn) per year toward the
south-southwest and the sirallow ground water oovement at the caiLing
retention siEe is approximately 0.0025 to 0.01 fr (0.0g ro 0.3 crn) per
year toward the south-southwest.
2.6.1.4 Utilization of Ground tr{ater in project Vicinity
Prese{rt Ground [.Iater Use
There are 39 ground water appropriation applications on file with
the Utah State Engineers Office fcr withdrawal of ground water within a
5-mile radius of Ehe project site. Most of these applications are for
small r,rells of less Ehan 10 gpn. The total ground wacer withdrawal of
the wells permitted by the appropriations within 5 mi of the projecr sige
is approximately 3.0 second-feet or about 2170 acre-feet per year.
This includes 811 acre-feet per year requested by Energy Fuels and
approved by the utah state Engineers office but not yet being pumped.
Most of these wells produce rrater for irrigation, stock watering and
domestic use. i{ithin this 5-rni ta the existin -5 t
depth @gL{.gs}*_ pitt*.r*f:gjg_ "*hqrawing uaEer from Ehe
","d"rlyi"g N"y"j9 A11 oEher wells in the projecr viciniry are
shallow we11s drilled in the a1luvium, the Dakota sandstone, Ehe Burro
Canyon formation or upper parts of the Morrison formation. The locations
2-t27
of registered wells within a 5-mi radius of the project site are showrr
on Plate 2.6-3 and the description of these wells is included in Table
2.6'L. As indicated on Plate 2.6-3, the majority of the wells are north
and therefore, upgradient of the project site.
Projected Ground Wat.er Use
rhe only recorded projection of ground water use within 5 mi of
the Blanding project site is the planned withdrawaL of 811 acre-feet
Per year from four wells (three more to be constructed) at the Energy
Fuelsr mi11 site. within a 5-mi radius of the proposed uill, there may
be a few additional irrigation or domestic wells drilled into the Dakota
or slightly deeper into the Morrison formation but no roajor change in the
increase in use of grouad water in the project vicinity is anticipated
under the present land use.
2.6.1.5 Ground I{ater Regirne of Hanksville Ore-Buying Station
The occurrence and distribution of ground water at the HanksvilLe
ore-buying station are not well knowa. Ihere are only a few wells and
I-ittle data on ground water in the whoLe area. The geologic rnap of Utah
indicat.es that, in general, the rock types are similar to the strati-
graphic section present near BIanding. Ttre rocks exposed at the land
surface very near the Hanksville ore-buying station are the Summerville
formation, ihe Curtis formation and the Entrada sandstone.
The driller's log of the water well drirled at Energy Fuel's ore-
buying station shows that the well penetrated the Curtis formation at 20
ft below the land surface. At 140 ft belo'* the land surface, the green
glauconit.ic siltstones and shale of the Curtis formation are in contact
with the underly'ing Entrada sandstone. The well was drilled to 450 ft in
depth and coupleted in the Entrada sandstone with 40 ft of perforated
casing.
The drillerr s 1og indicates that ground water lras first noticed
during the drilling at 40 feet below the surface within the Curtis
iormation. Its quality was considered unusable. This suggests a perched
('
TR
bu
uttls It
.i *"',',)
,l'
-l
36\
)r
WATER WELL UMBER
NJ,!l V I AtAND LOCATION (\
(
L,
_)
I tt-
c
t
':d Izz I
.;[:,;;
/v
F0z[,\{"
($-_ \../f.\ ,ol >
u
',iu'#
\ /,, .Y 7a\* L
s-'\\[.\ \\\0.
$' rla
ilffi
\. -,'l',v )tt
,:,:t i::la
rr ,r \ \N:( I / ll$$'-\-'" l^trtttrr,-'.v,NOTE: ALL GROUNDWATER APPROPRIATION
I APPLICATt0NS WtTHtN A 5-MtLE RADTUS
OF THE ORE-BUYING STATION AS FILED
WITH THE UTAH STATE ENGINEER OFFICE
ARE sHowN oN THIS naP,&r/,ll/iDl,,A
2.6-3
TABLE 2.6_I
WATER WELLS IN PROJECT VICINITY
BLANDTNG, UTAH
f,cll Utah) - !tll:-!
14c.tion
T _lj._ -SSc.{rr1ic!r.of l,se
Pr.ilucj rul thpth of
---!,,r-!--
l 0(i'-7001ltr,.-I50'
I 50. -200.
lo0r -500.
100, -500,
190'
82.
165,
lo0'| -400'
.Loo'-4001100'-{00'loo,-400.
120'
170,
150 | -200.180'too. - 300 |
'::15 '200.
IOOr -200,
I O0' -300.
100'-200'
I00. -5001lo0. -200'
150,-200r
164,
too, -200 |
I OO'- 21r',
1 oo. - too.
IO0 i - 2OO.
?oo. - t 800,
200'-250.
800.
?s0- ,
150,
l l5'
I
3
4
5
5
7I
9
10)il2
l3
11
I5l6
L1I8
r9
20
2t
21
26
28
29
13
t4
l5l6
17
38
3C
t5t5
t5
t,rIIlo
10l0lc
l0loloto
4961O
Lto52
29432
4 aB:5
4t 827
164tl
:2 t (,o
t 6ll{490r4-l
490:r4-2
4 901,t - l
4 901 4-{
2 1460
40214
41791
4186'
3t442
29651
t 749s
48298
43570449t9
40824
45'149
41r95
161t2
4b640
45195
3904747Jrl
n794 3--T86bL
7'to99
21r54
4qt 41
44544
37S 2?rl7s 22lll7s 22E
3?S 228
l?s 2281'15 228l7s 22E.!7s 228r7s 22E3'?s 22E37S ?2E
3 ls 228
315 22E)15 228l7s 22t)37s 22[:375 22I:3ls 22L
.J 'S ?28l7s 22E315 2)E3'75 22837s 228375 2283?S 22E37s 22E37S 22837S 2:tl7s 22E375 22tl
315 22E115 22E315 22E
cl ist,ee N. LyMn
Clj.sbee N. Lyoan
Clisb€e N. Lynancllsbee N. Lyman
Ired S. Lyman
BIil
$l'ol.lon I. ln)lt I,S lr,kota,/t{.)t riuon
caorga f. LFnan S Oakota,/lt)rrlson
Clarcnce Trcqellas D Dakota/tbrrison
Bar llark Iianches lnc. I,D,S Dakota,/hrrisonBar lldrk Ranches lnc. I,D,S D,rkota,/t4orrlson
Douglas calbraith S Ddkotd/XorrisonOillard M. Ca)mn S Dakota/t ort iiort
BIJi S Drkota/tbrrison
CJ6rn(t Sitc of
-r4.'.,llr !.,1': rut-
fr"
6 t/a"
Scr crrrr Yiel(l of
I_l:!:ay4 _,wclr _
. Ol t) ficc-ft.015 sec-ft.07 sec-ft.015 6cc-ft
.015 6ec-ft
0. l0 scc-ft
O.OI5 sec-ftU.0ll sec-ftO.50 sec-ftO.50 sec-ft0.50 sec-fr(r.50 sec-ttlo Cr*O.022 sec-ft
0.015 sec-ftO.o33 sec-ft0.OI5 6ec-ft
0.O15 sec-ft
0. LO sec-ft
0.015 s€c-ft
O. lO sec-ftO.0t5 sec-ft
O.015 sec-ft
0.O15 6ec-ft0.015 sec-(t
O.OO3 s€c-ft
O.Ol5 sec-ft
O.Ol5 sec-ftO.OtS sec-ft
O.015 Eec-ft
1. 11 sec-ft-: (r- 10 sec-ftO.50 sec-ft0.0I5 sec-ft
O.015 sec-fcO.O!5 6€c-fr
L!,',,$e
4 sep.rate welLs Joln(dby 1200' of 8" pipa
Hater uaed for Drlve-ln thearre
I,D,S Dakota/MorrisonLD,S Dalota/krrisoDI, D, S Dak.rta,/forrj sonI,D,s Dakotd,/lbrrisonS,D,G OalotalHorrisonS Dakota/&,rrisonRobert E. llosl.er t,D,S Dakota/torrisonh'ilLie Slmpson S,D, I Dakota,/Morri.sonItuflur Lee Lewis D Dakota/torrison
Houkesha of Utah D Dalota/ltorrisonPlatte D. Lyman S Dakota,/Morrison
Doan W. cuymon I,S Dakota/ilorrisoo
Leonard R. llowe O Dakota,/ljorrison
l.eland Shumway I,D,S Daiota/souison
B.rr lbrk knches I,D,S Dak)ts./ltctrisonXloyd Perkjns S frikota/itorriconJ, larley Laus I,D,S l)akota/tbrrisonNillard N. Oulman s Uakota/ilorrl6onQrar!.L..,.qqyleF. 1.9.@- D4]or.e/!{e!ILslllittoyd L()!s f,D,S Ddkotc/[orrisonUtah bunch Cdrplex D Dak()talhrriaontjncrsy-Iqel$. !..C4. . _ .IeD._Q_-.. _paj-ora/florrisonf,r,ctgy t'uelE, Lrd. O^ NJv.rjo ssLorenzo llankihs D(9 D.rlioLc/fiorlisunl,a.r-iE S,hurray I,f@ onkota,/llorrison
Alma U. J-c:trcs ....-,,-,-, .-,s-:, Dakota/ilorrisonl:lalil E. Perkir,s S tcl()tal&rriso0
Plateau Re!. LtC. D Da,.ota,/rbrrisflr
t.)
IH
1..)\o
22
22
21
2S
2B'i1
33
33
2tl5
B1l-l n9!_Let:.dll!lsr
One uell drillcd. tllree velts to he conerru(.tcdrBottom 30'perforated
See Plate 2.5-2 fot eell l@ation6
.D r bm€stlc
S - Stockwatering
I = Irrigation(r , tndustrial
2-130
water table in the Curtis formation, the driller's 1og indicates that
tire nex! appearance of water occurred at 40C ieet below the surface in
the Entrada sandstone. This water is probabl;r under some artesian head
and represents the uain bedrock aguifer under the ore-buying station.
2.6.L.5 Utilization of Ground Water in Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-
Buying Station
The vicinitlr of the Hanksvill-e ore-buying station is very desolate
and unpopulated with only a few scattered stock wells. In fact, within a
five-mile radius of the Hanksville ore buying station there are only 5
ground water approprietion applications on file with the Utah State
Engineerrs Office and only three wells dri1led. These well locations are
shown on Plate 2.6-4 and their description is included in Table 2.6-2.
The total ground water usage as approved by the Utah State Engineer
within 5 sri of rhe ore-buying station is approximateLy 15 second-feet or
10,860 acre-feet per year. 0f this quantity, current usage is probably
only l/5 of the quantity authorized. The authorized amount of 10.0 per
acre-feet for Energy Fuels, for instance, is based upon production yields
of six (6) weIls. Presently, only one well has been drilled and utilized
for production.
2.6.2 Surface llater Hydrology
No perennial surface rrater occurs on the project site. The follow-
ing sections describe the regional drainage and utilization of surface
nater, the project vicinity's watershed, and surface waEer hydrology of
the project site.
2.6.2.1 Regional Occurrence and Drainage of Surface I{ater
The project siie is situated on Wtrite Mesa which is drained alnost
equally by Corral Creek on the east and by Westwater Creek on the west
(p1ate 2.5-5). A11 drainages in the project vicinity are intermittent.
Corrai Creek has
cent to the site and
4
1S
drainage area of about 5 sq ni (f3 sq kn) adja-
tributary to Recapture Creek. Westwater Creek,
,IABLE. 2.6-2
WATER WELLS IN VICINITY OE'
HANKSVILLE ORE.BUYING STATION
t{ell (ltah
I App. I
| 44294
2 2(,24tJ3 l:i3024 2?9545 9r9S-l6 9198-2? 91 9B-l8 9I9B-49 91 98-5
lo 91.98-6
Iocatlon
_T R Sec.
30s llE 530s LIE I
295 llE I29S llE 3629S llE 36
29S llE 36
29S llE 3629s llE 36
29S llE 36
29S llE 36
ovner/
opera tor
Ralph & Una Pacc
Sophie Nlcolas
BLM
Lavon forsyth
Energy fuel8, Ltd.
Energy Fuels, LLd.
Energy Fuela, Ltd.
Energy Fuels, Ltd.
Energy Fuels, l,td.
Energy fuels. Ltd.
screcn Yleld of
lnterval well
O.O3 aec-ft4.O sec-ft
0.063 6ec-ft
O.015 sec-ft
0.o15 sec-ft
IO.O sec-ft
Resarka
6 uells (one well drllled,
5 to be conFt-rlrcted at
future datel
Naturer
of Us€
D,SI
s
s
I,D,S
I'D,s
I,D,SI,D's
t,D, s
I,D, S
ProduclngFomtlon Depth of
well
loo r -300.loo'-500'
300'-3501ll5 |
200'-1000'
200' -roo0 t
200. -looo I
200' -looo I
200'-1000 |
200'-rooo'
caslng
Depth
100, -3001
loo. -500.
300' -350 |
3r5'
200 r -loo0r
200 | -tooo I
200' -looo'
?oo' -looo l
200 | -l ooo I
200 | -1000'
size of
Caslncl
Entrada ss
Entrada SE[trada SS
Entrada SS
Entrada sS
Entrada SS
Ent.rada sS
Entrada SS
Entrada SS
Entrada SS .: l
See Plat€ 2.6-3 for well locations
rD = Donelttic
S = Stocliwater
I - Irrigation
o = Industrlal
T\)
I(,
N'
I
r_)
oq
SPRING CREEK WATERSHEDi
RECAPTURE CREEK
WATERSHEDCOTTONWOOD WASH WATERSHE./v v.,, /DI r^\6 (\\\ru l^\ lirl)l IUY
\\- - / \'\1 .t , _\J/ HEWESTWATER CREEK
WATERSHED
CORRAL CREEK
WATERSHED
OI USGS GAUGE
.2 USGS GAUGE
03 USGS GAUGE
NO. O9376900
NO. O9378630
NO. O9378700
IIRAITIGE
PR(lIEGI
itl P 0t
U IG I1I IIY
DATI'! TO(DII
PROJECT
PIJTE 2.6-s
2-134
on Ehe western edge of the site, has a drainage area of nearly 27 sq rui
(70 sq kn) and is Eributary to CoEtonwood t^lash. Both Cottonwood liash and
Recapture Creek drain in a southerly directi-on and are tributary to the
rnajor drainage artery of the region, the San iuan River. The confluences
of CotEonwood Wash and Recapture Creek with the San Juan Rirrer are
located approximately t8 mi {29 km) south of the project site. The
drainage areas of Recapture Creek and Cottonwood Wash at their confluence
with the San Juan River are approxiuately 200 sq mi (518 sq krn) and 322
sq mi (860 sq km), respectiveLy.
The San Juan River is a major tribuEary of the Upper Colorad,o
River and drains approximately 23,000 sq mi (60,000 sq kra) above B1uff,
Utah which is located at the mouth of Cott,onwood wash. The San Juan
River flows in a westerly direction toward its confluence with the
Colorado River at Lake Porqe11, which is about 114 river miles (183 krq)
west of Bluff.
The entire Cottoilrood Wash waEershed <lrains 332 sq mi (860 sq km)
with the southern half being relatively narrold and the northern half
being wider. The creekr s headwaters are in the lianti-La SaI I'Iatic,nal
ForesE. Elevations within the basin range from nearly i1,000 ft (3333 m)
uean sea level (usl) at ME. Linnaeus Peak, to a low of about 4300 ft
(1303 n) msl at Ehe ccnfluence of Cottonwood Wash and Ehe San Juan
River. Ihe creek bot tom is ar ele'ration 5100 f c (1545 m) ns 1 direc c1y
west of the project site. The overall basin slope averages about 154 t.t
(46.7 m) per uile, or nearly 3 percent.
The Recapture Creek <irainage area encompasses 200 sq mi (518 sq
km) and extends for nearly 38 ni (61 kn) from its headwaters in the Abajo
Mountains on Ehe north to its confluence with the San Juan Ri.rer to the
south. The basin is very narrow, measuring less than 7 mi (11 km)'*ide
at its broadest point. Elevations range from 11,36C ft (3442 a) ms1 at
its headwaiers on Abajo Peak, to 5200 f: (1576 m) msl direcEly east of
the project site, to a low of 4400 fC (1333 ia) ms1 aE its confluence wich
2*t35
the San Juan River. The overall basin slope is about 163 ft (49 m) per
mile, or a littLe over 3 percer.t.
The Westlrater Creek drainage basin covers nearly 27 sq mi (70 sq
km) at its confluence with CoEtonwood Wash, about 1.5 ni (2.5 krn)
west of the project site. The west and northwest portions of the project
site lie within the tJestwater Creek watershed.
The divide between WesEwater Creek's drainage area and that of
Recapture Creek passes through the City of Blanding. Runoff originating
frou vithin Blanding is collected by both of these watercourses.
Corral Creek is a small intermittent tributary of Recapture Creek
and collects runoff from the eastern half of the project site. Ihe
drainage area of that portion of Corral Creek above and including the
site is about 5 sq mi (13 sq km). The area of the entire Corral Creek
basin measured at its confluence with Recapture Creek is 6 sq ui (15 sq
kn).
Table 2.6-3 summarizes the drainage areas in the general vicinity
of the project site as well as the urajor watercourses of the region.
Runoff from storms in the region is characterized by a rapid rise
in flow rates followed by a rapid recession of flow rates. Ihis is
probably due to the smal1 storage capacity of shallow surface soils
in the region. 0n August 1, 1958, a flow of 20,500 cfs was recorded
on Cottonwood Wash near Blanding (205 sq mi drainage area). However, the
average flow for that day was only 4,340 cfs. By August 4, the flow had
returned to the pre-flood flow rate of 16 cfs. This is characteristic
behavior for basins with very 1ittle storage capacity.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) currenEly maintains two streau
gauges on eratercourses in the region. The locations and gauge numbers
are: gauge number 09378630 is on Recapture Creek in the uPPer portion of
the watershed, at elevation 7200 ft nsl; gauge number 09378700 is on
DRAINAGE AREAS
2-t36
TABLE 2.6-3
OF' PROJECT VICINITY AND RXGION
Basin Description
Corral creek adjacentto project site
Corral Creek at
conflrrence with RecapEure Creek
WestwaEer Creek at confluence
with Cottonwood Wash
Cottonwood tfash at USGS
gauge west of project site
Cottonwood Wash at confluence
with San Juan River
Recapture Creek at USGS gauge
Recapture Creek at Confluencewith San Juan River
San Juan River at USGS gauge
downstream of Bluff, Utah
Drainage Area
Square Miles Square KilomeEers
5.3
5.8
26.6
9as
s332
3.8
s200
<23,000
13.7
15.0
68.8
ss31
<8 60
9.8
18<5
<60,000
2-137
Cottonwood Wash about 7 ni (11 krn) southwest of Blanding, at elevation
51.38 ft msi. rn ad,Jiticn, a gauge hras formerly mainEained on spring
creek at elevaticn 7720 ft ns1 near Monticel-1o. rhis gauge, numbered
09376900, was discontinued in I971. TLre locations of these gauges are
indicated on Plate 2.6-5.
During the ocrober 1965 to present period of record for the
Recapture creek gauge, the average annual yield iron the 3.8 sq rni (9.9
sq km) basin was 3.9 in (99 nm). The minimum and maximum annual yields
on record were, respectively, 0.5 in (13 nn) for the period from october
1970 to Septenber 1971 and L6.2 in (411 mrn) for the period frorn October
1972 to September 1973. Average annual flows for the period 1965 ro 1975
are shown on Plate 2.6-6.
During the 0ctober 1964 to present period of reeord for Ehe
cottonwood wash gauge, the average annual yield from the 205 sq mi (531
sq km) basin was 0.57 in (14 nrn). The mininum and maximum annual yields
on record were, resPectively, 0.13 in (3 rnn) for the period from October
1970 to September L97l and 1.87 in (48 rnu) for the period from October
1972 to September 1973. Average annual flows for the period 1964 to 1975
are shown on Plate 2.6-6.
During the period that the gauge on spring creek was maintained,
October 1955 to September L972, the average annual yield from the 4.95 sq
roi (I3 sq km) basin was 2.8 in (71 mn). The miniuum and maximum annual
yields on record I{ere, respectively, 0.88 in (22 nrn) for the period frorn
OcEober 1969 to September 1970 and 5.27 in (134 nrn) for the period frour
October 1965 to September 1966. Average annual flows for the period 1965
to 1972 are shown on Plate 2.6-6
the average annual rdater yields outlined above, 3.9 in (99 mrn)
from Recapture Creek, 0.57 in (14 nn) from Cottonwood Wash, and 2.9 in
(zt nm) frou spring creek, refleet the higher yields per unit area
expected from the higher alti.tudes of the basins. As shom on plate
2.6-7, the uPPer reaches of the basins receive three Eiures the annual
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
AVE RAGE ANN UAL FL0t,l=800AF- ( 1965- 1974 )
DRAI NAGE AREA= 3.77 SQ. MI .
AVERAGE ANNUAL Y IELD=2L2.2 AFlSQ. MI .
1600
1400
1200
1 000
800
600
400
200
AYE RAGE
DRAINAGE
AVI RAGE
ANN UAL FLOW=6300 AF ( TgO 4-T97 4)
AREA=205 SQ. MI.
ANNUAL YIELD = 31 AFlSQ. ML
Ft!
lrJtL
1lfJdC)
=oJtr
J
IFz.o
=
llJ(9
d.ul
YI ELD-AF/SQ. MI
FlrJ
trJL!
IlrJe.(-)
=O)lr
-J!F-=o
=
lrJ(5
dIJ
YIELD-AF/SQ. MI.
MI N.AVE.MAX.MI N. AVE MAX.
26
(1e70)
212 862
(te7 2)
6.7 31
(1e6e )
100
( te7 z)
NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAYJUNEJULY AUG SEPT
MON TH
CREEK NEAR BLANDING
GAUGE 09378630
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAYJUNEJULYAUG SEPT
MON TH
COTTONWOOD WASH NEAR BLANDING
USGS GAUGE O93787OO
AIl"JSTf;C
AF'HIqT{JHE
CAHD
,Also Ar.railable onAperture Card
RECAPTURE
USGS
Flrl
lrJl+
lrld.(J
=oJt!.
J-F
=o
=
lrJ(5
d,
lrJ
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
AVERAGE ANNUAL FL0I.J=734 AF (1965-1971)
DRAINAGE AREA=4.95 SQ. MI.
AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELD=148 AFlSQ. MI.
1.
lrqs _
FOR THE LOCATION OF t.lATERCOURCES
SUMMARIZED, SEE PLATE
SOURCE OF DATA. l.lATER RESOURCES DATA RECORDS.
COMPI LED AND PUBLISHED BY U S G S
YIELD-AFl SQ. MI .
MIN.
47.L
(1e70)
AVE.
148
MAX.2.
287
(1e6s)
ffos/7oza?- ol
OCT NOV DEC JAT.I FEB i'AR APR IUAY JI.,i.IE JIIY At,,G SEPT
I4ON TH
SPRING CREEK ABOVE DIVERSIONS,
NEAR MONTICELLO
USGS GAUGE 093769OO
sIRErtFtoil suiltlRY
BL[[DITG, UT[]I UICIilITY
DIII'CMII
P|-ATE 2.6-6
-
400 AVERAGE ANt{UAL FL0l{'800AF-( r96s- 1974)
DRAINAGE AREA=3.77 SQ. tlI.
16 00 AYE RAGE
DRA I N AGE
AVERAGE
ANNUAL FL0l{=6300 AF (1964-1974)
AREA=205 SQ. MI.
ANNUAL YIELD = 31 AFlSQ. rilI.
. 350
UULJ 300
do
.250-oJ* 2oo
J
*= l5oo-
U loo
dUe50
AVERAGE ANNUAL Y IELD=212.2 AFlSQ.14 00FUU
T rzooUdo1 rooo-o)* Boo
J-z 600o
=u 400
du? zoo
YIELD.AFlSO. IIII YrELp-AF/SQ. !,rr.
MI N. AVE. I,.IAX.
6.? 31 100
t.II N. AVE .
?6 2n
( le70)
MAX.
862
( te7 2)( le6e )( re7 2)
OCT NOV OEC JAN FE8 UAR APR TTAYT'{EJIJLY At,G SEPT
TIONTH
RECAPTURE CREEK NEAR BLANDING
USGS GAUGE 09378630
OCT ITIOV DEC JAITI FEB MAF APR MAY.I,\EJI,-Y A,G
I.ION TH
ANSTEC
APERTURE
CARD
Also Available onAporture Card
COTTONWOOD WASH NEAR BLANDING
USGS GAUGE O937870O
350 AVE RAGE
DRAI NAGE
AVE RAGE
AiINUAL FLOI{=734 AF (r955-1971)
AREA=4.95 SQ. ilI.FUE 3oo
Ue: zso
-3 2oor
J- 150F
=o= looua9
fi50
At{NUAL YIELD=148 AFlSQ.
YrELp-AF/SQ. Ilr.
itIN. AVE. [AX.
47.t 148 28t
-rqrE!:I. FOR THE LOCATION OF UATERCOURCES
SUI,I}IARI ZED, SEE PLATE2. SOURCE OF DATA. }IATER RESOURCES DATA RECORDS.
COIIIPI LED AND PUBLISHEO BY U S G S
( rsTo )( 1e65)
fro3/702A?- 0l
OCT Mry DEC JA'{ FE8 MAR APR TAY.T.iEJIYAJG SEPT
Irt0!t TH
SPRING CREEK ABOVE DIVERSIONS.
NEAR MONTICELLO
USGS GAUGE 09376900
sTnErtn0[ sutfrRr
BuxDtxc,urt[ ulclillil
PLATE 2.6-7
2-140
precipitation Ehat Ehe project siLe receives.
produces a greater amount of runoff.
The greater precipitation
2.6.2.2 Regional Uti.lizaEion of Surface Water
Surface erater use within the Cottonwood Wash, Recapture Creek,
Corral Creek and I{estwater Creek basins is prinarily for agricultural
irrigation and stock watering. Table 2.6-4 lists Ehe existing water
appropriations within tie project vicinity. it is not known ii all these
rights are being exercised. The State of Utahrs DeparEmenE of Natural
Resources, Division of Water Rights is in the process of cornpiling a
statewide list to establish the current lrater users but the Blanding area
has not yet been appraised. In addition, the Division of Water Rights has
stated that 'tadditionai waEer rights could exist, in good condition, if
the wat,er was used for some beneficial use prior to 1903 as long as the
right was sEiIl in use today.'r
On a more regionat basis, wat,er use
9900 acre-feet per year in Utah alone
USDA, L974). This 9900 acre-feei of water
as indicateC in Table 2.5-5.
2.5.2.3 Project Vicinity WaEershed
Ihe project site is situaEed aE.op k'hice Mesa from r"-hich strrface
runoff is conducted by severaL poorll' defined, ephemeral drainages to
either WestwaEer Creek or Corral Creek (see SecEion 2.6.2.I). The mesa
is defined by Ehese iwo adjacent uain drainages which have cui deepl;r
into the regional sandstone formaEions. I{hite Mesa slopes gently Eo the
south-southwest frorn the town of Blanding; its elevaEions range from over
6000 ft msl near Blanding to around 5400 fE msl at the southern e:.treuity
of the plateau. The project sice is sit.uated at elevations generally
ranging beiween 5600 ft msl and 5650 ft rasl. White Mesa is about 10 mi
(16 km) in length, making its o.rerall slope a little nore than 1 per-
cent.
from the San Juan River total
(Co1o. WaEer Cons. Board and
is used in many different ways
CORRAL CREEK
FreA H;111d-;y Blanding, UT
COTTONI,JOOD CREEK OR I^IASH
2-14t
TABLE 2.6-4
CURRENT SURFACE }JATER USERS IN PROJECT VISINITY
ADDRESS APPLICATION APPLICATION
DATE
Aug 12, l97L
Nov 12, 1907
June 22, 1910
Itar L2, 1924
l(ar 24, L924
NUMBER
40839
1647
3322
9486
9491
9492
10320
104935
r0496
t0497
34666
QUANTITY
0.5 cfs
1.0 cfs
5.49 cfs
l. 18 cfs
0.738 cfs
Willian Keller
Hyrurn Perkins
U.S. Indian
Service
U.S. Indian
Service
U.S. Indian
Service
Seth Shumway
ll.E. Shumway
Moab, UT
Bluff, UT
Ignacia, CO
Ignacia, C0
Ignacia, C0
Blanding, UT
B1anding, UT
Blanding, UT
Monticello, UT
K.loyd Perkins Blanding, UT
I{.R. Young
W.R. Young
W.R. Young
San Juan
County hlater
Conserv. District
Earl Perkins B1anding, UT
WESTWATER CREEK
Blanding, UT
B1anding, UT
Apr 16, 1965
Jan 7, L929
Segregation
Date
Feb 28, 1970
Segregation
Date
Oct 22, 1970
Claim Date
Oct 16, I970
Change of
Approp.
June 12, 1974
36924
10576
37601a
37501a
Claim 2373
0.298
1.455
0.001 5
4.0022
0.002
l2 ,000
cfs
cfs
cfs
cfs
cfs
A-F
5.0 cfs
0,005 cfs
0.7623 cfs
0.2377 cf.e
0.015 cfs
Mar
APr
0ct
0ct
0ct
0ct
24,
13,
77
23,
22,
10,
t924
t928
1928
1928
L928
L962
Preston Nielson Blanding, UT
Parley Redd
Kenneth
McDonald
Blanding, UT
Blanding, UT 42302 1.0 cfs
2-142
TABLE 2.6-5
PRESENT UTAH WATER USE (1965) OF SAN JUAN RIVER
Use
Irrigated Crops (5000 acres)
Reservoir Evaporation
Incidental Usea
Municipal & Industrialb
Miaeralsb
Augmented Fish and Wildlife
alncidenEal use of
other roi.scel laneous
Total
irrigation qrater by phreatophytes and
vegetation.
Acre-Feet
55 00
100
I 300
1800
I 100
100
9900
Source:
blncludes evaporation losses applicable to these sourcesof depletion.
Colo. l,Iater Cons. Board & USDA, 1974.
2-143
2.6.2.4 Project Site Drainage
The 1480-acre project site is drained by both Westwater Creek and
Corral Creek. Of this area, surface runoff from approximately 384 acres
is collected by l{estwater Creek and about 383 acres are drained by Corral
Creek. The remaining 713 acres in the southern an<i southwestern portions
of the site are drained to Cottonwood Wash.
Surface lrater yield from the project site averages less than 0.5
inches annuall.y, although just how much Less is not known. Cottonwood
Wash with a drainage basin composed of both mountainous land and arid
lowlands, has an annual yield of 0.57 inches at the USGS gauge. 0f that
yield, a considerable portion is provided by the headwaters of the basin
which is at a much higher elevation and provides a disproportionately
higher yield. If one assumes that 15 percent of the basin is sinilar to
Spring Creek and Recapture Creek and yielding 3 inches annually, then the
remainder of the basin, which is simiLar to the project site, is pro-
viding only 0.14 inches of yield to make the weighted basin average 0.57
in. Ihus, the project site is assumed to have an average annual yield in
the range of 0.1 to 0.5 inches. The annual yield probably has wide
variations because of occasional intense thunderstorms.
2.6.2.5 Project Site Flooding Potentiat
A flooding potential determination can be made either by examination
of long-term stream flow records or by examination of precipitation
records. Of the two techniques, an analysis of stream flow data is
preferred since it requires fewer assumptions and is a more direct
measure of the needed inf orrnation. LlnfortunaEely, f ew areas have
Ehe high quality, long-term flow records that are required for a sta-
tistical stream flow analysis. The Blanding area lacks such flow records
and, Eherefore, precipitation analysis was used to deternine the project
site flooding potential.
Flooding Analysis
To analyze the threat of flooding to the project site from adjacent
drainages and from direct precipitation, estimates of potential flooding
2-L44
resulting frou a probable maximum flood (ptlr) and a 100-;rear flood were
used. A probable maximum flood i.s defnied by the World Meteorological
Organization (1973) as:
"The hypothetical flood characteristics (peak discharge,
volume, and hydrograph shape) ttrat are considered to be Ehe most
severe reasonably possible at a parEicular location, based on
relatively comprehensive hydrometeorological analyses of criti-
cal runof f-producing precipitation (and snor.irrelt, if pertinent)
and hydrological factors favorable for maximum flood runoff."
A PMF is prepared by estirnaEing probable maxiraum precipitation (pUp)
amounts over the drainage basins, and then arranging these anounts in aa
optimum time sequence to produce the maximurn flood runoff likely. A PI,IF
represents the most severe runoff conditions considered to be 'rreasonably
possible."
While a PMF is an outstanding event,
1O0-year precipitaton (a 1O0-year flood) is
occuro The teru "IO0-year precipitaEion" is
duration, usually 24 hours or less, that
every 100 years. A 100-year flood has about
occurring once any one year.
Precipitation Analysis Probable maximum precipitation used irr
deriving the PMF, is defined by the Wor1d Meteorological Organization
(1973) as:
rrThe theoreticaLly greatest depth of precipitation for a given
duration theE is meteorologically possible over the applicable
drainage area that would produce flood flows of which there is
virtually no risk of being exceeded. These esEimates involve
certain modifications and extrapolation of historical data to
reflect rnore severe rainfall meleorological conditions than
actually recorded, in the generaI region of the basin under
study, insofar as these are deeued reasonably possible of
occurrence on the basin of hydromeEeorological reasoning."
a flood resulting fron the
smaller and more likely to
the rainfall oi a particular
is equaled or exceeded once
a one percent probability of
1n
2-t45
Two types of probable maximum precipitaton (pt'tp) were considered in
developing the probable maximum fIood. The first is thunderstorm rain-
fa11, eharacterized by extreuely intense precipitaton of short duration.
Ihe second is the rainfall from a general-type storm, characterized by
less intense precipitation over a much longer period of time.
Ihe PMP estimate for different durations from thunderstorm and
general type storms are presented on Plate 2.6-8. These data were taken
directly or derived from tables and charts of the U.S. Bureau of Reclam-
ationts (1973) "Design of Snall Dams.rr The values are for PMP at a point
(applicable to an area up to 10 sq ni (26 sq km). For areas over 10 sq
Ei, the values shown must be reduced by appropriate areal reduction
factors. As shown, the general type stor:In PMP produces 9.8 in (249 nm)
of rainfall in 48 hours. The PltP generated by a thunderstorm is more
intense, producing 7 in (178 nm) in only t hour. The thunderstorm
is not expected to last more than I hour in this region (UStrn, 1973252).
In addigion to the PMP rainfalts, the rainfall. events having return
periods of 2 to 100 years were deternined for the area, The values shown
on Place 2.6-8 nere computed from NOAA and NWS (1973). The resulting 2-,
5-, 10-, 25-r 50- and 100-year 24-hour preeipitation depths are 1.4 in
(35 nm), 1.8 in (45 nn), 2.L in (53 nm) 2.5 in (63 nn), 2.8 in (72 m)
and 3 .2 in (81 um), respectively. Precipitation depths for these return
periods are shown on Plate 2.6-8 for the 24-hour duration as well as
int,ermediate durations donrn to 15 minutes.
Unit Hydrographs Unit hydrographs were developed to describe the
rainfall-runoff response of the study basins which are the basins for the
drainages adjacent to the project site shown on Plate 2.6'5. -Idea1ly,
the unit hydrographs should be determined and verified from historical
floods and associated rainfall/runoff relationships. Since such data
were not available for these waEersheds, syntheEic unit hydrographs were
derived based on the physiographic characteristics of the drainage areas.
These synthetic unit hydrographs were conputed using the procedures set
It
il
Nb
Io
L FROM, PRECIPITATION ATLAS
UN ITED STATES, VOL.
AND Nt{lS, 1973.
23
TrME (H0URS)
OF THE I^lESTERN
VI-U7A4-NOAA
10
1(r, I
lfJ-(J
=6
=Otr
!,
F
F
d,6-
c)
l+,d,ao- ')E'!e-
=E- -I-e=
-jI'i=Trel!E-tcl,lFlFrc-'Etclr{i<-
48
a?/
/
/
TH UN DE RSTORM
PMP (USBR 19ZS) \
GENERAL-TYPE STORM
PMP ( USBR, 1973)-/
a //
/a
///
,/a
/
////z-
,_a
a
=
50
25
1 n
1r-'--J
--"
L-
5
.----
.25 .50 l2 24
2-L47
out by the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and the Soil ConservaEion
Service (ScS).
Flood Hydrograph Analysis Using the previously described precipi-
taEion guantities and depth-duration relationships given on PlaEe
2.6-8, the runoff producing rainfall was computed. Retention losses,
rainfall lost by soil infiltration or evaporated from the soil surface,
lrere then deternined by SCS criteria. For the PMP, near-saturated
antecedent moisture conditions vrere adopted corresponding to cur.Je
number 85 (UStrA, 1973). For the 100-year event, t'average" basin condi-
tions were assumed, resulting in the use of curve nuuber 50. Incremental
runoff quantities were then convoluted wirh the previously determined
unit hydrographs to obtain the flood hydrographs for each event. Com-
parison of the PMF|s front thunderstorus and general storms showed that
the thunderstorn produced the longest peak flows. The hydrographs from a
PMP thunderstorm are shown on Plate 2.6-9.
The PMF hydrographs shown for Cottonwood Wash, Westwater Creek and
Corral Creek adjacent Eo the project site have peak discharges of 66,000
cfs (1869 cms), 18,000 cfs (510 cns) and 14,000 cfs (396 cms), respec-
tively. Ihe 100-year discharges for the same rdatersheds are 4500 cfs
(127 cms),450 cfs (12.7 cms) and 114 cfs (3.2 cms), respectively. By
observation, the nater courses for these three creeks have capacities
which far exceed the computed PMF values. Therefore, the project site
cannot be inundated due to floods on these drainages.
Flooding of the project site due to direct precipitation is dis-
cussed in detail in Appendix I1. The precipitation depth-duration used in
Appendix H is the same as that developed above, under "Precipitation
Analys is. "
The flood of record on CoEtonwood Wash that occurred on August 1,
1968 rras 20,500 cfs (581 cms). The rainfall that produced this record
flow was almost 4.5 in (114 mro) in a 24-hour period. This flow is over 4
times the esEimated 1OO-year discharge. As mentioned previously, nc
!
s{
Fr
N'b
I\o
7 2000
OTTONWOOD WASH PEAK66, OOO CFS
64000
o 56000Z.OO
l-Lla 48000E
LTJ
o-
F
fr +oooo
LL
o
$ reooo
3
LLIp z+ooo
I
C)0
o 16000
3 2000
28000 COTTONWOOD WASH
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
PEAK=25, 600 CFSaz.OOL!a
EL!
o_
F
LLJL!
U.
O
m
=3
tu(D
G,
I(Ja
o
24 000
20000
-|I
--b
-E'Ft
d.=feEe
==I
-F!.lI-
==--,t-leGi-i3!e!crEr
I=i-a v!,
1 6000
12000
8000
8000 4 000
4 6 I 10
TIME ( HOURS )
FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS
468
TIME (HOURS)
UNIT HYDROGRAPHS
WESTWATER CREEKPEAK 1 8, ooo CFS
CORRALLPEAK L4,CREEK
OOO CFS
WESTWATER CREE
UNI T HYDROGRAPHPEAK=5800 CFS
CORRAL CREEKUNIT HYDROGRAPHPEAK= 31OO CFS
2-149
statistical frequency analysis was performed on the meteorological data,
but this 4.5 in (114 mm) rainfall was certainly an extremely unusual
event, mosE probably generated by a general-type storm system, since high
runoff occurred for several days both before and after the peak flow
event.
The PMF hydrograph sholrn on Plate 2.6-9 is the result of the
thunderstorn PMP, i.e. 7 in (178 srm) of rainfall in I hour. Although the
PMP associated with a general-type storm produces more rainfall,9.8 in
(249 un), the intensity is much tess since the duration is much longer at
48 hours. The PMF hydrograph frou such a rainfall would result in more
volume of runoff than the PMF thunderstorm but the peak discharge would
be less, therefore being less critical as far as flooding potential is
concerned. Also, since the flood of record on Cottonwood Wash occurred in
August, no snowmett baseflow was added Eo the above PMF estimate. If the
snounelt conponent, nere included it would produce a negligible change in
the peak flood flows shown.
2.6.3 Water Quality
Water quality determinarions
rraters in and around the proposed
existing conditions and to be able
inpacts on the water quality as a
are being made of surface and ground
mill site to evaluate and describe the
to make predictions of possible future
result of the planned acEion.
Sanpling sEations are locaEed to provide baseline lrater quality
conditions up gradient and down gradient froo the site for both subsur-
face and surface rdaters. These locations were chosen Eo be as represen-
.t.ative of specific conditions as possible and the frequency of sampLing
was selected to provide a statisEically valid sanpting.
The water quality parameEers chosen for analysis represent the major
chemical, physical and radiological properties that would be important
for possible intended uses of the lrater and would be appropriate Eo
monitor during the life of the project to detect possible changes in
water quality.
2-150
An explanation of the significance of selected ehemical and physical
properti.es of water and a discussion of ihe wai.er sampiing procedures and
techniques are included in Appendix B.
2.6.3.1 Ground lJater Qualiry in project Vicinity
rn general, ground water quality is related to the type of geologic
fornation frorn which the water is derived. Ihe ground water from wells
drilled into the alluvir:m and at shallo-,,, depths in the Dakota sandstone,
the Burro Canyon formation and the ltorrison formation is slightly min-
eralized with a range of total dissolved solids from approximately 300 to
2000 nill.igrans per liter (rng/1) (Felris, i956:29).
The water qualit.v in the deeper aquifers, such as the Navajo sand-
stone and the Entrada sandstone, varies considerably. The Engrada has
yielded fresh ldater to ldater wells in some areas of southeastern Utah and
saline liTater in others. No data are available regarding its quality in
the vicintiy of the project site. The Navajo sandstone, however, yields
fresh htater to the rnill site weI1. Its total dissolved solids content is
about 245 mgt1. Generalized descriptions of ground water quality frorn
rnany different formations present in the region and the Blanding vicinity
ere listed b)'specific we1ls and locaiion ir. r,able 3 of Feltis (1g65).
I{ater sanples have been collected and enalyzeC from springs and
wells in the project vicinity as pari of the baseline field investiga-
tions. The Locations of these sampling sites and other preoperational
water quality sampling stations are showa in Plaie 2.6-10 (those north of
ihe project site are upgradient). Results of aaalyses are listed in
TabLe 2.6-6.
In general, the qualiEy of the shallow ground water discharging from
the springs in the project vicinity ranges from 780 to 1270 mg/l in rolal
dissolved solids. The ground water is a sodium sulphate-bicarbolate to a
sodium-calcium sulphate-bicarbonaEe t)'pe water with a neutral to slightly
alkaline pH (see ana!.yses of stations No. G4B. and G3R).
PLATE 2.6.I0
IABLu._?r-q:g
WATER QUALITY OF CROU}ID I,IATERS AND SPRINGS IN PRO.IECT VICINITY
Locat ion Spring in Corral Ck Blanding Mi11 Site Wcll in Navajo Sandstone
Station No.GlR G2R
Collection Date 7 /25/77 1t/t0/77 L/27 /77r s/4/772 7/2s/77 tzlos/77 t2/osl773
Field Specific Conductiviry (umhos/cn)Field ptlDissolved 0xygr:nTemperature ('C)Estimated Florv, gpm
Deternli.nation (mg,/1 )
pll
TDS (0r 80"c)
Redox PotencialAlkalirrity (as CaCOSJIlardness, total (as CaCOg)
Car'bonate (as CO3)Alr-rrninum, d issolvedArnmonia (as N)Arsenic, to talBariun, totirl
Boron, totalCadmi.un, totalCalciurn, dissolvcd
Ch lorideSodium, dissolved
Silver, dissolved
Sul fate, dissol ved (as SOa)Vanadium, dissolvedi'langanese,,lis solvedChrolniutn, tr)ta 1
Copper, totalFluoride, dissolve<lIron, totalIron, dissolvedLead, total
Itlagnes iunr, JissolvedItlercury, to talIrloiybdentrnr, rlisso lvedNitrirte (as N)Phosphorus, total (as p)
::
8.0
244
189
196
0.0
0.0
0. 014
<0. 0
0.040
0.0
510.0
8.0
0.0
24
0.020
0.0
0.0
0 .17
!: ta
0.0
t7
0.0
0.0s
0.03
;;
:9',
t7
9,t
i6
00
0.12
400
6.9
7) ''
20
7.7
1110
220
221
208
0
<0. 01
<0. 1
<0.0L0.13
<0. I
0. 004
51.
<15.5
<0.002l7
<0.0020.03
0. 02
0.005
0 .220.61
0. 570.02
1B
0. 002
<0.01
<0. 05
<0. 01
7.9
24s
180
(,zH&Aan
gl
F
UoJ
ts"C)z
A-lo()
o*iB{
o.-l
(J
&Aa
trlt
c)o,l
I-ioz
a-.1)C)(J
=o-lt\
3oJ
(ottho)
770btNo. HRI - 11 503on radioactivi ty
a$
IFUrN)
caczoa F.rrl]<l-d,rl oEl€A<
=,-loUL'
t{HILI F>u)tllFFoZA
U)HHUq&> g.l
2A{ c.r
AEoar<tr1<tsdtril o-t Fqo"<E-ro(J L9zFHulF>.nEIFtroZA
(/'H
H()u't c>Irl<=zo<()
Itrtah State Division of Ilealth Analysis, Lab No.llarlial. analysis by ltazen Research, In;., Sa;pieiReplicare sample analyzed for Quality Asiurante
!:
Q
€
n
pc
=
O€n
o!
/.o,4
.i
O
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ea)
3'
=.4
I
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--a'-*
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.i
2-153
Iti0IVr0EYr :llil.LS3J lYiiiirii,iclIE 03J,3'IdITO] J3I ION SiSAIY}:Y
IUol.!,,-u0gYI SfiI ISlJ ']YI lUSltliSl,\B C3I3TdHO3 TAA JON SISAIYN";
'\c nrco.c . . . .
NiC'!NC+ i+ i+ r+ i+ lr Ialr*rCOtl\ . . . .
A C:CFC
- lr I
a-C r r ' rNrrrl
'Orrrr
:)NIUdS AIVf,CIl ioN 01n03
"4t0iJ
l1o1
,i\lUdS 3J\'301 ioN o-inof,
"\10'ii
r1i01
NN
a{,= \o . .ta
-.=--=i n- I i i i
, rlt I
r
N
a1
rt\
NN
I\
Nt\r
NF
NN
i
Ns
rN
4
r
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-
o
a
z
=q)
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lt)
:E
cC-tEl
=lci
JIal-t
I
I
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_lUI
-I,sl
tlolui
=l'-l
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.ilr.l^t"i
i
I
I
alT,Iol
;l
EIol
vl
I\Olri
c!l
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tr.t I
Fll 'col<lt-r I
mc*
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,J
i
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'2.
,6
tricldlpi
;lo:
TABLI: 2.6-6 (Continued)
Location Spring inCottorrwood Crcek
Spring inCottonwood Creek
Spring irrWcstwater Creek Abandoned Stock WetIStation No.
Collection Date
G3ll G4R GSR G6R
7/2s/77 tt/to/77 7/2s/77 rL/t0/77 7/25/77 r1/L0/77 7 / 2s/77 Lt/ t0/77
Field Specific Condrr(:tivity (umhos/crn)Field pl{Dissolved OxygenTemperature ('C)Ilstimated flow, gptir
Detelmilg-tion (ng/l)
pll
TDS (ot80"cl
Redox PotentialAlkalinity (as CaCOI)llaldrress, total (as Catl0g)
Calbonntc (as COr)
AI urn irrurn, dissolieJ
Ammon:i a (as N)Arsen.ic, totalBarium, total
Roron, tota ICarltriurn, totalCalc.ium, dissolved
C'lrl oride
Sodiunr, dissolved
Silver, dissolvedSul.fal.e, dissolved (as SOa)Vanadi.rrn, dissolved
Manganese, ,lissolved
Uhromiunr, total.
Coppe r, t()t.rl[:luoride, di.ssolvedIron, total
I ron, di sso lvedLead, total
Ittagnesium, Jisso)vedMcrcury, fot-a1
|.{o1 ybdenurn, dissol.veJNitrate (as N)Phosphorus, total (as l,)
plJA
a
Fi
Frscl
oF.
ctEIt-
B
:CC'Dc'z,1I]
Foz
9507.4
13.5
.5
7.8
975
260
187
477
0<0. 1
:9. ',<0.?
0.2
0.004
J7 5
?5
200
472<0.01
<0.005
0.1
<0. 0050.6
0.050.02<0.05
2(tS
<0, 005
2.7 7
0"05
24 006.4
24t0
7,0
r27 0
240
643
232
0
0. 06
0. 13
<0.010.25
0.5
0. 004
58I
400
0.00,1
333
0.0061.1,
0" 02
0" 005
1.0
0. 34
0.320.05
l9
0.002
<0.010.06
0,07
760
6.7
70
2
8.1
780
26(')
z5z
LOl
00.4
<0. I
<0. 2
0.1
u.002
1557l
11s
243
<0.01(t. 060
<0. 01
<0.0050.5
0. l6
0.11
<0.05
28
u.001
o -26
0.02
h)
I
LN.F-EI,lr\
aD
oF
lrl*I
14
7-
t&t-IA
U)
oF
t!l-ttrl
z
tllJaria
oF
&q.lF
oz
gl
FlA
a
oF
dklF4
=o
TABLE 2.6-6 (Continued)
Spring inCottonwood Creek
Spring in
Cottonwood Creek
Spring in
Westwater Creek Abandoned Stock liellLocatton
Statien No.GSll G4R GSR G6lt
Collection Date 7/2s/77 L7/t0/77 7 / ?s/77 rL/ to/77 7/ZS/77 tL/t0/77 7/25/77 tL/t0/77
Deterrni.nation (rng/l)
Pot-ass iunr, d.i ssolvedSelenium, cli.ssolverlSil ica dissolved (as SiO2)Strontium, dissolved
Urani.un, total (as U)
llraniurn, dissolved (as U)Zinc, rli ssolverl'l'otal. 0rganic (larbon
Chemical Oxygen Dernandoi l. anrl Grea se'Iotal Suspended Solids
ll g t rILLn 4j9_L-[ug.il_1_).
Gross Alpha+Precis ionhGross Beta+Precision4
Ita<l i urn - 2 26TPrecis iontt
Thor irrnr- 2 30{ l,reci s ion'rLcad'210+Precision'r
Po lonium:210+Prec is iontr
tll
F-]o{
tft
FJtrlF
5otqa
ot-
dtllI*
=:E(J
oztl]
Foz
2.8
I
1.5
0r010
0.010
0.015
1
28
2
11
6.6
0. 14
292.7
0.005
0.004
0 .06
4.3
16
1.5
0,006
0.0060.15
8
39
12l
tllJA
a
oF
dtqF4ts
oz
tr.lrto.2-.(.a
oF.
tu*lEI
5
EIJo{
a
oF
rJj
Flro
zp
rq
"JA
vt
ot-
c<rqI-r
=o2
N)
IF.
\JI\,l10.2+3.1
37T21
0. 0T0. 2
0. zto. 80.0;2.00.0r0.3
qVariability of the radioactive disintcgraLion process (cotrnting error) at the 959 confidence 1eve1, L.96o.
Since the lialf-life of polonium-210 is 138 days, it wi1l. be in equilibrium with lead-210 in approxinrately 1380
There wiIl he equal activities of polonium-210 and lead-210 when in equilibriun.days or 3.8 years.
I]ABLE 2.6-6 (Conttnued)
Aba rrdotred Stock WellLoca t ion
Station No.
Collection llitte
G7R
7/Zs/7?ll/L0/77 Future date Future date Futrrre date
Fielcl Specif ic Conductivity (urnh.trs/cnr)
Fietd pll
Dissolved Oxygen
Teml)erature ('C)
Ilstimat,ed ftow, gPrn
Determination (mg/U
pll
TDS (o r 80" c)
Redox I)otenEialAIk:rlinity (as CaCO3)
Hardrress, total (as CaCOS)
Carbonate (as COS)
Aluriiinum, dissolved
Arnmonia (as N)Arseni.c, totalBariruu, total
BoroII, total(:adrniunr, totalCalciunr, dissolved
Chl o r ideSodiun, di sso1ved
Silver, dissolvedStrlfate, dissolved (as SO4)
!'anadiun, dissnlved
l'langancse, di.ssolved
Chromitlnt, total.
Copper, totalFltroride, disso lvetiIron, totalIron, dissoLved
l.eatl , tot.al
Magnesi.urn, di ssolvedIrlercrrry, Eotal
l'lol ybde nrrn, dissolved
I'l.i trste (a s N)
Phosphorus, total (as P)
hJ
I
\rtOi
rqF-lA
eU)
otr
tllJ
FAz
f{JA
a
oF.
,IJ
!.114
zp
TABLE 2.6-6 (Concluded
Loca t ion
Station lrlo.G7R
7 /2s/77 ll/L0/77 I.rutrrre dateCollection Date Future date Futurc date
Determination (ng/1)
Potassium, dissolvedSelenium, di ssolvedSilica dissolved (as SiO2)Strontium, dissolvedUranium, total (as U)
Uranium, dissolvcd (as U)Zinc, dissolved'fotal Organic CarborrChemical Oxygen DemandOil and GreaseTotal Suspended Solids
Deterninat ion (frCi,/1)
Gross Alpha+Precis iontlGross Beta+I'reci s iontt
Rad iun- 2 2 6T['rec i s ion tr
Thorium- 2 3O+Prec i s iontr
l,e ael - 21 0+ Prec i s ion tr
Po 1 on ium:'2 I 0 + Prec is ion tr
tvariabllitl of the radioactive disintegratton process (counting error) at tho 951 confidence l€vel, 1.96r.
Sincc thc h.lf-1iIe of polonlun-210 is 158 days, it xill he ttr equlllbriun xlth le.d-zl0 in rDDroxlharcly 1580 days or !.s /ears.There wIIl be oqual activities of polonlm-210 ind lead-210 xhen tn equilibrlutr.
tll,lo.
eat)
oF
EI>J,a
z5
E].Jocz
(D
oF
EJJE
2D
t)
1H(n{
2-1 58
More information will be gathered regarding the quality of shaLlow
ground rdater at the rui1l site and uailing retention site. These data
will be subnitted in the Supplemental Report.
The water quality analysis of ground water from the mi11 siEe
well drilled into the Navajo sandstone is included in Table 2.6-6 for
reference and cooparison with other ground waters. However, iE urusi be
recognized that the ground water in the Navajo sandstone beneath the ni11
site is isolated from the shallow ground water regime of the Dakota-
Morrison rock formations by several hundred feet of less perneable
geologic forroations. Therefore, because these geologic foruations are of
different character and physical cooposition, it is understandable that
the ground waEer compositions are enEirely different in each formation.
Specifically, based on analyses of water from the Blanding mil1 site
well (Station No. G2R), the ground water in the llavajo sandstone is a
calciun-bicarbonaEe type lrater wiCh 1ow total dissolved solids, and a
very slightly alkaline pH. The dissolved iron content of 0.57 f,g/L,
however, would require treatment in order to meet U.S. Public Health
Service Q962) recorumendeC standards of 0.3 ng/1 for drinking water.
2.5.3.2 Surface Water Quality in Project Vicinity
Surface rrater samples have been colLected at. several locations
around Ehe project site and analysed as part of the baseline field
studies. The locations of these preoperat.ional surface water quality
samp.ling sEations are shown on PIate 2.6-10 and the results of the
analyses are presenEed iu Table 2.6-7.
Two sets of surface rrater samples have been coilecEed from the
Blanding siEe area; one in July 1977, another in November 1977. Sarnples
were collected from WestwaEer Creek, Cottonwood Creek and Ccrral Creek,
int.ermj-ttent streams which drain ihe rnill site area; and, from a surface
stock pond just southeast of the proposed mill site. Attempts have been
made to sanple Recapture Creek at Station No. S4R and a sma1l wash south
Loca t ion
TABLE 2.6-7
T,IATER QUALITY OT SURFACE WATERS IN PROJECT VICINITY, BLANDING, UTA}I
Westwater Creek Corra I Creek Corral Creek
Corral/RccaptureCreeks.Junction
Sta tion No.
Collection Date
s1R S2R
7 /2s/77 Lt/ r0/77 7/ZS/77 tr/10177 7 /25/77 ttlt0/77
s4R
7/2s/77 tt/ro/77
Field Sgrecific Conductivity (umhos/cm)Field ptl
Dissolved OxygenTemperature ('C)Estimated Flow, sec-ft
Determination (mg/1)
pll
TDS (e 180"C)
Redox PotentialAlkalinity (as CaCO3)Hardness, total (as CaCO3)
Carbonate (as COg)Alumi.num, dissol.ved
Ammonia (as N)Arsenic, totalllariun, total
Boron, total
Cadnium, totalCalcium, dissolvedChlorideSodium, dissolved
Sj.1ver, dissolvedSulfate, dissolved as SOa)Vanadium, dissolved
l,tanganese, dissolvedChromiun, total
Copper, TotalFluoride, dissolvedIron, totalIron, dissolvedLead, tota1
Magnesium, dissolvedMercury, total
lulolybdenun, dissolvedNitrate (as N)Phosphorus, total (as P)
rrlJ&
v)
Jtllt-.
q!la
oF{
z
rqdFU)
z
&rllF
=
(,5oz,q
t-.o2
490
7.6
3
0 .02
8.2
496
220
20(t
262
00.2
<0. I
<0.2
0.1
<0.002
76t7
31
103
<0.01
0.030
<0.01
<0.00s0.3
0. 28
0.17
<0.05
17
<0. 0005
<0.050.0s
20006.8
z7 .7
0. 09
6.7
1350
260
70
853
0
0. 040.15
<0.010.36
0.1
0.004
150
54
115
0. 004
803
0.0040.200.02
0.01
0. 32
0. 080.t2
0. 04
t20
0.002
<0.01
0 .21
0 -21
2400
s
0.02
8.0
316 0
240
t72
1910
0
<0. 1
<0. 1
0.4
0.2
0. 006
7B
L5Z
r60
2000
<0.010.030
0.01
0.0100.6
0. 09
0.070.1s
20
<0.0005
0.11
0. 06
,{FIo.
a
rJtllF
Dorrlo
oF
.(rqdF.tn
z
dults{
=
(,5oztq
Fo2
JlllF
DgtllA
oF
z
rrl&FID
7H
dlrlF
=
(9DozB]
Foz
gJ
F]Az
a
ot-
lll&Fa
zH
&;llF
=oz.
EIrlAzIv)
oF-
ul&Frt)
2
dpIF
o2,
,qtJo{
EU)
IrJ
!Fl.rl\o
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
Corra l./ Recap tureCreeks .Jurictiony'les tHatcr Creek Corral Creek
S2R
Corral Creek
SlR
11/t0/77 7/2s177 tr/t0/77 7 /2s/77
s4R
Lt/ ro/77 7 /2'-1/77 11/lt)/77Col lection Date 7 /Zs/77
Station No.
Determ!n-atigg-!'S/!l
Potassiun, dissol.ved
Sel enium, d issolvedSilica dissolved (as SiO2)Strontium, di ssolved
Uranium, total (as U)
Uranium, d.issol ved (as U)
Zinc, dissolvedTotal 0rgariic Carbon
Chemical Orygen DemandOil and Grcase'I'otal Suspr:rrrled Solids
Deterlti.rraition ( PCi/f )
Gross Alpha+Precisionl
Gross Beta*Pr'ecision r
Radiun - 226+Precisionr'Ihoriurl - 230+Precisi.onl
Learl - 210+Preci.sionl
Poloni.unr :210{'Precis ionl
IVar.iabil.ity of the radioactive disintegration process (counting error) at the 95t
N'
I
o\c)
gI*to"
a,
oF
etrldFU)
2H
&
F
:?
oz
lltrto"
a
oF
4rqdF1t)
z
&trlF.(
=oz
oF
z
!r] tllo4JFO.az
zaH
d "-l,rl lrlFF
BDo!qrll(,Qp<()
'a-rll
F.o
oF
E
t! tqod ,lFAaz
zaH
d.rtq tuF t-.
BDoiE ILI,J rip<ozru
F.o,Z
oF
<rllrrl iJco.F>a<azH>
>-1o(tagl t-F<<p
=qEIiEoC'<poZlr|
Foz.
1:'
7
0.44
0. 006
0.002
0. 09
6
?3
1t2
15
0. 16
101.9
0.005
0. 002
0. 06
4.8
2
2.2
0.028
0.028
0 .02
11
79
1
9
1S+2
180+20
0.0T0 . 3
5.1+6. 5
1 .4i2.1
o. oIo. 3
confidence leve1. 1.96o
since the half-l,ife of poloniun-210 is 138 days,.it rvirl !e in equilibrium with lead-210 in approximately
1"3g0 days or s.8 years.' There will be equat iciivities of poloniunr-210 and lead-210 when in equilibriunt.
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
Locat i on Surface Pontl Unnamed Wash Cottonwood Creek Cottonwood Creck
Station No.s5R S6R S8R
7 /2s/77 11/ to / 77 7 /2s/77 tr/10/77 7 /2s/77 rU t0/77 7/Zs/77 tt/t0/77
s7
Collection Date
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos,/cm)Ficld pll
Dissolve<1 oxygenTemperature ("C)
Estimated flow, sec-ft
Determination (ngl1)
PIITDS (0180"C)
Redr>x PotentialAlkalinity (as CaCO3)tlardness, total (as CaCO3)
Carbonate (as CO3)Aluninun, dissolrred
Arnrnon ia (as N)Arsenic, totalBariunr, total
Ror:on, total
Cadmitrn, totalCalciun, dissotved
Chlor ideSo<tiun, dissolved
Si. lver , dissolved
Sul trate, dissolved as SO4)Vanadium, dissolved
Manganese, dissolved
Chromiurn, total
Copper, t(,ta1Fluoride, dissolvedIron, totalIron, dissolveclLead, total
lvlagncsiun, dissolr'edlr{ercury, total
Molybdenunr, dissolvedNitrate (as N)
Phosphorus, total (as P)
100
6.8
7
None
6.9
264
280
218
67
0
2.O
<0. 1
<0.?
0.2
<0.002
22
80.6
64
<0.01
0.095
0. 04
0. 005
<0. 19.4
1.2
<0.05
3.2
<0.0005
4 .26
0. 04
5506.6
35
0.4
7.5
944
220
134
195
03.00.rz
0 .0?1.2
0.1
0. 004
79
13
56
0.002
s64
0.005
0. 84
0.14
0. 09
0. 36
150t.4
0.14
24
0.002
<0.01r.77
0.05
44s
6.9
6.0
0.07
8.2
504
260
195
193
0
0.7
<0. 1
o-2
0.2
<0.002
54
24
66
ts2
<0. 0l
0.06s
<0. 01
0.005
0.2
5.9
0 .62
<0.05
t7
<0. 0005
0. 100.l43.2
t)
IHo\
t{FI
O.
?a
ot{
&tljF
=oz
tjl,-lA?-
ID
oF
&rl]t-{
B
oz
tll
F]&z
a
oF
r{ri
EA
5
Alll-JA.
=t,
Foz
EIJAi
U)
oF,
t.t)
EA
z:)
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
Loca t i on Surface Pond llnnamed Waslr Cottonwood Creek Cottonwood Creek
Station No.S5R
7/25/77 tL/ro/77 7 l2s/77
s8R
rL/L0/77 7 /2s/77 t7/10/77 7/2s/17 rL/10/77
S6R s7
Col lection Date
@
Ptrtassium, dissolvedSelenium, dissolvedSilica dissolved (as SiO2)Strontium, dissolvedUranium, total (as U)
Uranium, dissolved (as U)Zinc, dissolvedTotal Organic CarbonClremicaL Oxygcn Demand0i1 and Grease'l'otal Suspended Solids
Ileternrination (pCi/1.)
Gross Alpha+Precisio! I
Gross Beta+Precision I
Rad ium- 2 2 6iP rec i s ion I
f'horium- 250+Prec is ion I
Lead- 2L0+Preci siont
Poloniulrrl 2 I 0+ Pr'ec is iolr I
lVariability of the ratlioactive disintegration process (counting erros) at the 95t confidence level,
trl,-l&
U)
oF{
rl"'JEq
zp
r{,tA
U'
ot-
trlJ
FC
zD
tq.lO{
rA
oF
d,!qF.
=
C)2
IlI.-lF.
a
otr
dtuF
oz.
a,{FIA
?U)
Foz
t4
2
0. 10
0.004
0.003
0. 02
157l
2
268
6.9
0"08
10
0. 64
0 .027
0. 015
0. 06
3.2
8
0.600.004
0.004
0. 05
76l
2
146
t.)
IFo\
TJ16+3
7 2it7
0.6;-1 . 3
0. 9+0.6
0.8t1 .9
0. 0i0. 3
Since the half-life of polonium-210 is 138 days, it will be in equilibrium with lead-210 in approxirnately1380 days or 3.8 years. There r.ri11 be equal activities of poloniun-210 and lead-210 rrrhen in equilibriurn'.
Loca t i on
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
It/estwater Creek
Station No.s9
7 /25/77 lr/10/77 Future dates Future datesCollection date
FieI.d Specific Conductivity (unhos/cm)Field ptlDissolved OxygenTenperature ("C)Estinated Flow, sec-ft
Deternrination (ng/1)
pll
TDS (0180.C)
Redox PotentialAlkalinity (as CaCOg)Hardness, total (as CaCO3)
Carbonate (as CO3)Alurninum, dissolved
Ammonia (as N)Arsenic, totalBarium, totalBoton, totaI
Cadmiun, totalCalcium, dissolvedChlorideSodium, dissolved
SiI.ver, dissolvedSulfate, di.ssolved (as SO4)\ranadium, dissolvedManganese, dissolved
Chromium, total
Copper, totalI;luoride, dissolvedIron, totallron, dissolvedLead, total
Magnesium, dissolvedMercury, totall,lolybdenum, dissolvedNitrate (as N)PhOsphorus, total (as P)
p1
F:A
a
c)tsi
=!{dFtn
z
&Irlt<
B
o2
t!JA
an
ot-.
4"r{dFa
z
dEIF
=oz
t.,
I
Ho\(,
TABLB 2.6-7 (Concluded)
Locatio
S ta t ion l.lo .
Wes ter Creek
S9
7 / 2s/77 tt/10/77 Future datesCollection rlate Ftrture da t es
Determination (me/1)
Potassium, dissolved
Se lenium, ,.lissolvedSilica, di:;solved (as SiO2)Strontium, dissolvedUranium, total
Urarriun, d.issolved (as U)Zinc, dissolved'I'otal Orgarric Carbon
Chem.ica 1 Oxygen Dernand0i1 and GrcaseTotal Suspcnded Solids
Deteimina ti ori (riCilI )
Gross Alphrr+Preci sionlGross Bei:a+Precisionr
Rad i un- 2 2 6l:Prec i s ion I'I'hor ium- 2 30+Prec is ion I
Lead- 210+Precisionl
Po loniuml2 l.0+prec i s ion I
},J
I
ol\5
,{-l
Cn
oF{
tlldF.a
z
gl
F{
=c)z
t|l,-1A
at)
oF
rq
Fan
zH
dlll
ts
o7-
lVariability of the radioactive disintegration process
Since the half-life of poJonium-210 is l3g days, it wil1380 days or i.8 years.' ,l'here will be equat icii"itiu,
(counting error.) at the 95t confidence level, 1.96o.
1 be in etluilibrium with leacl-210 in approximatelyof polonirrrn-210 and lead-210 when in iiluifibriumi
2-t65
of the plant site
siations have had
Station No. S6R; but, at the tiures of sampling these
water to sanple.
The sampling times in Juiy and November occurred within a few days
of major precipitation events within the drainage area of these sEreams.
At other times during the period from July 1977 to present there has not
been sufficient flow available in the streams for sampling. It is
intended that these streans will be sarnpled at the same site locations in
the spring at a time when the snomelt runof f hopefully will provide
adequate flow in the streams for representative sampling.
The analyses of rrater samples collected at Stations S1R and S8R on
Westwater and CoEtonwood Creeks indicate that the water is of a calciusl-
sodium sulphate type with a slightly alkaline pH. the water analyses
from Station S3R on Corral Creek indicate that this u,ater is a roixed
calcium-sodium-uagnesium sulphate type rilater of slightly acidic pH with
high amounts of chlorides. The total dissolved solids of all the surface
waters sampled in the project vicinity, except for the pond (Station No.
S5R) range from 944 to 1350 srg/l, and the total suspended solids renge
fron 9 to 146 ag/\.
2.6.3.3 Ground l,Iater Quality in Vicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station
Ihe only available ground rrater inforroration on the vicinity of rhe
Hanksville 0re-Buying Station are the analyses of the ground water from
the deep well at the ore-buying station (table 2.6-8).
The analyses of the ore-buying station well water indicate that this
water from the Entrada sandstone is slightly alkaline and uroderately
saline. The rrater is a sodiun-sulphate type with a range of. 6020 to 7230
mg/l in total dissolved solids and concentrations of manganese, silver,
iron and sulphate that exceed permissible limits for drinking water as
seL by the U.S. Public Health Service 0962) and the U.S. EPA interim
primary standards for public drinking water supplies (see Table B-2 of
Appendix B).
at
DO
TABLE 2.6-8
OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE I.IATER IN VICINITY OF HANKSVILLE ORE-BUYING STATION, HANKSVILLE, UTAHWATER QUALITY
Locat ion Ore-Buying Station Well in Entrada Sandstone
Station No"
Collcction Date
IIGIR
tz/?t/76r 7/2s/77 1Z/ s/77 12is/772 Futrrre date
Field Specific Conductivity (unhos/cm)Field pll
Dissolved Oxygen
Tempelature ("C)
Estimated flow, gpm
Determinati"g!__Og/U
pil
TDS (0180'C)
Redox Poten tialAlkalinity (as CaCO-j)llardness, tctal (as-CaCO3)
Carbonate (as CO3)Aluminun, dissolved
l\muronia (as Ii)Atseni.c, l.otalBalium, total
Boron, total
Catlmium, total.[ialci.um, dissolved
Ch I ori de
Sodir.rur, dissolved
Silver, disso lvedSulfate, dissolved (as SO4)Vanadiun, dissolvedItlanganese, dissolved
Chrornium, total
Copper, totalFlr"roride, dissolvedIron, totalIron, disscrlvedLead, total
I\lsgnesium, dissolvedMercury, t(rta1
Mol ybdenum, dissol.r'edNitratc l.as, NJPhosphorrrs, total (as P)
rUtah l,rivision of2Repl ica te snmpl e
(ortho)
8.3
7 230
62
1350
0.0
t.2
0.002
0.0
1.060.0
352
t3?
2020
0.070
4720
0. 160
0.0
0.085
0.4 0
r .28
0.0
114
0.0
0.00-s
74006.6
19. 5
20
6.9
6020
240
60
10 80
0
<0.01
0. 53
<0.010.05
L"?
0. 008
345
94
1 790
0. 004
39 20
<0. 002
0. 060.03
0. 03
0 .47
2.?.1.30.11
u5
0.002
0.01
<0.05
0.02
t..)
I
Oro\
tXotr
aorrr
*l(,z
F"antqtr
Fl
(J
Hdtudao(J
FA
atqtsi,rlrJA
o(.,
t<tll
Fo
a
(a
J4
&ot<.<-)o
FA-(
"J(,zHt<atrlF
*f
(J&tltEo(J
rq
retr]FtrlJA
oL)
t4rq
tr
C)z
u)ts{U)
'Tz
IIealth, Lab. No. 761.46tarralysis for QurrLi ty Asstlrancc olt todiotrctif itl,
Loca t ion
TABLE 2..6-8 (Concluded)
Ore-lluying Station Well in [ntrada Sandstone
Station No.
Collection Date
HC LR
tz/ 2L/ 7 6,1 7 /25/77 L7/s/77 1Z/ s/ 77 2 Future date
Determination (mgll )
Potassium, dissolvedSel.eniunr, dissolvedSilica <lissolved (as SiO2)Strontiun, dissolvedUranium, total (as U)
Uranium, dissolved (as tl)Zinc, di ssolved
15.00.0002
4.0
0. 999
9.9
0. 38
7
11
0.015
0.0071.0
t)
I
o{
A&ocrtsur<?.drrl oF.I EOp.<
o(J (2zFHlll t{>u)tqFFoZA
(nHx(JU'&lg<zzo<()
6dotrl t-.ru<t-cdrlloi-l FaA<
=Fro(J L'z[-HIrl F>atqFFoZA
lnHHUIa&tg4Z7,O<L.,
Tot:rl. Organic Carbon
Chemi.cal Oxygen DenandOil and GrcaseTotal Srrspended Solids
Deternination (pCi/1)
Gross Alpha +Precision3
Gross Beta+Piecision3 -
Radiurn- 2 26TPreci s ion 3
Thorium- 2 3O+Prec is ion 3
Lead- 210+Precision3
Polon iunrrZ 10+Preci sion 3
3Variability of the radioactive disintegration process
700+40?
2900;100?
0. 2i0.3
0. 8T1. I0.0+1.9
0. 0T0.3
(counting error) at the 95? confidence 1eveL, 1.96o
Since the harf-life of polonlun-2lO ii 1I8 dals, it illl be in equilibri{n eith leed-210 ir approrlnately 1580 days or 5.8 years.
There *tll be aqual lctivlties of polonlun-2lo dnd rend_210 ihen tn equiribriur.
2-168
2,6.3.4 Surface Water Quality in Vicinity of Hanksville
0re-Buying Station
The Hanksville ore-buying station is located in an area of very 1ow
precipitation (see Section 2.7.3). Consequentty, there are no perennial
streams near the site. 0n1y smal1 iLl-.tefiaed channels drain the site
area during short-duraiion sEorm events. Nevertheless, two surface water
sampling stetions on Halfway Wash (Plate 2.6-ff) have been selected in
the vicinity of Ehe Hanksville ore-buying station to determine water
quality during the few tines a year when surface runoff may occur.
However, il has not been possible, from the period of July 1977 to
December 1977 , to collect water samples in the vicinrty as ihere has been
no collectable surface runoff.
2.7 METEoR0LOGY AND AIR QUATITY
2.7.L Regional Clinatology
The climate of southeastern Utah is classiiied as dry to arid
continental. 0f nain importantance in the dete;urination of the clina-
tology of this area are its location beEween najor mountain ranges, its
distance from major moisture sources and its proxiraity relaEive to najcrr
stona tracks. The region incl.uding the Blanding vicinity, is typified by
rrarm summer and cold winEer teoperatures, precipitation averaging
Iess than 35 cenEimeters (f3.8 in) annually, low humidity, clear skies
and large annual and diurnal temperature variations.
Total annual precipitation in the region is low as moisture from the
Pacific and Gulf of Mexico is largely removed as it passes over the
Sierra Nevada and Rocky l{ountain chains. The Blanding vicinity, which
averages nearly 30 centimeEers (11.8 cm) annually, receives corrsiderabiy
more precipi.tation than areas to the west and northwest. Precipitation
occurs throughout the year aE Blanding but over one third of annual
precipitation occurs in the three-month period of AugusE through 0cEober.
With the absence of Iocal sources of moisture, thunderstorms (which
usually couprise a major portion of the annual precipitation in most
areas) are not abundanE in this area; this accounts for Ehe relativeiy
PLATE 2.6.11
2-t70
light spring and summer rainfal1. Likewise winter precipitation is
scanty as this area is missed by many major winter storms that pass too
far to the north or form too far to the east to significantly affect the
area. Most of the winter precipitaton falls as snow but rapid warming
during the day in the winter is characteristic so that snow does not
remain on the ground 1ong.
Winds are usually light in this area, averaging two to five meters
per secondl however, higher average speeds occur in the spring and
summer. 0n an annual basis, northwest through north winds are the mosE
frequent. I.Iith the high percentage of clear skies and 1ow wind speeds,
nighttime inversions are common.
2.7.2 Climatology of Blanding and Project Site
2.7.2.L Data Sources
Long-term meteorological data are available from the National
Weather Service station in Blanding, Utah, located approxinatety l0
kilometers north of Ehe project area. With its close proximity and
similar terrain, clinatic conditions at Blanding should be fairly
representative of those at Ehe project site. Therefore, these data have
been used to a large degree to describe the climatology of the project
site. To a much lesser degree, additional meEeorological daEa from Green
River, UEah, located approximately 160 kilometers to the north-northwest
have also been used in this report to estimate specific climatic condi-
tions. Other sources employed in the conpilation of this report are
referenced within the text.
An on-site meEeorological monitoring program was initiated in early
March L977 (see SecEion 6.1.3). The exact location of Ehe monitoring
station is indicaEed on PlaEe 2.7-L. Limited correlations between these
data and concurrent Blanding meteorological data have been made in order
to determine the representativeness of the Blanding station daEa to
actual site conditions. A more detailed correlation is planned after the
collection of one year of on-site data when it is felt that the data base
will be of sufficient length to yield a more varid comparison. Results
PLATE 2.7 - I
2-L72
of the first six months of data collecEion from this
sented in Appendix C. Results from the ful1 year of
will be presenEed in the Suppleuental Report.
Program are Pre-
daEa collection
2.7.2.2 Temperature
Plate 2.7-2 suumarizes treans and extremes of temperatures recorded
at Blanding, Utah from 1951 through 1974. Ihese data show thag the mean
annual tenperature is 9.9"C (49.8'F), and the mean monthly temirerature
varies between -2.5oC (27.5"F) in January and 23.1.C (73.6oF) in July.
rhe average daily maximum tenperatures range from 3.goc (3g.g"F) in
January to 31.9'C (89.5'F) in July. The average daily minimum tempera-
tures range from -8.8oC (16.2"F) to 14.2"C (57.6.F) in January and July,
resPectively. The norual diurnal variation of temperatures is 15.5'C
(27.9"F), but normally the range is greater in the summer months and
narrower in the winter.
0n the average, temperatures can be expected to rise to 32oc (90'F)
or above 35 days per year and fall to -18"c (o'F) or below only 4 days
Per year. 0nly on an average of 15 days per year does the daily maximum
temperature fail to rise above freezing but the dail.y minimum Eenperature Idips to freezing or below on approxiuately 161 days per year. I
As shown in Plate 2.7'2 the normal last and first freezes (tempera-
ture occurrences of 0oC or below) occur on May tZ and October 13,
respecEively. Ihe average continuous period without freezes is 153 days.
However, freezing conditions have been recorded in every month except
July and August.
2.7.2,3 Precipitation
Plate 2.7-3 indicates the monthly means and extremes of precipita-
tion recorded at Blanding, utah fron l95l through L974. Annual precipi-
tation at Blanding averages 29.1 centimeters (11.69 in). August and
october are typically the weEtest monEhs, averaging 4.2 and 4.L centi-
meters (1.64 and 1.53 in), respectively; together these two monEhs
average almost 30 percent of the total annual precipitaton. June is
III(lTTIILY iIE[ilS []ID EXIREiIES
(lF TEiIPERITURES
Bt[TDITG, UTIII
ANNUAL MEAN: 9.9OC
oo
IJ
E.lF
E.
bJo-
lrJF
(c)
D)
M ONTH
EXTREME
MAX.
MEAN
M AX.
MEAN
JAN
l6
3.8
-oq
FEB
l8
MAR
24
APR
27
MAY
33
JUNE
38
JULY
38 37 34 2.9
30.2 26.O 18.8
21.6 17 .2 I O.9
13. t 8.4 ?.9
3 -5 -l?
NOV
?l
DEC
l5
MEAN MlN. -6.9
EXTREMEMtN. -?9
6.9 lO.9 16.3 2?.8 28.7 31.9
o.5 3.4 8.4 l4.l 19.4 Z3.l
-5.9 -3.2 0.4 5.4 lo.l t4.2
-22 -15 -lt -6 -l I
lo.? 4.5
3.6 -1.7
-3.2 -7.8
-19 -22
(A) MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM
(B) MEAN MONTHLY
(C) MEAN DAILY MINIMUM
(D) FREEZE DATES DIII'C TO(DTT
PrtrE 2.7-2 ^/
IrlE[]l ttl0ilTllLY PREGIPITITI0t
BtlilDtilG, UTIH
6.O
o
z
9F
F
d
(.)
td
E.
o_
4.0
2.O
MoNrH
I ,or
I
MONTHLY o o
MEAN
MONTHLYMAxrMgy lu'o
FEB
IMAR IAPR
2.O 1.7 1.7
4.4 5.O 5.4
I
MAY
IJUNE IJULY I
AUG
1.4 t.' 2.7 4.2
5.r 5.5 7.8 t2.6
I sEP I
ocr
2.4 4.t
9.6 r 6.8
TNOVIDECI
2.2 3.3
5.2 9.3
30
lrlE[ 1l lrl0 ilTH tY
B L[ il DI]I G,
sil0tIr[tt
o
F
UJ
UJJ
U)
=oz.
U)
UTAII
ANNUAL MEAN:9O.7 CM
20
to
MONTH
MONTHLY
MEAN
MONTHLY
MAXI MUM
I JAN t FEB
22.9 r 6 .0
93.5 55.9
I MAR I APR
r3.O 5.t
4 5.5 3 8.6
I MAY
I
JUNE
I
JULY I
AUG
I
sEP
0.3 0.o 0.O o.O O.o
4.t
locrlNovtDEcl
0.3 7 .9 25.4
3.3 ?7.9 73.7
D rra! roorr
ANNUAL
PLATE 2.7-3 ^a
2-17 5
generally the driest nonth, receiving about 1.1 centimeters (0.42 in).
Seasonally, spring is the driest and fal1 is normally the wettest. Daily
precipitati.on amounts in excess of 0.25 cenEimeters (0.1 in) typically
occur 31 days per year, and the greatest daily precipitation recorded in
the 25-year record was 11.4 centimeters (4.48 in). The greatest nonthly
precipitaton recorded in the data period was 15.8 centineters (6.62 in)
and occurred in 0ctober L972.
A good deal of the summer precipiEation in ihe Blanding area is
associated with thunderstorm activity. Approximatley 20 to 30 thunder-
storn days occur each year in this area and brief but inEense rainfall
associated with Ehese storms may occasionally result in 1ocal flooding.
Wtrile most of the precipitation in the Blanding vicinity falIs as
rain, snowfall accounts for approxioatley 30 percent of Ehe total annual
precipitation. The annual average snowfall at Blanding is 90.7 centime-
ters (35.7 in), and some snowfall is normally recorded in every month
from October through May. Monthly snowfall daEa are summarized in Plate
2.7-2 and show that the monthly maxirnuu recorded snowfall was 39.5
centimeters (36.9 in). Thg greatest snowfall recorded fron a singte
storm was 50.8 centimeters (20.0 in).
2.7.2.4 Relative Huraidity
Relative huuidity is dependent upon both moisture eontent and the
temperature of the air. Generally relative hurnidity is rhe highest in
Ehe early morning hours and lowest in the afternoon.
While relative hurnidity data are not routinely ccllected at BIand-
irg, the U.S. Department of Commerce (1965) presents general estiuates
for this area. Table 2.7'L indicates the monthly and annual mean rela-
tive hurnidity in the Blanding vicinity. The mean annual relative
hunidity is 44 percent and on a monthly basis is highest in January and
lowest in July, averaging 62 and 35 percent, respecEively.
2-1.7 6
TABLE 2.7-1
MONTHLY RELATIVE I{IIMIDITY
BLANDING, UTAH
IMAN
Month
Jan
Feb
l'tar
APr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
seP
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annuat
Source: U.S. Department of
Relative Humidjtyy
62
58
47
38
38
36
35
40
4T
42
46
58
44
Commerce, I968
2-t77
2.7.2,5 Fog
Based upon five years of Blanding rleteorological data, 1970 through
L974, visibility reducEions Eo 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) or less caused bv
fog or meteorological conditions concomitant with fog occur on Ehe
average of 8 days per year. Visibility reductions to less than 0.4
kiloneters (0.25 uile) occur less than 5 days per year. The monthly
distribution of fogging days is indicated in Table 2.7-2. Typically in
this area heavy fog is more prevelent in the winter months with January
having the most fogging occurrences. In the five-year daEa period, fog
reducing visibility to 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) or less oceurred exclu-
sively in the five months of November through March.
2.7.2.6 Evaporation
The closest point to the Bland,ing project site where evaporation
daEa have been collected is Green River, Utah approxiroately 160 kiLo-
meters to the north-northwest. Data from there indicate an average
evaporation of I18.8 centimeters (45.8 in) from May through October. The
greatest monthly evaporation occurs in Ju1y, averaging 25.8 cenEimeEers
(10.15 in).
Evaporation data are not collected from November through April
due to freezing conditions; however, the U.S. Departurent of Cornmerce
(1965) estimates Ehat 76 percent of the EoEal annual evaporati.on in this
area occurs from May through October. Therefore on an annual basis
evaporation is expected to average 155.3 centimeters (51.5 in).
2.7.2.7 Sunshine Duration and Cloud Ccver
Sunshine duration is defined as the number of hours of sunshine
reaching the surface that is inEense enough to cause distinct shadows.
Sunshine data are not collected at Blanding. However, the U.S.
DepartoenE of Conmerce (1968) has deteroined sunshine duration and cioud
cover throughout the contiguous United SEates and the Eonthly and annual
data from that source for the general Blanding vicinity are presenced in
Table 2.7-3.
Month
2-t7 B
TABLE 2.7-2
MEAN FOG OCCURRENCE DAYS AT BLANDING, UTAH
1970-1974
Visibility(1.5 kilometers
'Jan
Feb
Mar
APr
May
Jun
Ju1
Aug
seP
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
3
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
2
Vis ib i1i ty(0.4 kilometers
4.6
2
<l
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
I
2-17 9
TABLE 2.7.3
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL SUNSHINE DURATION
BLANDING, UTAI{
Mean Percentageof Possible Sunshine
AND SKY COVER AT
Month
Meaa Sky Cover
( Percent )
Jan
Feb
Mar
aPr
May
Jun
Ju1
AuB
seP
0ct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Source: U. S.
59
52
51
51
51
34
48
46
29
40
40
49
46
61
70
69
70
7L
81
72
73
81
72
6t+
60
Departrnent of
70
Commercer l968
2-180
On the average the Blanding
possible sunshine annuaIly. On a
greatest amount and December the
cover (clouds) for this area is
cloudiest month and September the
area receives 70 percent of the total
nonthly basis, September receives the
least. The mean annual daylight sky
46 percent. January is usually the
clearest.
2.7.2.8 Winds
A wind rose of the annual percent frequency distribution of winds
recorded at the Blanding NWS station from 1970 through L974 is showa in
Plate 2.7-4. Seasonal wind roses are presented in Plate 2.7-5. Tabula-
tions of nonthly and annual distributions of wind direction and mean wind
speeds used in the compilat.ion of Plates 2.7-4 and 2.7-5 are presented in
Appendix C.
From the five-year Blanding wind record, northerly winds are the
mosE. frequent in all nonths and winds from the northwest, north-northrrest
and nor-uh coLlectively occur over 35 percent of the time annually. East
and east-southeast winds are the least frequent and annualLy occur only
2.7 and 2.8 percent of the time, respectively. Calm conditions are not
common, occurring 12.6 percent of the time in the winterr 4.O percent in
the spring and 7.6 percent annually.
From Appendix C (Tables C-1 through C-13) the mean annual wind
speed is 3.0 meters per second (6.7 mph), but higher average wind speeds
occur in the spring and early sunmer. On a rnonthly basis, April usually
has the highest average wind speeds and January the lowest, averaging 3.9
and 2.2 aeLers per second (8.7 and 4.9 nph) for the respecEive months.
Generally, the highest average wind speeds occur with south-southrrest
through west-southwest. winds and the slowest with north and east winds.
Wind speeds in excess of 10 mecers per second (22.4 mph) are not
common and occur on an average of only 0.8 percent of the time annually
(rable 2.7-4). High winds are most common in spring, especialLy in March
and April when wind speeds in excess of 10 meEers per second occur 2.0
percent and 1.9 percent of the time, respectively.
Ail1{U[t PERGTlIT FREQUETGY DISTRIBUT!(l1I
()I WIlIII BY IIIRECTI(lT
BllilDl]tc, UTilt 1970-1974
DAUC3 8 ro(Onr
PLATE 2.7 - 1
WlNTER SPRING
SUMMER FALL
SE[S(lilAt PERGETI
0t }IrHr
BLAilIIIilG,
FREQUEilGY IIISTRIBUI!()]I
BY IIIREGTI(lil
uTilt 1970-1974
DATES B TO(OEE
PLATE 2.7.5
TABLE 2.7.4
I-IONTHLY PERCENT FREQINJNCY OCCURRENCE OF I,IIND SPEEDS
IN EXCESS OF IO MPS BY DIRECTION
BLANDING UTAH
Jan
N 0.0NNE O.ONE O.OENE O.OE 0.0ESE O.OSE O.OssE 0.0s 0.0ssI^I 0. Isw 0.1
I{,SI^I 0.0I,I 0.0
WNI^I 0.1NW 0.1
NNW 0.0
ALL 0.4
Feb
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.6
Mar
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.2
1.6
s.
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.5
0.4
o.2
o.2
0.2
0.I
0.2
2.O
llst
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.7
0"7
o.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
1.9
June July
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0"0
0.0
0.1
o.2
Atlg_
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
or I
0.0
0.2
Sept
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.7
Oct
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.7
Nov Dec All
0.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0.20.0 0.20.0 0.00.0 0.00.0 0, I0"2 0.10.0 0. 1
0.2 0.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.1
4.2
0.1
l.l
0"1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.6
ti
I
@(,
2-184
On-site wind data have been coLlected since March 1, !977. Wind
roses from the on-site program and the Blanding NIIIS station for the
period March through August 1977 are presented for comparison in Plate
2.7-6. The tabulated percent freguencies of wind direction and mean wind
speeds at each station are presented in Table 2.7-5.
The on-site data indicat.e that the first and second most frequent
wind directions for the six-month period were south-southwest and north-
west, occurring 10.8 and I0.3 percent of the Eime, respectively. For the
same period the Blanding NWS data show that northerly winds prevailed and
occurred 12.I percent of the tine; south-southwest winds were the second
most frequent and account.ed for 11.5 percent of the winds.
hhile north winds at the proposed site occurred only 5.0 percent of
the time compared to I2.1 percent at the NWS station, the total occur-
rence of northwest, north-northwest and north winds at the site coropared
favorably to the NWS data, occurring 2L.7 and 25.1 percent, respectively.
Likewise 25.8 percent of the total recorded winds ai the NI,IS station blew
frorn the three sectors, south, south-southwest and southwest, compared to
31.0 percent at. the site for the same three sectors. Wind frequencies
from each of Ehe other 10 sectors show agreenent within 1.5 percent for
each sector except the northeast where winds at the site occurred 6.6
percent of the tirne compared to onl.y 2.6 percent at the Nws station.
The apparent differences in individual wind direction frequencies
can be explained at least in part by the differences in data acquisition
techniques at the two sites. The on-site winds were reduced as an
average direction over the entire hour while the NWS station winds are
reduced as no more than a l0-consecutive-minute average during Ehe
hour. Also as shown in Plate 2.7-L, the Blanding NWS station's elevation
is slightly over 6000 feet MSL and the higher terrain to the northwest
would tend to funnel winds from this direction into a more northerly
direction.
PERGE]IT TREOUETGY (ICCURRETCE
0t tlltD BY l[REcTl0t
iIIRGH THR()UGII IUGUST, 1977
ENERGY FUELS SITE
BLANDING NWS STATION
D/rlrra ! E!
PIJTE 2 .7 .6
PERCENT FRI1QUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPIIED (CLASSES) A
BY WIND DIRECTION AT 'I'HE ON-SITE STATION AND THE BLANDING NIOS STATION
March-August 1977
On-Site \Blanding IWS
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
ssE
s
ssw
shI
WSW
w
wM{
}M
N[il,i'
Calm
A11
o-3
L.7
1"3
1.9
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.8
I.4
r.8
L.2
1.6
o.7
L.2
o.7
1.9
L.7
0.1
23.80
,3.9
2.5
3.5
4.2
L.2
0.9
1.3
3.4
3.1
6.r
5.0
4.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
5.1
3.4
50.2
>6<lo
o.7
0.6
0.5
o.2
o.3
0.6
0.9
0.5
2.O
3.4
3.0
2.6
L.7
o.9
2.4
1.O
>I0
0"1
0
0
0
0
o.2
0.1
o
o.3
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.3
o.2
0 "9o.2
4.8
bTotaI
5.O
5.4
6.6
3.3
2.7
3.5
6.r
5.1
LO.2
10.8
I0.0
5.7
5.1
3.7
10. 3
6.4
o.1
100. 0
cMI{S
4.2
4.1
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
4.2
4.O
4.7
6.1
5.4
6.6
5.4
4.9
5.8
4.5
4.9
o-3
6.9
2.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
2.3
3.0
2.O
2.O
2.A
2.3
1.6
2.8
2.4
2.7
4.9
7.5
49.4
>3t6
4.7
L.7
1.I
0.9
0.5
o.4
1.8
2.6
2.O
5.4
5.3
4.1
2.2
0.8
2.6
2.5
>6<10
0.3
o.2
o.30.I
0.1o.I
0
0.3
0.6
3.0
2.L
L.4
0.8
o.6
o.4
0.9
Total
L2.L
4.3
2.6
2-3
a'l
2.8
5.1
5.O
4.6
11. 5
9.7
7.O
5.7
3"8
5.6
8.4
7"5
I00. 0
>IO
0.I
o
o.1
o.1
o
0
0.3
0.r
0
o.3
0.1
0
0
0
o
0
r.1
MWS
2"9
3.1
4.L
3.2
2.8
2.4
3.r
3"43.s Y4.7 64.5 0\
4.4
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.1
2I.2 38. 30 LL.2 3.3
awind speed classes j"n meters per second
bDue to rounding summation of rows and colu:nns may differ from total
"Mws = mearr wind speed in nreLers per second
2-L87
The fact that 0.1 percent calms rilere recorded at the site while 7.5
Percent of all observations at the Blanding l{WS station rrere recorded as
calm is attributable to the different methods of data acquisition men-
tioned above and instrument sensitivity. The wind inst.rument at the site
has a starting threshold speed of approximately 0.25 rneters per second
while the NI{s station instrument has a starting threshold of approxi-
nately 1.3 meters Per second. The 7.5 percent calm conditions recorded
at Ehe Blanding NI,IS station are not distributed by wind direction within
the freguency distribution and thus could also affect the relative wind
frequencies somewhat.
The March through August 1977 Blanding NI.iS wind rose (plate 2.7-6)
compares very favorably with climatological means. The mean wind
speed of 3.3 neEers per second is only slightly higher than the annual
mean wind speed of 3.0 meterg per second (see Appendix C, Tabl.e C-I3).
The 7.5 percent calm condiEions observed in the six-month data set also
compare very favorably with the climaiic nean of 7.6 percent.
2.1 .2.9 Severe lleather
Tornadoes
Tornado occurrences in the Blanding area are rare.
through 1958, only B tornadoes were reported in all of utah
reported in the Blanding area. rhon (1963) states that the
of a tornado occurring at any point in the project vicinity
Z€tO t
From 1915
and none was
probability
is virtually
Strong Winds
Ihom (f958) has compured
(as measured 30 feet above the
2.7-6) for the project area.
the recurrence interval oi extreme winds
surface). These are Iisted below (tabl_e
2-188
TABLE 2.7.6
MAXI}flN,I WIND SPEED AND RECURRXNCE INTERVAL IN TITE BLANDING VICINITY
Recurrence Interval MaxiEun Wind Speed
2 years
10 years
25 years
50 years
100 years
On the average, 25-neter per second
occur every trro years at the site, while
winds should occur once every 50 years.
25 nps
29 nps
32 aps
35 arps
37 nps
(56 mph) wind speeds should
35-meter per second (78 mph)
Maxinun Precipitation
Hershfield (1961) and Miller (1964) have estimated maximum precipi-
tation amounts for selected durations anC recurrence intervats throughout
the contiguous United States. These estimates are presented in Table
2.7-7 for the site 8(€Elo These data suggest that a maximum one hour
rainfall of 1.65 centiueters (0.65 in) should occur on the averaEe of
every two years ai the site, and maximum daily and weekly precipitation
of 9.8 and 12.90 centimeters (3.7 and 5.1 in) should occur once etrery
100 years.
Ttre uaxinuur single 24-hour precipitation amount recorded at Blanding
in the 69-year data period (1905 through 1974) was 11.4 centimeters (4.5
in) and occurred on AugusE 1, 1968. This precipitation amount exceeds
the 100-year estimate presented in Table 2.7-7.
2.7.2.L0 Diffusion Clinatology
Mixing l{eights
From a climatological standpoint, a generai estimate of the atmos-
pheric diffusion trend of an area can be made from examination of the
aixing height and the mixing layer wind speeds of the area. fte,i*ing
height is defined as the height or layer above the surface Ehrough which
2-t89
TABLE 2.7-7
ESTIMATED MAXIMUI.{ POINT PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS (CUT) IN TIIE
BLANDING AREA FOR SELECTED DUMTIONS AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS
Recurrence Intervals (Years)
Duration
30 minutes
t hour
2 hours
3 hours
5 hours
12 hours
24 hours
2 days
4 days
7 days
t0 25 50 100
1.65
1.98
2.Ll
2.74
3.23
3.81
4.78
5.18
6. 05
2.47
2.69
3.02
3.81
4.27
5. 03
5.92
6.32
7.04
3. 05
3.51
3.gg
4.37
5.44
6.25
6.50
8.03
8.46
3.58
4.14
4.67
5.18
6.32
7.29
7.75
9.17
10. 52
4.22 4.50
4.75 5.39
5.26 5.74
5.66 5.53
7.34 7.gg
7.72 g.g0
8.03 10.39
10.57 12.09
12.01 L2.90
2-t90
relatively vigorous vertical mixing of efftuents can take place. The
average wind speed ttrrough this layer is cal1ed the mixing layer wind
speeC. Generally, Ehe higher the nixing heighi and mixing layer wind
speed the better the diffusion capabilities of the area, and conversely
the lower the mixing height and mixing layer wind speed the poorer the
atnospheric diffusion.
Seasonal and annual mean raixing heights and mixing layer vind
speeds for the morning and afternoon hours for the general project site
vicinity are present,ed in Table 2.7-8. As shown in this table, the
morning nixing heights and wind speeds are generally lower than those in
the afternoon. The annual mean morning nixing height in this area is 345
Eeters (1130 ft) compared with the mean afternoon height ot 2650 rneters
(8690 ft). Mean wind speeds are 3.9 and 5./+ ueters per second (8.7 ana
lz.L rnph), respectively, for morning and afternoon. Seasonally, spring
demonstrates the best diffusion capabilities and wint.er demonstrates the
Irors t.
The dispersion of pollutants nay be limited during persisting
conditions of mixing heights of 1500 meters (4920 tt) or less and aixing
layer wind speeds of 4 meters per second (g mph) or Less (Stackpole,
L967; Gross, 1970). Holzworth Q972) rabulated the number of cases of
such restrictive conditions for the five-year period, 1960 through 1954.
Episodes persisting for at least two days for various combinations o!
uixing heights and wind speeds are summarized for the site area in Table
2.7 -9 .
From the table, 46 episodes of a
and a 4.0-meter per second or tess
five-year period and persisted for a
frequency of episodes occurred in the winter months, indicating that Ehis
is the worst season for dispersion of effluents.
Atmospheric Stability
A meEhod for determining and classifying atmospheric stability
based upon the parameters of sky cover, wind speed and solar angle
1500-meter or less urixing height
wind speed were observed in the
total of 2I5 days. Tae greatest
2-L9t
TABLE 2.7-8
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MIXING HEIGHTS AND MEAN I{IND SPEEDS
BLANDING VICINITY
Morning Afternoonllixing
Height Wind Speed(neters) (rneters/sec)
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fa11
Annual
Source:
265
580
280
260
345
Holzworth, L972
Wind Speed
m;7sec
?4.0 r/sec
?6.0 r/sec
Source: Holzworth, G.C., L972
2.9
5.r
4.1
3.4
3.9
3.9
7.0
6.5
4.8
5.6
Mixing
He igh t
(meters )
i 160
361 0
4060
2200
2650
Wind Speed
(rneters /sec )
TABLE 2.7-9
NI]MBER OF RESTRICTED MIXING EPISODES LASTING TI{O
I'IORE DAYS IN FIVE YEARS AND TOTAL EPISODE DAYS(Tn pA TnTHESES) IN THE BLANDING AREA
(500 n
zrm'I
r2 (40)
L2G2)
Mixing Heights
(1000 m (1500 rn
Til3-ol- KIO-
33 ( 1s0) 46Q15)41(r95) 0SOeS)
2-t92
was developed by Pasquill and Turner (Pasqui11, 1961). This rnethcd
assumes that unstable condit.ions occur when the atmosphere near the
surface undergoes warming during instances of Low wind speeds, and stable
conditions occur with atmospheric cooLing associated with 1ow wind
speeds. Neutral conditions occur with either cloudy skies or high wind
speeds. Ihe stability classifications based upon this method are as
follows:
Clas s Degree of Stabilit),
Extremely unstable
Unstab leSlightly unstable
NeutralSlightly stabte
Stab le
Generally during unstable condiEions volumes rri air can move up
or down freely, resulEing in rapid vertical mixing through a relativeiy
deep layer of air wich little buildup near Ehe surface. Conversely,
during st,able (inversion) conditions volumes of air do noE move freely in
a vertical direction but are restricted to a certain lerrel and, as a
result, pollutants may remain trapped near the ground. During neutral
conditions, volumes of air will experience no upward or downward accel-
eration but will be free Eo move due t,o exLernal impetuses such as
winds.
Ihe nonthly and annual frequencies of each Pasquill stability class
for Blanding, based upon L970 through L974 d.ata, are indicated in Table
2.7-L0. Annually, unsEable conditions (Classes A, B, and C) occur ap-
proximateLy 26.0 percent of the time, stable conditions (Classes E and F)
approximaEely 46.6 percent, and neutral (C1ass D) approxioately 27.3
Percent. January normally has the highest occurrence of stable (inver-
sion) conditions, averaging 56.6 percent. However, the winEer months
(December, January, February) each average over 52 percent occurrenee of
stable condit.ions. The summer months, on the average, have the lowest
frequency occurrence of stable conCi.tions but the highest Gccurrence of
unstable conditions. The three months of June, July, and August each
average more than 36 percent occurrence of unstable conditions. Neutral
A
B
c
D
E
F
MonEh
2-t93
TABLE 2.7.L0
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE FOR
BLANDING, UTAH
STABILITY CLASSESMONTHLY PERCENT
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.3
3.0
5.7
6.5
4.6
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
1.8
DA
Jan
Feb
Mar
APr
May
June
July
Aug
seP
0ct
Nov
Dec
Annual
4.0
6.5
9.5
7.7
14.4
17.2
16. 5
14.8
14.9
12.4
4.4
5.4
10.7
11.1
10 .7
12.9
t4.6
16.7
i5.9
16 .3
t7 .3
13.5
10.6
13.7
9.3
13.5
28.3
29.4
35.8
36. 5
23.8
18 .8
21. I
21.7
20.0
32.9
29.2
31 .0
27.3
13.3
15.6
16.0
L5.2
L5.7
13.9
13.3
12 .0
14.0
11. 6
L4.2
13.5
14.0
43.3
37.3
25.5
25.8
26.4
28.5
26.3
29.6
37 .4
32.5
38.5
40.7
32.5
2-194
conditions are infrequent throughout the year, averaging from 18.8
percent occurrence in June to 36.5 percent in Apri1"
PlaEes 2.7-7 through 2.7-9 present the annual frequency distribu-
tions of Pasquill stability classes by wind direction. Ttre monthly and
annual frequency distriburions of Pasquill stability classes by wind
direction and associated mean wind speeds are also Eabulated and pre-
sented in Appendix C (Tables C-l through C-13). Throughout the year,
unstable conditions occur most frequently with south through south*
southwest winds and in every month stable conditions are predominately
associated with north winds. Neutral conditions are more evenly dis-
tributed beEween northerly and southerly componenE winds throughout
the year.
The spring uronths exhibit the best diffusion capacity and winter the
lrorst. Ihe high frequency of stable condiEions in the winter months is
probably the result of somewhat slower wind speeds during this season.
The relatively high percentages of stable and unstable condiEions and the
relatively 1ow frequency of neutral conditions throughout the year
reflect the tow winds and high percentage of clear skies Ehat are char-
acteristic of this area.
As shown in Appendix C (Table C-I3) the annual mean wind speed
associaEed with each sEability class are as foLlows:
Class A 1.9 nps
Class B 2.4 mps
Class C 3.5 ups
Class D 4.2 rnps
Class E 3.4 urps
Class F 1.9 mps
2.7.3 Climatology of llanksville
The clirnate at Hanksville
area is generally drier and the
and Buying Staiion
is similar to that at Blanding but the
winds are somerdhat slower.
ATilU[L
llF
PtRCtrT TREQUIilGY llrSTRtBUTl0t
sTlBrrrTY GtlssEs I AilD B
BY WITD IIIREGTI(lT
B[AilDttG, UTAIt 1970-1974
STABILITY CLASS A
STABILITY CLASS B
IIATI' A EI
.l8o/o
O.9o/o
PLATE 2.7 -7
TREQUETCT IIISTRIBUTI(lT
G lilt D BY tlttD l[RECTl0il
uTllt 1970-1974
STAB ILITY C LA SS D
rraxE3 a roorl
PERGE ilT
Gr[ssEs
BL[TDITG,
STABILITY C LASS C
lttu[t
0t sItBluTY
l.8o/o
l.8o/o
PLATE 2.7 -8
4.ao/o
l.8o/o
3.5olo
STABILITY CLASS E
STABILITY CLASS F
IXTUII PERGETIIGE
0r srrBlUTY GUSSES
TREQUE TGY
ETTDTBY
uTilt 1970-l
IIISTRIBUTI()X
WIID IIIRECTI(IT
974
E'rII.. MI
BLTTIIITG,
PLATE 2.7.9
2-1 98
2.7.3.L Data Sources
Long-teru Eeteorological data are available from the National
i{eather Service sEaEion in Hanksville, utahr located approximately 20
kilometers (12 ui) north of the site area (pIate 2.7-10. These dara, ro
a large degree, have been used to describe the clinatology of the site
area and should generatly be representative of site conditions. To a
much lesser degree meteorological data from Green River, located approx-
imately 98 kiloneters (51 mi) northeasL of the site, have also been used
in this report to estimate specific clirnatic conditions.
An on-site meteorological uonitoring program qras initiated in
early l'larch L977 (see Section 5.1.3). An insufficient data base has been
collected from this program to adequately describe the site-specific
clinatology for the buying station at Hanksville. Ttrerefore, these data
have not been used in this report. However, results of the firsE six
months of data collection from this progratr are preseuEed in Appendix
c. Results from the ful1 year program wirl be presented in the supple-
uental Report.
2.7.3.2 Tenperature
Plate 2.7-Ll summarizes of ueans and extremes of temperature re-
corded aE Hanksville, Utah fron 1951 through 1974. These data show that
the mean monthly temperature varies from between -3.5oC (25.7"F) in
January to 26.6'C (79.9'F) in July, and the annual average temperature is
l1.7oc (53.1'F). The average daily maxiuuo temperatures range from 4.3oC
(39.8'r) in January to 35.3oc (97.3'F) in July, and the average daily
oinirnuu Eemperatures range frorn -Ll.3oC (11.6.F) to 10.9.C (62.5"F) in
January and July, respectively. The norural diurnal range of temperatures
(the difference between the daily maximum and ninisrum temperature)
is 17.6'C (31.7'F) but on the average this range is highest in the summer
months and lowest in Ehe winter months. Singular record high and low
tenperature extremes are 43.3'C (110'F) and -33.3.C (-29"F).
on the average, teoperatures can be expected to rise above 32oc
(90'F) or above 86 days per year and fall to -18oC (0'F) or below only 9
PLATE 2.7 - 1O
Irl0l{THLY ltlEAllS [illl EXIREITIES
(lF TEIIPERITURES
IIAl{I(SUIILE, UTAH
ANNUAL MEAN! II.7OC
oo
IJ(rlF
E.
lrJ(L
uJF
M ONTH
EXTREM E
M AX.
M EAN
M AX.
ME AN
JAN
l8
FEB
?3
MAR
29
APR
32
MAY
38
JUNE
42
JULY
43
AUG
4t
SEP
39
ocT
33
NOV
2_6
DEC
20
MEAN MIN.
EXTREME
MI N.
4.3 9. o I 4.6 20 .l
-3.5 t.l 6.1 il.3
-11.3 -6.9 -2.4 2.4
-33 -29 -14 -9
26.8 i?.6 36.3 34.3
17.4 2?.7 26.6 ?5.1
7.9 l?.7 | 6.9 I 5.9
-5 0 3 2
29.4 Zl.7
19.6 lz,6
9.8 3.3
-? -?l
l?.o 5.2
4.1 -z.l
-4.0 -9.4
-2? -?6
(A) MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM
(B) MEAN MONTHLY
(C) MEAN DAILY MINIMUM
(D) FREEZE DATES DITI'! T(t,lDII
PLATE 2.7-II
2-201
days per yearo Substantial noct.urnal cooling is cominon because
relatively clear skies and freezing Eemperatures (0"C) or less occur
an average of 154 days per year.
Normally, the last. and first freezes (temperature occurrence of OoC
or belor.l) occur on May 5 and october 13, respectively (Plate 2.7-10).
ltre average freeze-free period is 160 days. However, freezing conditions
have been recorded in every month except July and August.
2.7.3.3 Precipitation
Mean monthly precipitation for Hanksville, based upon 24 years
(1951-f974) of record, is indicated in Plate 2.7-12. The annual average
precipitation at Hanksville is only 12.6 cm (4.96 in) with approximately
45 percent of the total occurring in the three months of August,
SepEember and 0ctober. August, which averages 2.5 ca (0.97 in) of
precipitation, is nornally the wettest month and iE is the only month
that averages ruore than 2.0 centimeters of precipitation. January and
February are typically the dri.est months, receiving only 0.5 centimeters
(0.2 in) of rainfall each. Daily precipitation amounts in excess of 0.25
ceniimeters (0.1 in) occur on the average of i4 days per year, and the
greatest daily toEal precipitation amount recorded in the 24-year record
was 4.6 cenEimeters (1.8 in). The greatest Bonthly precipitatioa amount
recorded in the data period was 9.1 centimeEers (3.58 in) and occurred in
October L972.
Wtrile most of the precipitation in the vicinity fal1s as rain,
the annual average snowfall at Hanksville is 19.8 centimeters (l.S in).
The maximr:m monthly recorded snowfall rras 43.2 centimeters (17.0 in),
and the greatest snowfall from a single storm nas 38.1 centimeters (15
in). Snowfall data are summarized in Plate 2.7-12.
2.7.3.4 Relative Ilurnidity
While humidity data are not collected in Ehe Hanksville area, the
relative humidity in this area is generally 1ow. Estinates from the
U.S. Department of Comnerce (1958) indicate that the mean annual relaEive
of
on
MEA]I M(l1{THLY PREGIPIIATI(ll{
HAlII(STIILLE, UTAH
3.0
o
zo
F
F
o--
6
UJEo-
2.O
MONTH I
I
MONTHLY
M EAN
MONTHLY
MAXIMUM
JAN
I0.5
t.7
FEB
luan;,reRo.5 o.7 l. O
t .3 2.6 6.0
I MAY
IJUNE ;,ruLv I AUG I sEP I o.'
I0.9 0,7 r.o 2.5 t.4 1.8
2.5 3.2 3.t 7.5 4,6 9.1
*ou I DEc
I
r. o o.7
4.2 3.9
6.0
]IIEAil ]II(lilTHtY
HA 1{ I( SU !ILE
sil0ITFAtt
, UTAH
ANNUAL MEAN:
4.O
o
oz.a 2.0
MoNrH I ,o*
|MONTHLY 5.I
M EAN
MoNTHLY 44,7
MAX I MUM
FEB
?.o
t2.7
l'o* | o'*
3.0 o.O
2 0.8 0.5
I MAY
I
iuNE
t
JULY I orn
I
0 .0 o. o o.0 0.0
r., | 0.,
I0.0 0.8
- r7.8
Nov I DEc
I2.5 6.4
17.3 43.2
D/lttla a XO(OII
ANNUAL
2.7 - l2
2-203
huaidity in Ehis area is approximately 40 percent and varies from a
winter average of approximately 65 percent to a summer average of approx-
inately 30 percent.
2.7.3.5 Evaporation
Ihe closest available evaporation data to the Hanksville area are
collected at Green River, Utah approximately 90 kiloureters north-
northeast. These data show that an average evaporation of 118.8 centi-
meters (46.8 in) occurs fron May through October. Ttre greatest monthly
evaporation occurs in July, averaging 25.8 centiueters (10.2 in).
Evaporation data are not collected froo November through April due
to freezing conditions; however, Ehe U.S. Departnent of Connnerce (1955)
estinates thaE 76 percent of the total annual evaporation in this area
occurs from May through 0ctober. Therefore on an annual basis evapora-
tion is expected Eo average 156.3 centimeters (61.5 in).
2.7.3.6 Sunshine Duration and Cloud Cover
Sunshine duration is defined as the number of hours of sunshine
reaching the surface that is intense enough to cause distinct shadows.
Ihe U.S. Department of Comrerce (1958) has determined sunshi-ne duration
and cloud cover throughout the contiguous United States. Monthly and
annual daEa for the general Hanksville area are presented in TabLe
2.7-Ll.
On the average, Hanksville receives 7l percent of the possible
annual sunshiae. Sunshine duraEion is highest in Septernber and the
lowest in December. The rnean annual daylight (sunrise to sunseE) sky
cover (clouds) for this area is slightly less than 50 percent. The
greatest atrount of daylight sky cover occurs in January and December,
averaging approximaEely 60 percent, and the least amounE occurs in
Septeober, averaging 30 percent.
2-204
TABLE 2.7-II
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL SUNSIIINE DURATION
AND SKY COVER AT HANKSVILLE, UTAH
Mean Z of
Possible Sunshine
Mean Z
Sky CoverMonth
Jan
Feb
Mar
APr
May
Jun
Jul
Arrg
seP
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Source: U. S.DeparEment
59
7l
69
7L
72
81
78
76
82
7L
62
54
7l
of Coumerce, 1968.
61
58
57
58
51
39
46
48
30
39
47
60
49
2-205
2.7.3.7 Winds
Plate 2.7-L3 presents the annual wind rose at llanksville based
upon 1949 through L954 surface ueteorological daEa. Table 2.7-L2 pre-
sents the seasonal and annual frequency distribution of wind direction
and wind speed at Hanksville for the same 5-year data period. Calsl
conditions, which rrere recorded approximately 19.8 percent of the time,
are included in the distributions as a weighted average.
Northwest winds are Ehe most frequently occurring in all seasons
except summer and, on an annual basis, winds from the northwest through
north occur nearly 27 percent of the tine. During the sumner winds from
the south-southwesE are the most dorninant, occurring I0.5 percent of the
tine. Winds from the west-southwest and west are the teast frequently
occurring during all seasons and, on an annual basis, winds from these
directions occur only 2.9 and 3.4 percent, respectively.
During all seasons Ehe lowest average wind speeds occur with
easterly winds while the highest average wind speeds are associated with
south-southwest winds. With the relatively high occurrence of calm
conditions, the mean annual recorded wind speed is only 2.5 meEers per
second (5.5 mph). The highest average wind speeds occur in the spring
and the lowest in the winter averaging 3.2 and 1.9 neters per second (7.2
and 4.3 urph), respectively.
2.7.3.8 Severe Weather
Tornadoes
Tornadoes are extreme
states that the probabil
virtually zotoo
rare in the Hanksville area. Thom (1963)
of a tornado occurring in this area is
Strong Winds
Thom (1968) has computed Ehe recurrence interval of extreme winds
(measured 30 feeE above the surface); these are listed in Table 2.7-13
for the llanksville vicinity. On the average, 25-meter per second (S0
iy
itv
[T[U[[ PERGETT FRTQUETCY
IIISTRIBUTI(IT OT WITD I'IREGTI(lT
ilttlsulL[E, uTllt
I 949- I 954
DAf,Cs 8 T'O(oR!
2.7-t3
1',F-BLE 2,'l-) 2
SE"ASONAL A}ID ANI.II'AI, PERCEMT FRNQUENCY OF WIND DINECTION
AND WIND SPE}:D AT HANKSVILLE, UTAH 1949-1954
Occurr-ence, (r)__
12-2
6.5
7.9
3-5
5.5
4.5
' 5.6
6.2
5.9
5.0
4.2
2.1
3.7
6.4
L2.2
4.7
sDrinq-..+occurrence Mvlso
--___trl_ (mps)
Occurrencc(r)
6.5
3.9
5.1
3.8
5.3
6.3
6.5
8.8
8.7
IO.4
8.O
3.7
3-2
5.5
7.6
6.6
Occurrence(r) _
9,4
4.4
7.6
3.8
5,8
5.4
6.5
e.7
7.4
7.3
6.0
2.6
3.O
4.9
10. B
4.2
Occurrence(*) ._
8.5
4.6
6.4
3.7
5.3
5.5
6-O
7.3
7.3
8.2
6.4
ao
3.4
6.1
lo. 5
7.8
wint-er Annual
Qileg!io'
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
ssE
s
ssw
slr
tlrSW
w
l',Nl{
NW
NNW
Average
MWS*
(mps)
2.4
2.8
2.O
1.5
1.3
I.7
1.6
2.5
2.2
5.0
3.4
2-7
2.4
3.0
a1
2.2
r.9
!!wsd
(nPs)
2.3
2.7
2.4
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.4
3.3
3.4
5.3
4.5
3.8
2.9
3.2
3.O
2.9
2.8
!twsa
(mps)
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.O
I.5
1l
2.O ^
2-7
2.7
5.1
3.6
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.6
,2
2.O
MViSd(npel
2.3
2.7
2-3
2.1
1.6
2.2))
3.O
3.0
5.6
4.4
3.6
il..a
3.6
3.2
2.4
'E
6.4
3.9
5.3
3.5
4.8
5.7
5.6
7.5
6.7
9.9
7-3
3.3
.).6
7.4
Ir. 2
7.6
2.7
3.r
2.8
2.4
I.9
2.4
AE
3.3
3.4
5.3
EE
4.2
3.4
4.7
4.2
3:5
3.2
l.J
It.Jo{
Mrls - llean wind Speeal in meters per second
source: National clifiatic Center, 1971
Fall
2-208
mph) wind speeds should occur every two years in the area while 37-meter
per second (83 mph) winds should occur only once every 100 years.
TABLE 2.7-13
Md(IMI'I'{ WIND SPEEDS AND RECURRENCE
INTERVALS AT HANSKVILLE
Recurrence Interval
2 years
10 years
25 years
50 years
100 years
2.7.3.9 Diffusion Clinarology
Mixing Heights and hrind Speeds
Holzworrh (L972) derernined
heights and wind speeds for the
the contiguous United States for
These are presented in Table Z.
Maximum
Wind Speed(meters per second)
25
29
33
35
37
Maxinun Precipitation
Table 2.7-I4 Presents estimated maximum precipitation and recurrence
intervals within the general Hanksville vicinity. It is estimated that
a one-hour rainfall maximum of 1.66 centimeters should occur every trdo
years, and a 24-hour uaximum of 6.35 centimeters should fall every 100years. Fron 1951 through L974, the greatest daily precipitation amount
recorded at Hanksville was 4.57 centimeters and occurred on August I,
1968.
the seasonal and annual rnean mixing
morning and afternoon hours throughout
the five-year period 1960 rhrough 1964.
7-15 for the general Hanksville area.
From Table 2.7-ls, the morning mixing heights and wind speeds
are lower than the afternoon. The annual mean morning rnixing height is
285 meters (935 ft) coapared with the afternoon height of 2520 merers
(8266 ft); mean wind speeds are 4.3 and 5.4 ueters per second (9.6 and
2-209
TABLE 2.7-L4
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM POINT PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS (cm)
AT HANKSVILLE SITE FOR SELECTED
DURATIONS AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS
HANKSVILLE
Duration
UTAII
Recurrence Intervals (Years)
5102550 100
3.25 3.73 4.24
3.53 4.01 4.67
3.85 4.34 4.93
4.24 4.88 5.36
4.88 5.23 6.12
5.00 5.94 5.35
5.62 6.25 7 .16
5.30 6.91 7.82
6.93 7.29 8.15
I llour
2 Hours
3 llours
6 llours
12 tlours
24 Hours
2 Days
4 Days
7 Days
1.55
1. 58
1.83
2. 08
2.3L
2.49
2.82
3. 38
3.81
2.18 2.72
2.36 2.97
2.59 3.15
2.77 3.61
3.15 4.04
3.71 4.47
3.86 4.93
4.32 5.13
4.42 5,66
Sources: Hershfield, 1951; lli1ler, 1964
2-210
TABLE 2.i-I5
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MIXING ITEIGHTS AND
HANKSVILLE VICINITY
MEAN WIND SPEEDS
Morning Afternoon
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fa11
Annual
Source: HolzworEh. 1972
Mixing
I{ind Sped Height l{ind Speed(Meters/sec) (rneters) (meters/sec)
3.5 1070 4.1
s.3 2940 6.5
4.2 3970 6.1
4.3 2090 4.9
4.3 2520 5.4
Mixing
Height(neters )
250
395
245
230
285
2-2LL
12.1 mph), respectively, Seasonally, winter and fal1 demonstrate the
rrorst diffusion capabilities and spring the besr.
According to the Nat,ional Air Pollution Potential Forecasting
Program (Stackpole, L961; Gross, 1970) the dispersion of pollutants could
be lirnited with persisting uixing heights of 1500 neters or less and
nixing tayer rrind speeds of 4 Eeters per second or 1ess. Holzworth
Q972) Labulated the number of cases of such restrictive conditions for
the five-year period, 1960 through 1964. Episodes persisting for a least
two days for various combinations of nixing heights and wind speeds are
summarized for the general Hanksville vicinity in iable 2.7-16 (page
2-2L3).
Fifty-two episodes of a 1r500-meter or less mixing height and a
four-met.er per second or less wind speed were observed in the five-year
period and persisted for a total of. 220 days. The greatest frequency of
episodes occurred in the winter months.
From Table 2.7-17, it appears that spring exhibits the best dif-
fusion capacity and winter the worst. Ihe high frequency of unstable
conditions in the suumer months is probably the result of the somewhat
slower wind speeds and greater solar insolaEion during ihis season. The
relatively high percentages of stable and unstable conditions and the
relatively low frequency of neutral conditioos throughout the year
reflect the low winds and high percentage of clear skies that are char-
acteristic of this area.
Table 2.7-18 presents the annual frequency distribution oi Pasquill
stability classes by wind direction and associated wind speeds. Gen-
erally, unstable conditions occur most frequenily with souEh-souEheasE
winds and stable condiEions are associaEed with northwest through norEh
winds.
SEASONAI AND AI{NUAL
2-212
TABLE 2.7-T7
FREQUEIICY 0F STABILITY OCCURRXNCE (Z)
HANKSVILLE, UTAH
Season
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fa 11
Annual
0.32
2.9L
6.61
1.80
2.93
Li.47
14.gg
19 .82
19 .06
16 .35
11.70
10.67
13.02
9.47
11.20
21.69
30.47
18.45
16 .05
21.58
5.41
7.52
6. 85
5.24
6.26
49.40
33.43
32.26
48.44
4r.57
Stabilit Class
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY
TABLE 2.7-T8
DISTRIBUTION OF PASQUILL STABILITY CI.ASSES BY DIRECTION
HANKSVILLE, UTAII
F
q
E
/"
D
z
C
z
B
Z
A
"l
Direc t ion Frequency
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
2.9
Frequency
0.7
0,5
0.8
0.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.1
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.9l.l
0.9
16.4
Frequency
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.8
1.1l.l
1.1
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.9
0.7
ll.2
Frequency
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.6
1.5
4.0
2.3
0.9
0.7
1.8
2.5
1.5
2t.7
Frequency Frequency
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
ssE
s
sst,
SW
t^ISI.I
Id
WNI.I
NtI
NWN
Al 1a
0.7
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0"4
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.8
0.5
6.3
5.3
2.4
3.7
2.0
3.2
2.2
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.2
1.6
0.8
1.4
2.1
5.2
4.1
41.6
l.J
IN)11(,
aMay not equal total of column because of rounding off
2-2L4
TABLE 2.7-16
NTIMBER OF RESTRICTED MIXING EPISODES LASTING TWO
MORE DAYS IN FIVE YEARS AND TOTAI EPISODE DAYS(rN pen.sNmrsrs) IN THE IIANKSVILLE VICINITY
Wind Speed Mixing Heights(500 n (1000 m (1500 m
OR
52.0 m/sec
(4.0 no/sec
(6 .0 rn/sec
1(3)
1 6( ss)
L2G2)
s(i2)
37(r4r)
44(215)
5(13)
52(220)
6zQe4)
Source: Holzworth, G.C., L972
2.7.4 Air Quality
2.7.4.1 Regulatory Standards
Anbient air quality standards for various gaseous and particulate
pollutants have been promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), and the Utah Division of Health has adopted these standards
as applicable throughout the sEate. The current national and Utah
prinary and secondary air quality standards are presented in Table
2.7-I9. Priaary air quality standards define the relative air quality
levels judged necessary, with an adeguate safety margin, to protect the
public health. Secondary air quality standards are those specifically
Atmospheric Stability
Seasonal and annual percentage frequency distributions of each
Pasquill stability class ( see Section 2.7 .2.L0 for explanation) for
Hanksville are presented in Table 2.7-L7. Annually, unstable con<iitions
(Classes A, B, and C) occur approximately 30.5 percent of the time,
stable or inversion conditions (Classes E and f) approxinately 47.8
percent, and neutral (C1ass D) approximately 21.7 percent. Unstable
conditions occur most frequently in the strmmer months, averaging 39.5
percent and are least frequent in winter, averaging 23.5 percent. StabIe
conditions throughout an average year vary between 41.0 percent (spring)
and 54.8 percent (ninter).
2-215
TABLE a.7-19
NATIONAI AND STATE OF UTAH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Averaginq Tj$e
Annual Average
Federal Primary
Standard
Federal Secondary
StandardPollutant
Nitrcgen
Di-oxideb ?;33 ",!h,,.0.05 ppm ,(1OO uglm')
Sulfur
Dioxide
Annual Average
24 Hour
3 Hour
0.03 ppm,
(80 ug,/m')
0.14 ppm ,(355 uglm")
0.05 ppm a(I3OO vq/m')
Suspended
Particulate Annual Geometric
Mean
24 Hour
75 yg/m3
260 rg/^3
eo ugl*3
150 pgrlm3
Hydrocarbons(corrected fcr
methane)
3 Hour
6-9 A.M.
0.24 ppne,
(160 uglm')
0.24 ppm -(160 uglnr)
Photochemical
Oxi-dants
0.08 ppm .(150 us,/m-)
0.08 ppm ^(160 uglmr)
I Hour
Carbon Monoxide 9ppm -r€(10 mg,tu-)'
35 ppm {(40 mg,/m-)
9 ppm
(1-o-m.g/mr)
35 ppm )(40 mglm')
I Hour
I Hour
A11 standards except annual average are not to be exceeded more than once a year.
,"Fr.. the Bureau of National Affairs, 1975DNitrogen dioxide is the only one of the nitrogen oxides considered in the
ambient standardsc,ppm ; parts per mj-Iliong,J
^vl/n- = micrograins per cubic mcter
Itaaxirnu:n 3 hour concentration between 6-9 A.M.
'mg7p3 = milligr€rms per cubic meter
2-215
concerned with protecting the public welfare from any known or adverse
effects of a pollutant.
National arrd Utah New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) governing
the release of euissions are not applicable for projects of this srnall
s ize.
2.7.4.2 Priority Classifications
The project site, located in San Juan County, is part of the
Four Corners Interstate Air Quality Control Region which encompasses
parts of Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona as well as Utah. A classi-
fication system for all Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) was estab-
lished (as outlined in the Federal Register of April 14, 1971) for the
purpose of air pollution control planning and evaluation. Each AQCR is
classified into one of three groups for each najor pollutant.
A Priority I classification indicates that significant violation
of the federal stanCards exists for a portion of the region and special
emission controls are needed. Priority II and III classifications
indicate better air quality within the region, with a priority III classi-
fication indicating better air quality than priority II. Each AQCR is
classified separately with respect to each of the following pollutants:
sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
and photochernical oxidants. Where an AQCR is classified Priority I on
the basis of measured or estimated air quality levels resulting from
emissions predominately from a single point source, it is further clas-
sified Priority IA. Ambient pollutant concentrations that flefine the
classification system are outlined in Table 2.7-20.
The priority classifications for the Four Corners Interstate Air
Quality Control Region are presented in below.
Particulate Sulfur Nitrogen Carbon PhotochernicalMatter Oxides Dioxide Monoxide Oxidants (HC)
Pr iori tyClassification IA IA III III III
2-2L7
TABLE 2.7_2O
TEDERAL REGIOIi-AL PRIOF.ITY CT,ASSIFICATIONS BASED ON tuyBiEi{T AIR QUATITY
Priority Group
Pollutant Avg. Time II
Greater than From - To Less than
surrur oxides ill;#'' 133 Hiil: ,il:133 izi:i3-hour 1300 ug,/m'
III
6o vg/n3.
ZAO u1/rl'.
1300 uglmr
Particulate Ann. Avg.s5 vs/n3^ 60-95 us/n1 6o ug,hl
325 yg/mr 150-325 ug/ms I5o uqr,/m5
2L1 nq/ni.J55 mglm
Matter
Carbon
Monoxide
24-hour
9-hour
1-hour
La ns/nl
.J55 nglm
Nitrogen Ann. Avg. I10 ug,/m3 110 p9lm3
Dioxide
Photochemical l-hour 195 pgrlm3 I95 ug,/m3
Oxidants
Note: In absence of measured data to the contrary, any region containing
an area whose 1970 "urban place" population exceeds 200,0O0 will
be classified Priority I. AlI others wil-l be classified, Priority III.
No Priority I1 classification for CO, IlO2, and Photochemical Oxidants
Hydrocarbon classifications will be same as for Photochemical Oxidants
Source: Code of Federal Regulations; 40 CFR 51.3
2-2t8
The priority te classification of particulates and sulfur dioxide for the
AQCR are based upon emissions from specific fossil-fueled power plants
within the region, none of which lies within 50 kilometers of the
Blanding site. Therefore, the air quality in the vicinity of the
Blanding site is expected to be betEer than the IA classification would
ind icate.
2.7.4.3 Significant Deterioration
Rules have been prornulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency
as of December 1974 and aa further modified in the CIean Air Act
Amendnents of. L977 with regard to prevention of significant deterioration
(PSD). Under this law, each area of the nation with air quality better
than Ehat defined by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
sulfur dioxide (S02) and total suspended particualtes (TSP) must be
identified and designated as Class I, II or III for purposes of allowable
air quality degradation. A class I area would allow a very small
increase in air pollution, in Class II a larger increase and Class III
would allow air polLution Leve)-s up to, but not exceeding, the natioaal
ambient standards. Currently San Juan County, in which the project site
is located, is classified as a Class Ii area.
Ttre significant deterioration regulations apply specifically to
certain stationary source types and sizes (of wtrich uranium mill.ing
processes are not included), and more generally to any source that has
the potential to emit more than 250 tons per year of any air pollutant.
With the expecied low emission rates, this law should not be applicable
to the proposed nilling project.
Preliminary estimates based upon current planning indicate total
particuLate emissions from the White Mesa Uranium Project will not be
greater than 200 tons per year. However, detailed planning is in pro-
gress and a more refined estimate of total emissions will be presented in
Ehe Supplemental Report.
2-219
2.7.4.4 Existing Air Quality
Ihe Utah Division of Health rnaintains a network of air monitoring
stations throughout the state. The closesE monitoring station to the
projecE area ls at Bull Frog Marina locaEed approximaLely 105 kilomeEers
(66 ni) rresE of the proposed site. 0n1y particulate and sulfur dioxi.de
concentrations are measured at Bu11 Frog (table 2.7-ZL).
0n1y the short-teru (24-hour) particulaEe standard has been exceeded
at the Bull Frog station; the annual average is well below Ehe standard
aof 60 ug/m' for all three data years. The 24-hour violations must have
been associated with conditions of high winds and blowing dust.
Wtrile only 1976 data are available, sulfur dioxide concentraEions
ueasured at Bull Frog Marina are low and well below the applicable
anbient standards. The maximum one hour average recorded in 1976 was
only 0.03 ppm.
As part of the on-site nonitoring progran, four eulfation plate
monitoring stations rrere installed at various locations around the
project sice; sampling locations are shown on Plate 2.7-1. Data col-
lection sErated in March L977 and the srrlfaEion plaEes were routinely
exposed for one month periods. Results of the first seven monihs (March
through September 1977) of data collecEed are presented in Table 2.7-22.
Wtrile conversion of sulfation plate data to acEual SOe concentra-
tions is not accurate, sulfation plates do provide an indication of
background sulfur dioxide. From Table 2.7-22, all monthly sulfaEion
values were below the minmum detectable limit of the analysis procedure.
This would tend to indicate EhaE sulfur dioxide concentrations in the
site vicinity are very low. This conclusion agrees with the state data
collected at the Bull Frog Marina.
In 0ctober- L977, a total suspended particulate sampling program
was initiated at the project site. Plate 2.7-L dipicts Ehe exact sam-
pling location. While data collection has been limited, initiai
2-220
TABLE 2.7-2I
AIR QUALITY DATA COLLECTED AT
BULL FROG MARINA, 1975 TIIP.OUGIT 1977
Tota1 Suspended. Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates ( ug/mJ) (ppm)
Annual , Maximum Annual Maximum
Year Averaget 24-hggr Average l-hour
Lg772 24 z5g ND3 ND3
1976 15 t20 <.01 '03
lg75 14 183 ND3 ND3
ItAnnual average as a geonet.ric mean
2D"terrir,ed fron January through September data only. Annual
geometric mean extrapolated for ful1 year.
?"No data-specific parameter not operational
2-22L
TABLE 2.7-22
MONTHLY SULFATION VALUES (pg SO"/c-2/a^y)
BLANDI}IG , UTAII, T97 7'
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
<1 .3
<1 .3
<1 .3
<1 .3
March
<1 .3
<1 .3
April
<1.2
<1 .2
Ulr
<1 .5
<1 .5
<1.5
<1.5
June July
<1.1
<1.1
<1.1
<1.1
August
<r.6
<1 .6
<l .6
(1.6
SepEember
<1.3
<I .3
<1 .3
<1 .3
2-222
indications are thaE total suspended concentrations agree fairly well
with the longer Eerm Bull Frog l'Iarina data.
2,8 ECOLOGY
2.8.1 General Ecology of Region
The natural vegetation occurring on the project site and within
a 25-oile radius is characterized by Pinyon-Juniper woodland intergrading
with the Big Sagebrush association of rhe Northern Desert shrub formation
(Hunt, 1953). A plant formation used in this context refers to a grouP-
irrg of plant co"rmunities, whose distribution is largely influenced by
climate, specifieally in the seni-arid region of the Project site by
altitude. An association ig defined as groupings of plant communities,
whose distribution is IocaIly affected by soils and available moisture.
Both associations are extensively distributed throughout Utah. In 1947'
20 percent of Utah rilas covered by Pinyon-Juniper woodland; the remaining
area hras dorninated by Northern Desert Shrub vegetation, with minor
occurrences of Aspen-fir and Alpine Tundra (Woodbury, L947 I Tidestrom,
192il. Cotlam (1951) estinates thaL the areal extent of the Pinyon-
Juniper woodland in UEah has increased sixfold since white seEtlement in
the nid-1800s. This is attributed to overgrazing and lack of fires.
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland, also called pigny conifer woodland,
is donrinated by Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperna) in Utah, with occur-
rences of Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis) as a co-dominant or sub-dominant
tree species. The woodland forms a belt between the NorEhern Desert
Shrub Formation and I{estern Yel1ow Pine forest fornation. The woodLand
is alrirudinally distributed frou 5000 ft (1650 n) to about 7500 ft (2273
n) in San Juan Counry, reaching 5000 (1818 ur) to 6500 ft (1969 m) ns1 in
the Abajo Mountains to the east of the project site. The tower linics of
distribution reach abour 5200 ft (1576 E), although the woodland also
extends down drainages meeting the Big Sagebrush tyPe. The project
site lies ar an elevation of 5600 to 5700 ft (1697 to 1727 rn), just above
the lower altitudinal limit of this association. Ttre appearance of the
woodland is short scrubby conifers with a dense canoPy' although uPon
inspection the understory is usually nore open with wide sPaces between
2-?.23
trees. The understory is composed of grasses, forbs and shrubs also
found in the Big Sagebrush association. At the lorver limits of distri-
bution, the stands are rnore open with individuals of shorter heighEs Ehan
:in the more dense stands at the upper distribution of the association.
Usually the Pinyon-Juniper woodiand occurs on shatlow rocky imperme-
able soils of exposed canyon ridges and slopes while communities of the
Big Sagebrush association occur on deeper well drained soils on flatter
terrain of val1ey floors, rnesas or flattened slopes (VJoodbury, 1947).
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland contains a varieEy of wildlife habitats
including isolated trees on rocky cliffs dense stands of trees and stan,ls
interrupted by Big Sagebrush communities. Understory vegetation coru-
prise<i uostly of forbs and shrubs also provides further habitat diver-
siry. Most of che wildlife species iound in ttre Pinyon-Juniper woodland
are not permanent residents but use other vegeEaEive associations found
above and below the woodland. The uost characteristic smal1 mammals
inhabiting the pigny conifer woodtand include woodrats (Neotoma sp.) and
the Pinyon Mouse (Peromyscus truei) although the ubiquitous Deer llouse
(Perornyscus maniculatus) usually is the nosE abundant rodent. Ttre Pinyon
Jay (G)rmnorhinus cyanocephalug), the Plain Titnouse (Parus inornatus) and
the Common Bushtit (Psaltriparus mininus) are permanent bird residents
(Frischknecht, I975). Throughout the year, about 75 species inhabit this
kind of woodland at various times, making up the Erost nurerous vertebrate
fauna (Frischknecht, 1975). These species include several rapEors:
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Ferruginous llawk (nuqeo regalis), Bald
Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), Great llorned ful (gubo virginianus),
Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), Kestrel (Falco sparverius) and Red-
tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are also
the woodland, and the principal big game species.
the Pinyon-juniper include Coyotes (Canis latrons)
Badger (Taxidea taxus) and Desert Cottontail
audubonii) (rrisctrknecht, 1975).
a dominant species in
Other mammals found in
, BobcaEs (i.ynx rufus),
Rabbits ( sylvilagus
Communities occurring in the Big Sagebrush association are charac-
terized by the dominant, Big Sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata), which
grows from 2 to 16 ft (0.6 to 4.9 m) in height on favorable areas and is
widely distributed altitudinally from 3800 to to 7500 ft (1151 to 2273 n)
ms1 (Woodbury, 1947). Usually the shrubs in the association are widely
spaced but occur closer together in more favorable areas. Grasses are
the principal component of the understory. Historically, areas of
well-developed Big Sagebrush stands have yielded good dryland farmland in
Utah, probably reflecting Big Sagebrushrs preference for deep aLluviaL
soils (Tidestron, 1925).
Since the Big Sagebrush Association is wideiy distributed altitud-
inally, many species occurring in the Pinyon-Juniper woodland and in
deseri shrub associations also occur in this association. Important
sma1l mammals of this association include Pocket Mice (P-erognathus sp.),
Kangaroo Mice (Microdipodops sp.) and Voles (uigrqtus sp.). In western
Utah, Deer ltice and Kangaroo Rats are numerous but locally restricted.
BlacktaiI Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii) are also important constitu-
ents of the fauna. Generall.y, bird species utilizing this association
came from other associations, such as the Swainsonrs Hawk, Prairie Falcon
(falco uexicanus), Burrowing Owl (Bubo virginianus) and Horned Lark.
Bird populations are low during the breeding season according to Kendeigh
(1951), averaging 25 pairs per 40 hectares (100 acres). Other irnportant
bird species occurring in this association include the Sage Grouse
(Centrocercus urophasianus), Poor-wi11 (Phalaenoptilus nuttalLii), Sage
Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza be11i) and
Brewerrs Sparrow (Spizella breweri). Reptiles occurring in this associ-
ation are also cortrmon to other associations but occur in lesser numbers
(Shelford, 1963). Lizards are abundant and visibLe. Important reptiles
inelude Ehe Collared Llzard (Crotaphytus collaris), Sagebrush Lizad,
(Sceloporus gaciosus), Striped Whipsnake (Mastieophis taeniatus), and
Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) (Kendeigh, 1961).
region and on
woodland and
Throughout the
the Pinyon-Juniper
Ehe project area itself, communities of
Big Sagebrush association intergrade.
2-225
This integradation is influenced by soil type, texture, avaitable soil
moisture and past grazing practices' Where the soil type is preferred by
one comnunity type, there is a sharp demarcation line between the assoc-
iations but where soils are rnore intermediate communities of the Pinyon-
Juniper woodland and Big Sagebrush associations intergrade. Where they
intergrade, as on some parts of the project site, junipers are widely
scattered anong species couuron to the Big Sagebrush association, being
100 ft (30.3 m), or trore apart.
Since whiteuan t s
the surrounding region
for caEtle grazing and
some irrigated farming
settlement, the project site and portions of
and San Juan County in general have been utilized
to a much lesser extent for dryland farming and
(usoA, t962).
Cattle and sheep gtazirrg reached its peak in San Juan County between
1925 and 1930. During thaL period, cattle numbers ranged from 25,184 in
1925 ro 15,158 ro 119,802 in 1930 (USDA, 1962). According to the United
States Department of Agriculture 0952: 13) "I{eavy graziag by large
numbers of livestock has brought changes to the vegetation in the area
and has caused the range to deteriorate.tt Various pracEices to increase
Ehe productivity of the rangeland i.ncluding controlled fires and chain-
i.g, lrere and sti1l are being used. As a result of these t.reatment
pracEices, many seral plant communities to Ehe climax Piayon-Juniper
woodland and Big Sagebrush associations occur throughout the region.
2.8.2 Ecology of Project Site
As discussed elsewhere (Sections 2.4 and 2.6), the project site lies
on a plateau, with genEly rolling topography that is incised with deep
canyons. Elevations range from 5577 tE (1690 m) esl in the south to 5685
ft (1723 n) msl in the north. Canyons with steep rocky slopes and
shallow rocky fine sandy loam soils border the east side of the project
site beyond State Highway 47 and the west side. Two soil types occur on
the site, the Mellenthin scil type and the Blanding soil (see Section
2.10). The natural climax vegetation that occurs on Mellenthin soils is
the Pinyon-Juniper woodland an<i on the Blanding soil, a deep very fine
2-226
sandy loam, coumunities of the Big Sagebrush association (USoA, 1962).
A11 the plant cot"*unities sEudied on the project site except Ehe Pinyon-
Juniper woodland occur on the Blanding soil type. Annual precipitation
in the region averages L2.77 inches Per year and the average length of
the growing season is 129 days frorn May 25 to 0ctober 1. Precipitation
is disgributed throughout the year but May and June are drier than the
rest of the growing season. Precipitation is distributed so about 55
percent occurs during the growing season and 45 percent during the winter
(see Section 2.7).
2.8.2.1 Vegetation
Vegetation sarupling locations are indicated on Plate 2.8-1.
Seven communities found on the project site are outlined on Plate
2.8-2. The communities are named either according to the dominant
species in the cliurax vegetation (for example, Big Sagebrush comaunity)
or so as to identify the type of disturbance that contributes to the
present vegetative composition (for exanple, reseeded grassland).
Comrunitv Distributions and Structure
I{ith the exception of snall porEions of the Pinyon-Juniper woodland
and the Big Sagebrush comunity tyPe, the uajority of the plant con-
munities found on the project site are seral or disturbed communities
that reflect past grazing use and treatments designed to improve the site
for rangeland. These Ereatnents include chaining, plowing and reseeding
with Crested Wheatgrass. About 94 acres of Pinyon-Juniper woodland occur
on portions of the eastern and western edges of the site, 232 acres of
Big Sagebrushr 5 acres of veget,ation associated with stockponds and
overflow, 27 acree of disturbed vegetation on and imroediaLely surrounding
the present buying station and seral conmunit,ies recovering from Past
disturbances of chaining and plowing, 567 acres of controlled Big Sage-
brush, and 369 acres of reseeded grassland. These communities are
separated by fences once used to separate individual pastures. Species
composition of the co"tmunities sampled on the site are listed in Table
2.8-1. Parameters describing the structure of communities described
below are presented on Table 2.8-2. Sampling nethods and locations are
discussed in Section 6.1.4.3.
PLATE 2.8.I
PLATE 2.8-2
2-229
TABLE 2.8-I
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF
AT THE BLANDINC
CO}CTUNITIES S.q.UPLED
PROJECT SITE
Scientific llame
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron deser!orum
Aristida longiseta
Bromus tectorum
0ryzopsis hyorenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Spor,obolus cryptandrus
Forbs
Asclepias subverticillata
Arrenesia biennis@Aster arvenosus
Conrmon Name
Crested Wheatgrass
Red Threeawn
CheaEgras s
Sixweeks Fescue
Galleta Grass
Indian Ricegrass
Bottlebrush
Squirre ltai 1
Sand Dropseed
Butterfly llilkweed
Biennial llormwood
Catchweed
As ter
Timber Poison
Milkvetch
Chicory
European Gloryvine
Horseweed Fleabane
Eriogonum
Eriogonum
Euphorb ia
Curtycup Gumweed
Gi1 ia
Conmon SunfLower
st ickweedAlfalfa
Comaon Russian-
Tir is t 1e
Threadleaf Groundsel
Groundsel
Scarlet Globemallow
Meadow Salsify
Louisiana Sagebrush
Big Sagebrush
Douglas Rabbitbrush
Conmunity of
Occurrence
RGl,RGII,TS,CBS
RGl,JP
JP
TC TD
BS , JP, CBS , F.GII
JP, CBS
BS , JP, CBS , RGII
RGII
RGII
TS
TS
RGII
CBS
RGII
RCII
RGII
15
JP
RGII
TS , D, RGII
JP
RGII
JP
D
cvsrRRlrBS,RGII
RGII
RGII
RGl , CBS, RCIr
RC1
RGII
RG1 , BS, JP
RGII
As tragalus
Chichorium intybus
Convolvulus arvensls
conval larius
Conyza ca.nadensis
Eriogonum gordonii
Eriogonum ovulotoliuo
Euphorbia fendleri
Grindelia squarrosa_Gilia leplomeria
Helianthus annuusffi
Medircago sat.iva
Salsola kali
Senecio longilobus_
Senecio multicapitatus
SEae-raiG'ffiGea--
Tragopogon pratensis
Shrubs
Arteroes ia ludovicianaffi;]i rrlaenraraffiviscidiflorus var.ffipfitll"s-
Festuca octophoraHilaria _ianresii
Scientific Name
Shrubs
Cowania mexicana [e-mail]
Ephedra viridis
Gutierrezia sarothrae@Opuntia polyacantha
Yucca angustissima
Trees
Juniperus osteosperma
Pinus edulisSaIF e"E"a
Tamarix pentandra
C1 i ffros e
Claretcup Echinocereus
Green Ephedra
Broom Snakeweed
Pale I,Iol.fberry
Plains Pricklypear
Fineleaf Yucca
One-seeded Juniper
Pinyon Pine
Coyote Willow
Tamarisk
2-230
TABLE 2.8-1 (Concluded)
Couron Name
Community of
0ccurrence
JP
CBS
RGI,BS,JP,CBS
CBS, RGII
RGl,RGII
JP,CBS,RGII
BS, JP
RGI ,JP, CBS
JP
TS
TS
Control led
1 (RGr);
(D); Tamarix-
Courmunities - Juniper-pinyon (.lp); Big Sagebrush (BS);
Big Sagebrush (CBS); Reseeded Grassland
Reseeded Grassland II (RGII); DisturbedsaLix (TS)
TABLE 2.8-2
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE PARAI-{ETERS OF
THE BLANDING SITE PLANT COMMUNITIES
Relativel PercenEl Relativel Relativel rmportance
Parameter DensiEy Cover Cover Frequency Value
COMMUNITY
RESEEDED GRASSLAND I
GROUP SPECIES
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron jlesertorum
Festuca octofora
trITa@ l.r,"sfEitatilon-fiffix
Forbs
Cichorium intybus
@ea
Shrubs
Gutierrezia sarothrae:-:-Lycium pallidum
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Litter
RESEEDED GRASSLAND II
92.O t2.0 78.2 66.41.0 0.1 0.5 5.62.0 0.3 2.4 2.41.0 0.1 0.5 2.4Total 12.5
0.3 a.2 t.2 2.40.3 0. I 0. 5 2.4Total 0.3
4.O 1.9 13.3 16"00.3 0.5 3.6 2.4Total 2.4
t5.2
61 .0
24.2
236.2
7.5
6.4
3.5
N)3.5 ,l2.8 g
33. 3
5.9
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum 96.0 8.9 82.7 75.0 253"7
Total 8.9
I-PercenEages may not add to one hundred dtre to rounding.
Parameter
TABLE 2.8-2 (Continued)
Re 1 at ive Percent
Cover
Relative
Co1'er
Relative Importance
Value
COMMUNITY
RESEEDED GRASSLAND II (conr'd)
Forbs
ka1 iSa1 so 1a
Dens it
0.6
3.0
Total
0.6
3.8
66.0
1.9
Total
9.4
To tal
1.9
16.9
To ta1
0.1
1.4
1.5
0.3Total 0.3
lo.7
79.7
9.5
Frequenc
5.0
15.0
5.0
7.7
53.9
7.7
15.4
7.7
7.7
Sphaeralcea coccinea
Asperugo procumbens
Grindelia squarrosa
Salsola kali
Shrubs
Artemesia tridentata
Trees
Salix exiguaffiifTEnTanara
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li t ter
1.2
13.0
3.1
6.8
3l .0
8.7
15.6
194.9
1l .3
31.5
17.g
28.8
Shrubs
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li E ter
TAMARIX-SALIX
Forbs
hJ
Il\)(,
N)
9.7
0.8
0.5
9.0
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.5
1.5
r7;0
67.9
20.1
4.1
75.O
1.7
6.7
8.3
4.2
TABLE 2.8-2 (Continued)
Parameter
Relative
Dens i Ly
Percent
Cover
RelaEive
Cover
Relative Importance
Frequency Value
['estuca octoflora
Forbs
Salsola kali
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li tt er
CONTROLLED BIG SAGEBRUSH
COMMUNITY
DISTURBED
Grasses and Grasslike
Agropyron
Gras se s
Forbs
Sh rub s
Tota1 Vegetative Cover
Bare GroundLitter
and Grasslike PIants
Agropyron desertorumHilaria jamesii
0ryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Plants
desertorum 92.0
2.0
6.0
l9 .0
16.0
3.0
10. 0
Total
3.0ll.0
0.2
ToEat
27.O
10.0
9.0
0.2Total 9.2
4.0Tocal 4.0l3J
90.0
7.0
68 .0
2.0
30.0
66.0
t6.7
t6.7
226.6
20.7
52.7
53.3
49.9
8.0
43.8
11 .0
37.2
2.4
61.0
32.4
N)
It.J(,(,
Astragalus conval larius
Salsola kali
Sphaeralcea cocc I-nea
Artemesia tridenEata
G"ti"rr"ria sarottrrae
3.4
2.8
0.5t.7
8.4
0.5
1.9
0.1
2.4
4.7
1.8
19.3
15.9
3.0
9.8
3.0rt.2
0.2
27.0
10.4
15.0
18 .0
2.0
24.0
5.0
15.0
2.0
7.0
12.0Tocal 6.5l7J
67.4
15.3
Parameter
TABLE 2.8-2 (ConEinued)
Relative Percent
Cover
Re lative
Cover
Relative Importance
Value
COMMUNITY
BIG SAGEBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike PlantsHilaria jamesii
SitanC'n-IystEx
Shrubs
Artemesia tridentataffi
Lichen
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare GroundLitter
PINYON.JUNIPER
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longisete
Bromus tectorumEtt,&@
oryzo-IEiiE6-noiaes' Sitanion hystrix
Forbs
Gilia leptomeria
Lappula redowski
Total
Dens i t
72.8
19.0
4.6
3.5
13. I
1.2
26.2
1.2
4.8
8.3
L.2
t2,7l.l
13.8
18.9
0.5
19.4
OJ
33.3
49.g
16.9
38. 1
3.3
56.8
1.5
0.3
Frequenc
35.9
23.4
20.3
10.9
9.4
146.8
45.7
Total
To tal
Total
81.7
16
I 1.2
t.,
Il..J(,s
2.1
0.1
0.8
0.6
0.1
3.8
0.04
2.4
2.41+
8.1
0.4
3.1
2.3
().tt
0.1
9.3
9.7
4.8
9.7
r.6
3.2
1.6
1.6
29.3
12.4
39.0
5.0
8.3
10.1ll.7
TABLE 2.8-2 (Concluded)
Parameter
Re lative
Dens i Ey
Percent
Cover
Re lative
Cover
Relative Importance
Frequency Value
COMUUNITY
PINYON-JUNIPER (cont' d)
Shrubs
Trees
Lichen
Moss
ToEal Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li t ter
Rock
Artemesia Eridentata
@ir1or.rsvar. Slenophylhs
Cowania mexicanaffiti,',Gutierrezia sarothroe@ Total
Juniperus 06teosperma
Pinus edulis
Total
5.9
1.2
3.6
3.6
14.3
2.4
4.8
1.2
4.0
0.3
/r. 0
0.1
1.3
0.2
9.9
7.2
0.8
8.0
T.0
0.8
25.9
5s. 6
15.6
4.4
15.4
l.I
15.4
0.4
5.0
0.8
27.8
3.1
3.9
3. t
9.7
3.2
4.8
I.6
11 .3
3.2
6.5
1.6
t9.4
3.2
30. 3
5.6
23.0
5.6
30.4
6.3
37.6
5.7
29.5
6.3
t)
Il.J(/,vr
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland on the site is restricted to shallow
soils along the cauyon rims on the east and west of the site. A sharp
boundary occurs between this community and the other corrrmunities on the
site. About 30 individual Lltah Juniper trees are scattered across the
project site on the Blanding soil (see Plate 2.8-2). The pinyon-Juniper
woodland contains the most species of communities sampl.ed on the site
(see Table 2.8-1). Wtrile the woodland is stratified into four layers,
the dominant tree layer gives the woodland an overatl appearance of dense
vegetation. However, its species are widely separated; vegetative cover
made up only 25.9 percent of the ground cover and bare ground made up
55.6 percent in areas sanpled. Litter is an important component of
ground cover, couprising 15.6 percent wieh rock 4.4 percent and lichens
and mosses 1.8 percent (table 2.8-Z). The dominant species as reflected
by importance value in the woodland is Utah Juniper (Juniperus
osteosPerma) wittr infrequent occurrences of Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis).
In the shrub 1ayer, shrubs rrere widely spaced with grasses and forbs
occurring in open areas, the shrub layer was the most important copponent
of the understory, contributing about 10 percent of the vegetative cover.
Big Sagebrush, Cliffrose (Cowania mexicana) and Broom Snakeweed
(Gutierrezia sarothrae) were the dominant shrubs, based upon importance
va lue.
Ihe Big Sagebrush co"'munity is composed of two layers shrubs and
grasses. This coormunity is dorninated by open stands of Big sagebrush, 3
to 5 feet ta11. The stand is interspersed with occasional shrubs of
Broou Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothroae). About 20 percent of the ground
cover is Big Sagebrush with open spaces of bare ground interspersed with
grasses (taule 2.8-2). About 52 percent of cover was bare ground. The
understory layer of grasses lras not diverse, two species were sampled
with Galleta Grass (ttilaria janesii) being the most inportanr grass
species.
The other five communities oecurring on the site are in various
stages of recovery from past disturbances due to range treatgent and
overgrazing. Evidence of chaining and plowing nas apparenE in the
2-237
reseeded rangeland cor,.lmunities and controlled Big Sagebrush communities.
01d trunks of Big Sagebrush made up much of Ehe litter sampled in those
communiEies. Chaining not only increases the litter but also renoves the
dominanE shrub layer in the comnunity, releasing grasses and forbs fron
competition by shrubs. Several weedy species comnon to abandoned
pasLures and overgrazed rangeland are conrmon in Ehese communities (See
Table 2.8-1). Species classed as weeds because they are introduced and
provide litt1e or no forage value to wildlife or livestock, include
Aristida longiseta, Sitanion hystrix, Salsola kali, Cichorium intybus,
Asperugo procumbens, Grindel:Lx squarrosa (Holugren and Anderson, 1970).
Table 2.8-2 presents relative frequency, retative cover, relative density
and iuportance values of species sampled in each communiEy tyPe.
The reseeded Grassland I, occupying the northeasEern portion
of the site is dominaEed by the grass layer, with occasional occurrences
of shrubs such as Broou Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothroe) and Wolfberry
(Lyciurn pallidun). In addition to being chained in the past, this area
was also reseeded in Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorug), which
made up 8.9 percent of the ground cover and was the douinant, species in
Ehe community, based upon importance vatue. The vegetat.ive cover is
sparse in this comrounity; 61 percent of ground cover was bare ground and
24.2 percent litter. The relative frequency of Crested I{heatgrass
sampled was 75 percent whiLe Broom Snakeweed was 3.1 percent and forbs
14.2 percent (tab1e 2.8-2). Usually with chained areas, native species
reinvade 12-15 years after treatment. I^Iith the additional reseeding of
Crested l.Itreat, this period would be much longer.
The reseeded Grassland II community in the southern portion of
the projecE site is physically separated from the other communiEies by
fences and roads (see Plate 2.8-2). This community is in an earlier
stage of recovery from disturbance than the reseeded Grassland I com-
uunity in the northern portion of the site. VegeEative cover is sparse,
10.7 percent of ground cover, and is douinated by the only grass species
sanpled CresEed Wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum). Bare ground makes up
79.7 percent of cover and litter 9.5. Cnly four species were sampled in
2-238
this comrnunity, Crested l{heatgrass which was used in reseeding, and three
weedy species. In later stages of recovery frora mechanical treatment and
reseeding, rangeland should support a more ciiverse composition of native
grasses as well as introduced species than the rangeland communities
s tud ied.
The controlled Big Sagebrush co'rylunity appears to be the oldest
community to recover fron chaining. A shrub layer is present and the
dominant species in the community is Big Sagebrush, based upon importance
values. Crested Wtreatgrass was the doninant species in the grass layer.
Vegetative cover was a low 17.3 percent, while bare ground contributed
67.4 percent to ground cover and litter, nainly uprooted Big sagebrush,
15.3 percent.
The disturbed plant coumunity on and surroundiag the present
Blanding buying station contained a single layer dominated by Crested
wheatgrass. vegetative cover was sparse, being 13.2 percent of ground
cover, while bare ground made up 8.0 percent.
The Tanarix-SaIix community type is associated with trdo stock
ponds on the project site (see plate z.B-2). The water levels in the
ponds fluctuate and at the time of sanpling the ponds rrere dry. The
variability in moisture around the pouds is refl.ected in the forb layer
which was composed of only weedy species. Vegetative cover was sparse
(I2'0 percent), bare ground was 67.9 percent of ground cover and litter
20.1 percent (see Table 2.8-1). No grasses lrere sampled, and forbs were
the douinant group in the vegetative cover. The most proninent layer in
Ehe community is the tree Layer uade up of Tamarix and witlows atong the
dam. Although not sampled, two mature cottonwood trees occur at the
Idesternmost pond and several saplings occurred at the easternmost pond
(see Plate 2.8-2).
Vegetative Production
Annual production on the project site was measured as total air
dry yields from seascnal clippings (see section 5.1.4.3 for sanpling
2-239
Eethods and locations). Cnly tlro range sites occur on the site, t.he
semideserE upland stony hi11s (Pinyon-Juniper) range site and semidesert
loam range site. Descriptions for these lwo range sites were used to
estimaEe condition classes of the communiEies sampled (USDa,,1971 and
1975). The Pinyon-Juniper community sampled is on the semidesert upland
stony hi1ls (Pinyon-Juniper) range site while Ehe other communities
saopled are on the semidesert loam. Because all communiEy types other
than the Pinyon-Juniper conmunity had been subjected to various range
improvement treatnents (such as chaining, plowing and reseeding with
Crested Wheatgrass), production samples were taken from each community
type and condition classes were then based upon the semidesert loam range
site description.
Annual production samples from the project site varied beEween
comnunities within the semideserE loam range site and beEween Ehe semi-
desert upland stony hil1s (Pinyon-Juniper) range site and t,he semidesert
loau rangesiEe. Production measurements discussed below may be mislead-
ing since precipitation for 1977 aE the projecE site and for San Juan
County was classed as drought conditions (see SecEion 2.7). Until July,
no production was evident. during sampling on the site.
Based upon percent cornposition by dry weight, Ehe Pinyon-Juniper
couuruniEy is in fair condition (see Table 2.8-3 for actual percentages in
couparison to climax composition). Total yield for Ehe Pinyon-Juniper.
coumunity was 206 1bs/acre air dry, while the total annual yield in an
unfavorable year for a semidesert stony hills (Pinyon-Juniper) range site
in fair condition is 1200-500 lbs/acre air dry (Usol, L97l). Generelly,
understory cover varies from 35 to 40 percent. However, in Ehe Pinyon-
Juniper community sampled toEal understory vegetative cover was 30
percent which may account for the lower yield. This community type also
was overgrazed in the past, as evidenced by the high percentage of
increaser shrubs present. An increaser species is one that increases in
occurrence when the range is grazed too heavily. Big Sagebrush, rabbit-
brush and snakeweed composi.tion in the Pinyon-Juniper communiEy totalled
2-240
TABLE 2.8-3
PRODUCTION AND PERCENT CO},IPOSITION OF THE
PINYON-JUNIPER COMMUNITY ON THE SEI'IIDESERT STONYHILLS(Pinyon-Juniper) Range Sitea
Ilaximun
Perceat
in CLimax
Percent in Juniper-Pinyon
ConmunityPlant Group and Species
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron spicatum
Muhlenbergia emers leyi
Bouteloua gracilis
Brex geophilaHilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Koeleria cristataffi;fr" "p.Agropyron smithii
Poa secunda
Forbs
Erigeron sp.
Chr]'soPs is vil losa
Astragalus sp.
Others
Phlox sp.
Shrubs and Trees
Artemesia tridentata
nova
sP.
25
2
5
10
I
25
I
I
I
I
1
Tr
2
1
5
23
0.1
Artemes ia_-JunI.perus@Pinus edulis
@oEGEilous sp.
Aster sp.
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Total percent composition
Total production
Condition class
"T"k", fron the SCS range site description
5L2
I
35
I
15
5
1
3 t4
36. I
206 lbs/acre
Fair
2-241
30 Percent while increaser percent composition in the potential native
communiry normally ranges from 5 to 12 percent (USOA, 1971).
Based uPon percent dry weight coupcsition, all the communities
sampled on the semidesert loam range site were in poor condition except
the Big sagebrush and controlled Big sagebrush community types (tabIe
2.8'4). Production on these sites lras rnostly weeds causing the low
condition class classification. Annual dry weight production in the
reseeded Grassland I coomunity was 119 lbs/acre, on the reseeded grass-
land II ssm'nunity 148 1bs/acre, on the disturbed comnunity 32 lbs/acre
and on the Taraarix-salix communit;r 15E5 lbs/acre. 0n a semidesert loam
rangesiEe in an unfavorab!.e year, production generally varies from 300 to
225 Lbs/acre (usDA, 1971).
Ihe Big Sagebrush and Controlled Big Sagebrush courmunity Eypes were
in fair condirion (see Table Z.B-4). pro<luction of the Big Sagebrush
community was I59 lbs/acre and the Controlled Big Sagebrush community 380
lbs/acre. In an unfavorable year on a semidesert loam range site in fair
condition production can range frour lI00 lbs/acre to 250 lbs/acre (usoA,
197i ) .
No plant species designated as endangered and offered special
proEection by the U.S. government occurs in Utah (Federal Register Vol.
42 (155): 40582-40685, Augusr 11, Lg77). Fifty-nine species norninanred
as possibly warranting endangered or threaEened status and protection
occur in Utah (Federal Regisrer Vol. 4L (ll7): 24524-2t+572, June 16,
1976). 0f these species all are endemic to certain areas in Utah
and s ix occur in san Juan countv. Br ief. ,lescripEions of the Eype
localities for the latter, taken from We1sh, et a1. (1975), are Iisteri
below.
Erigeron kachinensis l.Ielsh & Moore
Habitat - an endemic species known only from
hanging gardens and seeps near Kachina Narural Bridges
National Monument, about 45 miles west of the project
its type loca1iry,
in Natural Bridges
s ite.
TABLE 2.8-4
Plant Group
and Species
Grasses and Grasslike
PlanEs
Agropyron spicatum
Bouteloua gracilis
_E:_t_"*r:tt hystrixHilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis_ hymenoides
Stipa comata
Aristida sp.
Forbs
Annual s
Aster sp..
Eriogeron sp.
Eriogonum sp.
Astragalus sp.
Lomatium sp.
Brassica sp.
Lathyrus sp.
Penstemon sp.
I!1o" "p.Sphaeralcea coccinea
Lappula sp.
Maximum
Percent
in Climax
Tamarix-
Sa1 ix
l0
l5
5
10
20
20
2
Tr
6
10
11
5
Tr
9
t$
IN).s-
t\.1
PRODTICTIOTI AND PERCENT COMPOSITION OF CO}fMU}IITIES
SA}IPLED ON THE SEMIDESERT LOAM RANGE SITEI
Big
Sagebrush
Control led
Big Sagebrush
Cormnunity
Reseeded
Grassland I
Reseeded
Grassland II Dis turbed
TABLE 2.8-4 (Concluded)
Plant Group
and Species
Shrubs and Trees
Artemesia tridenEata
Artemesia nova
ArEe*."Ta- lFliescens
Eriogonum sp.
Atriplex canescens
Artemesia campestris
Phlox hoodii
Ephed.a sp.
Gilia sp.
Opuutia ps[sl1$El/rtriplex confert i fo1 ia
Gutierrezia sarothraeffig!ry*.!hgi*no* "p.
Total percenE composition
ToEal production
Condition class
Maximunr
Percent
in Climax
Bie
Sagebrush
85
34"4
159 lbs/acre
Fair
Control 1ed
Big Sagebrush
Comniunity
Re seeded
Grassland I
Reseeded
Crassland II Dis turbed
Tamarix-
Salix
N
Ii.J}\(,
30
19
20
20
5
10
1
5
r5
I
L
I
1
8
5
40
5
442
380 lbs/acre
Fa ir
ltz
119 lbs/acre
Poor
17.
148 lbs/acre
Poor
0% 67"
20 lbs/acre l5B5 lbs/
Poor acre Poor
lrukun from the SCS range site description
2-244
Ast.ragalus cronquistii Barneby
IlabiEe: - an endemic species very restricted, its type
in the desert along west side of Comb lJash, g rniles west
about 30 miles souEh-southwest of the project site.
locality i.s
of Bluff and
As tragalus iselyi I{e lsh
Habitat - an endemic, edaphically
Brumley Bridge, about 1.5 rniles north
miles north of the project site.
Eriogonum humivagans Reveal
Habitat - an endeuric species knorm only
13.5 uiles east of Monticello at 51800 feet,
the project site.
restricted, type locality is
of Pack Creek Ranch and about
at
70
Phacelia indecora Howe11
Habitat - an endenic species, type locality Bluff, about 20 rniles
souih of the project site.
fron the Eype Locality about
about 30 uriles northeast of
Zigadenus
Habitat
vaginatus Rydb
Natural Bridges
an endemic species, type locality Armstrong Canyon near
, about 40 miles west of the project site.
According to the BLM Monticello (Personal Communications, Mr. Nick
Sandberg and Mr. Rick llcQuire Range and Wildlife Specialists, November
10, L977) no endangered species occurs in the vicinity of or on the
project site. Although an extensive list and description of endangered,
threatened, extinct and endemic species of Utah rras published in 1975
(Welsh et al. 1975), only the species listed above were designated by the
Federal government as warranting further study for designation as endan-
gered or threatened. Due to the disturbed nature of the project site it
is unlikely any species listed above occurs on the site.
2-245
2.8.2.2 llildlife
This section conEains baseline inforoation collected through four
seasons at t.he Blanding site for the purpose of predicting impacts
associated with construction and operation of the proposed ni11 and
forrnulating mitigation rueasures to reduce those impacts. Ttre ensuing
discussion concentrates on species actually observed, trapped, or posi-
tively known to occur in the area from unmistakabte sign such as scat,
tracks and middens (see Plates 2.8-1 and 2.8-3 for saupling locations).
A list of species potentially occurring in the vicinity, based on general
distributions, is in Appendix D.
Aurphibians and Reptiles
Anphibians function as secondary consumers ia ecosystems, feeding
primarily upon insects and other inverEebrates and, in turn, are consumed
by vertebrate predators. The arid nature of the project site, the lack
of perennial waEer, and the lioited number of vegetated sEock pon,ls
indicate Ehat loca1 arnphibian populations ere smalt or non-exisEenE.
Seven species potentially occur in the area (see Appendix D) based on
distribution range maps (Stebbins, i955). However, Ehe only amphibian
seen during field work for this report was one Tiger Salamander
(Anbystona tigrinuur) in Pinyon-Juuiper habitat to the wesE of the project
siEe.
Reptiles function as secondary or tertiary consurners in eco-
syst.ems, depending upon the species. Eleven species of lizards and five
species oi snakes potentially occur in the area (see Appendix D) based on
distribution range maps (Stebbins, 1966). Any of the eleven Lizard
species could occur in the project vicinity, but not all would occur
together in one habitat. Ten sympatric Li-zard species is the highest
nutnber known in western North America and a maximum of five species roay
occur syopatrically in southeastern Utah according to Pianka (1955).
Three species oi Li,zards were observed during fieldwork: ihe Sagebrush
Llzard (Scelopor,us graciosus) and the'v[estern h'iriptail (Caesridophorus
!._E=g) both occurred ia sagebrush and the Short-horned Lizard
(Phrynosoma douglassi) was observed in grassland. By mid-October
P|-ATE 2.8-3
2-247
adu Lt s
sril1
Birds
were in hibernation but young of Lhe year Sagebrush Lizards were
active in sagebrush. No snakes were observed during field work.
Birds are directly linked to functioning of ecosystems through the
patEern and rnagniEude of energy f1ow. One dinension of Ehe imporEance or
role of non-game birds in rangeland ecosystems is the pattern of food
consumption. Total prey consumption values for rangeland similar to that
of the site have been deEermined from simulation models to fa11 in a
restricted range (0.215 to 0.405 g dry wt p"r 12 per season) cl,er the
15O-day breeding season fron April through August (Wiens and Dyer, 1975).
Aninal prey rather consistently comprises 80 percent or more of the total
prey biomass consuued. In general, chewing insects dominate the diet
which also includes smalL percentages of omnivorous inverEebrates,
scavengers, and grass see<is (Wiens and Dyer, 1975). No one has been able
io quantify the effecEs of avian predation on controlling prey popula-
tions or their effects on such factors as herbage consurnption by chewing
insects or plant grovth suppression by sucking forms (Wiens and Dyer,
1975).
A second way to view Ehe imporEance of a bird community is to
evaluate energ,v flow through the avifauna in comparison with total
energy transfers among trophic levels of Ehe ecosystem. Wiens and Dyer
(1975) reported avian bionass was several orders of magnitude less than
that of primary producers (photosynthetic plants), and Ehe biomass of
secondary consumer (primarily insect-eaters) was 2-5 times higher Ehan
that of prinary consumer.
A third way of assessing the importance of birds is by the role that
they play in nutrient cycling. Relative to invertebraEes population
turnover in birds is slow. This means that nutrients ingested by birds
are not available for some tine to oEher components of the ecosystem.
These nutrients can be exported out of the local ecosystem via migration
couoled with higher mortality rates on wintering grounds (FretwelI, 7972
and Wiens , 1974). However, t.he uragnitude of nutrient export by birds is
2-248
generally negligible compared with that of streamflow (Wiens and Dyer,
1975) .
AnoEher dimension of the importa.nce of birds is Ehe recreaEion
that they provide for bird-watchers. Payne and DeGraaf (1975) esti-
uated the total. national direct expenditures for the enjoyurent of non-
gane birds to be $500 nillion. They predicted continued moderate growth
in this form of recreation.
In four seasons of field work, 55 species of birds rrere observed in
the project vicinity (rable 2.8-5). A lisr of species porenEiatly
Present is in Appendix D. The estimated abundance of birds in the
project vicinity derived from nodified Emlen transects and roadside bird
counts varied with habitat anC season. 0n1y four species were observed
during winter sampling in February. The most abundant species was the
Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) which rdas concentrated in grassland
(tab1e 2.8-6). The llorned Lark and Common Raven (Corvus corax) r/ere seen
in two of the four habitats sampled. Most winter roadside bird observa-
tions (55 percent) occurred in grassland habitat (table Z.B-D. Spring
sampling in May showed a great influx of breeding species. The most
abundant species was again the Horned Lark in grassland (Table 2.8-5).
Iiorned Larks, I,rlestern Meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta), Brewerr s Black-
birds (Eugphagus cyanocephalus), Common Ravens, Wtrite-throated Swifts
(Aeronautes saxatalis), Violet-green Swallows (Tachycineta thalassina),
and Lark Sparrows (Chondestes graumacus) were observed in two of the four
habitats sampled. Uost spring roadside bird observations (62 percent)
occurred in grassland habitat (tabIe 2.8-8). While grassland continued
to be important to year-round residents, sagebrush became important in
spring; particularly to sparrows and meadowlarks (table 2.8-6). Summer
sampling in August sat/ the continuation of the Horned Lark as the most
abundant species in grassland (table 2.8-6). The Black-bi1led Magpie
(pica pica) was seen in all four habitats, while the Common Crow and
llourning Dove (Zenaidq macroura) Lrere seen in three habitat types. Most
srurner roadside bird observations (53 percent) occurred in grassland
(tabIe 2.8-9). The overall distribution of birds became more uniform in
Spec ies
Mallard
Pintai 1
Turkey Vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Golden Eagle
Marsh Hawk
Merl in
American Kestrel
Sage Grouse .
Scaled Quail"
American Coot
Killdeer
Spotted Sandpiper
Mourning Dove
Common Nighthawk
whire-throated swift
Ye1low-beliied Sapsucker
Western Kingbird
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Sayrs Phoebe
Horned lark
Violet-green Swallcw
Barn SwallowCIiff Swallow
Scrub Jay
Black-bi11ed Magpie
Comrnon Raven
Coumon Crow
Pinyon Jay
tAft"r Behle and Perry (I975)
bNot listed in Behle (1960
Relative Abundance
C = common
U = uncommon
H = hypotheEical
2-249
TABLE 2.8.5
BLANDING BIRD INVENTORY
Statewide
Re lative
Abundance
Statusa
CP
CP
US
CP
CP
CP
UW
CP
UP
Spec ies
Bushtit
Bewick I s tvJren
Mockingbird
MounEain BluebirdBlack-tailed Gnatcatcher
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Loggerhead Shrike
St arl ing
Yellow-rumped Warbler
Western l{eadowlark
Red-winged Blackbird
Bre'rrerr s Bl ackb ird
Brown-headed Cowbird
Blue Grosbeak
House Finch
American Goldfinch
Green-tailed Towhee
Rufous-sided Towhee
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Chipping Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
cs
CP
CS
cs
cs
CS
CP
CS
CS
cs
CP
CS
CS
cs
CP
CP
CP
cI^I
CP
S E ate$ride
Relative
Abundance
Status
CP
CP
US
cs
H
CP
CS
CP
CS
CP
CP
CP
CS
cs
CP
OD
CS
CP
CS
CS
US
c!,
rtc
cs
CS
CP
CS
or Behle and Perry (1975)
Sratus
P = permauent
S = summer resident
W = winter visitant
2-250
TABLE 2.8-6
BLANDING BIRD POPULATION ESTI}IATES FROM EMLEN TRANSECTSA
Individuals/100 Acres
Habitat /Spec ies
Gras s land
Horned Lark
Meadowl ark
Lark Sparrow
Brewerr s Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Conrmon Crow
Green-tailed Towhee
Black-bi11ed I'tagpie
Ilouse Finch
Arnerican Goldfinch
Mountain Bluebird
Sagebrush
Horned Lark
Meadowlark
Lark Sparrow
Brewert s Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
l'lourning Dove
Brewerr s Blackbird
Loggerhead Shrike
American Kestrel
Winter Spring Surnmer Fal 1
,1'
4.7
96.9
7.3rlo
..
26.5
23.5
L7.7,< o
4.7
3.5
2.4
3.5
8.5
?:o
36.4
7.3
0.6
2.4
--
3.5
9.4
1t
13. 0
7.1
4.L
3.8
98.8
18.8
47.L
",1.2
4.7
9.4
36.2
2.4
,r_:_,
L2.5
::
-:
1.0
"Ar"r"g" from surveys on two consecutive days.
BLAI{DII,IG WINTER
2-251
TABLE 2.8-7
1977 ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Re lat ive Abundang_[S[!!91!
Spec ies
Conrmon Raven
Starl ing
Dark-eyed Junco
To tal s
No. of Species
Species Diversity
Grassland Sage/Gras s
pinyon/
Sagebrush Juniper
4
15
i
6
2
0. 65
t
I
0.00
0
0
0.00
4
I
0.00
2-252
TABLE 2.8-8
SPRING 1977 ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance by Habitat
Spec ies
Mourning Dove
Western Meadowlark
Brewerr s Blackbird
Starl ing
Common Raven
Horned Lark
Western KingbirdCliff Swallow
Gras s land
4
Sage/Gras s
_i
a
Sagebrush
15
:
Pinyon/
Juniper
2
I
I
I
.;
-I
4
16
1
10
6
9
8
3
6
2
T2
2
15
3
::
I{hite-throated Swift
\tiolet-green SwalLow
Barn Swallow
Mockingbird
Scaled Quail
Loggerhead Shrike
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Brewerr s Sparrow
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Turkey Vulture
Total s
No. of Species
Species Di.vers ity
81
L2
3.31
3
2
0.92
38
6
1.81
5
4
L.92
2-253
TABLE 2.8-9
SLI,IUER i977 ROADSIDE BIRD SUR''/EY
ReLative Abundance by Habitat
Spec ies Gras s land
Mourning Dove 4
I.Iestern Meadowlark 2
Brewerr s Blackbird 1
Common Crow 15
Horned Lark
Cliff Swallow 50
Violet-green Swallow 4Black-billed Magpie 5
Mockingb ird
Loggerhead Shrike 1
Ash-throated Flycatcher --
Brown-headed Cowbird I
Couuron Nighthawk
Lark Sparrow
Black-throaied Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
American Kestrel
To ta1 s
No. of Species
Species Diversity
9
t .91
Sage/Grass
3
I
2.87
Pinyon/
Sagebrush Juniper
I
5
)
-;
3
4
I
-;
3
-;
_I
1
5
2.04
1:
7
.;
1
1
-:
2
7
2.19
38152083
2-254
sumrner, $rith species appearing in the sage/grass and pinyon/juniper for
the first time. In fa11 (October) the Horned Lark continued to be the
most abundant species in grassland (lable 2.8-6). The I^Iestern Meadowlark
was the most widely distributed species occurring in three of the four
habitats sarnpled. Most falI roadside bird observaEions (94 percent)
occurred in grassland (Tab1e 2.8-10). With Ehe approach of winter the
distribution of birds was again centering on grassland as sumrner resi-
dents left the area.
Species diversity is a measure of the probability of encountering
an individual of a given species among all che species present in an
area. In general, the greater the species diversity the greater the
ecosystem stability. Avian species diversities measured by the Shannon-
lliener formula (Snittr, L974) are shown for roadside bird counts by
habitat in Tables 2.8-7 through 2.8-10. Species diversity was generally
low in winter and greatest in grassland. In spring, diversity increased
in all habitats and remained greatest in grassland. In summer, diversity
declined in grassland and peaked in all other habitats. In fa11,
diversity decreased and remained greatest in grassland.
Ihe relatively snall group of speeies characterizing the breeding
avifauna of the site was typical of rangeland habitat (I,Iiens and Dyer,
1975). Also typical was the srnall total number of species which inhab-
ited the area. The Horned Larks and meadowlarlis were the associated
breeding najority species of the project site grassLand (fab1e 2.8-5).
Average avian densities measured by Wiens and Dyer (1975) on other
rangeland during the breeding season ranged from 185 to 329 individ-
Iuals/kn-. Ihe avian density on grassland of the project site during
spring was 305 individuals/k*2 based on extrapolation of Emlen transect
data. Eighty-four percent of these individuals belonged to the trdo most
abundant species, which is also typical of rangeland habitats (Wiens and
Dyer, 1975). Shrub-steppe avifaunas generally contain more migratory
species than grassland avifaunas. The high interseasonal species turn-
over at the project site supports the preceeding statement. Wiens and
Dyer (I975) found that the total rangeland breeding bird connunity
2-255
TABLE 2.B.IO
FALL I.977 BLANDING ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance By Habitat
Spec ies
Brewer's Blackbird
Common Crow
Western Meadowlark
Horned Lark
Black-bi1led Magpie
Red-tailed Hawk
To tal s
No. of Species
Species Diversity
Gras s 1 and
47
5
1.64
Sage/Gras s
.:
2
2
0.92
Sagebrush
4
2
::
3
1.38
Pinyon/
Juniper
::
0
0
0
29
2
4
3
9
2-256
appeared to be more stable annually than individual populations of the
dominant species; shrub-steppe densities exhibited the greatest irr-
stability.
Raptors are important as a recreational resource, often being
the favorites of bird tatchers. They are also indicators of quality
habitat. Since raptors occupy the ecological niche of tertiary consumer,
their density and diversity in a particular area are positively cor-
related with the 1ocal ecosystemr s structural and functional stability
and production. Ttre folloving discussion presents raptor life history
information, largely derived fron Eyre and Paul (1973), plus evidence of
breeding, habitat utilization, and uigration on and adjacent to Ehe
proposed mill site.
Harrier - The Harrier or Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus) is listed by Eyre
and Paul (1973) as a conmon year around resident in Utah, being often
associated with open lowlands and marshes. However, some individuals do
migrate. Migrating birds errive in March or April and leave during
November. Mating takes place in early Apri1, nesting in early May, egg
hatching in June, and fledging in Ju1y. The diet consists of sroall
mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and soloe insects. Rodents generally
account for more than two-thirds of their diet. Some Harriers live
longer than 16 years.
Harriers rrere sighted twice during the fa11 site reconnaissance,
once on an evening hunting flight in grassl.and Ll4 rnile wesr of the
crusher and once near the pond 1/4 nile northeast of the site. No
evidence of nesting was found on the project site. The probability of
their nesting on the site is 1ow considering the ephemeral nature of
local streams and this speciest predil,ection for wetland nesting areas.
Prairie Falcon
dents in Utah
1973). I'ia t ing
month later.
- Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) are year-round resi-
with nunbers auguented in falI by migrants (Eyre and Paul,
occurs in Marchr eBB hatching in May, and fledging about a
The diet consists of birds, mammals, reptiles and some
2-257
insects. In the Blanding area the su6imer diet may consist alnost
eatirely of Ilorned Larks, doves, and ground squirrels. ihe winter diet
is largeiy Horneci Larks and Rosy Finches.
No sightings rrere made of this species
cliff eyrie was located about 3/4 rrile eest
has a strong tendency to return to the same
undi s turbed.
but what may have been a
of the site. This species
nest for several_ yeers if
American Kestrel - The Auerican Kestrel or sparrow Hawk (Fa1co
sparverius) is perhaps the most common raptor in Utah and is a permanent
resident (tryre and Pau1, 1973). Mating takes place in April.r egg hatch-
ing in June and fledging in late June and July. The dieE consists
priraarily of insecEs and rodents. Sparrow-size birds are also eaten.
Kestrels \rere observed cn or near the site in spring, summer
and fa1l. No evidence of nesting was found on Ehe site. However, nests
of this species are inconspicuous and probably occur in juniper Eree
cavities and in the cliffs wesE and east of the site. KesErels are also
reported to use woocpecker holes and oId crow and magpie nests (E;rre and
Paul, 1973). These latter species are present on the site.
Merlin - The Merlin or Pigecn Hawk (tr'alco colunbarius) is an uncomnon
fal1 and wiater visitor in Utah (Uyre and paul , !g73). There are only a
few records of this species breeding in Utah (Uyre and paul, 1973). The
diet consists almost entirely of passerine birds, such
Finch.
,
CD the House
one \rinter observation (Feburary lgTl) Lres made of a Merlin in
sagebrush/juniper on the northwestern edge of the site.
Red-tailed i{awk - The Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) is the most
coErmon buteo (broad-winged hawk) in Utah and is a yeat aroun<I resideni
(Eyre and Paul, 1973). some in,li.riduals migrate to Mexico. Mating and
nesting take place in ilarch, ezg hatching in May, and fledging in June
2-258
and July. The diet varies seasonally with prey availability, small
uammals constituting 85 to 90 percent of the prey base. Rabbits are
preferred in sagebrush areas. Mice and ground squirrels are substituted
in areas lacking rabbits. Birds and snakes are taken infrequently.
Ifre Red-tailed Hawk was observed on or near the site in summer
and faIl. No evidence of nesting was found on the site or in the cliffs
to the west of the site. One suspected Red-tailed Hawk eyrie was located
in the cliffs about 3/4'urile east of the site. This species has a strong
ten<iency to reoccupy the same nest for several years.
Golden Eagle - The Golden Eagle (Aguila chrysaetos) is a coumon year
around resident in Utah (fyre and Pau1, 1973). Mating and nest
construction begins in January and Februaryr eBB hatching in late March
and April, and fledging in June. The dieE coneists generally of mammals
but Golden Eagles are the only raptors which are consistently successful
in preying on other raptors. Rabbits are important food itens and
Whitetail Antelope Ground Squirrels, which occur on the site, are
ut ilized.
A Golden Eagle was sighted on a power pole in sagebrush/grassland
l/2 rnile southeast of the Blanding ore buying station on 0cEober 10,
L977. Suitable nesting habitat is probably not available on or near the
site. This species prefers tal1 trees or tall cliffs generally remote
from man for nesting.
Turkey Vul.ture - The Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) is a cormon spring
and summer resident in Utah arriving in March and migrating south in
September and October (tryre and Pau1, 1973). Nesting takes place from
April through June, egg hatching 5-7 weeks later, and fledging about 2-2
1/2 months later. Turkey Vultures are seavengers and provide the irn-
portant ecological function of accelerating the decomposition process and
the recycling of carbon and nutrients bach into the ecosysten. Ihe
Turkey Vulture was sighted once in sagebrush south of the buying station,
once in grassland of the site and three individuals were seen north of
2-259
the site in grassiand in spring. One in<iividual was sighted in pinyon-
juniper'about 2 niles northeast of the site in summer. No evidence of
1ocal cliff nesting was found.
Great Horned 0w1 - The largest resident owl in Utah, the Great Horned Owl
(trubo virginianus) establishes territories in Novenber, rnates in December
and January, with egg hatching from February through April, and fledging
occurring 2-2 ll2 months later. The diet consists almost entirely of
mammals. Jackrabbits, cottontaits, and kangaroo rats are principal prey
items. Birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and insects are also eaten.
This species fil1s an iuportani niche as a nocturnal and crepuscular
counterpart Eo diurnal raptors.
No sighlings were made of this species, but a pe1let was found
one oile west of the site in sunmer. Nests could occur in the area.
Iiests are inconspicuous, usually in poEholes of cliffs, and without the
usual r.rhite wash evident at other rapEor cliff-nest sites. Great horned
owls also nest in remoEe abandoned buildings.
Mammals
Mamnals are discussed below under the headings: big game, live-
stock, predaEors, rabbits, rodents and bats. A iisE of species poEen-
tia11y occurring in the project vicinity, based upon general di.stribu-
tions, is in Appendix D.
Big Garne - The Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is an imporiant and
significant species in the strucEure and function of the projecL
vicinityts ecosysEeE. Deer undoubEedly consEituEe a significanc pro-
poration of the faunal biomass on a seasonal basis. Deer are an economic
resource of the area and offer recreation for hunters and nature lovers,
Mule Deer inhabit the project vicinity and adjacent canyons during
winter. Ihey spend the diurnal hours resting in pinyon/juniper habitat
located adjacent to the site's east and west boundary. They move out
into sagebrush and sagebrush/grass areas of the site to feed at. dawn and
2-260
dusk, probably being more active in the evenings. Numerous pel1et groups
and shed antlers were observed in sagebrush and pinyonljuniper habitats,
atEesting to high winter use. Mule Deer bucks shed their antlers in
January and February of each year. Winter deer use of the project
vicinity, as measured by browse utilization, is among the heaviest in
southeastern Utah and is estimated at 61 deer days use per hectare Q5
deer days use/acre) in the pinyon-juniper-sagebrush type in the Project
vicinity (PersonaI Communication, Mr. Larry J. I{i1son, Supervisor
SouEheastern Region Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, July 27, 7977).
This heavy browse utilization msy be from light use by a large number of
deer or heavy use by a small number of deer. Since the Utah Division of
Wildlife resources does not f1y witner aerial censuses, the present size
of the local herd is not known.
In addition to winter use, the project vicinity is heavily used as a
migration route. Daily movement of deer has been observed between
lJestwater Creek and Murphy point (Personal Cornmunication, llr. Larry
I{ilson). The deer move across the proje"g si,te to Murphy point to winter
(see Plate 2.8-3).
Livestock - The project site lies in the WhiEe Mesa Graziag Allotment
of the Moab District of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management. The Allot-
menE supports an estinated 41531 AIIM|s, being grazed by about 755 cattle
from December I to May 31. The entire area is only in fair condition due
Eo a past, history of overgrazLdg.
Predators - There are seven species of manmalian predators that Eay
contribute to the sEructure and function of the project vicinityrs
ecosysten: the Coyote (Canis latrans), Red Fox (Vulpes vrllpes), Gray Fox
(Uroc:ron cinereoargenteus), Srriped Skunk (Mephitis rnephitis), Badger
(Taxidea taxus), Longtail Weasel (Mustela frenata), and Bobcat (Lynx
rufus). Structurally, these predators occuPy the ecological niche of
secondary and tertiary consuluers and sit at the apex of the pyramid of
biomass and at the top of the food web. Functionally, predators reduce
numbers of herbivores and compleEe the nutrient cyc1e. 0f the species
2-261
na$ed, the CoyoEe probably is
observed on the site and have
areas and sold to furriers
October 13, 1977).
the doninanE influent. Coyote scats were
beEn trapped on Ehe site and in adjaceni
(Personal Comrouaication, Mr. Bryan Ho1t,
The Coyote is acEive year around and is prirnarily nocturnal but
occasionally seen during the day. They are generally solitary but may
hunt in pairs. Rodents and rabbits are principal prey items but Coyotes
are omnivorous and will eat berries, insects, carrion, game animals and
domestic sheep (Lechleitner, 1959). The hunEing route is normally about
10 rniles but may be up to 100 miles (Burt and Grossenheider, i964)"
CoyoEes maEe from January through February and pups are born in April and
!1ay. Litter size averages 5-6 but may be inversely related Eo population
density (McMahan, 1975). The CoyoEe has 1i-ved 18 years in captivity
(Burt and Grossenheider, L954).
The Longtail l,Ieasel is probably the mosL common and widely distri-
buted mammalian predator in Utah. Burt and Grossenheider (1954) state it
is found in all land habitats near water. However, free water availa-
bility does not necessarily limit the distri.buEion of this species. Utah
individual.s have been observed in burrows 3 niles from the nearest
perennial water. Assuming a home range of 30-40 acres (Burt and Gros-
senheider, 1964), the Utah observations indicate that Longtail Weasels
are noE dependent on free water. Physiologically, it should be possible
for weasels to maintain water balance from prey body fluids. Weasels,
which may be active anytime, feed urostly on sma11 mammals and birds.
Mating takes place from July through August and the young are born the
followir.g spring. The longtail weasel is of ninor economic irnportance.
They occasionally raid poultry houses but also ki11 many small rodenEs.
BobcaEs may also occur in Ehe area. This species is nocturnal
and seldom seen. None was observed during this study but the boulder
sErewn cliffs to the west and east of the site appear to be suitable
habitat. Tracks were seen at a stock pond within 3 miles of the site.
The Bobcat is solitary (Sparks, 1974) and feeds on smail mammais, bircis
2-262
and untainted carrion (Burt and Grossenheider, 1964). Reptiles and
amphibians are also taken (Lechleiiaer, 1969). Mating Eakes place in
Late winter and spring. Ihe kittens Q-4) are born any month and leave
their mother in autumn or the following year. Bobcats usually wander
within a 2-ni1e radius but may wander 25-50 miles (Burt and
Grossenheider, 1964). The Bobcat has economic value. Its fur is sought
by trappers (Sparks, 1974) and an ESSA survey indicated 1977 wholesaLe
pelt prices ranged from $90-$100/pelt (us0f , !977). Individuals may
raid poultry houses of farms and ranches (Lechleitner, 1959) but Bobcats
also destroy rnany rodents. Due to declining numbers, the Bobcat is now
under total state protection ia Utah (Utatr Div. Wildlife Resources,
tg77).
The two fox species, Striped Skunks, anC Badgers are probably
only minor predator influents in the site vieinity based on the lack of
evidence for Eheir presence. However, lack of evidence of the presence
of these species does not mean that they do not occur in the area. The
Red Fox had declining populations in 1952, while the Gray Fox occurred
"sparingly" (Durant, 1952). These species prefer mountainous terrain,
which implies site habitat is onLy marginally suitable. Possible fox
scats were observed on the site. Frischknecht (1975) did not mention
foxes in his discussion of predators within the pinyon-juniper ecosystem.
Arnstrong (1972) and Lechleitner (1969) bottr reported the Gray Fox as an
inhabitant of Pinyon-Juniper in Colorado. The lack of Striped Skunk
roadkills in the region suggests that the area nay be too arid for this
species, which commonly frequents irrigated farms. the Badger den has a
characteristic entrance configuration and badgers dig rodente out of
their burrows. No den entrances or digging were seen on or around the
croject site.
Rabbits are important to the functioning of an ecosystem in ways
similar to those of rodents discussed in the next section. Rabbits are
particularly important prey of Coyotes and buteos. Cottontail rabbits
are classified as small game by the State of Utah and provide recreation
and food for hunters.
2-253
Rabbits were uncommon in 1977, as indicated by the results of
the roadside rabbit survey (taU1e 2.8-11). CoEtontail burrows were
evident with highest concentrations noted in sagebrush habitat. Black-
tail Jackrabbits were occasionally seen during all seasons.
TABLE 2.8-11
BLANDING RABBIT TRANSECT COI]NTS
Species leasonal Number of Individuals Obser-ved/Milea
Winter Sunrmer Fa1l
Desert Cottontail 0.06
Blacktail Jackrabbit 0.00
"40 rot"l Miles Driven
Spring
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.13
0.06
0.00
Rodents - Rodents are inportant to the functioning of an ecosystem in a
nuober of ways. They aid in the propagation of planEs by seed dispersal
in scats and caches. They increase plant productivity through fertili-
zing nutrients, such as soluble sa1ts, in their scaLs and by burrowing.
Burrows facilitate the penetration oi water and oxygen to greater depths
and their mixing of soil horizons increases soil water-holding capacity.
These burrows also provide hibernation places for lizards and snakes.
Rodents constitute an importanE prey base for mamrnalian carnivores,
raptors and snakes. Finally, rodenEs can, in times of population in-
crease, influence the success of reclauation efforts,
Nine species of rodents vrere trapped or observed during this study.
The distribution and relative abundance by habitat of each of these
species is shown in Table 2.8-L2. Actual trap data are shown in Table
2.8-13. The Deer Mouse was the most abundant rodent and accounted for
52 perceat of the individual rodents trapped. The Deer Mouse atso had
the greaEest distribution on the site. In contrast, only one Gulnison
Prairie Dog and one Northern Grasshopper Mouse were recorded on the
site. Note that abundance for all rodents was low compared to studies in
similar Upper Sonoran areas and that designations of abundance in Table
2.8-12 are relative between and within habitats on the site. Although
Gunnison Prairie Dog
I^lhiEetail Antel,rpe Sguirrel
Least Chipmunk
Colorado Chipurunk
Silky Pocket Mouse
Ord Kangaroo Rat
Deer Mouse
Pinyon Mouse
Northern Grasshopper llouse
WhiteEhroat Woodrat
A = Abundant
C = Comnron
U = Uncommon
R = Rare
? = None Erapped, but middens
TABLE 2.8-12
RODENT DISTRIBTITION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
BY HABITAT
Grass land Sagebrush/Grassland Sagebrush Pinyon/Juniper Tamarisk/Grass
A
A
C
C
indicate presence
t.)
I
t-.JOrI.
C
C
c
c
U
U
A
R
U
A
U?
TABI,E 2.8-I3
RODENT CRID AND TRANSECT TRAPPING DATA
No. Trappcd Per
100 Trap Ni(rhts
... (DaYs) ____
tl
<l
I
<1
2
<I
<l
I
I
5
4
4
2
2
2
f rrrlividual l;
-_llql]lql nc.c-_llrtufe-l
llinimrun
Dcns.i ty Sox ltatio
.!U91_{!A}-. M:F __
MJ t:imum
Lst.im.1t.ed
Aver-a(rc ll i.onrar;s
!ef.J,Lt-_!r_ -J1"/l!l
llab i tat
'lrtr14rj ng
Success tl!aUlalAlieil=
Sageb"rush
De.lr Mouse
Silky Pocl.-et Mouse
Whitetail Antelope Squirrel
Or,1 Kanqaroo nat
S.rg ebru sh^;ras s
Deer Mouse
SiLky Pocket Mouse
Nor Uhet:n Grassllopl)er Mouse
Grass
Detlr I'louse
Si-lky Por--ket Mrxrse
Tamat isk,/Grass
Deer Mouse
Pinyorr/,Iun iper
Pilryon Mouse
Wh i.Letail Atitcl.c,pe Squirrel
Or,l Kangaroo ,tai:
(:o lorado Cliiprrurrk
Lenst Chipmunk
l6
4
6
3
2I
6
9
1
2
?-IIl
2t
0
5
2
6
I
0
3
1
C}
(J
o
o
0
0
4.9
1. :)
l.B
0.9
1a
o.6
0.3
1.8
2.4
2.J
2.:l
2.3
I.l
1.1r.l
9t7
3;l
2t4
2zl
4:3
1:1
.It0
5:l
5:4
2tO
2tO
Ot2
l;O
0:l
0;l
lB. i
7 .{l
99. J
50.0
18.5
10.o
19. I
19.2
9.0
18. 2
20. B
lo4. r
s0. 4
47 .O
49. O
89 .4,).l
163.9
45.0
40. o
6.2
5.9
34.6
25. O
4L.4
4'l .8
?79.4
2,5 .4
51 .7
53.9
NINcLa
1.3
2-266
rodent populations cycle through periods of abundance and scarcity, it is
unlikely that different sgecies would exhibiting synchrony in their
population cycles. Thus, it appears that the site was not particularly
productive of rodents in L977. The fact that this was an exceptionally
dry year may have been a contributing factor in limiting rodent Pro-
duc t ion.
Species diversit.v is a measure of the probability of encountering
an individual of a given species among al.L the species Present in an
area. Rodent species diversity from the traP data, as measured by the
Shannon-i{iener for:nula (Smittr, 1974), increased in the order: tanarisk/
grass (0.00), Grassland (1.00), sagebrush/grassland (1.30), sagebrush
(I.54), Pinyon-Juniper Q.24). Greater species diversity usually is an
indication of greater ecosystem stability. Given the reLative degrees of
disturbance in each of the projeet site habitats, the relative diversity
values are as would be expected. With Ehe exception of the tamarisk/
grass habitat, the species diversity increases with increasing spatial
diversity. Rodent species diversity by habitat rras also positively
correlated with minirnuu estimated rodent biornass (tabl-e 2.8-13) by
habitat (r = 0.83, p <0.01). In other words, the habitats with more
kinds of rodents also produced more grams of rodents.
Bats - No bats were observed in the Blanding area during field work.
list of species potentially present in this vicinity is in Appendix
Endangered and Threatened Species
Two currently recognized endangered species (uSnf, 1977 ) plus one
formerly considered to be endangered could conceivably occur in the
project vicinity. However, the probability of habitation is low con-
sidering the food reguirements of each of these species. The Black-
footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes) preys primarily on Black-tailed Prairie
Dogs which do not occur in Utah. 0n1y one specimen of the ferret has
been recorded from Utah in San Juan County and that prior to 1952.
This specimen was from the D. Bayliss Ranch, 2 miles south of Blanding
(Durrant, 1952). Utah State Division of I.Iildlife Resources records
A
D.
2-267
indicate only one unverified ferret sighting since 1952 near Vernal,
Utah. The Division feels it is highly unlikely that this animal occurs
in Utah (l,inder and Hillman, 1973).
The American Peregrine Falcon (Fa1co peregrinus_ anatum) preys on
passerine birds, waterfowl, and shorebirds (Snow, 1972). The lack of
significant aquatic habitat in the project vicinity indicates a low
probability for occurrence of this species. Ilowever, an eyrie has
been discovered about 30 rniles wesE of Blanding in a desert rim-rock
habitat (Personal Comrmrnication, A1 Heggens, Chief of Research in Non-
Game Animals Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, December L4, 1977).
Ihis species may hunt the Blanding area during migrations,
The SpoEted Bat (Euderma naculatum) is a rare inhabitant of the
region which has been removed frou the Endangered Species List. Habitat
requirements appear to include sedimenEary cliffs in proximity to water
(Snow, 1974). the lack of such habitat in the project area probably
indicates the absence of this species.
The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources reports the Abert's Squirrel
(Sciurus glSCi) as a species limited by habitat availabiliEy. This
species occurs in Ponderosa Pine habitat around Monticello, Utah. None
is expected in the project area since there is no Ponderosa Pine habi-
tat.
2.8.3 Ecology of Hanksville Buying Station Vicinity
2.8.3.1 Ecology of Hanksville Region
Vegetative associaEions occurring on the Hanksville site and within
a 25-mile radius of the site are characteristic of the Northern Desert
Shrub formation, Ehe most ridely distribuEed vegetation in Utah and
Nevada (Shantz, 1925). A fornation used in the following discussions
refers to a grouping of plant communities whose distribution is largely
influenced by climatic factors. In the arid region oi Hanksville,
clinatic factors are most affecied by altitude. An association is
defined as groupings of plant communities, whose distribution is 1ocaIly
2-268
affected by soils and available moisture (Hunt, 1953). In the Hanksville
regi.on, plani associations cover large aress usually dominated by
one species for which the association is named. 0n large portions of the
desert surrounding the Henry Mountains below 5,000 ft. (about 14 niles
directly SSW of the Hanksville site) and on ihe site, the shadscale
(Atriplex sp.) and Blackbrush (Colegyne rauoissima) associations occur.
In areas with high sal.inity along streams below 5r000 ft, greasewood
(SarcobaEus sp.) occurs (Hackman, i973). The Big Sagebrush association
and Pinyon-Juniper l{oodland associations occur at higher elevations (5000
to 7000 ft), as on the Blanding siEe.
The shadscale association is characterized by Shadscale Saltbrush
(Atriplex confertifolia) and Galleta Grass (ttilaria jarnesii), the
two dominant species, although I'lormon Tea (Iphedra torreyana) and Single-
leaf Ash (Fraxinus anomala) also may occur as co-dominants on sandstone
dip slopes and mesa tops. Ttre shadscale association occurs from the
lower edge of the Big Sagebrush Association to alkali bottornlands and the
desert floor. It is found on alluvial soils of stream terraces, flood
plains, sandstone dip slopes and mesas and flats of sandy desert. The
shrub layer reaches about 18 inches in height and shrubs are spaced a few
feet apart. Shadscal,e is a shallow rooted shrub t.hat Prefers areas of
I-ow salt concentration in the upper soil layers and tolerates higher
alkalinity in the deeper layers. During prolonged periods of drought,
shadscale may be temporarily replaced es the donninant species by Broom
Snakeweed (Gutierrezi,a sarothrae) (Shantz, 1925). Common shrubs in this
association include Atriplex canescens, AtriPlex powellii, AtriPlex
cuneata, Atriplex graciliflora, Eurotia lanata, Gutierrizia sarothrae and
Chrysorhamnus sp. (Hunt, 1953).
Ihe Blackbrush association also covers large areas of desert in the
region. Ihe Blackbrush association usually occurs on sandier soils and
lower areas of the desert than the shadscale association. Sooetimes this
is reversed as occurs on the Hanksville site. Common shrubs in this
association incLude Ephedra nevadensis, Ephedra viridis, Yucca harri-
maniae, Gutierrizia sarothrae and -9}5ysol!!sgg.1 sP. (Hunt, 1953).
2-269
Within the Northern Desert Shrub foruation, rodents are the most
common mammals. Large mammals are generally absent, althcugh Mul-e
Deer occur in snail localized numbers. Comrnon ro<ients inclu<ie pocket
mice, kangaroo rats, deer mice, kangaroo mice, woodrat.s and AnteLope
Ground Squirrels. Blacktail Jackrabbits and Desert CotEontails also
are connon. Predators include Badgers, foxes, Coyotes and Bobcats.
Generally, birds are scarce in this formation but the greaEest species
numbers occur along erastes or llater where vegetation diversity offers
rnore habitats. Dominant bird species include Red-tailed Hawk, Mourning
Dove, Great Horned Or^r1 Loggerhead Shrike and Black-throaEed Sparrow,
Prairie Falcon and Swainsonrs liawk (Kendeigh, 1951; SheIford, 1963)'
2.8.3.2 Vegetation of Hanksville Buying Station ViciniEy
Comnunity Structure
The plant conrnaunities occurring in the vici.nity of the Hanksvil.le
buying station are physiognornically similar, being dominated by the
shrub layer and large spaces of bare ground between shrubs. These
coumunities were distinguished in this study by species compositioa,
occurrence on soil type and the degree of disturbance of the area,
VegeLation sampling locations are indicated on Plate 2.8-4. Plant
disEribution on the site is influenced by geology, soils and available
wat,er. Ihe Eopography of the Hanksville buying staticn vicinity is
gently rolling alluvial fans on the easi Ehat becoming hilly toward the
\rest and extend Eo a series of eroded shallow soil covereC breaks or
cliffs on the wesE. Relief is fairly f1at, elevations range from /+750
feet nsl on the alluvial fans to the east of the station to 4913 feet on
the breaks in the west of the site. Annual Eean precipitation in the
area is 5 in with an approximaie 180-day growing season (see Seciion
2.7.3). May and June receive the least amount of rainfall during the
growing season; the most rainfall for one month occurs in August and
September (uOe^U, L977). Due to the uneven distribution of precipitation
in summer and winter, t\ro phenological groups of planEs occur in the
region, lrann season plants that utilize summer precipitation and begin
growth in May and mature in September anC cool season plants that utilize
water stored in the soil during winter for initial. growth and mature by
May cr June or become dormanE if sufficient water is not present.
\
[rt[sutttr EG(IL(IGV srilPUxG tocrl loxs
VEGETATION
Tronsect Locotion
SMT - Snokeweed - Mormon Teo - Shodscole Cornmunily
SR - Snokeweed - Robbitbrush Community
WILDLIFE
Smoll Mommol Live-Tropping Tronsect Locotion
r Mormon Teo/Shodscole,/Sieep Breoks
l{ Morron TeolShodscole,/Gentle Breoks
f strooscote/Sogebrush
Modified Emlen Bird Tronsesls
Emlen I - Mormon Teo - Gross Bird Tronsecl
Emlen 2 - Mormon Teo - Shodscole Bird Tronsect v-
RT - Russion Thistle Communiiy
MTSB - Mormon Teo - Shodscole - Blodbrush Community
lMormm Teo,/Gross
fl Robbilbrustr Wostr Bottom
f Grosslond
origin - O direction of lrovel
-SCALE I: 4I875O
PLATE 2.8-4
2-27L
Four plant, communiEies occur on the site, three are associated with
the Shadscale association and one with the Blackbrush association, both
of which were discussed above. These communities are named according to
the dominant shrub species present and Ehat which gives the community its
general appearanceo The communities are the Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-
Shadscale type, Ehe Russian Thistle Eype (Salsola kali), and Snakeweed-
Rabbitbrush type, all of which are components of the shadscale associ-
ation and the Moruon Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush type, parE of the Black-
brush association. Ttre communities are grouped inLo the two associations
based upon species composition, distribution of the associations in the
region (Hackman, 1973) and disEribution on soil Eypes. Ttre Snakeweed-
Mormom Tea-Shadscale type covers 79 percent of the vicinity sEudied, 504
acres; the Snakeweed-Rabbicbrush Eype, occurring along a wash dissecting
the site, covers 6 percent or 42 acres of the aree, the Russian Ttristle
Eype covers 13 percent or 80 acres on an old dry lake bed and the Mormon
Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush t,ype occurs on the breaks, covering 2 percent or
14 acres. A11 the cormunities except the Shadscale-Mormon Tea-Blackbrush
type occur on a11uvia1 fans on Ehe Neskahi (1ike), Rairdent (fite)
and unnamed, soil types (see section 2.10.2 for a detailed description of
soils). Ihe Shadscale-Morroon Tea-Blackbrush type occurs on Ehe eroded
badland breaks. Plate 2.8-5 outlines the distribution of these com-
ounit.ies in the study area and Table 2.8-14 conEains a list of species
found on the site. SecEion 6.L.4.3 includes a description of the samp-
ling nethods and locations used in analyzing the vegeEation.
The Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale community is dominated by
several shrubs, the dominant Broom Snakeweed, and sub-dominants Mormon
Tea and Shadscale Saltbush (table 2.8-15). Generally, Shadscale Saltbush
and Mormon Tea would be expected to be dominant shrubs in communities of
the Shadscale association. However, within the community sanpled these
dominant,s were distributed into subtypes reflecting varying salt 1evels
in the soils, varying salt tolerences of the species and noisture conEent
of the soils. Within this comnunity three soil types occur: the Neskahi
(Like), Rairdent (1ike), Cambic Gypsiorthid fine loamy-mixed and unnaued
(see Section 2.10 for specific soil descriptions). Analysis of Ehese
PTATE 2.8-5
TABLE 2.8-L4
SPECIES CO}IPOSITION OF COI"I}ruNITIES
SAMPLED AT THE HANKSVILLE SITE
Cororuon NameScientific Namea
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longiseta
Hilaria jamesi!
Oryzopsis hynenoides
Sporobolus airoides
Forbs
Dalea polygonoides
Red Ihreeawn
Galleta Grass
Indian Ricegrass
A1kali Sacaton
Sixweeks Dalea
Desert TrumpeE Eriogonun
James Eriogonuu
Slenderbush Eriogonum
Cushion Eriogonum
Fendler Spurge
Te legraph-p lant
Fremont Pepperweed
Tufte<i Phlox
Russian Thistle
Badlands Wyethia
Communityof Occurrence
SR
SMS; SR;RT;MTSB
SMS ; SR;MTSB
SR
SMS; SR;MTSB
RT: ilTSB
SMS; SR
SMS
MISB
SR;MTSB
RT
SMS; SR;MTSB
Sl'lS ; MTSB
Sl{S ; SR; RT
}fTSB
Eriogonum
Eriogonum
Eriogonum
Eriogonum
inflatum
j arnes ii
microthecum
ovatifolium
Euphorbia fendler:.
Heterotheca villosa
Lepidium freuontii
Phlox caepitosa
Salsola kali
Wyethia scabra
Shrubs
2-27 4
TABLE 2.8-L4 (Concluded)
Scientific Name Corrmon Name
Ephedra torreyana Torrey Ephedra
Gutierrezia sarothrae Broom Snakeweed
Communig,
of Occurrence
SMS; SR;MTSB
SMS; SR
Artemesia filifolia Sand Sagebrush SMS; SR
AtripLex canescens Fourwing Saltbush SR
Atriplex confertifolia Shadscale Saltbush SMS;SR;MTSB
Chr:rsotharnnous nauseous Rubber Rabbitbrush SR
Coleogyne ramossissima Blackbrush }fISB
Opuntia polyacantha Plains Pricklypear SMS;SR
Sarcobatus vermiculatus Black Greasewood SMS
Forbs
Tamarix pentandra Tamarisk SR
" No*"o"lature follows Nickerson, Mona F., Glen E. Brink and Charles
Feddema, 1976; "Principal Range Plants of the Central and Southern
Rocky I'iountains, January I976, the USDA Forest Service General Tech-nical Report Rrn-20 and identifications rrere verified at the Rocky
Mountain Herbarium, University of I{yoning.
b ,r, Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale Community TypeSR Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush Cornmunity TypeRT Russian Thistle Conrmunity TypeMTSB Morrnon Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush Community Type
Parameter
TABLE 2.8-I5
CO}IMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE
HANKSVILLE SITE PLANT COMI"IUNITIES
Relative Percent
Density Cover
Re lative
Cover
Re lative
Frequency
Importance
Value
COMMUNITY
SNAI(EWEED-}IORMON TEA- SITAD SCALE
Group Species
Grasses and Grasslike PlantsHilaria jamesii@
lro rb s
DaIea 31lfygonoide.tE;I.sr;rn j.r;ll-
Eriogonrlm microthecum
Lepidium frernonti
Ph IoI caepitosae
satsota tatT-
ToEal
Shrubs
AEriplex confertifolia
Artemesia filifolia@Gutierrezia saroEhrae@
Lichen
ToEal Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Rock
Litter
66.7
3.7
Total
0.3
0.3
0.5
3.7
4.7
3.4
2.6
0.2
2.2
11.3
0.5
Total
3.9
1.0
4.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
4.7
0.5
0.2
2.9
r.4
0.1
2.6
3.4
0.3
8.00
0.6
t6.4
74.t
4.0
q,
23.7
6.0
3.1
2.7
3.2
4.3
3.4
1.1
8.4
0.6
t7 .2
20.9
1.5
3.7
26.9
6.6
3.3
1.1
2.2
9.9
8.2
4.9
9.9
0.5
7.7
L7 .6
1.1
117.3
16.3
6.7
4.1
5.9
t 7.9
16.3
9.4
20.9I.3
27.L
49.8
3.1
3.7
}J
I
t,,J\.|(,r
TABLE 2.8-15 (Continued)
Parameter
Relative
Dens ity
Percent
Cover
Relative
Cover
Relative Importance
Frequency Value
CO}tr{UNITY
SNAKEWEED.RABB ITBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longisetaHilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sporobolus airoides
Forbs
Shrubs
23.1
40.3
1.5
9.0
To EaL
0.7
1.5
0.7
1.5
Total 1.8
3.0 1. 50.7 0. I
0.6
2.6
0.4
2.3
5.9
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
5.7
0.6
2.3
0.4
Total 10.6
3.1
13.2
2.1
11. 7
3.5
4.1
0.6
1.0
7.6
0.4
29.4
3.1ll.g
2.1
4.5
20.5
2.3
1r .4
31
74
6
32
Dalea polygonoides
Eriogonum jamesii
Lepidium fremontii
Salsola kali
Artemesia filifolia@
Chrysothamnous naseosus
Ephedra torreyana
Gutierrezia sarothrae@
3.0
0.7
t2.7
0.7
4.5
6.8
2.3
2.3
9.1
2.3
9.1
2.3
18.2
2.3
9
l2
lt
5
20
3
42
6
43
5
F.J
ItJ{
cr\
TABLE 2.8-15 (Continued)
Parameter
Relative
Density
Percent
Cover
Re lative
Cover
Re lative
Frequencv
COUUUNITY
SNAI(E1,\,EED-RABBITBRUSH (Cont inued)
Trees
Tanarix pentandra
Total veger:ati-Ie cover
Bare Ground
Ro,:k
Li tter
RUSSIAN THISTLE
Grasses and Grasslike PlantsHilaria jarnesii
Forbs
Eriogonum inflata
Salsola kali
Total VegeEative Cover
lJa re Ground
Rock
Li c ter
MOR},ION TEA- SHADSCALE-BLACKBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike PlantsHilaria jamesii._-0ryzopsis hymenoides
42.O 1.4
ToEal I.4
2.0 0. 156.0 0.9
0.7 I.2 6.2
t7 .9
60.0
10.6
10.4
59. 0
2.3
32.4
Total 1.0LT
95.5
0.3
1.7
42.2 2.21.6 0.2
Total 2.4
4.9
36. I
8.1
59. 5
18.2
3.0
L2.4
l.l
Importance
Value
133 .4
TABLE 2.8-15 (Concluded)
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value
COMMUNITY
Forbs
Dalea polyacantha
Eriogonum inflata
Lepidium fremontii
Phlox caespitosa
Wyethia scabra
1.6 0.4 2.3 3.023.4 0.2 1.1 3.01.6 0.2 1,1 3.06.3 1.4 7.9 9.1I.6 0.4 2.3 3.0
Total 2.6
Atriplex confertifolia 10.9 3.0 16.9 21.2
Coleogyne ramoissima 3.1 2.2 t2.4 9.1
6.9
27.5
5.7
23.3
6.9
Shrubs
Ephedra _!ryane
Lichen
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Rock
Litter
7.8 6.8 38.4 15.0
Total 12.00.7 3.9 l2.l
17 .7
72.1
4.8
5.3
49.0
24.6
6r.2
16.0
NJ
IN)!@
2-279
soi ls showed varying alkalini ties in the upper 30 in ( r- 6 cm) . 0n Ehe
Neskahi (like) and unnarued soi1s, salt tevels were 1ow (i.e., ECe values
of 3 or less in the upper 30 in; see Table 2.L0-2) and Broom Snakeweed
was Lhe dominant shrub sarnpled. Shadscale salEbush and Mormon Tea,
however, srere the co-dominants in the samples occurring on the Rairdent
(like) Conbic Gypsiorthid fine-loamy mixed soi1. Analysis indicated thaE
this soil type conEained rnoderately high salt' levels (i.e., ECe of over 5
in the first 30 in; see Table 2.LA-2 for complete analysis of the
soils). Based upon similarity indices of Jaccard (Muel1er-Dr:mbois and
Ellenbergy, 1974), these subtypes are sirnilar (fs, = 79 percent) and
belong to the same community. Although forbs were abundant in the
grass-forb 1ayer, grasses were the dooinant life form group based uPon
importance values (tabl-e 2.8-15). Galleta Grass, a salt tolerant grass,
was the dominant grass species, vegetative cover was low (16.4 percent of
cover) while bare ground made up 74 percent. and rock and litter 9.2
percent.
Only Ehree species occurred in the Russian thistle tyPe that
occurred on the oId lake botton to the east of the siEe. These are the
very salt tolerant, Hilaria jamesii, Eriogonum inflata and Salsoia krf,.i.
The occurrence of Ehese three species rras very sparse. VegeEative cover
made up only 2.4 percent of cover while bare ground made up 95.5 percent
and, rock and litter 2.0 pe:cent. Russian faistle, a species preferring
disturbed areas and classed as a weed (Ilolngren and Andersoa, 1970) was
the douinant species. This coununity occurs on the Rairdent (like)
Canbic Cypsiorthid fine-loamy, uixed, calcareous soil type. Chemical
analysis of this soil showed the highest salt content of any soil types
on the site.
The Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush cornmunity occurs aLong the wash that
dissects the site. This community is also dominanted by the shrub tayer,
Broom Snakeweed and Rubber Rabbitbrush are the dominanE species based
upon importance values (lab1e 2.8-15). Most vegetative cover was
uade up by shrubs, 10.6 percent. Sixty percent of cover measured was
bare ground while rock and litter made up 21 percent, reftecting che
2-280
large amount of debris carried through the wash during
only tree species on the erea rras in this community,
pendra).
flood stage. The
Tamarisk (Tamar:ix
The Mormon Tea - Shadscale-Blackbrush community occurs on the badly
eroded breaks on the west side of the area. Ihis co'rnmunity is dominated
by Mormon Tea (Ephedra torreyana) and Shadscale Saltbrush (Atripl,ex
confertifolia). Blackbrush, which is the dominant species in conmunities
of the Blackbrush association occurs as a less important species.
Vegetation in this community is sparsely distributed, GalLeta Grass was
the most imporEant species sampLed in the grass and forb layer (table
2.8-15). Seventy-two percent of ground cover was bare ground and 10
percent rock and litter.
Vegetative Production
Production studies were conducted during the 1977 growing season on
each of the plant comunities sampled. Section 6.1.4.3 describes the
sampling nethods used. Only a trace of production (1ess than 3g/10m2)
uas apparent on Lwo comrnunities (ttre Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-shadscale
cor"munity and Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush Community) and none on the remaining
comnunities sampled. Ttre only species showing even a trace of production
were Dalea polygonoides, Pheox caepositsoa and Atriplex confertifoLia.
Although no other site specific data are available on the production
of communities in the Hanksville vicinity, expected production values for
range sites occurring in the area are discussed below, in order to
provide some infornation on potential production at the Hanksville buying
station site.
Two range sites occur in Ehe area studied, the Desert Loam and
Desert Sand range sites (SCS, 1971 and 1975). Ninety-two percent of the
area is covered by the Desert Loam range site and 6 percent is covered by
the Desert Sand range site. The badlands were not considered as range
sites since they nake up only trro percent of the area and the terrain is
unsuitable for livestock grazLng. Production values discussed below are
2-28t
based upon scs range site descripEions. rn a favorable
Desert Loam range site in excellent condition, annual
expected to be about 750 lbs/acre air-dry plant uaterial,
year 650 lbs/acre and in an unfavorable year 500 lbs/acre.
year with a
production is
in an average
A Desert Sand range site in excellent condition during a favor-
able year rnay produce 900 lb/acre, during an average year 625 lbs/acre
and an unfavorable year 500 lbs/acre air-dry rnaterial. If the range is
in poor condition during an unfavorable year production can range from
300 to 35 lbs/acre. The Hanksville site lies in the BLM Hanksville
alloturent. The area received heavy grazing pressure by sheep and cattle
in the 1800s and early 1900s. In 1973, the general condition of the area
of the Hanksville site qras poor (trLu, no date). Therefore, the low
production measured during the unfavorable lg77 year is not unexpected
for the site"
Enrlangered and Threatened plant Species
No endangered plants in Ehe Federal Register August ll, lg77 and
designated endangered and offered special protection by the U,S. Go'rern-
IEent occur in Utah. Of the species nominated as warranting designation
and proiection in Ehe Federal Registeris June 16, tg75 proposed list,
7 species occur in Utah and in l,Iayne County. These include Gaillardia
spathulata, sclerocactus wrightiae, Astragalus harrisoni, Astragalus
loanus, Astragalus serpens, phacelig indecora, and Gilia caespitosa.
Brief descriptions of type localities of these species are listed below.
These descriptions rrere taken from I{eLsh et al. (1975).
Gaillardia spathulata A. Gray
Habitat - an endemic, common throughout its range, neither threat-
ened nor endangered, found in carbon, Enery, Garfield, Grand and wayne
counties utah. Type locality Rabbit va11ey, wayne counEy at 7,000
feet.
2-282
Sc lerocactus wrightiae L. Benson
Habitat - aa endeoic, restricted and rare species found in Emery and
l,Iayne counties. Type locality near San Rafael Ridge, Emery Co., Utah at
5,000 feet.
Astragalus harrisonii Barneby
Habitat an endeuric, rare, known only from the type area, r,ash
below the Natural Bridge near Fruita, I{ayne County, about 45 rniles west
of Hanksvi1Ie.
4stragalus loanus Barneby
Habitat - an endemic, rare, found in Garfield Piute, Sevier and
Wayne counties. Type locality Canyon east of Glenwood, Sevier county.
Found on open hill.sides among sagebrush in gravelly voicanic soil 6,000-
8,900 feet. Apparently known only frorn the divide between the Sevier and
Fremont rivers in Sevier and rrestern Wayne counties (Barneby , 1964).
Astragalus serpens M.E. Jones
Habitat - an endemic, local, and
populations considered by Wel,sh et a1.
Found in Garfield, Piute and Wayne
llayne County about 8400 feet.
Phacelia indecora J.T. Howe11
periodically abundance in disjunct
neither threatened nor endangered.
counties. Type locality Loa Pass
species found in l{ayne and San Juan
Juan County. According to Howell
restricted to cliff gardens on the
Habitat - an endemic and rare
counties. Type locality Bluff, San
(1943) q!g""Lie indecora is probably
bluffs of the San Juan River.
Gilia caespitosa A. Gray
Habitat - en endemic, rare, species found in Wayne County. Type
locality Rabbit Valley on barren cliffs of sandstone, Wayne County at
7,000 feet. Specimen in the Garreit Herbarium University of Utah was
collected in l,Iayne County, N si<ie of Boulder Mt. I mile SI.l of Teasdale
T29S, R.4E Section 20 at 8r500 feet, on white sandstone in rock crevices
2-283
on a north facing slope in Juniper-pinyon woodland (Persona1 communica-
tion, Ms. Lois Arnow, Curator, Garrett Herbarium, December 9, L977).
' Although an extensive list and dlscussion of endangered, threatened,
extinct and endemic species of Utah was published in L975 by llelsh et
al., only the species listed above are designated by the Federal govern-
rnent as warranting further study for inclusion on Ehe endangered list of
plants and animals.
The other species listed either occur at different altitudes and in
different habitats, based upon the type locality, are known only from the
type locality or are coumon throughout their range (We1sh et al., 1975).
2.8.3.3 Wildlife
This section contains baseline informaEion collected ihrough four
seasons for the purpose of predicting impacEs associate<i with Ehe con-
tinued operation of the Hanksville uranium ore buying station and for
formulation of mitigation measures to reduce the magnitude of those
impacts. The ensuing discussion concentrates on species actually
observed, trapped, or posiEively known Eo occur in the vicinity of the
buying station from unmistakable sign (for example, scat, t.racks and
rniddens). Saupling locaLions are indicted on Plates 2.8-4 and 2.8-6. A
list of species whose general distribution includes Ehe project vicinicy
and, Eherefore, that possibly occur on the site is given in Appendix ).
Anphibians and Reptiles
The funcEions of amphibians and reptiles in ecosysEems are dis-
cussed in Section 2.8.2.1. No amphibians were observed during field work
and the scarcity of free rdater limits the potential use of the Hanksville
site by amphibians. Great Basin spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus
interoontanus) and Woodhouse's toacis (nulo woodhousei) occur in the area,
possibly being the rnost xeric-adapted of Utah amphibians.
Based on general distributions (Stebbins, 1966), any of seven
species of lizards and five species cf snakes (see Appendix D) could
P|-ATE 2.A - 6
2-285
occur in the project vicinity. The only Lizard species obser.red on the
Hanksville site during Ehis survey were the Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus
graciosus) and the Side-blotched Lizard (ilia stansburiana). Young of the
year Sagebrush Lizards were active in October after adults had enlered
hibernation. Gopher Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucas) and Desert Striped
Whipsnakes (Masticophis t. taeniatus) probably occur in the area.
Presence of the t'Iidget tr'aded RatElesnake (Crotalus viridis concclor) is
questionable considering Ehe aridity of the area. No snakes lrere ob*
served during field work for this report.
B irds
Ihe funcEion and importance of birds in the ecosysEem are discussed
in Section 2.8.2.2. OnIy 18 species of birds were observed in four
seasons of field work at the t{anksville siEe (taUle 2.8-16). 0f these,
five species (table 2.8-17) rdere seen during transect walks following
EmIen (1971) nethods. Four additional species (tab1e 2.8-18) were
observed during roadside bird transect counEs following methods of
Rotenberry and Wiens (1976), and Robbins and Van Velzen (1957 and 1974).
Thus, only nine species of birds occurred with any measurable frequency.
The Horned Lark was the dominant bird influent during ai1 seasons oi 1977.
0n1y two raptor species lrere seen in :he Iianksville region. A
pair of Burrowing owls (Speotyto gunicularia) was observed in a wash
during the summer sampling effort and an Anerican Kestrel (Falco
sparverius) lras sighted during suumer fiel.d work. Possible evidence of
a Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus) eyrie was found in the cliffs about
2.6 miles WNW of the Haaicsville ore buying station. At Ehe base of this
"eyrie" a few rabbit ribs and some Coyote teg bones were found. It is
more 1ikely, however, that this was the roost site of a Red-tailed Ha'*k
(Buteo jamaicensis), Great Horned Ctwl (gubo virEiinianus) or Golden Eagle
(Aquila chrysaetos).
Maurnals
Mammals are discussed belcv under the headings: big game, live-
stock, predators, rabbits, and rodents. Ihe function and importance of
2-286
TABLE 2.8-T6
HANKSVILLE BIRD INVENTORY
statewide
Relative Abundancea
starewidS
S tatusSpecie s
American Kestrel
Mourning Dove
Burrowing 0w1
Coumon Nighthawk
White-throated Swift
Sayr s Phoebe
Cosmon Raven
Common Crow
Rock ltrren
Loggerhead Shrike
I{estern Meadowlark
Brewerr s Blackbird
Blue Grosbeak
American Goldfinch
Black-throated Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Song Sparrow
Relative Abundance
C = common
U = uncommon
c
c
U
c
c
c
c
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
U
C
c
Status
permanent resident
summer resident
winter visitant
P
S
P
S
s
S
P
I{
S
s
P
P
S
P
S
S
I^I
P
p=
D-
W=
"Aft.. Behle and Perry (1975)
2-287
TABrE 2.8-17
IIAIiKSVILLE BIRD POPULATION ESTII,IATES FROM EMLEN TRANSECTSA
Individuals/100 Acres
Habitat/Species
Ephedra-Gras s
Horned Lark
Sage Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Rock Wren
Ephedra-Shads c a1e
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Mourning Dove
"Ar"r.g" from results of surveys
b-- i.,ai.ates none observed
Winter Spring Sunrner Fa 11
24.9
?-'
43.3D
1-_'
1.8
9.0
3.6
10.5
5.3
t:'
l.t
,_:,
129.8
2.6
'1t
on two conseculive da'ls
IIANKSVILLE ROADSIDE BIRD TRANSECTSA
Relative Abundance By Habitat
2-288
TABLE 2.8-18
GrasslandSeason/ Species
llinter
Horned Lark
Sage Sparrow
Spring
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Coumon Raven
Suomer
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Burroving Onl
Fal I
Horned Lark
Western Meadowlark
Loggerhead Shrike
2
50
1
consecutive days
Sage Rabbitbrush
:!
.:
-2
3
I
5
2
3
-:
.:
-I
'Tot.l observed during surveys on two
2-289
eaeh of these groups is discussed under the respecEive heading in Section
2.8.2.2.
Big Game
A few Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) -'rinter in Ehe vicinity but
are a minor influent. There is no evidence that deer use the
Livestock
Ttre Hanksville project site lies in the Henry Mountain Resource Area
Planning Unit of the Richfield District of Ehe tl.s. Bureau of Land
Management. The total allotment containing the l{anksville project site
covers 95,989 acres of which only 29r906 acres are suitable for grazing.
The latest available data for use were from 1974. Six cattle operaEors
ran 600 cattle fron September I to May 3I. One sheep operator ran 2,090
sheep from October I to May 5. The total AIIM's in the allotment was
51992. Considering the total acreage of this allotment, t,he area's
available forage was 1ow. Low annual precipitation is one factor
responsible for iow production. However, a past history of severe
overgrazing by cattle and sheep has resulEed in a poor range condition
(Hanksville BLM files).
Predators
There are four species of mammalian predators thaE noay contribute to
the structure and function of the terrestrial ecosysten of the Ilanksville
buying station vicinity: the Coyote (Canis latrans), Badger (Taxidea
taxus), Longtail Weasel (Mustela frenata), and Bobcat (Lynx:gl5-). Of
these, the Coyote is probably the douinant influent since it is known Eo
occur in the area based on Scats. The habitat nay be marginal for the
other Ehree species. Life history paraxneters and ecological retation-
ships of these species are reported in Sectioa 2.8.2.2. The numbers of
predators supported by the vicinity of the buying station would have been
low in i976-1977 because of the liurited numbers of rodents and rabbits
present.
2-290
Rabbits
Rabbits and hares were uncorn:acn in !977 , as indiceted by the resuli,s
of the roadside rabbit survey (tau1e 2.8-19). Cottontail burrows were
present on Ehe site, particularly in washes where they \{ere the most
dense, but no individuals were seen during field work. Blacktail Jack-
rabbits (Lepus californicus) were occasionally seen during all seasons.
Eight carcasses were found in a pile in rnid-October at the junction of
the buying station road and Highway 95. Presumably, these animals had
been shot in the area.
TABLE 2.8.I9
ILA,NKSVILLE ROADSIDE RABBIT SURVEY
Number of Individuals/Milea
Spec ies
Blacktail Jackrabbit
Desert Cottont.ail
u48 Tot"l Miles Driven
Rodents
Llinier Spring Sururer Fa1 1
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
0n1y five species of rodents were trapped or observed on the
Hanksville site: the Great Basin Poeket llouse (Perognathus parvus),
Canyon Mouse (Peromyscus crinitus), Desert tJoodrat(Neotoma lepida), Ord
Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordi), and irrhitetail Antelope Squirrel
(Anrnospermophilus leucurus). The results of trapping (rable 2.8-20) as
well as the few observat.ions of Wtritetail Antelope SquirreLs suggest
t.hat. the site was not productive of rodents during the study period.
Little vegetation production occurred in 1977 due to low precipitation.
This may have been a factor limiting rodent nrrmbers.
Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species
No federally proEected endangered or threatened wildlife species is
known to occur or migraEe through this section of Utah.
TABLE 2.4_2O
HANKSVILLE RODENT TRANSEOT TRAPPIT.IG DATA
Habitat,/Species
Ephedra/Shadscaler/
Steep Breaks
Great Basin
Pocket l{ouse
Canyon lvlouse
Ephedrar/Shadscale/
Gent1e Breaks
Great Basin
Pocket l"louse
ShadscaLe/Sagebrush
Desert Woodrat
Ephedra/Grass
Great llasin
Pocket }touse
Rabbitbrush Wash Bottom
Great Basin
Pocket Mouse
Desert Woodrat
Ord Karrgaroo Rat
Grassland
Ord Kangaroo Rat
No. Trapper per
1O0 Trap Nights
(days)
Habitat
trapping
Success (E)
Individuals
Trapped
Minirnum
Density
(No,/Ha)
Sex Ratio
M:F
Average
Weight
(g)
L2.4
17. O
13.6
120. O
L7.2
14.5
7 6.O
45. O
Minimum
Estimated
Biomass (g/Ha)
2"3
1.r
2.3
1.1
r.1
1:1
O:1
24.5
19.4
6.8
1.1
4.5
224
I:0
222
92.5
!g
It,J\o
136.4
78 -2
33 .0
86.4
51. I
2I
1
4
I
1
1:1
0:10:I
1.1 0:1 56. 0 63.6
2-292
2.9 BACKGROUND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
On-going environmental radiation measurement programs are being
conducted at both the projecE site and in the vicinity of the Hanksville
buying station. The programs are designed to provide daEa from one fu11
year to establish the radiation leve1s and concentrations of selected
members of the uranium series decay chain in terrestrial biota, soi1s,
air, and surface and ground qrater. The environmental radiation survey
programs are sumnarized in Section 6.1.5.
The radiometric data accumulated Eo date are provided in this
section. the Supplemental Report wiIl cont.ain the results of the ful1
year program upon its completion.
2.9.L Blanding
2.9.L.1 Airborne Particulates
High vorume air sampling of the environs of the project site at
Blanding was begun in April 1977 and will continue for one year. Samples
are being collected for Ewenty-four hours once a month. The sampling
locaticn is indicated in Plate 2.9-I. The results of the radiometric
analyses performed to date are presented in Table 2.9-I.
Low volume air sampling of the environs at the project site r.ras
initiaced in Septer,ber 1977. The three locations selected are being
sampled continuously for a seven-day period (l6g hours) on a quarterly
basis. The locaEions of these sampling stations are shown in plate
2.9-1. Data collected as a result of this program will be presented in
the Suppiemental Report.
2.9.1.2 Radon Concentrations in Air
Ileasurement of radoo-222 concentration in air was initi.ated March
29 , 1977 and r^ras repeated again in september of 1977. The results of
these measurements are presented in Table 2.9-2. The initial measurement
of ambient Rn-222 concentration was performed by LFE Environmental
Analysis Laboratories using the "single fil-ter meEhod.* The second
PTATE
2-294
TABLE 2.9-L
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF AIR PARTICULATES COLLECTEDA
IN THE ENVIRONS OF TIIE BLANDING SITE
Collection
Date Analyses
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-225
Lead-210
Gross Aipha
Grass Beta
Uranir:m
Thorium-230
Radiun-225
Le ad-2 I 0
April L-2, 1977
l4ay 23-2+, 1977
acollected by high-voluue sampler
bu.".,iw concentration in ug/m3
Activity Conqentration
( pci/m')
0.0 + 0.00 t
0.311 T o.ors
-<0 .001
<0. 00 i
<0 .00 I
0.013 r 0.001
0.023 + 0.006
1.154 T O.OSa
0.001 T o.oor
0.002 T o.oot
-<0 .001
0.021 + 0.001
2-295
TABLE 2.9.2
A},IBIENT RADON.222 CONCENTMTIONS IN AIR AT BLANDING SITE
I,Iind Speed Rn-222 ConcentrationStation Date & Direction (pci/1 )
Sampl ing
BR-l April 29, L977 5-10 mph
SE
DM-l Sep 18, 1977 0-5 mph
S
Dl4-2 Sep 18, 1977 0-5 mph
s
Dl{-3 Sep 18, L977 0-5 uph
s
0.009 a 0.001
0.145 + 0.055
0.125 + 0.026
0.303 I 0.I23
2-296
sampling lras performed by Dames & Moore personnel using the rscintil-
lation flask uethod" (see Section 6.1.5.6).
2.9.1.3 Ground Water
Quarterly sanpling of ground rrater and radiometric anatysis of
composite samples rras begun in July 1977 as part of the water quality
monitoring Program described in Sectior- 2.6.3.1. Ihe results of analvses
to date are presented in Table 2.6-6.
2.9 .1.4 Surf ace I'IaEer
Collection of couposite surface
of the project site was begun in July
2.6.3.2). Ttre results of radiometric
date are presented in Table 2.6-7.
water samples from Lhe environs
1977 and is on-going (see Section
analyses of sampl.es collected to
2.9.1.5 Soils
Collection of soil samples frou the environs of the project site
lras initiated in June 1977 and will be repeated, on a guarterly basis,
for a period of one year. The results of radiometric analyses will be
presenEed in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.I.6 Vegetation
Composite terrestrial vegetation samples were collecEed I'lay 17, l97l
at two locations on the project site. The results oi the radiometric
analyses of these samples are presented in Table Z.g-3.
The higher concentration of lead-210 relative t,o Ehe other nuclides
is attributed to the foliar deposition of lead-210 as a result of the
decay of aEmospheric radon-222. This concentration is normal for radio-
nuclide measuremenEs in vegetation.
2.9.L.7 Wildlife
collection of terrestrial mammals, primarily Dipodomys ordi, in
the vicinity of the project site r^ras begun during blay 1g77. Samples
rrere conposited by sEaEion prior to analysis. The results of the
Radiometric Analysisa
Uranium (ug/g)
Thorirmr-230 ( pcilg)
Radiuur-226 (p0i/g)
Lead-210 (pcL/ s)
aDry [Ieight
2-297
TABLE 2.9-3
MDIOMETRIC ANAIYSES OF VEGETATION
COLLECTED ON THE PROJECT SITE
Saropling StationD&M-A D&M-B
0.3 + 9.1 0.2 + 0.1
0.10 + 0.Ol g.LZ + g.g2
0.054 + 0.003 0.011 + 0.001
2.0 + 9.1 2.6 + 0.1
2-298
radiometric analyses conducted to date on these samples are presented in
Table 2.9-4.
2.9.I.8 EnvironmeuEal Radiation Dose
An initial program designed to Eeasure, on a lnonEhly basis, the
enviromrent,al dose at the site was initiated on April 1, L977. This
program was suppleuented by a second program begun on September 19, 1977.
Both programs 'rere teurporarily suspended on 0ctober 15, 1977, penCing
response checks on several thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) used in
Ehe program.
The results of Ehe TLD measurenents collected to date are presenEed
in Table 2.9-5. The average annual dose equivalent for the Slanding
site is calculated to be 141.9 Brern. 0f this total,57.8 mrem are attri-
buted Eo cosuic radiation (Oatley and Golden, i972) and 74.1 mrem is
aEtributed to terrestrial sources
2.9.2 Hanksville
2.9.2.1 Airborne Particulates
High-voluure sanpling of airborne particulates at the Hanksville
\ore buying sE'ation, on a one day per Bonth basis, sTas initiated in April
L977 and will continue for a period of one year. Ihe location of this
station is shown in Plate 2.7-L0. The results of the radiomeEric
analyses performed to date are presented in Table 2.9-5.
A suppleuentat program of low-volume air sampling of the environs
at the station was begun in September L977 and will continue for one
1reaf,o Samples are being collected for a seven-day (168-hour) pericd on a
quarterly basis. Data cotlected upon completion of these.prograrns will
be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.2.2 Radon Concentrations in
Measurement of radoa-222
March 29, 1977 and was repeated
t.hese measurenents are presented
Air
concentraiions in air was initiated
again in Septen'oer 1977. The results of
in Table 2.9-7. Tne initial measuremenr
2-299
TABLE 2.9-4
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS
COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF THE PROJECT SITE
Sarnpling Station
Radiouetric Analysisa
Uranitrm (uele)
Thorir:o-23O ( pCi/g)
Radiun-226 (pCi/e)
Lead-210 (pci/g)
aDry Weight
D&1,1-A
0.4 + 0.1
0.08 + 0.01
0.109 a 0.005
0.29 + 0.01
D&M.B
0 + 0.I
0.022 + 0.007
0.026 + 0.002
0.13 + 0.01
2-300
TABLE 2. -A-5
ENVIRONME}ITAL RADIATICN DOSE AT THE PROJECT SITE
Exposure Period
April 1 to May 1, L977
May I to June 1, L977
June 2 to June 30, L977
June 30 ro July 30, 1977
Aug 1 to Sep 19, 1,977
B-N
Dose (urem/day)
0.L62 + 0.301
0.136 + 0.467
0.496 + 0.076
0.685 + 0.694
a
B-S
Dose (mrem/day)
0.164 + 0.588
0.092 + 0.363
0.677 + 0.62L
0.694: 0.293
'Th""" data are preliminary and are being reviewed.
2-30r
TABLE 2.9-6
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AIR PARTICULATES COLLECTED BY
HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER IN THE ENVIRONS OF THE HANKSVILLE STATION
Co I lect ion
Date Analyses
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thoriun-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Grass Beta
Uranium
Ihoriuro-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radiurn-226
Lead-2 l0
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-225
Le ad-2 I 0
Ac tivity Conqentrationa(pCilrn-)
April 12-13,1977
May 19-20, L977
June 14-15, L977
July 7-8, 1977
a-- ?-Urani'm concentration in u|-/n'
0.23l.2ll
0.027
0.013
0.01I
0.035
0.012
0.058
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.002
+-+
+
I+
:
0.076 + 0.012
0.883 T o.o+r
0.004 i o.oot
0.002 T 0.001
10.oo1
0.021 + 0.001
0.020 + 0.004
L.275 T O.OSS
0.002 T O.oOr
0.006 T 0.001-<0. oot
0.018 + 0.001
0.041 + 0.005
1.305 T o.ota
0.014 T 0.001
0.003 f O.OOf
0.006 T O.OOr
0.036 T o.ooz
2-302
TABLE 2.9-7
HA.NKSVILLE A^YBIENT RADON-222 CONCENTRATiONS
llind Speed Rn-222 ConcentrationStation Date & Direction (pci/ I )
Sampl ing
HR-l April 29, 1977 5-10 nph
S.SE
0.0116 + 0.006
DM-4 Sep 19, 1977 15-20 mph 0.210 + 0.043
S.SE
2-303
was perforned by LFE Environmental Analysis Laboratory using the "single-
filter nethod." The second measurement, a grab sample, was performed by
Dames & Moore personnel using "the scintillation flask method.r'
Quarterly Beasurement of radon-222 concentration will continue
and discussion of results from a ful1 year wi11 be presented in the
Supplemental Report.
2.9.2.3 Ground Water
Radionetric analysis of composite ground rrater samples on a quar-
terly basis was initiated in July 1977 as part of the water quaLity
monitoring program (see Section 2.6.3.3). The results of analyses
performed to date are presented in Table 2.6-8.
2.9.2.4 Surface l{ater
Permanent surface water bodies do noE exist in the imurediate
environs of the ltanksville station. Atternpts wilL be made during the
prograo to collect samples of surface water from seasonal accumulations
Ehat occur after rainy periods (see SecEion 2.6.3.4).
2.9.2.5 Soils
Collection of soil samples on a semi-annual basis was initiated
in June 1977 and is continuing. The results of the radiometric analyses
performed on these samples will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.2.6 Vegetation
Conposite terrestriat vegetation samples lrere collected at trro
locations adjaeent to the Hanksville buying station on May 17, L977. The
results of the radiometric analyses of these samples are presented in
Table 2.9-8.
The higher concentration of lead-210, relative to the other
nuclides, is attributed to the foliar deposition of lead-210 as a result
of decay of the atnospheric radort'222. The relative concentration of
lead-210 compared to other radionuclides is normal.
2-304
TABLE 2.9-8
MDIOMETRIC ANAIYSES OF VEGETATION COLLECTEDIN THE VICINITY OF THE HANKSVILLE ORE BUYING STATION
Saurpling StationD&M-C D&M-DRadiometric Analysisa
Uranir.un ( ug/g)
Ttrorium-230 ( pci/e)
Radiun-226 (pci/g)
Lead-210 (pci/g)
aDry Weight
0.8 + 0.1
0.29 + 0.01
0.125 + 0.006
2.1 + 0.01
0.5 + 0.1
0.2I + 0.01
0.027 + 0.001
2.1 + 9.1
2-305
2.9.2.7 Wildlife
Collection of terrestrial mammals, prinarily genera Perognathus and
Dipodomys, in :he vicinity of the Hanksville ore buying station rdas
initiated in early l[ay 1977. Samples were composited by sarnpling station
prior to analysis. The results of the radionetric analyses of mammal
samples collected to daEe are presented in Table 2.9-9.
2.9.2.8 Environmental Radiation Dose
A program designed to Eeasure, on a Eonthly basis, the environment.al
dose at the HanksviLle buying station was initiated on April 1, L977.
This prograu was supplemented by a second program begun on September 19,
L977. Both programs rrere teuporarily suspended on October 15, 1977,
pending response checks on several TLDs used in the program.
The results of the TLD measurements collected to date are presented
in Table 2.9-L0. Ihe average dose equivalent at the site is calculated
to be 12I.9 mrem per year. The average cosmic ray dose equivalent for
Utah is estisrated to be 67.8 rnrem per year (Oatley and Golden, 1972).
Ihe remaining 54.1 mreu are attributed to terrestrial sources.
2.9.3 Highway Corridor from Hanksville to Blanding
2,9.3.L Environmental Radiation Dose
Thermoluminescen! Dosimeters (U,Os) were placed in triplicate
along the highway corridor (Utatr State Road 95) betrreen Blanding and
Hanksville during September 1977. These TLDs will be colLect,ed and read
on a quarterly basis for a period of one year. The locations of these
stations are indicaEed in Table 2.9-IL. Results from this one year
program will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.IO OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES
2.10.1 Soils
2.10.1.I Project Site
The Blanding vicinity is characterized by steep canyons iacised
into rolling plains. Wtrite Mesa, on which the project site lies, is e
broad ridge between l,IestwaEer and Corral Creeks. Its s lopes are f lat
LADIOUETRIC
IN THE VICINITY
2-306
TABLE 2.9-9
ANALYSES OF MAMMALS COLLECTED
OF THE IIANKSVILLE ORE BIrylNG STATION
Radiometric Analysisa
Uranium laele)
Thorium-230 (pCi/e)
Radiun-226 (pci/g)
Lead-210 (pci/g)
aDry Weight
Samp1inB Station
D&M-C D&}I-D
0 + 0.1
0.04 + 0.01
0.090 + 0.004
0.53 + 0.03
1.1:0.1
0.18 + 0.01
0.39 + 0.02
0.94 + 0.05
2-307
TABLE 2.9.10
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DOSE IN THE VICINITY OF
THE HANKSVILLE BUYING STATIONA
HR-l HR-2
Exposure Period nose liErn/day) oose GErn/day)
April 1-30, lg77 ---b 0.658 + 0.279
May l-June 2, L977 0.033 + 0.351 0.092 + 0.363
June 2-30, L977 0.336 + 0.422
June 30-JuIy 30, 1977 0.483 + 0.530 0.467 + 0.655
Aug l-Sep 19, 1977 0,307 + 0.115 Q.D.
"fn""" data are preliuinary and are being reviewed.
b--- = Missing Data
2-308
TABLE 2.9-11
LOCATION OF TIIER}IOLIJUINESCENT
ALONG STATE ROAD 95 (NIAUNTNC TO
Station
DU-R-t
DM-R.2
DM-R-3
DM.R.4
DM.R-5
DOSIMETERS
HANKS'IILLE) UTAH
Location
23 miles from Blanding
43 niles frorn Blanding,
west of intersection with
Srare Road 275
68 miles from Blanding,
4 miles north of Fry Canyon
95 niles from Blanding
10 niles south of Hanksville
near the center and range up to 15-20 Percent on the edges of the site
(table 2.10-1). Soils are formed in the windblown silts and sands that
blanket the area. These materials range in depth from less than a foot
on the edges to many feet on the ridgeline. The climate is semi-arid
with 8-12 inches of precipitation per year. Ihe Blanding soiL is leached
to a depth of 10-20 inches and is calcareous throughout the remainder of
the parent material.
Rangeland is the most successful and common land use in this
vicinity. Dry-farning has generally not been successful. A con-
siderable amount of range improveuent has been done on land in the site
vicinity. Improvement raethods have consisted prirnarily of removal of
sagebrush, disking or plowing of the land, and reseeding with grasses.
The land is easily tilled except where bedrock outcrops are encountered.
Published information about the soils of the Blanding site is
available. A published soil survey rePort (01sen, et a1., 1962)
eontains a soil rnap that includes the project site and descriptions of
the Blanding and associated soils. Results from laboratory tests of the
major series are reported from various locations in the county.
Other literature is published (see for example Gates et al., 1956;
or hlest and Ibrahim,1968) which details soil-plant relationships in
southwest and southeast Utah. These studies associate the upland desert
types of vegetation occurring in these regions with moderatel-y alkaline
non-saline situations.
The Blanding soil series is the only soil occurring on the project
site in significant proportions (p1ate 2.10-1). A sual1 area of
Mellenthin very rocky fine sandy loarn has been mapped on the eastern edge
of the site. Ihis soil is like the Blanding soil, except that bedrock
occurs within 15-20 inches of the surface. Complete soil profile des-
criptions and results from laboratory analyses are contained in Appendix
F.
TABLE 2.10-1
SOIL SERIES INFORI'{A1'ION FOR
OT HANKSVILLE ORE
PROJECT SITE AND VICINITY
BUYING STATION
Symbol
Project site
BnD
MeG
vicinity of
sL ino
NsB
R1A
RsB
SlBT)
Profll.e
_l!".:_r-_ Soll Serles
at Blandinga
4,9 lllantllng stlt loan
- llellenthin very rockyflne sandY loanr
llanks.rille ltuying Stationh
- Badlands & Rock
OutcropB
Slope
2-67.
4-2si!
25"1+
r-4i4
o-27"
2-42
2-toz
_ Stte Co-vsragc
"/" of Approx.Sitc Asfelng
99. 3 I 520
0.7 ll
5.5
52. I
I'.o s_l t 1on
Loess Uplands
Hllly Uplands
Uplands
All.uvial fan
Smoorh valley
bo t tom
Alluvlal fan
Alluvlal fans
Irarcnt Materlal
llindhlown sandy &
sl1ty ilrt.[s.
l,llrrdblour sanrls
& sarndsEone
lli.xed sandstones
and slrales
Ili.xed alluvlum
Mlxed alluvlrrrn
Mixed alluvium
Hlxed alluvium
Range Slte
SemI-deserc loam
Seml-desert st:ony
hills
Nor classified
D.lsert sandy loam
Desert loam
Desert sandy J.oam
Deserr sandy Ioarn
_cf 1ss:!!!5.;tgion
tls tol 11c lllpI.;r r1', l,l
f lne-slIty rnlxed meslc
litlric lrstol.Ilc
Cal clorthld l-oanry-
skeletal, mlxed mesic
Unclass I f ied
Typi.c TorriIluvent
coarsc-Ioarny, mlxe{,
calcarcous, nie:1c
Canrblc Cypslorthid
f i nr:-l oamy , n.ixed,
cal.careous, nteslc
CaLnrblc Gypslorthld
fjne-loamy, urixed,
meslc
Canrlrlc Gypslortlild
coarse-loamy, mlxr:4
nreslc
35
3343,5,7
I
6
Neskahi. (l.l.ke) f :lne
sandy l.oam
Rairdenr(1lke) sandyclay loam
Rai.rdent(llke) flne
sandy loam
Unnamed fine sandy
loam
to.z 65
2r.7 r39
9.4 60
N)
I(,
o
tA"ru,rg" v:r1ues tolal
b A"."rgu v;rlues total
l53l acres wlthln boundarles of thls survey.
640 acres which includes an unllsted 7 acres of dl8turbed land at the buying station slte.
LEG EN D
/ ROCK OUTCROP
./-..-t TNTERMTTTENT
WATERWAY+...=} NON-CROSSABLE
WATERWAY
GULLY_ SMALL DAM
o solL SAMPLTNG- LOCATION.... AFFECTED AREAS
FOR SOIL LEGEND
SEE TA BLE IO.I- I
T37 S
R22E
S(III SURUEI ilIP. PR(IIEGI SITE
SOURCE USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
IIII"MII
SCALE IN FEET
Ft.Arr 2.10- |
2-312
Blanding soil-s are deep soils formed in windblown fine sands and
si1ts. Soil textures in the profile are predominantly silt loam;
however, silty clay loam textures are found at some pcint in aost pro-
files (laule Z.L0-2). Typically, this soil has a 4 to 5-inch reddish
brown silt loam tAt horizon overlying a reddish brown silt loam to silty
clay loam'B'horizon that extends downward to 12 or 15 inches. The rCl
horizon and the underlying parent material is a light reddish brown
calcareous silt loam or silty clay loam. Ihe tAt and tB'horizons are
non-calcareous with a pH of about 8.0. Ph values on the tC'horizon are
higher, with 8.5, as an average va1ue. Ttre tC'horizon is calcareous.
Subsoil sodium leveIs (expressed as Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) range
up Eo 12 percent in some areas. Ihis level is close to the upper limit
of acceptability for use in reclamation work. Other elements such as
boron and selenium, are well belo!, potentially hazardous leve1s.
Potassium and phosphorus values are high in this soii and are
adequate for plant growth. Nitrogen is 1ow, an<i could be added if
irrigation were Eo be used and green lush growth desired. However, it is
not generally recommended for open range seedings. Available moisture
percentage values are t.ypical for silt loams and range from 6-9 percent
of the soil uass,
This soil is welt suited to support crop growth. Low moisture
levels are the most common limiting factor. These soils are highly
erodible when exposed, and appropriate measures are needed to conserve
topsoil and moisEure.
Ihe Blanding soil series profiles on the project site, in contrasE
with those generally found county-wide, are higher in silt conEent,
having silty clay loam textures in the profile. They also have higher
carbonate concentrations thaa those representative for the whole survey.
These differences represenE variations sometimes found in the B!.anding
series.
OF SOIL SAMPLE
VICIIIITY OF
TABLE 2.LO-2
TEST ANALYSES FOR
HANICSVILLE BUYING
PROJECT SITE AND
STATION
RESULTS
Depth
Dll
1:1 L35 ESPECe:qfs!ol
BI.ANDING ST]E
BnD
HANKSVILT,E SITE
So11 Serles
Bland lng
Ustolllc llaplargldflne-sllty' nlxed
llcskahi (1lke)
Typlc Torrlfluvent
coa rse-loany,
nrxed, calcareoua
Ralrdent (l lke)
CanrLlc Gypslorthld
flne-loamy, mlxed,
ca lcareous
Ralrdent(llke)
Camblc cypslorthld
f 1ne-loamy,mlxed
Unnamed
Canblc Gypslorthld
coaree-loamy, mlxed
^ Avallable llater st
Toxturez Molsture Saturatlon=_a-
Irofl 1e
No. I
4
9
0-4 sil-4-12 SICL18-40 srcL40-50 stcL
0-5 sll,5-12 SlL18-40 s1L40-50 slcL
0-5 sl,5-28 SL28-38 SL38-60 SL
o-l
3-12
l2-30
30-42
42-60
0- l2
12.-t'6
0-4
4-48
48-54
54-60
o-2
2-36
36-50
o-30
30-48
7.4 7.97.6 8.08.0 8.5
8. l 8.6
7.6 8.18.0 8.48.5 9.08.8 9.2
8.3 8.88.1 8.77.2 8.27.4 8.3
7.8 8./r7.9 8.68.0 8,77.2 8.27.2 8.1
7.7 8.57.4 8.1
7.6 8.57,3 8.27.2 8.27.3 8.2
7.0 8.07,2 8.17.5 8.4
7.' A.27.3 8.2
1.2 l. I0.8 0.2o,? 0.61.2 2.0
0.9 1.80.9 1.4r.2 ll.5l.o 12,5
7.6
8.7
8.0
6.4
8.9
9.3
8.0
9.0
5.7
4.9
6.0
6.9
5. t
5.0
5.9
5.3<o
h.3
7.2
8.1
6.9
t0.2
5.4
9,0
7.1
lo.6
8.0
36.0
49.0
43.7
17.8
38. 7
45.6
38.7
38.9
?5.6
2b.6
32.3
3s. 5
23.8
25,2
28.6
27.5
27.4
36. 6
23.2
31.6
43.84t.5
5t.6
30.2
48. 6
40,5
46.7
42.9
0.3
0,3
z.o2.t
0.3
0.3
3.8
1.6
o. t5
0. l4
0. 30
0. l8
0. l7
0. l8
0.18
0. l8
Ll_n"_ C_IAsmzz m/cc
organlc
Carbon
0. 63
0.53
o,42
o.92
0. 53
o.4t
o.37
o.26
o.42
o.32
0.32
o.26
0. 37
o.32
o.32
o.26
o.26
0.37
0.21
o.42
0.17
o.26
0.32
o,42
0.37
0.32
o. 32
0.21
Phos-phate Potasslum CEC
ppn ppn meq/lOo g.
198 12.8170 16.6162 15.2t65 14.9
182 11. I
I 38 10.9123 ll.9161 15,9
l5
3
2
3
l0
2
2
I
NsB 6. l 0.207,2 0.?98.2 9.508.5 9.50
4.2 0.254.5 0.238.2 0.207.3 5.907.3 5.20
8. I O.?-45,5 1.50
8.5 0,178.0 13.00
5. .5 14 .006-t ll.oo
7.2 2.606.2 14.001.6 7.70
5.3 18,006.7 12.00
223 8. lt75 7.8157 8. 6189 7.6200 7.8
196 12.7206 17.5
, l4 8.tlu 7.8
7.7
12.7
13, 4
8.1
8,0
1.4
1.3
4.2
5.4
1.3
1.2
l.tt
3.6
4.6
5.0
1.4
5.7
4.8
8.7
6.2
4.2
6,2
5,4
3.I
6.5
3. fi
4.o
0.1
0.1
4.33,I
3.3
0.9
1.5
o.l
0.1
0.1
7.6
0.1
0.8
6,6
o.2
0.t
0.1
9
2
4
?
tt4
182
167
t22
8.5
8.5
8.7
7.9
ICl
I
t
27
I
3
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
SL
scL
CL
SL
SL
SL
scL
SL
SL
4I
3
3
1
2I
tJ
I(,
P(,
lsl I.0248 8.5
R3B
slBl,
206
345
271
l16
2t6
I Humbertng systen of soll proflles are lndependent for each 61te.
' cL = clay loami sCL - sandy clay loanl S1CL - Bllty clay loan;
SIL - silt loami SL - sandy loam.
2-3t4
2.10.1.2 Hanksville Vicinity
The vicinity of the Hanksville buying station is characterized by
gently sloping broad alluvial fans set on the edge of severely eroded
badlands. The badlands, consisting of shale-sandstone breaks, occur
immediately to the west of the buying station. Broad fans occupy most of
the vicini.ty and in some areas are severely eroded and gullied. A dry
lake bed occurs to the easE of the buying station. Slopes in the
vicinity generally range from 2-4 percent. Materials from which Ehe fans
are derived are weathered sandstone and shales transported downslope from
the breaks. The soils are predominantly sandy loams with 5-15 percent
gravels mixed in. A few areas have sandy clay loam textures in the
profile. A11 soils are calcareous, and about half of the area mapped has
high levels of gypsum in the profile.
This area has been used as rangeland over Ehe years. The vegeEation
is sparce and not conducive to intensive grazing. Ihe primary limiting
factor is low precipitation, which annually is about 6 inches. No
dryland farrning has been attempEed in the area.
Several research papers have been published on soil-vegetation
relationships of the desert plants in southern Utah (Firernan and Hay.rTs;d,
1952; Gates et al., 1956. Mason et al., L9671' llest and Ibrahim, 1968).
Shadscale tends to occupy soils with non-saline surface horizons and
saline-aLkaline subsoils. This shrub occurs in nearly all of the napping
units in the vicinity of the Hanksville buying station.
Literature relating to specific soils of the buying station vicinity
is unavailable and Ehis area had not been surveyed for range or soil
condiEions prior to the present study. Soils on the siEe elere found
to comprise five mapping units (plate 2.10-2 and Table 2.10-1). The
soils described are not known Eo have been previously mapped or classi-
fied in the United States. SeveraL of the profiles are similar or
relaEed to soils already mapped and Ehese have been classed as "like" the
comparable series. Mapping units RlA and RsB have very similar physical
,:.
ooo
-.'-t
LEGEND
SANDY AREA
GRAVELLY AREA
NON- CROSSABLE
WATERWAY
GULLY
SOIL SAMPLING
LOC AT I ON
SOIL PROFILE
DESCRIPTION
,rwvv
o'
o
FOR SOIL LEGENDSEE TABLE
825 iloo
SC ALE IN F EET
BL:RO
T29S
s0l t
ill tl( sutt[t
SOURCE USDA SOIL
SURT'EY [I[P
STITItlil UIGITITY
CONSERVATION SERVICE
DArIa S u(O(OEr
PLATE 2.1O-2
2-316
and chemical properties but occrrr on differenE landscape positions. They
have been differentiated for Ehe purPoses of this rePorE.
A11 soils in the area Eapped have minimal soil development. Soil
material frou the surface downward is calcareous and classified as trCil
horizon, or undeveloped, material' Soil textures on Ehe urajority of the
site are sandy toam (table 2.10-2). Mapping units RIA and RsB have
sandy clay loam Eextures in Ehe profile. The soils have moderately
alkaline pH values and lirne contents ranging from 4-9 percent. Gypsum is
high in all roapping uniEs with the exception of NsB. Sodium values are
low, noE exceeding 7.6 percent exchangeable sodium. The combination of
salts present is reflected in electrical conductivity values (fCe) nhich
range from 3 to 9. At Ehese 1eve1s, product.ion by planEs, especially
those sensitive to salts, wi1.1 be reduced. Organic carbon values are
1ow, reflecting the low return of organic uaterial in the deseri envi-
ronment. Phosphorus values range from iow to high relat.ive to recom-
mendations for native range. Potassium vatues are high. The available
uoisture ranged in samples fron 5 to 10 percent and the moisture cont.ent
at saEuration from 25 to 50 percent. These values, while somewhaE 1ow for
soils in general, are typical of sandy loam soils.
A11 soils on the study area are highly erosive. Those havir.g sandy
loam surface texiures will be most prone to wind and water ercsion. Ihe
sand clay loau and clay loam textures would be difficulE to work and
cultivate in reclarnaEion operations. If soils high ia gypsuur are used
in reclamation and consEruction operations, the potential of differential
seEtlement after being leached is possible. High gypsum in these soils
would not cause toxicity problems. Over l/2 of the soils on the site,
are well suited for use in reclamaEion to depths up to 40 inches.
The following paragraphs describe specifically the four soil rnapping
units defined. The fifth mapping unit is badlands and rock outcrop (see
Appendix F).
2-317
This soil covers over half of the area napped and occurs on thecentral and east sides. rt has fine sandy loam textures in the profile.rtris soil does not contain excessive amounts of saIt. Electrical con-ductivity (gce) values reach 5.0 in most profiles below depths of 40inches' Ihis level of salt concentration, if exposed, would restrict theyield of some salt sensitive plants. A11 soil material above 40 inches
would be adequate for use in reclamation.
This soil occurs on the dry lake bed toward the east side of thesite. rt covers l0 percent of the total area mapped. rt is heavier tex-
tured. than nrost soils on the area, with sandy clay roaro anc cray loamtextures to depths over 40 inches. This soil has high gypsum contents
throughout its profile and electrical conductivity values from 5-9. Itis fine textured and highly susceptible to wind erosion. rt is not
suitable for use in reclamation.
This soil occurs on the north and west sides of the area mapped. rt
covers about i40 acres, oceurring on an alluviaI fan position, and isgullied by recent erosion. This soil has a high gypsum contenE and
moderate electrical conductivity values of about 4-0. Ttre dominant
condition of soil textures and salt conEent rnake this soil unsuitable for
uses in reclamation unLess leached by irrigation.
SIBD: Unnarued Fine Sandy Loam
This unit occurs in the southwest corner of the site. rt is highly
eroded with severe gullying and washing. rt has a high gypsum content
and moderate conductivity values (3-6.5). This soil is generally un_
suited for use in reclamation operations. However, specific smaII areasare reclaimable if construction is planned in the areas of this mapping
unit.
2-3I8
2.10.2 Noise
To adequately describe sound quality in the area of the project,
an aubient sound survey was conducted at eight locations near Blanding
and ltanksville (Plates 2.L0-3 and 2.10-4). These locations, tabulated
be1ow, were selected to reflect Ehe present on-sit.e sound climates and
those at nearby noise sensiEive land use areas.
Blanding Vicinity (see Plate 2.10-3)
Location lill
Location /12
Location ll3
Location /14
Location /15
Itanksville Vicinity
Location /15
Location /t7
Location /18
Playground near corner of Route 300 South
and 100 West Street between Blanding
Elementary School and Blanding Chapel.
I{orth of project site along Route 163 near
juncEion of Route 95, adjacent to t'Plateau
Resourcestt uranium ore buying station.
On projecE site, south of the ureniun ore
buying sEaEion.
South of projecE site, near residence and
day care center in comrunity of lJhite Mesa.
East of project site, adjacent to White
Sands Missile Range.
(see Plate 2.L0-4)
ttanksville Elementary School yard approxi-
mately 10 oiles north of the buying station.
On site, north of the uranium buying sEation.
Along Route 95, approxinately 11 miles south
of the buying station and 70 feet from road.
The background ambient sound survey iras conducted at the above
locations on Tuesday through Thursday, September 5-8, L977. Sound leve1
recordings rrere made during daytime (0700-1800), evening (1800-2200), and
nighttine (2200-0700) periods. Ten decibels rrere added to nighttime
(2200-0700) sound in cooputing the day/night average sound 1eve1, Ldn,
as defined by the U.s. EPA (L974)- A description of nomenclature,
insEruaentation and data acquisiEion and analysis of the ambient sound
survey is presented in Appendix G.
ITBIETI SOIID STTUTT TETSUTETTTI TllGTTIllTS
?IO'TGT UIGIIITI
630612:
SCALE IN MILES
DAIES E X(D(OEC
PLATE 2. I O- 3
:.4t' l{}{1l i iq..,l
-!'
Iil
II
tu
I
ti:i
TTBIETT S(IUXD SURUEY TEISURETETI T|IGTII(IXS
6506t2
-
SCALE IN MILES
DAtlES 8 TID(ORG
IITXI(SUIttE UIGIXIil
PLATE 2.1O- 1
2-32L
2.10.2.1 Anbient Sound Levels
A sunrmary of Ehe ambienE, sound survey data collected at the eight
monitoriag locations is presented in Table 2.10-3. Thi.s table contains
the statistical A-weighted sound 1eve1 t90r t5O, and tl0, L"q,
Ld, L, and LUn at each measurement location. These data rePresenE
the typical ambient sound leveIs of the existing environment that wor:ld
be affected by the proposed project.
Detailed results of the anbient sound survey are presented,in
Appendix G, including A-weighted sound leve1 histograms (indicating the
percentage of time a particular sound 1evel occurred during the measure-
ment period) and the cumulative distribution of the A-weighted sound
level (indicating the percentage of tirse a sound 1evel is exceede,j).
Also included on e.1ch plate is the curnulative distribution of the sound
pressure level at the octave band cenEer frequencies. The meteoroLogicaL
conditions during which these data were taken are indicated in Table G-1,
Appendix G.
MeasuremenE locations I and 4 are representative of noise-sensiEive
residential areas north and south of the Blanding site, respective!,y.
The major daytime sound sources at locaEion I were 1ocal traffic, inter-
mittent 1ow flying aircraft and residential activities. At location 4,
the major daytine sound sources rrere residential acEivities, traffic
entering and leaving the day-care center and distant traffic.
At location 2, the microphone was located approximaEely 400 feeL
frosl the ore crushing, stockpiling and logistic operations of the Plateau
Resourcestore buying slation, and about 70 feet fron junction of Route
94 and Route 163. During the evening, the ore buying station activities
and loca1 car traffic noise were reduced; however, the average sound
level (L-_) increased due to trucks passing by and distant shotguneg
no ise.
Location 3 represents the existing sound leve1s at the Blanding
ore buying station. ExisEing major daytime sound sources included
2-322
TABLE 2.IO-3
SUMMARY OF AMBIEITI SOLTND LEXIELS - dtsA
Statistical
Sor:nd LeveLs
Iocation 1
Daytime
(0700-1800)
9-6-77 @ 0915
45
50
6L
57.5
9-6-77 G 1000
46
49
54
55.7
9-6-77 @ 1040
45
47
49
46.9
9-6-77 @ 1120
35
39
50
46.4
Evening
(1800-2200)
9-6-77 @ 2025
40
44
52
50.6
9-6-77 @ 19s0
34
37
55
58.6
9-6-77 @ 1800
35
38
42
39.7
9-6-77 @ Ie35
35
38
48
47.7
Nighttime
(2200-0700)
9-7-77 @ 0035
37
45
50
46.4
9-6-77 @ 2355
25
31
49
47.1
9-6-77 @ 2240
30
32
44
39.2
9-6-77 @ 2200
28
33
42
39.9
DaylNight
Sound Levels
s6.5
46.4
55.5
56.7
47.L
56.9
45.8
39.2
47.4
46.8
39.9
48.2
tgo
Lso
Lro
L.q
Ld
L"
L6r,
Iocation
Lgo
Lso
Lro
L"q
r.d
Ln
Ld'
Location 3
Iocation 4
lso
Lso
Lro
L.o
L6'
rtr
L&r
tgo
Lso
Lro
Leo
Ld-
L,,
Ldn
2-323
TABLE 2.1C-3 "(Coneluded)
Statistical
Sound Levels
Location 5
Lso
tso
Lro
L.q
Ld
Ln
tdn
Location 6
Lgo
Lso
Lro
Lo^vi1L6
L,,
Ldn
Location 7
Lgo
Lso
Lro
Lo^
L4
L,,
Ldrl
Iocation 8
Lgo
Lso
Lro
Leg
L4
Lr
L6r,
Daytine
(0700-1800)
g-'o-77 @ 1445'
34
35
35
36.2
Evening
(1800-2200)
9-6-77 G 191s
26
27
34
30.9
9-7-7? e 1345
39
41
47
45.4
9-7-?7 @ L440
34
36
45
4i.3
9-8-77 @ 1000
33
37
49
47.8
9-A-77 G 1800
42
46
51
<1 a
9-8-77 @ 1850
37
44
49
43.4
9-8-77 @ 1940
34
37
46
49.3
Nighttime DaylNight(2200-0700) Sound Levels
9-6-77 @ 2320
30
32
38
35.1
35. 3
35. I
41- s
9-8-77 @ 2200
?o
4L
46
43. 1
47.9
43.1
50.5
9-8-77 Q 2245
24
25
30
27 .7
42.8
27.7
41.5
9-e-77 e 2330
24
25
33
4L
+o. J
4I
49. 5
2-324
construction and ore crushing activities aE the stat.ion, and traffic on
Road 163 in the background.
At location 5, near the presently inactive abandoned White Sands
Missile Range, sound levels were relatively uniform throughout a 24-hour
day with wind, insects, and distant aircraft and traffic contributing to
the ambient sound.
Measurement Location 6 is representative of noise-sensitive areas in
Hanksville. The major sources of daytime sound included local traffic,
children pLaying in school playground, aircraft, birds, and insects.
Evening sound levels increased somewhat due Eo motorcycle traffic and an
increase in windspeed.
Location 7 represents areas exposed to noise from existing ore
stockpiling and ore crushing operations at the Hanksville buying station,
traffic on Route 95 and intermittent aircraft. Evening levels increased
somewhat due to the combined effect of strong winds, and traffic on Route
95 even though buying station activities had subsided.
Location 8 represents areas adjacent to Route 95 approximaEely
11 miles south of the site. The average sound level (L"q) remained
relatively conslant throughout a 24-hour day with internittent Eruck
traffic contributing to the sound leveIs
Throughout the study area, during lulls in local traffic or facility
acti.;ities, environmental sound was produced by wind, insects and birds.
During the nighttime, when local activities are minimel, Ehe sounds of
wind and insects were particularly prevalent.
Ihe ambient sound data discussed above were used with computations
of construction activity noise and facility operation noise Eo estimate
future ambient sound 1evels. The projected future sound levels, the
back-ground ambient souod levels, and federal EPA and State guidelines
were used to assess the ir:rpact of Ehe proposed facility on the environ-
mental sound quality.
3.0 THE MILL AND BUYING STATIONS
Conventional milling methods for uranium ore processing will be
used. The ore will be crushed and ground to a size suitable for sulfuric
acid leaching to extract the uranium. The uranium-bearing solution will
then be separated from the ore residue, purified and concentrated by
solvent extraction, and the uranium precipitated as ammonium diuranaEe,
also known as i'ye11cw cake.rr The ye11ow cake precipitate will be de-
watered, calcined, crushed, and placeC in drums for shipment.
hhen economically feasible r 3s determined by markeE conditions
and ore characteristics, by-products of copper andfor vanadium will be
recovered. The recovery methocis for by-products are discussed in
SecEions 3.2.1 and 3,2.2. The milling rate of 2000 rpd is predicated on
recoverv of all by-products. Should the copper circuit not be initialllz
operated, the milling rate will be 1700 tpd.
3.i EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE MILL
The plant buildings will be mainly of prefabricated construction
and the exterior panels will be of a color(s) aesthetically pleasing with
the surrounding terrain. The acEual physical facility wiil resemble the
artist's rendition (P1ate 3.1-1), buE the final layor-rE malr vary somewhat
depending on equipment selection.
3.2 THE I{ILL CIRCUIT
Plate 3.2-l shows a generalized flowsheeE for the proposed uranium
milling process. The milI will process aborrt 2,000 tons of ore per day.
The averagu U30g conEen! i" estimaEed to be about 2 l/2 pounds
per Eon. " o.lz;"L 'J3og
3.2. I liraniun Circuit
Since the ores will originaEe from many different mines, it is
planned to blend them according to their chemical and metalLurgical
characteristics. The crushed ore will be wet-ground in a rod r.ri11 to
pass a 26-mestr (0.0232 inch) screen. ?he ore slurry prociuced by Eoe \ret
Crushingnd GrindingCircuit
Pre-Leach
I ure
I rro*
,l,
Buying Statj-on
at1>snnere
DustCollection
t
F,ri.l..,rt";l
v
Preq. Leach -------------->-Solution
,arr"r, torsanic
II
,1,
f-- cED-l
lwasrring l'
I circuit I
iTailing
I Barren
r Leach
I
I
optilnarto
Vanadium
Recovery
Preg.Strip
NHs
tm
t
os.
Ye
P
I
I
,l,1low Cakeroduct
itrtHilG PR0GESS
DrrIIaC I()IDII
St.ripping
Precipitation
and
Thickening
Wet
Scrubbing
GE ]IERATIZEII TI(IWSHEET F(lR THE URAIIIUIII
P|-ATE 3.2- I
3-4
grinding step will be leached in two sEages with sulfuric acid, manganese
dioxide, and steam i-n anounts that will produce a solut.ion having a pI{ of
0.2 and a temperature of 70oC. The funcEion of Ehe first stage leach
will be to utilize ihe residual acidity of the pregnant leach l.iquor by
reacting it with the alkaline constituents of the freshly ground ore,
thereby achieving chenical econornies. It is anticipated that approxi-
mately 95 percent of the uraniuu contained in the crude ore will be
dissolved over a period of twelve to twenty-four hours of leaching. The
uranium bearing solution will be separaEed from the barren waste by
counter-current decantation using thickeners. Polym.eric flocculants will
be used to enhance the settting characteristics of the un,iissolved
solids. The decanted pregnanE leach soluticn is expected to have a pI{ of
approxirnately 1.5 and contain less than one gram per liter of U:Og.
The barren rrast,e will be purnped to the tailing retention area.
SoLvenL extracEion will be used to concentrate and purify the
uraniurn contained in the decanted leach solution. Ihe solveni extraction
process will be carried out in a series of mixer and settling vessels,
using an anine-type compound carried in kerosene (organic) which will
selecEi'rely absorb the dissolved uranyl ions from the aqueous leach
solution. Ttre organic and agueous solutions will be agitated by mech-
anical means and t-hen allo".ved to separate into organic and aqueous phases
in the settling tank. Ihis procedure will be performed in four stages
using a counEer-flow principle wherein the organic flow is intro<iuced to
the preceding stage and the aqueous flow (drawn froa the bottom) feeds
the folLowing stage. It is estimated that, after four stages, the
organic phase will contain about tlro grams of r:Og per liter and Lhe
depleted aqueous phase (raffinate) about 5 mg per liEer. Tne raffinate
-*i11 be recycled to the counter-current decanEation step previously
described or further processed for the recovery of vanadium discussed in
Section 3.2.2. The organic phase will be washed with acidified u,aEer and
then stripped of uranium by contacE with an acidified sodium chloride
solution. Ihe barren organic solution will be returned to Ehe solvent
extraction circuit, and the enriched strip soiution containing about.20
grans of UrO, per liEer will be neutralized with ammonia to precipitate
3-5
ammonium diuranate ("ye1low cake"). Ihe yellow cake will be settled
in two thickeners in series and the overflow solution frorn the first
filtered, conditioned and returned to the stripping slage.
The thickened ye1low cake slurry will be dewatered further in
a centrifuge to reduce its water content to about 40 percent. this
slurry will then pumped Eo an oi1 or gas fired multiple-hearth dryer
(calciner) at 550'C (1200'F). The dried uranium concentrate (about
90 pereent r:Og) will be passed through a hammer mill to produce a
product of less than 1/4 inch size. The crushed concentrate, which will
be the final product of the plant, will then be packaged in 55-ga11on
drums for shipment.
The uranium concentrate drying, crushing and packaging operation
wil-1 be conducted in an isolated, enclosed building with a negative
ventilation pressure to contain and collect (by wet scrubbing) al-1
airborne ,g0g particles. This systeB will not only enhance the
recovery of uranium but will decrease the exposure of employees to
potentiaL radiation. In addition, the design of the mi11 will be such
that any leaks or spills in the plant will be collected and recycled to
the appropriate part of the process, thus mininizing contamination of the
surrounding areas.
During processing of the ore, approximately the following chemical
quantities will be consumed per day of operation for the recovery of
uran ium:
lbs/day
Sulfuric acid (196 1b/ton)------- 392,000
Manganese dioxide (15 1b/ton)------- 30,000
Flocculants (0.3 1b/ton)-------- 500
Sodium chloride (3.0 lb/lb U3Og)-- 15,000
Soda ash (2.0 Lb/lb U3O8)-- l0,OO0
Arnmonia (0.4 Ib/lb U30g)-- 2,000
Organic (95 percent kerosene)------ 1,680
3-6
3.2.2 By-Product Copper Recovery
Ores from Ehe White Canyon Mining District of Ut,ah, one of the
districts supplying che rni11, usually contain copper associaEed wich the
uranium. The copper occurs in sulfide form, su.ch as chalcopyriEe, and
can approach a one percent copper conEent. Copper in sulfide forn is
readily recovered by the froth flotation process comnonly used in mineral
beneficiation plants. Energy Fuels inEends to segregate ores or this
type and provide within the mi11 building a separate grinding, flotation,
concentrate leaching, and filtration circuit for processing copper-
uranium ore. Approximatel-y 15 percent (300 tons per day) of Ehe toEal
mil1 tonnage is expected Eo be of this type.
Processing will consist of wet grinding the copper ore in a rod
mill-cyclone circuit to minus 28-mesh followed by rougher flotation and
two-stage cleaning. Flotation will be carried out in water using about
0.1 lb xanthate and 0.08 lb Dowfroth 250 (or equivalent) per Eon of
solids. The tailing from flotation vi11 be essentially barren of copper
but it will contain the uajor part of the uranium present in the crude
ore. Therefore, the flotation tailing will be partially dewatered in a
Ehickener, commingled with che ground ore in the main uraniun circuit
described in Section 3.2.L and carried on through Ehe mi11 process.
The copper flotation concentraEe (frorh) is expected to assay l2 to
20 percenE copper but it will also contain Een to twenty percent of the
total uranium present in the crude or€o In order to reccver this
uraniuu, it will be necessary to acid leach Ehe copper concentrate unCer
approximately the sarne Eemperature and acidity conditions as used in the
main uranium mi11 circuit (see SecEion 3.2.i). The principal <iifference
will be that the copper concentrate leach circuit will involve relatively
sma11 equipment because less than one ton per hour of solids wil 1 need to
be handled. The copper, in the forur of chalcopyrite, will be essentially
insoluble in the leach step. Filtration of the leach slurr;r wi11,
therefore, produce a filter cake of the c'opper sulficie minerals and a
filtrate containing the uranium. A waEer wash will be applied to the
filter to displace Ehe leach soluEion frcm the filter cake.
3-7
The filtrate (solution) will be purnped to the first counLer-current
decantation thickener in the main circuit. The filter cake (copper
suLfide) will be stockpiled and periodically sold to a copper smelter.
Plate 3.2-2 shows the flowsheet planned for the recovery of copper. Ttre
copper concentrate after leaching will contain less than 0.05 percent
ugog'
Copper is of minor economic importance to the overall plant and
at times it may not justify recovery. It is planned to oPerate this
by-product circuit only when the quantity and grade of copper ores are
significant and an atEractive price for copper exists. At the time of
this writing, the copper industry in the United States is faced with an
oversupply of copper and a depressed market. Metallurgically, it makes
little difference if the uranium ores containing copper are processed in
the by-product circuit or in the main rnill process. The uranium extrac-
tion is essentially the same in either case.
3.2.3 By-Product Vanadium Recovery
Vanadium is present in some of the ores and will be soluble to
a major degree along with the uraniurm during leaching. The solubilized
vanadium will report to the uraniurn raffinate. Depending on the vanadium
content of the uranium raffinate, it will either be recycled to the
counEer-current decantation step (see Section 3.2.L) or further processed
for recovery of the vanadium before recycling.
The vanadium recovery process will
extraction section to treat the uranium
vanadium from the strip solution. The
illustrates the process.
consist of a separate solvent
raffinate and precipitate the
flowsheet shown in Plate 3.2-3
The uranium raffinaEe will be pumped to a series of agitators where
the EMF (oxidation potential) will be adjusted to -700 mv with sodium
chlorate and the pH raised to 1.8-2.0. ihe solution may possess some
turbidity after this step and will be filtered prior to passing to a
5-stage solvent extraction circuit. Except for the one additional stage
pper-Uranium Ore
<---!tzo
FlotationTail in
H2SOa f->Mno2 ISteaml
9
,l,
Copper
Concentrate
I ri-rtrate
I
Air
Drying
ToNo. 1 CCDThickenerin Mi1l Circuit
Stockpile
I
I
v
To
CopperSmelter
GEIIERIIIZEII TT(IWSHEET SH(IWI]IG REC(IUERY (lI GIIPPER
DIII'C T.)OTI
Xanthate
Frother
l-ng
To
Mi11
Leach
Circuit
PT ATE 3.2-2
Uranium Raffinate Solution
I-Necl_ol-_-l
I soaa asfrl+l adjustment Agitators I
vClarifiSolution Soda
Ash
I
IH3
I
I
YDriedor
Fused
Vanadi-um
Product
GEI{ERATIZEII FT(IWSITET SII(IWIlIG REG(IUERY (lT UAI{IDIUM
D TI'C TOOII
Atmosphere Precipitation
and
Thickening
and
Filtering
PIJTE 3.2-3
3-10
of extraction, the solvent extraction section will be essentially the
same as utilized for the uranium. An anine type compound carried in
kerosene (same as for uranium) will selectiveiy absorb the vanadiun ions
from the uranium raifinate solution. Ihe organic will then be stripoed of
vanadium by contact with a soCa ash sotution. The barren organi.c solu-
tion will be returneci to the solvent. extracticn circuit and vanadium will
be precipitated from the enriched strip solution on a batch basis as
ammonium me tavanada te.
The vanadium precipitate wiLL be thickened and filtered prior
to drying in a an oi1 or gas fired dryer. The dried precipitate will be
subjected to a fusion step at approximateLy 800"c to produce'{zo5
black flake and packaging wili be in 55-gatlon drums. The vanadiun
product will not be radioactive.
The drying and iusion step along wi.th packaging will be r:onducced
i.a an enclosed area wiEh a negative ventilaEion pressure to corrtact and
collecE (by wet scrubbing) a11 airborne d-rrst and vapors.
3.3 SOURCES OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS
3.3.1 Non-Radioactive Mi11 Wastes and Effluents
3.3.1.1 Gaseous Effluents
Milling of Ehe ore will release several non-radioactive vapors
to the atmosphere. Tne leaching processes (crrrde ore and copper concen-
traEes) will produce vapors of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxice and some
sulfuric acid. The rate of release for the carbon dioxide is estimated
to be 4800 lb/hr whereas those of the oEher vapors are estinaEed Eo be a
maximum of 0.05 1b/hr for each. The solvenE exL.ract.ion process (uranium
and vanadium) will release organic vapor (95 percent kerosene) at an
estimated rate of 0.I0 1b/hr. llnere are no State of Utah or national
standards applicable to Ehe specific release of kerosene. Ilowever Ehere
are ambient sEandards rhat apply to non-oethane hydrocarbons. The sEate
anc national ambient hydrocarbon sEandard is I60 ug/m3 as a maximum
3-hour standard (effective between 5am and 9am) and the resultant ground-
leve1 kerosene concentraEioas will be well below the a1lowable standard.
3-1 I
During Ehe concentrate drying process, gaseous effluents will be
enitted frorn the C;yer sta:k. These eraissicas will prir,arily be conn-
prised of water vapor and carbon dioxide with naximum release rates of
205 and 105 pounds per hour, respectively. Significant amounts of sulfur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen may be emitted depending on whether the
furnace-drying process is gas or oi1 fired. If gas is used S0Z and
N0 euissions will be insignificant; if fuel oil is used, fuel con-x
sumption is estisrated at 3.0 gallons per hour resulting in maximun SO,
and N0_- emission rates of 2 and 0.5 pounds per hour, respectively.x
Assuming the use of fuel oil (no. 2) as the dryer fue1, the furnace
dryer will normally operate at a heat input of. approximately 450,000
BTU!s per hour. No Utah or naiional emission standards apply to facil-
ities of this snall size. However, sEate and national ambient standards
will apply to the resultant tO2, *02 and particulate ambient concen-
tra t ions .
Using the design parameters presented in Section 5.1.3.4, the
maximum ! hour SOZ concentration beyond the site boundary was calcu-
lated Eo be less than 25 ug/r3. The maximum NOZ and particulate
concentrations rrere calculated to be less than 6 and 5 ug/m', respec-
tively. These low values would indicate that the short and long-term
ambient standards for each pollutant would not be approached. Ground-
level concentrations of each pollutaot in fact would be well below their
respective standards.
3.3.1.2 Liquid Effluents
The major liquid effluent discharged from the mi11 will be rrater
contained in the plant tailing slurry. The discharge rate of rrater
present in the tailing slurry is expected to averege 335 gallons per
minute and, based on laboratory test work, should have an analysis
approximately as follows:
3- 12
Ion
Gross Beta Th230
Grans/Liter
0.24
0.0025
4.90
0.065
3 .05
82.27An
0.48
4.06
t+.26
4. 58
0.09
0.007
See discussion below
i .8-2.0
Ra226
V
U
Na
NH"cl"
SO,
Cu-
Ca
Hg
A1
Mn
Zn
Mo
0rganics
pH
Radiocheruical analyses of the above tailing water and soli<is were as
follows:
Radioactivity
Liquid
Gross Alpha
2.5xI05
Pb2 l0
2. 3x105 1 . 3x 10'5
172.3x10- 2.8x10-
Assa'/, pCi/s
Sol ids Th230 Ra226
1.5x102 3.7xla2
The above liquid effluent will contain a portion of the organic
phase from the uranium (and vanadium) soivent exLraction steFls. The
organic residue will be entrained with the tailing solids. The amount of
organic (mostly kerosene) released will be about 0.2 gal1on per 1000
gallons of raffinate or 70 lb/hr. All liquid eEfluents exi.ting from
the mi11 will be confined in the Eaiiing iinpoundment area. No liquid
effluents will cross the property boundary of the mi1l site.
C i/Lite::
3-1 3
3.3.1.3 Solid Effluents
By far Ehe iargest emission frou the ore stockpiles and feeding
facilities will be the release of fugitive dust to the atmosphere. Dust
emissions from these sources are difficuLt to define because they are
highly dependent, among other variables, upon the tenporal variations of
rsind and raoisture content of the ore. Some concentrate parEicles woul,d
be released from the drying stack during the process. I4lith the flue gas
scrubbers, total particulate loss should be less than 0.C3 grains per
cubic foot.
A recent study by the EPA (L973) has estinated general dust enission
rat.es for various aggregate stockpiles. General dust loading data
related to the type of aggregate sEorage that will occur at ihe proposed
ni11 siEe inciicate that approximately 1.5 pounds per year of dust could
be euitted for each ton of stockpiled ore.
A rough estimate of the fugitive dust emissions resulting fro,rn the
anticipated 250,000 tons of ore stockpiles is 37,500 pounds per year or
102 pounds per day. However, the saue EPA study (1973) states that dust
emissions can be reduced fron 50 to 90 percent by keeping the surfaces of
the stockpiles moist. Ihe ore wilL generally be coarse particles and
will be kept wet as required to control dust as discussed below.
Current emission standards are not applicable to fugitive dust
emissions. However, ambient air quality standards would apply to the
resultant surface concentrations. The state and national ambient stan-
dards are 150 ug/r3 as a 24-hour maximum not to be exceeded more than
once per year and 50 ug/m3 as an annual average based upon a geornetric
Itrean.
Fugitive dust emissions in a large 6ense are dependent upon the use
of micigating measure to control their release. During nilling opera-
tions, ore stockpiles will be watered and dust suppression systems and
scrubbers will be used ihroughout ore handling processes. These shouLd
substantially reduce dust emissions.
3-14
3.3.2 Radioective Mi11 Wastes and Effluents
This section considers the airborne radioactive effluents from
the mi11. Radioactivity associated with non-airborne solid effluents
will be conEained rsichin the site and all radioactivity associated
with the liquid effluents will be inpounded in the tailing area which
is designed to totally contain Ehe liquid effluents (analyses indicated
in Section 3.3.1.2). More discussion on liquid effluents can be found in
5.2.2.
The radioactivity reteased during roilling cf naturaL uraniuu is
prinarily associated 'lith uranium-238 and its radioaciive daughEers
present in the ore. Secular equilibriu$ has been conservaiively assumed
to exist between the members of the U-236 decay chain seri.es. Also
present in the ore is uraniua-235 and its daughters. Ihe concentration
of U-235 in naEural uranium is 0.7L4 aEom percenE. Compared with the
U-238 decay series, the U-235 decay series conEributes negligibly to the
quantity of the radioacti.riey dispersed (Scarano eE a1., L977). Basic
urill operating daEa used in the anatyses of the radioactive effLuents are
suumarized belor.r.
Uranium Ore FeeC Rate
Operation Sciredule
UrO, Content of the Ore
U-238 Concentration in the Ore
U-235 Concentraeion in the Ore
UrO, Recovery Rate
Fraction of Th-230 to Taii-ing
Fraction of Ra-226 to Taiiing
In the following sectioas, the release of rad.ioactivity in the
nilling steps is discussed and, on Ehe basis of the available data
froo operating mi11s, the radioactivit.r Ehat would be released by the
proposed mill is estimated. The potential release estimates assume a
15-year nilling period and conservative assumptions were uade.
= 2000 tons/day
= 340 days/year
= 24 hours/day
= 2.5 lbs/ton
= 353 pCL/ g
= 16 pCi/g
= 947"
= 0.95
= 0.998
3-15
3.3.2.1 Ore Storage Pads
Thc fecd fcr the proposed mi11, r"i11 be crushed ore fron the two
buying stations that has been stored on pads to provide a continuous
supply for blending. These pads will continue to release Rn-222, a
daught.er of Ra-226, and windblown particulates to the atmosphere.
Rn-222 release can be estinated utilizing the following data and
as sumptioas :
1. Area of the Ore Storage Pads
2. Ra-226 Ccncentration
3. Density of Ore
4. Decay Constant of R-n-226
5. (D-lV)* for Ore Storage Padse(schiager, 1974)
6. Emanation Coefficient of Ore
(Clements et al., 1978)
The En-222 flux (J) at the surface
depttr of material can be estimated from (
= 8 acres
= 353 pci/ e
= I .6 g/nI
= 2.IxI0 6
"""-1= 2.5x10 2"*2,rr""
= 0.07
of an area containing infinite
Sctriager, 1974)
J=C
where (C-) is the concentration of Ra-225 in bulk medium in (pCi/rnl).
E
This equation yields the flux fron the pads of 90.5 pCi/(m2-sec)
which relults in a total annual Rrr-222 release of 92.4 Ci.
During dry seasons, the exposed surfaces of the ore piles maybe a
source of dust generated by wind action and ore feeding and blending
operations. Ii has been conservatively estimated by Sears et al. (1975)
that about 4 lbs/(hr-acre) of fugitive dust may occur fron this type of
operation. This figure r^ras used here for radiological calculations.
However, most of the radioactivity will be associated with dust of a
.E.JmD A,
x"Di ffusion coef f ic ient/void fraction
3- 15
large diameter and, under nornal almospheric conditions, blowing dust,
will not contribute to the transport of radioactivity outside the miil
site boundary (Sears et ai., 1975). I'leveriheLess, 5 percenE of this
release lras assuned to be fines that could be carried away by wind. This
yields an ore sEorage pad reLease raEe of 2.1 mCi/year for U-238 and each
of its daughters.
3.3.2.2 Ore Grinding Operation
Wet grinding of the ore will uinimize the rel.ease of dust. However,
about 51.5 uCi of ?n-222 per tcn of ore is estimated as the release rate
during grinding (Schiager, L974). This yields an expecEed release rate
of abouE 35 Ci.lyear of Rn-222 froa the grinding of ore.
3.3.2.3 Leaching 0peracion
The two stage leaching operaEion is a wet, process arrC will not
conEribute to emission of particulates. This part of the milling
process need not be considered for the release of Ra-222, since the
transit Eisle of the ore through the rai1l. circuit will be rather short.
3.3.2.4 Uranium Concentrate Drying and Fackaging
The uranium ccucentrate (preeipitated ammonium diuranat:) will be
dried ac 550'C. The product (ye1low cake) wiil. be about 90 percent
U:Og and will represent about 94 percent of the uraniurc in thr: cre.
In additicn yeli.ow cake will contain 5 percent of the fn-230 aad 0.2
percenE of Ra-226 and daughters originally in lhe ore. Eraission of
particulaies to air du:ing uraniuru concentrate drying and pacicaging will
be controlled by a vret scrubber, as described in Section 3.4.
The estimated release of uranium concentrate',ril1 be 0.04 1bs/hr.
This corresponds to an annual reiease r>f radioactivity of 63.4 mCi of
U-238, 2.3 mCi of Th-230 and 0.1 aCi of Ra-226 and daughters.
3.3.2.5 Tailing
The tailir.g prodr:ced by Ehe mi11 operation wili be stage impounded
in a series of ceLls each having a total area of approximatel.y 70 acres.
3-17
Details of the design and inregrity of the tailing retention area are
discussed in Appen<iix H and Sectron 3.4. The design will provide
for toEal containment of solids and liquids. During operation, it is
esiimaied that about 90 percent of the tailing surface will be covered
by the tailing solution. The remaining area will be kept moist when
necessary to control wind bl.own dusting.
Prior to stabiLization, the tailing will be alLowed to dry ro about
aa estimated l5 percent moisture. During this interiu period Rn-222 will
be emitted. The foLlowing data and assumptions were used to estimate the
radon release frorn the tailing as they are drying.
1. Maximum area of tailing exposed at any one
2. Ra-226 content
3. Densiiy of tailing
4. Decay constant of Rn-2?2
5. Emanation Coefficient for tailing (E)
(Schiager, I974)
6. (D^/v) for tailing at 157j rnoisture(Schiager, Lgl4)
7. (n-/v) for tailing at l00Z noisEure(Schiager, 1974)
8. Thickness of the Cry tailing layer
tiue = 70 acres
= 353 p3i/ e
= 1.6 g/n1
_A= 2.I>:10 "
= 0.2
= 1x10 ' cm
-A= 5.7x10 "
= -9.J,Je*t
-1sec
2./ sec
2.cln /sec
The Rn-222 flux
depth of material
(J) at the surface of an area containing infinite
I'as estiraated fron (Schiager , L974).
where (Cr) is the concentration of Ra-226
The tailing were assumed to be composed of
following page.
in bulk medium (in pCi/ml).
two layers as shown on the
3- 18
r, {*^t (+ )
*;:" [ (Ja.(.1,1!)
Toiling ot 4
l5o/o Moisrure ir O
-- nl| =',Il'4ttlp " ,\
, ,'r \.'.{ x I; {a,r t'', ' [ ,)t\iffil
J 'lct"'ft'"'.W,
hlnnh= O "
c.^ts't\" ' "' f-t^ i le-
SURFACE
The flux a! the surface
1975; Tanner, 1964)
f rco"/o Moisture
2.1
/' r--\
flt/r't6"/irl\Y- J
{1x'
for this configuradioo is given by (Sears et al.,
J, exp I
,
where the subscrip 6nd (2) refer to Lhe 1a1'srr shown in the
figure, and where (Jl) and (lr) are ihe fluxes at the surface of
an area conEaining infinite depth of materiais (1) and (2), respectively.
The (tanh) tern is a correction for the finite thickness of the layer,
and the (exp) ierm is the attenuation of (1") through the upper layer.
(il. zsz {,lti +..t,'^rf
using Ehe above data and equation yields a flux of 38.9apCi/(m'-sec). This dry condition of the tailing can be assumed to
prevail no more than three monLhs before recLamaEi.on is initiated. Thus,
the total release anticipated during this perio,l is calculaLed to be
about 90 Ci of Rn-222.
J=Jr
Ore Pads
Ore Grinding
IelLow Cake
Tailing
3.3.2.6 Summary of Airborne Release Rates
A sumoary of release rates computed for the various
and several radionuclides are given in the table below.
Rn-222 U-238 u-234 Th-230
y9i/ yr
2.1
Source Ci/yr mCi/yr uCi/yr
2.1
niil operations
Ra-226 &
Daugh ters
aCi/ yt
Lt I93
35
90
a
a.--- = ]-nslgnttrcant
43.t' 43.4 2,3 0.1
ft(81
3- 19
3.4 CONTROLS OF MILL I,IASTES AND EFFLUENTS
The control of dust in che Hanksville and lllanding Buying Stations
is discussed in 3.6.3.5 and 3.6,4.4, respectively.
At the proposed mi11, the processing buildings and equipment
wi1l be provided with ventilation farrs, hoods and ducting to control the
concentration of gaseous effluents to levels below the applicable stan-
dards. A forced-air ventilation systen designed for the entire solvent
extract.ion and stripping buildings wilL remove kerosene vapors.
Dust generated in the final crushing step, conveyor transfers
and fine ore storage will be coilected in cyclonic precipitators and bag
houses. The collected dust will be. processed in the mi11 circuit.
Fugitive dust from ore piles will be controLled by sprinkling with
rrater. A dust suppression spray system will be installed in the rnil1
crushing building and used when exceedingly dry ores are being handled.
The water added in this manner will remain with the ore and go to pro-
cess.
Yel1ow cake particles carried in the flue gases from the uranium
dryer and packaging area will pass through a wet fan scrubber operating
at an equivalent venturi scrubber pressure of 20rr W.G. Ttre solution and
particuLates eollected fron the scrubber will be recycled to the No. 1
yellow cake thickener in the ni1l.
A wet dust collector will also be installed to collect and recycle
dust form the vanadium drying operation. A separete building for pre-
cipitation, drying, and packaging of the vanadium is planned.
Itre design of the urilI is be such that any leaks or spills will be
colLected and recycled to the appropriate part of the process, thus
eliroinating any product loss or contamination of the surrounding area.
Most process liquids will be recycled in the ni11; however, about
one ton of liquid (water) for every one Eon of barren tailing solids will
3-20
be discharged to the retention area. The water (expected a.nalysis given
in SecEion 3.3.1.2) will be re(uired to transport rhe solid taii.ing to
the ret.ention area. In addition, the elimination of some process -w-ater
in this rnanner will avoid a build-up in chemical ions that could be
harmful to the process. No liquid or solid effluent wil-1 cross Lhe
property boundary, other than wind blown dust.
Ihe tailing retention system will consist of a series of 7O-acre
cells, each of sufficienE capacity to hold the quantity of rqi1l tailing
produced from a 5-year operating period. The cells will be lined'.-ith aa
impervious meubrane to provide tot,rl conEainmeat of solids and iiquids"
The cel1 area is calculat.ed co be sufficient ro achieve evaDoration of
the total liquid effluent.
Appendix iI describes the preliariaary design for Lhe Eaiiing
retention syslem.
3.5 SANITARY AND OTHER MILL WASTE SYSTEMS
3.5.1 Sanitary and Solid llastes
A11 applicabLe State of Utah, Division of Health standards will
be met in the design and operation of Ehe sanitary faciiity associated
with the nill complex. Sanitary wastes will. be disposed of by a septi.r:
tank and leach field designed and operaEed in acccrdance wirh U.S. Public
Health Service standards and all applicable regulaEions.
Trash, rags, wood chips, and oEher solid debris witl be collected
and buried in designaied areas.
Coveralls used in yellow cake producL areas will be laundered at the
niIl. Furtherinore, nill personnel will be provided with a change room
and laundering facility to a1low them Eo Leave Eheir work clothes dt the
mil1. A11 liquid effluents from the taundry will be routed to Ehe
tailing retention syste$.
3-2t
3.5.2 Building and Process ileating
In keeping with the nacionts energy shorEage, coal wili be used
to fire the boilers needed to produced steam for heating Ehe ieach pulp
and other process requirements.
3.5.2.1 Gaseous l{astes
Steam necessary for buildings and process heating will be generated
frorn eoal-fired boilers. Approxirnatel-y 60 tons of coal per day will be
required for this at a heat input of approxiraately 50 nillion BTU's per
hour. As a result of the boiler combustion, various stack gases will be
released to the atroosphere including carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
State and national emission stan<iar<is are not appl-icable to a stean
generating boiler of this sma1l size. Likewise signifieant deterioration
regulations are not applicable; however, state and national ambient air
quality standards will apply to the resultant ambient concentrations.
Tire combusEion of 60 tons per day of 0.3 percent sulfur coal would
generaEe approximately 720 pounds of sulfur dioxide per day and approxi-
nately one'half this amount (360) pounds of N0*. Section 5.1.3.4
presents the estimated design and eroission parameters for the boiler.
3.5.2.2 Solid Wastes
Itre combustion of coal will produce two ash products, fly ash and
bottom ash. Wi.th a coaL usage rate of 50 tons per day. ihe tcEal ash
production would be less than 6 tons per riay which will be sent to the
tailing retention system. These ash products would renain in the tailing
ceI1, settling with the tailing soli.ds, and present no additional waste
prob I-ems .
Stack emissions from the coal-fired boilers will be subject to a
precipitator Eo renove fly ash, and less than 190 pounds per day of
particulate matter will be released to the atmosphere. Fly ash deposits
from the precipitators will also be sent to the Eailing celIs.
3-22
3.5.3 Analytical Laboratory
The mi11 facility will be complemented rriLh an analytical laboratory
which will routinely assay products of ore, process streaEls and final
products Eo assure adequate qualiEy conErol and plant operating effi-
ciency. The laboratory fume hoods rsill collect air aad arixed chenical
fumes for dilution and venting to the atmosphere. These gases wiit
contain non-radioactive chemicals, including HCI and UO2. fne volume
of gaseous fuues enitted from the teboratory operations wilI be snall and
considering the dilution in the collection stack and air eduetors should
be inconsequeaEial.
Liquid laboratory rdastes will be discharged to the tailing reten-
tion system.
3.6 HANKSVILLE AND BLANDING BUYING STATIONS
Energy Frrels currenEly is operating two uraniurn ore buying s Eat.ions
l-ocaled near Hanksville, Utah and Blanding, Utah. The st.ations are
approximately 135 niles apart and each provides a market for ore prodr:ced
by independenE mine operators. The applicant also has several rnining
properties under exploration which are expected to supply ore to the
buying stations in the future. The llanksvill.e and Blanding buying
stations commenced operations i.n January L977 and May L977, respectivellz.
3.6.1 Ext,ernal Appearance of Buying SEations
The principai buildings of the t'^ro buying stations (Plates 3.6-1 a:rti
3.6-2) are of prefabricated construction arrd the exterior wa11s are a
desert sand color, which present an unobstrutive appearance.
3.5.2 Sources of Ore
Many smal1 to medium size<i uranium mines operate in southeasEere
Utah and southrsesEern Colorado. The ores occur in sedimenEary formations
anC, for the ncst parE, are mined unCerground. rnethods. The avaiiabiliEy
of a 1ocal ore buying staEion provides a markeE for ores in the area and
encourages Ehe mining and exploration of the deposits. VirLualJ-y all the
mining properEies have operated :Lctermit,Eently f.or 2A-25 years.
I:(r
d':
ondThe Truck Sco/e Scoie House ot Blonding Buying Stotion.
.i:ti: :!;t:'
I
lx
tr{wr
I
)ffi"Z,.ff#J,tt
l':4+:i,h,l::f#^:1' t *l?.'ii iri'ff ,2;t I.fi
*,Yti{'i$f{ifffii
The Blonding Crushing ond Sompling Plont"PTATE 3.6- I
r,",t":"';'"\"&.i:r+
-r$The Truck Scole ond Scole tlouse ot Honksville Buying Slotion.
,)oi
)
" '(
i; tl:t..
The Honksville Crushing ond Sompling Plont"
PTATE 3.6.2
3-25
3.6.2.L Hanksville Srarion
Independent mine operators within a radius of about 100 miles of
Hanksville mine and se11 their ore to the applicant. The proximity of
the buying station to the individual mines reduces shipping costs and,
therefore, permits the mining of lower grade ores. plate 3.0-3 shows the
general location of the mines wiih respect to Ehe buying station and the
urajor routes utilized for ore haulage. Trucks provide the sole means of
haulage as there are no railroads in the immediate vicinity.
3.6.2.2 Blanding Station
This sEation provides a markeE for a large area and receives
ore from numerous mines within about a 125-mi1e radius. Refer to plate
3.6-3 for the location of the nines with respect to the buying station
and the major truck routes. rn most cases, the major part of Ehe
haulage distance is on asphalt surfaced roads. The Lrucks are virtually
all diesel powered and of 30-ton capacity.
3.5.3 Hanksville Station Operations
3.6.3.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of Delivered Ore
Ore from the various mines in the area is delivered by truck to
the Hanksville buying stationl whereupon arrival, it is weighed on a
60-ton truck scale and then duuped in a specified space on the ore pad.
The enPty truck is reweighed to determine the net weE tons of ore de-
livered. A "grab" moisture sample is ianediately taken from the ore as
it is dunped on the concrete ore pad and the percenE moisture determined.
The net dry tons of ore in the load is Ehen calculated. Each truck
load is handled in this manner and each mine (shipper) has its designated
dumping space. After nunerous truck loads of ore from a specific urine
have been accumulaEed on the pad, the',loL,'is closed and passed through
the sampling plant of the buying station.
Ihe sample obtained from the sampling plant is prepared for chemical
assay and payment for the ore is made t.o Ehe shipper based on the uranium
content.
Pl
l
r
E

3.
6
-
3
3-27
3.6.3.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore
The sanpling plant at the Hanksville buying station is housed in a
30 by 100-foot building and handles approxiuately 75 tons of ore per
hour on a one shift per day basis. Operation of the plant is intermit-
tent because all equipment must be thoroughly cleaned between consecutive
runs so as to prevent any residual ore from one shipper being nixed with
ore frou another shipper. this is standard practice for any sampling
facility.
SEockpiled ore on the concrete pad is generally accunulated for a
one month period and then passed through the sampling plant. Longer
sEockpiling periods would unduly delay the payment to be made to the
shipper.
A front-end loader moves the ore frou the concrete pad to a receiv-
ing hopper thaE feeds the sampling p1ant. In the sampling plant, the
ore passes through four stages of crushing with internediate mechanical
samples between each stage (plate 3.5-4). This operation produces .a
sna11 sample representative of the 1oE of ore aad a reject constituting
most of the original weight of ore aE a nominal I L/2 inch size.
3.5.3.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore
Ihe ore reject from the sampling plant is collected on a cenEral
belt conveyor that discharges to a systen of four 50-ft long portable
conveyors terminating with a 100-ft long portable belt stacker. This
systeo of conveyors provides considerable flexibility for stockpiling the
crushed ore according to grade and ore type.
The reject is sEored on pads in a fenced area. Eventually, it is
planned that all ore sEockpiled at the Hanksville buying sEation will
be hauled by truck to the proposed mill near Blanding.
3.6.3.4 Sample Preparation
The sample (ninus 3/16") obtained from Ehe final mechanical sampler
in the sampling plant is prepared for assaying using standard procedures.
PRIMARY CRUSHER
ORE FEED
BLANDING (125 T.P.H. )
S AIVIP L ER ------->. RE J E C T-T
SCREEN Ir---T I(+) (-) I=l'l ISATUPLER ----------)'-T-
|CRUSHER I-T-
ISAMpL E R -------------> |
IttIrr+FINAL SAMPLE *ffi
GEtEntUZED FL0WSIEETS 0F iltE [AU(SYtttE lil] BmillllllG BUilXG SrlTl0[S.
--rraaEaa
1
CRUSHERSS
TOTAL
REJECT
HANKSVILLE (7 5 T. P . H. )
PRIMARY CRUSHER
ORE FIIED
SCREEN
SAMPLER+REJECT-l-
CRUSHER
CRUSHER
PLATE 3.6.4
3-29
The sample is crushed Eo lO-mesh and then mixed, split, dried overnight
at 110'C, pulverized to minus 100-mesh, mixed, and final samples split
out for assay by both the buyer (Energy Fuels) and the shipper. A Ehird
sample is reserved for "umpirett assay, in case of a disagreeuent between
the assay results of the buyer and shipper, Sanple preparation is
perfonned in a closed rooo within the sampling plant building.
3.5.3.5 Control of Dust in Plant
Dust generated during crushing and handling of the ore in the
sampling plant is collected in five uechanical shaker bag houses.
The collecEed dust is recombined with the ore at appropriate points so as
to noB inftuence Ehe grade of cre.
A11 feeders, chutes, crushers and transfer points are enclosed
in hoods connected to a system of ducts under negative pressure. The
ducts discharge to their respective bag houses. The design paraneters
for the bag house collectors are summarized in the following table:
Ratio
Sq Ft Air:ClothSys tern
1
2
3
4
5
Mode I
TU-288
7z-LS
7 z-LS
35-LS
l8VDS
Ihe ducts are sized for
equipped with danpers to
CFM
5000 1991
1025 250
1025 250
500 t25
180 18
air velocities of 3,500
ad;ust air flow.
2.51 to I
4.L to 1
4.L to 1
4.8 ro 1
10.1 ro 1
feet per oinute and
When an ore is noted to be unusually dry or has other physical
characteristics that could produce above average amounts of dust, the ore
is sprayed with lrater on the pad beiore it is fed to the sanpling planE.
This procedure is usually required when ihe ore contains less than four
percent moisture. The use of rdater spraying to control dust is the
responsibility cf ihe saapling plant foreman.
3-30
Some Cust is ernitted during preparation of the sample for assay and
ii-. cleaaing of. the equipment between samples. Conirol" of this dust is
accompl.ished by a waII-mounted hood over the sarnple grinders. The hood
is connected to a duct leading to the System 5 dust collector indicated
in the foregoing table. As an added precaution, the person working in
the preparation roon is required to wear a respirator. I,Iork in the
sample preparation roon is on an intermiEtent basis.
No chenical eoissions are produced in the sanpling plant. A
275 KW diesel-generator set supplies all the electric porrer required at
the Hanksville buying station. Power from a public utility is not
available due Eo the remote location of the facility.
3.6.3.6 Haulage to Blanding Mi1l
Haulage of the crushed ore from the Hanksville buying station
to the proposed mi11 near Blanding will be done under contract with
caavas-covered dunp trucks of 30-ton capacity. Ihe ore will not be
heaped in the truck beds but, rather, vi11 be evenly distributed to
prevent ore spilLage during transPortation. the use of a tightly tied
canvas cover over the truck bed will elirninate the possibility of dust
loss during haulage.
3.6.4 Blanding Station Operations
3.6.4.I Receiving and Stockpiling of Delivered Ore
The applicant enploys the same procedure for receiving and stock-
piling ore del.ivered to the Blanding buying station as it does at
Hanksville. The procedure is described in Section 3.6.3.1.
3.6.4.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore
. The sanpling plant ar rhe Blanding buyi'ng station is sinilar
to the applicant's plant at Hanksville discussed in Section 3.6.3.2. Ttre
major difference is that the Blanding plant handles approxirnately L25-
tons of ore per hour and a closed circuit crushing-screening system is
used in the secondary circuit. In the future, it will be necessary to
about double the crushing capacity of this plaat by substituting a larger
prinary crusher and installing
sheets of the t\do plant s are
comparison between the systems.
40 feet by 100 feet.
3-3 1
a secondary crusher.
shown on Plate 3.6-4
The Blanding sampling
Geoeralized fLow-
for a convenient
plant building is
As at Hanksville, the Blanding plant produces a smal1 sarnple
representative of the lot of ore and a reject constituting most of the
original rreight of ore. Ttre reject is a nominal I l/2-inch size.
3.6.4.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore
The stockpiling of crushed ore at the Blanding station is diiferent
then practiced at Hanksville. At the Blanding staticn, the crushed ore
(reject) is coltecled on a central belt convejior thsE discharges tc one
50-foot long conveyor and then onto a 110-foot long portable belt
stacker. The stacker discharges into a 50-ton capacity ore bin. The ore
is discharged from the bin through a bottom gate int,o a truck which hauls
it to the appropriate stockpile. This systeu offers considerable flex-
ibility in segregating the ore according to grade and ore Eype. Ihe
stockpile area is only a few hundred feer away and the ground surface is
well packed. The release of particulates to air resulting from trans-
portaEion to the sEockpile is ninimal.
The crushed ore is stockpiled in a fenced area and, after con-
struct,ion of the applicantts proposed ni11, the ore will be aoved by
front-end loader to the nill feed bin to be located a few hundred feet
away.
3.6.4.4 Sanple Preparation
Sample preparation procedures at ihe Blanding station are the
same as those described for the Hanksville station (refer Eo Section
3 .6.3.4) .
An additional feature at the Blanding staEion that is noE aE
Hanksville, is a sma11 analytic.rl laboratory used to perform the required
cheroical analysis. This laboratory carries out the assays rec.uired by
J-)1
both sampling plants. A larger analyticaL laboratory will eventually be
needed to serve the requirements of the applicant's proposed ni11.
3.6.4.5 Control of Dust in Plant
For the most part, the dust collection system at the Blanding
station is siuilar to the one at the Hanhsville station described in
Section 3.5.3.5. However, because of the difference in flowsheets (plate
3.6-4), only three bag house collectors were installed. The collectors
use an automatic reverse jet for bag cleaning in contrast to the mechan-
ical shaker design used at Hanksvili.e.
A1l. feeders, crushers, screens, chutes, and transfer points are
enclosed in hoods that are connected to ducts connected to their
respective bag houses. The collected dust is reconnbined with the ore at
appropriate points so as to not influence the grade of ore.
The specifications for the Blanding bag house collectors are sun-
marized in the following table:
Western
Precipitation CFt{
Model Air Voluue
pr2+5to-t4+
pr2q5n-qg
pr2as rc-49
The ducts are sized for air velocities
minute and equipped with appropriate blast
At times when exceedingly dry or dusty ores are encountered,
(usually less than four percent moisture) the ore is sprayed wiEh water
on the pad before it is fed to the sempling plant. This practice, which
is the responsibility of the sampling plant foreman, reduces the dust
potential and insures acceptable control of dust within the plant.
Control of dust in the sample preparation room is accomplished
by two wall-mounted hoods over the sanple grinders. The two hoods are
Sq Ft
Bag Area
Air: Cloth
RatioSystem
1
2
J
97 50
3000
3250
L742
593
593
of 3,500 to
gates.
5.6 to I
5.1 to 1
5.5 to 1
5,000 feet per
3-33
connected by duct work and discharge to the system 3 bag collector
!.isted in the above table. A respirator is required to be worn by the
persou working in che sample preparation room. I,Iork in the saople
preparaEion roon is on e.n intermittent basis.
Public porrer is available and utilized at the Blanding buying
s tation.
\Lr
td(^\cNt\
\o Iotv
!m (.
)I
4-L
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATtrON
AND MILL CONSTRUCTION
4.I EFFECTS ON THE PI{YSICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.1,1 Air Quality
Effects on the surrounding air quality attendaot to the construction
and preoperational phases of the proposed nilling project will primariLy
resuLt from fugitive dust and to a lesser degree gaseous emissions from
construction machinery and .rehicles. Fugitive dust is expected to be
generaied from handling of loose dirt and fine aggregates:',rind erosion
of loose dirt, equipment traffic on unpaved roads and heavy construction
activity. Combustion enissions of gaseous contaminants and particulates
are expecEed from heavy-duty diesel and light duty gasoline engines in
construction machinery. However, air quality inpacts during these
phases will be of a short-Eerm nature and will terrninate at the conclu-
sion of construction.
The toEal quantity of dust generated will be dependent upon a nunber
of variables, such as: soil parEicle size, moisEure conten!, vegetaiive
cover, tire tread pattern, tire speed, and wind speed and turbulence.
Although particulate esrissi.ons cannot be accurately quantified, the
quantity of particles lifted by tires is roughly linearly dependent on
tire speed (EPA, 1976) and the quantity of particles lifred by wind is a
function of the third power of wind speed (U.S, Department of Agriculture
1958).
Construction activity of the mi11 and tailing retention facility
will be a phased operation buU will result in the total reuoval of
approximaEely 3f0 ecres of surface vegetation. As a result of con-
struction traffic and activity, soil (fugitive dust) will be Iifted into
the air and a portion will renain as suspended particulates. According
tc the EPA (1973), parEiculate loading at a t.vpical construction site
will average I to 2 tonsf acrefsonth during all phases of activity. Wind
speeds are nor:rnally low in the project area which should help lessen dust
emissions; in late fall and winter, dusu loading should be aE a miniarum
due to snolil covered or frozen surfaces, reduced activity and the norrnally
lover wind spee<is. During the spring an<i early sunmer when wind speeds
are normally fastest, precipitation is usually lowest and construction
activity is high, fugitive dust emissions will be at a maximum and
suitable nitigating measures will. have to be instigated.
Frequent watering and/or chemical treatment of exposed areas and
heavily travelled areas will help to reduce fugitive dust resulting frorn
construction activity. Covering of haul trucks and reducing vehicle
speeds wiLl aLso help reduce dust Loading. Depending upon the degree of
ect.ivity, even with control measures in effect, construction could
cause occasional short-term inpacts on the concentration of particuLates
within or near the construction 8E€8o
To a much lesser degree, gaseous emissions from vehicle and other
internal combustion construction equipment wilL impact the air quality.
However, due to the spatial and temporal variations of these emission
sources, ihe contribution to the overall irnpact of preoperational activ-
ity is expected to be negligible to the extent that specific nitigation
rueasures will not be warranted.
4.L.2 Surface l{ater Hydrology
During construction of the niIl, slurry pipeline and tailing cells
the ground surface wiLl be disturbed for excavation, haul roads, spoil
areas and other construction related activities. In a rnore hunid c1i-
mate, such ground disturbances would cause a substantial increase in the
water and sediment yieLd from the affected areas due to vegetation
removal and steepening of slopes. In this arid climate, however, soils
are presently e>:posed to eroeion due to the lack of vegetat.ive cover.
The soil remains in place prirnarily because storms capable of causing
waEer erosion occur very infrequently. Nevertheless construction
activities are expected to increase the possibility of larger water and
sedinent yields from the project site. However, the larger yield will
be dependent on the occurrence of a significant, erosion producing,
rainfa11. If such a rainfall did occur, the increase in sediment
4-3
produc t ion
be large.
would be smal1, although the toEal sediment production coulC
Once the first tailing cellrs embankment is about half coropleted,
nearly all construction activities will be contained within the drainage
basin upstream of that embankment. this will have the net effecE of
reducing the water and sedinent yields from these basins to zero.
The extrene eastern edge of the project site lies within the Corral
Creek Basin. This area, which totals less than 10 acres, is not within
the basin of the tailing retention system. Any sediments that are eroded
fron this area would eventually find their rday to Corral Creek, thence to
Recapture Creek, the San Juan River and the Colorado River.
4.1.3 Ground Water Hydrology
The effect of the preparation of the ui1l site and mil1 consEruction
on ground water will be negligible. The depth of the lrater table at the
uil1 site is below the planned depth of excavation; Ehus, site dewatering
will noE be required and construction will not occur within the saturated
zone below the water table.
Preparation of the tailing retention site and construction of the
retention systen will have only miniual effect on the ground water
systeE. The lrat,er table is about I00 feet below the land surface
at the tailing retention site. Therefore, construction activities
will not be in contact with the ground water. Subsequently, after the
retention cells are lined with an impermeable membrane, no seepage is
anticipated from the tailing reEention system downward to the water
table "
None of the planned surface construction activities is projected
to have any effects on the deeper aquifers underlying the project
vicinity. However, the pr:nping of ground rrater from the Navajo Sandst.one
by the well(s) at the oi1l site:nay in time cause a decline in Ehe
potentiometric surface within the Navajo Saadstone in Ehe iurmediate
4-4
vicinity of the pumping weIls. At the present tine, with the lack of any
quantitative aquifer data on Ehe Navajo Sandstone in the project vicin-
iEy, it is not possible to predict either the amount of drawdown or the
radius of influence of the pumping with time.
4.L.4 I.Iater Quality
As discussed in Section 4.1.2, site preparation and construci.ion
are expected to increase the toEal sediment yield to Corral Creek and
downstream drainages if erosion producing precipitation oceurs. Under
such conditions, the relative increase in sedimentation will be smalI.
No other impacts on \rater quality are anticipated.
4.1.5 Land
Construction and site preparation operations will disturb the
existing soils on approximately 310 affected acres. Areas impaeted by
these operations are detailed in Seciion 9.7. The disturbance will
consist of removal and stockpiling of the top 6-inch layer of the soil by
scraper or dozer. After removal oi facilities, the topsoil material will
be respread back over the subsoil.
The disturbance and handling of these soils will not have a serious
impact on their future productivity. The sandy loam and silt loam
textures found in these soils are rrell suited to disturbance and nachine
traffic. Productivity can be restored by reseeding and proper mainten-
ance of vegetation. These soils are erosive. Erosion can be controlled,
however, by good ground cover, and by nulching where needed.
4.1,6 Sound
4. i.6.1 Construction Noise Sources
At this conceptual planning stage, tro construction nethodology
or schedule has been provided. Therefore, the construction of the
uill and tailing retention system has been assumed to be similar to the
construction of an average industrial facility as described by the EPA
(1973). It is estimated that the noisiest period of construction will be
during the excavation phase. The construction equipment required for
4-5
this phase of construction and associated sound levels are listed in
Table 4.1-1. The average sound level (A-weighted here and elsewhere
unless otherwise noEed), L"q (see Appendix F for discussicn of nomen-
clature), that will prevail during the excavation phase of ni11 and
tailing retention facilities construction is estimated to be 55.8 dB at
300 neters (1000 ft) from the center of activity.
The slurry pipeline between the ni11 and tailing retention cells
will be above ground. llo heavy equipment will be required for its
construction. Ttrus, it is anticipated that the sound 1evel radiating
offsite will be negligible from construction of the slurry pipeline.
TABLE 4.1-1
CoNSTRUCTION EQUTPMENT NOrSE LEVELS - EXCAVATIoN 0F
PROCESSING PLANT AND TAILING RETENTION CELLS
Number Usage ,of Units Factor'Equipruent
Compactor
Crawler Tractor
Grader
Pick up ?ruck
Scraper
Water Truck
80
87
78
78
88
7B
I
1
0.40
0.50
3 0.40
0 .50
3 0.55
0.50
A-weighted r"n (total) - 91.8 dB at 15 m (50 ft);
65.8 dB at 300 n (1000 ft)
"U.S. EPA, "Charact.eristics of Construction Site Activity,'r
Phase I Interira Report. February 1977.br"fioiaion of Usage Factor - Fraction of Eine equipment operatesat its noisiest mode. Reference: Dames & Moore, Draft "ConsEructionSite Noise Control, Cost-Benefit Estinating," prepared for U.S. Arny
Corps of Engineers, May L977.
A-Weighted Sound Level
@ 15 m (50 fr) - dBa
4-5
4.L.6.2 Anbient Sound Levels During Construction
The anbienE sound leveis at each measurement iocation rrere esEitraEed
fron the summation of the construction sound 1evel contributions and the
background ambient sound leveLs. Table 4.1-2 presents the estimated
arnbient sound levels during construction at the eight Eeasurenent loca-
tions used to obtain the background anbient sound.
struction schedule was assumed.
A 15-hour/day con-
AUBIENT SOUND LEVELS
PLANT, TAILING
TABLE 4.1.2
DURING CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROCESSING
CELLS, AM SLURRY PIPELINE - dB
Location
Background Ambient
Sound Levels
ConsEruction Anbient
Sound Levels
Change in Anbient
Sound Levels
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
La
56.5
56.7
45 .8
45.8
35.3
47 .8
42.8
48.3
Ln
45.4
47.1
39.2
39.9
35. I
43.t
27 .7
4 r.0
L.dn
56 .9
56.9
47.4
48.2
4l .5
30.6
4t.5
49.5
La
5 6.5
56.9
50.0
47.3
46.7
47 .8
42.8
48.3
Ln
46.4
47.t
39.2
39.9
35.1
43.L
27 .7
41.0
L.ctn
56.5
57 .0
56.2
42.4
46.2
50. 6
41.5
49.5
ta
0
0
L4
I
11
0
0
0
Lr, 'u'00
00
0 11
00
05
00
00
00
4.1.5.3 Iupact Assessment
Using the baseline data obtained from the ambient sound survey
and the estimated sound level contributions due to construction of the
mill and tailing cetls, the inpact on the local noise environment has
been evaluated. No 1ocal" noise ordinances have been adopted by the
county of San Juan or the nearby city of Blanding. The Federal
Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated information that indi-
cates ambient sound leveLs belo, Ldr, - 55 dB do not degrade public
health and welfare. At no place along the boundary line of the proposed
project site will the anbient level increase above Ldo = 55 dB during
4-7
the construction phase. Furthermore, no increase in ambient sound 1evel
is estiurated for the noise sensiLive areas of Bianding and White Mesa
(Locations 1 and 4).
4.2 II'IPACTS ON IITE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.2.L Aquatic Biota
Since Ehe only streams in the project vieinity are in the canyons to
the west and east of the project siEe and since those sireans are ephem-
eral no measurable impacts to a{uatic biota are expected. The one stock
pond to be destroyed provides water and associated vegetation for song
bird and some mammal use. There are no streams or stock ponds aE the
Hanksville site.
4.2.2 TerresErial Biota
4.2.2"L Vegeiation
Preparation of the ni11 site will necessitate removal of 5 acres
of reseeded grassland, 23 acres of distr-rrbed vegetation, 2 acres of
Tamarix-Sa1ix vegetaEion associated with the stockpond and 31 acres of
controlled sagebrush. None of these communities is part of Ehe climax
vegetation. They have been disturbed to varying degrees by either
chaining, plowing, reseeding or fluctuating water levels.
In the preparation of the tailing retention area, 33 acres of
climax Big Sagebrush,119 acres of disturbed reseeded grasslanC and 97
acres of controlled sagebrush will be removed.
During construction, approxiuately 40 Lbs/acre/month oi suspended
particulates will be emitted into the air by construction acEivities
including traffic (see Section 2.7). These particuLates, 'rill eventually
settle out and be deposited in part on the surrounding vegeEaEion.
Generally, dust settling out onto vegetaEion will adversely affect
photosyneEhesis and reduce the vigor of the vegetation. the direction
and disposition rate of suspended particulates will vary temporally and
spatially and cannot be estinated. However, since the prevailing wind
direction is N-NW and the highest wind speeds occur during March, April
and }(ay, the disposition wiIl probably occur south-southeast of the site
over a wide area nostly dominated by Pinyon-Juniper woodland. Since the
highest wind speeds occur during the beginning of the growing season
reduced vigor due to dust settling onto vegetation would be less than
if lower wind speed and greater disposition occurred during this period.
The degree to which photosynthetic ectivity and vigor of vegetation
would be reduced cannot be assessed.
4.2.2.2 Wildlife
Wildlife in the project vicinity would be affected by site prepar-
ation and ni11 construction. Loss of 310 acres of habitat, increased
human activity, traffic, noise and effluent contamination would be the
raajor causes of impacts. There rnay be increased roadkills of sna11
mammals (uainly lagonorphs) and deer on Highway 153 during the con-
strucEion period. Roadkills are both beneficial and detrimental to
scavengers ( see Section 5 .5. 1.2) .
Amphibians
Some anphibian habitat may be lost by construction of the mi11.
Burrows of the fossorial GreaE Basin Spadefoot rnay be destroyed. Any
rodent burrows used by Tiger Salamanders and Woodhousets Toads for
over-wintering wil-1 be destroyed. Quantification of this potential
inpact is not possible because the only amphibian seen in baseline
studies was one Tiger Salamander. Qualitatively, the lack of pe::nanent
water and anphibian sightings indicates the impact would be negligibl-e.
Reptiles
Local popuLations of Sagebrush Lizards, Side-blotched Lizards,
Short-horned Lizards, and l{estern Whiptails wil1 decline in number with
the destruction of about 310 acres of habitat. Some lizards will be
destroyed during construction others Eey escape into surrounding areas
but the net result will be a reduction in Lizard biomass, since it is
assr:med the surrounding area is at or near its lizard carrying capacity.
4-9
No snakes r{rere seen during
I,Jtripsnakes are probably present
habitat for hunting would be the
Birds
Habitat loss (including several cottonwood trees) would affect smal1
populaEions of seed-eating birds directly, and insectivorous and rap-
torial birds indirectly. The large raptors now using the area for
hunting and roosting would probably avoid the area during rnill con-
struction due to increased human activity, traffic and noise. Based on
lost acreages, Table 4.2-l indicates the maxiurum number of individuals of
dominant bird species that would be affected, as cal:ulated from Emlen
transect data.
Mauurals
Construction would eliminate a total of about 310 acres of roCent
and lagourorph habitat. Deer Mice, I'JhiEetail Antelope squirrels, grd
Kangaroo Rats, and silky Pocket Mice would be most affected. A few
cottontails and Blacktail Jackrabbits would be destroyed or displaced.
Table 4.2'2 attemPts to quantify the iurpact for some species of rodents.
Numbers in Table 4.2-2 were calcrrlated from live-trapping data.
1\,ro major impacts on mamuals during mi11 construction would be:
the loss of habitat and increaseC deer roadkills in the winter along
Highway 47. Deer migrate on and near the project siie when moving from
cottonwood creek to Murphy poiot. Roadkills could be reduced if
employees and ore E.ruck drivers rrere made aware of the problem and its
solution. Deer are blinded at nighE by vehicle headlighEs. [fhen a deer
is seen on or near the roadr i simultaneous reducEion in speed and
momentary turning off of the headlights will ahaost always prevenE a
roadk i 1 1.
The loss of 161 acres of controlled sagebrush and Big Sagebrush
habitat could conceivably adversely affect the local wintering deer herd.
The Uteh Division of Wildlife Resources stated 595.2 acres of sage-grass,
field work but Gopher Snakes and Striped
in the area. Loss of about 310 acres of
primary inpact affecting snakes.
4-1 0
TABLE t+.2*1
NI]MBER OF BIRDS OCCURRII{G
REUOVED FROM PRODUCTION
MA'(IMI'M SEASONAL
IN HABITAT TO BE
MiLI Site (51 acres)
Horned Lark
Western Meadovlark
Lark Sparrow
Brewert s Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Conmon Crow
Green-tailed Towhee
Black-bil-ied Magpie
House Finch
American Goldfinch
Mountain Bluebird
Tailing Re:ention Area (249 acres)
Horned Lark
Western Meadowlark
Lark Sparrow
Brewerr s Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
BIack-throated Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Brewerr s BlackbirC
Loggerhead Shrike
American Kestrel
60
t2
L2
29
1
I
I
3
6
22
1
55
59
44
65
12
31
19
9
22
9
3
4-1 I
if only in average condition, would support 49 head of deer during a
winter period (Personal Communication, Mr. Larry J. Wilson, Supervisor
Southeastern Region, JuLy 27, L977). Therefore, 128 acres of controlled
sagebrush and 33 acres of Big Sagebrush habitat would support about
1l deer, assuuing that these aereages are equivalent to 130 of sage-grass
habitat. The assumption leading to the 13O-acre figure is that con-
trolled sagebrush supplies half as much forage as sage-grass habitat and
Big Sagebrush supplies twice as much forage as sage-gress habitat.
It is not known whether the habitat loss will result in deer casualities
or thinner deer. This distinction is importanE because in the long term
any doe casualties must be considered a cumulative inpact, since most
healthy does would have had Ewins the next spring.
TABLE 4.2-2
MINI}IW NU,IBER OF RODENTS SUPPORTED
BY ITABITAT TO BE REMOVED FROM PRODUCTION
Mi1l Site (61 acres)
Deer Mouse
Silky Pocket Mouse
Tailing RetenEion Area
Deer Mouse
Silky Pocket Mouse
Northern Grasshopper
44
69
(249 acres)
221
59Mouse 31
4.3 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 Population
Construction of the proposed uranium mil1 would begin in February
L979 and would reguire one year. The construction work crew would
consisE of 25 people initially, and would escalate to a peak of 250
by August 1979. Ttre average work force employed throughouE Ehe l2-month
construction period would be 175.
Population inpacts associated with the proposed development would
stem from the need to inport workers for jobs not filled by the local
4-12
labor supply. Based on the results of a 1975 survey of major con-
struction projeccs in seven western states, iE can be assumed that
approximately 60 Percent of the Energy Fuels construction work force
would be inported into the region (Mountain l{est Research , lg75). Sixty
percent inportation would result in an initial influx of 15 workers in
February rg7g, which wourd increase steadily until August, when peak
employment would bring 150 construction workers to the Blanding area.
The average work force of L75 would generate an average influx of 105
workers throughout the l2-month construction phase.
Table 4.3-l summarizes projected ernployment for each month of the
construction phase and the number of in-migrating workers associated with
irnportation of 60 percent of the work force.
Some of the newconer construction workers nay elect to bring their
families for the duration of construction activities. Others tray be
weekday residents only, commuting to their permanent residences on
weekends. The total population increment, including imported workers,
spouses and children, would represent a temporary population impact
experienced by the Blanding area for no nore than one year. Table 4.3-2
summarizes the population growth potentially induced by mi11 construction
and indicates that, during the 3-month period of peak activity, up to 341
Persons may be added to the local resident population base; an influx of
239 would represent the 12-Donth average.
Blanding, located approximately 6 miles north of the uill site,
is closer than any other community and thus would receive the greatest
share of project-induced population irnpacts. Monticello is almost
29 miles north of the niII site and Bluff is approxiurately I9.5 miles to
the south. Monticello and Bluff can also be expected to absorb some of
the short-term growth induced by construction activities.
The distribution of newcomers between Blanding, Monticello and Bluff
would depend on a number of factors, including proximity to the ni11
site, the relative availability of rental housing or mobile home spaces
4-t3
TABLE 4.3-1
CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE REQUIREMENTS
Tiue frame
Average
tsor.r""",
b6oz br""a
Research
Emplo,'menta
25
75
150
225
225
225
250
250
250
225
150
50
tneorted workers (692)b
February 1979
March
April
May
June
July
Augus t
Septernber
October
November
December
January 1980
175
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.
on Construction l{orker Profile,(see text).
t5
45
90
135
135
135
150
150
150
135
90
30
105
by Mountain West
6-t4
TABLE 4.3-2
POPIILATION INCREMENr ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT CONSTRUCTIONA
Tota1 Enploynent
Imported l{orkers
Population Associatedwith Inported Workers:
Single workers
Married-fanily
absent
I'larried-f anily
PreEent
Spouses
Children
Total Population Influx
aBasic Employnent figures
brrrlaipliers are based on
West Research (1975).
supplied by Energy Fuels
the Construction Worker
37
40
73
73
118
341
Iac.
by Mountain
lI"::&]1ssb
602
Init ial
I{ork Force(reb.1979)
25
15
Average
lJork Force
175
105
26
28
5I
51
83
239
Nuc lear ,
Peak lJork Force(Aug.-Oct.1979)
?50
150
24.6%
26.5%
48.92
48.92
78.97"
4
4
7
7
l2
34
Profile,
4-15
and the quality of public facilities and commercial services in each
tovn, and the personal preferences of the work force members. Conven-
tional housing for rent is almost completely lacking in Blanding,
Monticello and Bluff, and the situation is not expected to improve
significantly by 1979. The quantity of mobile home accommodations is
coraparable in each community. In terms of public and commercial
services, BIuff would offer the least to prospecEive residents, due to
its snall size. One particular factor which may atErect newcomers to
Monticello is its relatively liberal liquor control policy. Monticetlo
has three resEaurants or clubs which serve liqucr. In contrast, Blanding
is a "dry" town and Bluff has beer only (Verbal Communication, Manager,
Utah Liquor Control Co"r-ission, Monticello outlet, November 3, L977).
Table 4.3-3 summarizas the anticipated population increment i.nduced
by mi11 construction compared to the present and projected populat.ion
of San Juan County and the cornbined population of Blanding, Monticello
and B1uff. Due to the consideratioas presented above, iE would be
speculative and misleading to predict Ehe proportion of newccmers who
would Bove into each of three impact .courmunities . Ilowever, i t can be
assumed that a majority would live in Blanding, and that llonticello and
Bluff would also experience grcwth Curing the mi11 construction phase.
The population increment associated with consEructi.on activities
would represent less than three percent of the total county population in
1979. The impact on each cornmunity would be rnore noticeable; induced
population growth would represenE from 5 to 5.4 percent of the combined
population of Blanding, llonticello and Bluff. The inopact on Blanding may
be significanc. If all newcomers erere to locaEe in Blanding, the toirn
would experience as much as a 10 percent increase in population. As
noted above, however, it is unlilcely that Blanding would receive 100
Fercent of the projecE-induceC popuiation infiux.
4.3.2 Housing
Although sorne construction workers may decide to remain in the
Blanding area upon termination of the project, it can be assumed that
TABLE 4.3-3
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION.INDUCED POPULATION GROWTH COMPARED TO 1979 POPULATIONI
San Juan
County Blanding }Ionticello llg.!j_ Primary Impaet Communities
July 1975 Population
JuLy I977 Population
1979 Population, Assuming:
a. Continuation of 1975-1977
Growth Rates
b. t'High" growth rate projected
for San Juan County by the Utah
Agricultural ExperimenE Station.(cities are assumed to grow in
direct proportion to the
county. )
Population Assogiated with lli11
Cons truc tion: '
a. Initial (February 1979)
b. Average
c. Peak (AugusE-October 1979)
Peak Project-Induced Population (341)
as a Percentage of 1979 Population
Base, Assuming:
a. Continuation of 1975-1977
Growth Rates
b. High Growth Projection
11,964 2,768 1,726 15013,368 3,075 2,208 290
14 ,940 3 ,420 2,830 520
15,270 3,510 2,520 320
34
239
34L
2.3"4
2.22
Combined Total of Three
4,644
5,563
6,760
6 ,350
5.02
5.4"1
5
I
o\
1inlant spaces indicaEe no applicable data'Assumes ImportaEion of 60 percent of the work force.
Source: 1975 Population, U.S. Bureau of Census, 1977
1977 Population, San Juan County Clerk, 19771979(b): Utah Agricultural Experiment Station , 1976
4-t7
rnost newcomers til1 leave upon completion of the mi11, in January 19S0.
Ihe temporary nature of construction employment suggests that most or all
nelrcolllers would desire short-tern, rental housing. However, conventional
housing for rent is almost nonexistent in Blanding, Monticellc and Bluff.
Current construction plans call for the addition of 16 apartment units
Per year in Blanding; no other rental unit construction is anticipated.
It is assumed, therefore, that nobile houres would acconmodate the najor-
ity of incoruing project personnel during the construction phase.
Managers of nobile hone parks
queried in Noveuber 1977 in regard
Blanding, Monticello and Bluff 'sere
current and projected vacancies and
1n
to
plans for expansion. the results, summarized in Tabl.e 4.3-4, indicate
that between 52 and 57 mobile home spaces should be available in January
7979. In addition, as many as 30 spaces nay be available in a ilonticello
mobile home park, and three parks have land availabte for expansion.
Peak emplo]rnent would occur from August to October and would induce
an influx of approximately 150 workers, 73 of whom nay be accoupanied
by dependents. Many single workers and married workers without their
fanilies presenE can be expected to share living acconmodations, due to
the scarcity of tenporary housing. It can be assuned, therefore, thet a
minimum of 99 housing units would be needed during the peak period of
construction activity (i.e., 73 units for fanilies and between 25 and 39
uniEs for the remaining 77 workers).
From May to July and in November, employment of 225 workers would
result in an influx of 135, which is siightly tess than the peak. The
estiurated housing need for this work force would be a minimum of 89 units
(i.e., 66 for families and frou 23 to 35 for single and married workers
without fanilies).
Table 4.3-5 summarizes the esEimaEed Lg79 housing supply and the
project-induced demand. The data indicate that, from May to Noveuber
1979, houses and apartments for rent and mobile home spaces in Ehe three
impact communities would be fully occupied. Motels would be used to
4- 18
TABLE 4.3-4
PROJECTED EXCESS CAPACITY
NOVEMBER 1977
CURRENT AND
Blanding:
Kamppark
Palmers
Monticello:
Rowley' s
l{es t ern er
Bluff:
Trail's End
Coral Sands
OF MOBILE HOME PARKS
Plans for
Expansion
by 1979
Adding l0-12 spaces(reflected in 1979
project ion)
No plans
No definite plans;
however, there is land
available for expansion
No definite plans;
available land woul-d
a1low for an additional
15 spaces
Vacanciesa
4-5
Proj ected
Available
Spaces
Jan. L979
35-37
0
4-5
Inpos s ibleto predict,
may be as
high as 30
1I
L,t- L+
25
30
11 No definite plans I5.5 acres are availablefor expansion
Plan to add 12-14 new
spaces (reflected in
1979 projection)
alndicates spaces not fil1ed by perroanent residents.
Source: San Juan County Travel Council, and verbal coumunications with thefollowing: Rowleyrs Trailer Court, October 27, 1977; Mrs. Pahoer,
Palmerrs Trail.er Court, October 27, 1977; Ruth Chase, WesternerTrailer Court, November 3, 1977; Dale Barknan, Trailrs End Trailer
Park, November 3, L977; Carol thayne, Kauppark, November 3, 1977;
Mrs. McCleery, Coral Sands Trailer Court, November 3, 1977
TABLE 4.3-5
ESTIMATED HOUSING SUPPLY, 1979
AND PROJECT-INDUCED DEMAND
Housing Demanded by Project l.Iorkers
Hous ing Srrpply, 1979
Peak Activity
(August-October
1979)
High RaEes ofActivity (ttay-
Jrrly and November
t979)
Blanding
Mont ice 1 1o
Blu ff
Total Possible
Unirs Avai-labi.e
150
135
Apartment Units
16 new units to be
constructed in 1978
and 1979
Units Needed
for Single and
l,Iarried Workers
Without Families
Present (2-3 workersper unit)
26-39
23-35
llobi.le Home Spaces
35-37
/+-5 probable
30 possible
Plus room for expansionin 2 trailer courts
23-25 probable
PIus land available for
expansion in one traiter
court
Total Housing
Units Demanded
99-rL2
89- l0l
Toral Possible Units
5 1-53
34-35
23-25
Total
Newcouers
Fami I ies(l unit per
fami 1y )
73
66
rIH\o
92-97 108-l 13
4-20
accommodate Potential overflows, particularly fron August until October,
with the result that sr:mmertime tourists may encounter difficulty in
obtaining lodging. Overcrowded conditions would endure until November
1979, when construction enplolment would begin to decline. By February
1980 construction activity is expected to terminate, and most temporary
residents will have left the area.
4.3.3 Public Service Delivery Systems
Construction of the proposed rnill would result in increased road
maintenance costs that would be borne prinarily by the state of Ut.ah.
In addition, population growth resulting from construction activity would
result in greater useage of public services provided by San Juan County.
Health care, mental health, pubLic safety and recreational services would
experience sone increased demand. However, the temporary nature of
construction-induced population growth suggests that increased expendi-
tures by the county to accomodate demand would be ninimal.
Blanding, Monticello and Bluff, the focal points of construction-
induced population growth, will be faced with noticeable increases in
demand for public services with or without the construction of the
Energy Fuels uranium mi11, as the proposed project is only one of a
number of sources of future growth. rn 1979, the temporary population
growth generated by the project would represent an increment of 5 percent
of the combined population of the three towns.
LIater
Local officials and developers have indicated that water supply
is the major constraint to growth in San Juan County. The cities of
Blanding and Monticello are expanding their water supply systems and
officials of both towns have asserted that we1ls will be drilled on an
I'as-needed" basis and will be able to keep up with increasing demand.
Ihe water supply of Bluff comes from three wells. The maxiuum population
that can be served by the existing system is 500, and additional wells
can be drilled if necessary. If Bluff continues to groy at the rate
sustained since L975, new wells will be necessary to accommodate the
4-2L
population by I979, with or withoui mi11 construction. Population
growth resulting frorn milL construct.ion will add to the deoand exerted on
loca1 water supplies but shoutd not, in itself, necessitate increased
well dri1ling.
Sewage Treatment
The selrage treatment lagoon serving Blanding will be upgraded
by 1981, and will then have capacity for a population of 4,500. In the
interim, overflow from the lagoon is used to irrigate adjacent property,
and selrage reportedly does not pollute local drainage systems (Verbal
Coumunication, Mr. Bud Nielson, OcEober L2, L977). In this uanne:, any
increase in use will be accommodated by Ehe existing system.
The seqrage treatment plant oi Monticello is being replaced by a
new system which, by L979, vill have capacity for serving 4,000 to 5,000
residents. According to growth projections outlined in Table 2.2-6,
Monticello will have less than 3,000 residents by 1979. Iherefore, the
project-induced population would not place excessive burdens on the
Monticello system.
Bluff does not have a sewage treatment system. New septic tanks are
planned for one trailer court expansion.
Schools
Due to the short time frame of construction activiEies, it is
expected that Eost inported workers would not bring their fanilies.
According to nulEipliers reported in the Construction Worker Pro!!le, .up
to 48.9 percent of the imported menbers of the work force may be accoltr-
panied by school-age children. During peak periods of activity this
would represent 118 children, which would constitute an increment of fi.ve
percenE of the courbined 1977 enroliments of Blanding, Monticello anC
Bluff schools.
During peak periods of consEruction activityr atr influx of 118
children would represent an addition of five percent to the !977
4-22
enrollment of schools in Blanding, Monticello and B1uff. In 1977, all of
these schools except the high scirool had excess capacity. By AugusE
1978, a new high school will be completed which will relieve overcrowding
in San Juan l{igh School. It should be noted that the impact caused by
ni11 construction would be tenporary; by February I980 tenporary con-
struetion worker fanilies would leave the area.
uti liries
The natural gas supply to Monticello would not be burdened by
the projecE-induced population; the supply situation in November 1977 was
good. Blanding and Bluff do not have natural gas service. Electrical
supplies in Blanding and Bluff are capable of withstanding increased use,
although the Monticello eLectrical distribution systen may be overloaded
by any significant increase in demand (see Section 2.2.2.6 for detail.s).
4.3.4 Economic Base
Construction of the proposed uraniuu uril1 would stimulate Ehe
economic base of San Juan County through wage disbursements and the
procurement of supplies and equipment. It is projected that construction
cosEs would anount to $38 nillion. Of this total, approxinately $Z
rnillion would represent wage pa)ments to the construction work force.
A significant proportion of this income would be injected directly into
the loca1 econony in the forn of food, housing and other personal
consumption expenditures. in addition, regional centers of commercial
activity, including !1oab, Cottez and Grand Junction, would experience in-
creased spending for goods and services. Ihis inerement would represent
a smaller proportion of total spending and hence a less noticeable impact
in the larger cities than in Blanding, Monticello and Bluff.
Based on nationwide expenditure patterns recorded in L977 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics, the construction work force can be expected
to devote approximately 36 percent of its income to personal consumption
expenditures. This would result in the injection of approxinately $2.5
uillion into locaL and regional econouies during the 12-month con-
sEruction phase.
4-23
The procurenent of supplies and equipment during the construcEion
phase would stimulate regional, state and national economies. Table
4.3-6 summarizes anticipated expenditures an<i their region of impact.
4.3.5 Taxes
The construction of the proposed rnill would add tc federal, stete
and local tax revenue through wage and salary paynenEs to the con-
struction work force. Personal income tax obligations representing
approxinately 19 percent of total income would anount to $1.3 million
during the l2-noath consEruction phase and would benefit the state and
federal goverilnents (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1977). In addi-
tion, a sales tax of 5 percent would be applied to personal consumption
expenditures in Utah (Verbal Comurunication, Mr. RoberE Cooper, Utah State
Tax Connission, December 9, L977). Assuming that the bulk of expendi-
tures of the construction work force would occur in San Juan CounEy, it
can be deduced that sales tax revenue would amount to $125,000 (0.05
tiraes $2.5 nillion in local expenditures). 0f this total, $112r500 would
benefit the State and $12r500 would be contribuEed to San Juan County
(Verbal CommunicaLion, Mr. Robert Cooper, December 9, L977).
4.3.6 Quality of Life
Cornnunities of southeastern Utah have traditionally been smali
and close-knit, with social life revolving around the predominant reli-
gion, the Church of Jesus Christ of LaEter Day Saints (lnS). Fanily
life, educaEional attainmenE and marriage within Ehe church af,e empha-
sized. Also, rural tDS communities generally have low rates of crime
(l,Iestinghouse Environment,al Systems DeparEment, L977). Newcomers among
the construction work force rnay be perceived by long-term residents as a
negative, disrupEive inftuence. However, Blanding, l'lonEicel1o and Bluff
have experienced high rates of growth since 1975 and will continue to do
so in the future. By February 1979 locaI residents shoul<i be accustomed
to growth and change, and this would help to soften perceived disruption
of community cohesion and iifestyle during the mi11 consLruction phase.
4-24
TABLE 4.3-5
SI]MMARY OF UILL CONSTRUCTION COSTS(1977 Dollars)
I{age Paynents - Tocal
Personal consurnption expenditures (367") $2,520,000
Equipnent and Supplies - Total
Southeastern Utah (102)
orher parrs of Utah (502)
our of srare (rc.lz)
Indirect Costs - Total
Total Cost During Constructiona
alncludes copper and vanadiun circuits
Source: Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.
$l ,900,000
$9,000, 000
$7 , 2o0, ooo
$ 7,o00,ooo
$ I 8, 000, 000
$l3,ooo,ooo
$38,000,000
4-25
The influx of up to 150 consEruction workers would create crowded
housing conditions and a rapid increase in demand for local goods and
services. Local businesses would benefit from increased spending flows
but some inflation can be expected, which would have a negative impact on
the long-tine residents who are directly or indirectly involved in
the proposed project. The poor and those living on fixed incomes would
be particularly hard-hit. Balanced against this adverse impacE would be
an increase in euplbynent opportunities for local residents, who are
expected to account for at leasE 40 percent of the construction work
force.
4.3.7 Land Use Impacts
Construction of the proposed rnil1 and tailing retention facility
would co.-it approximately 310 acres of rangeland for the durati.on of Ehe
operaEing life of the mi11, expected Eo be I5 years. Construction
acEivity would also add Eo traffic levels on Route 163, thereby creating
iucreased noise and dust. Because the area south of Blanding is devoid
of residential d,evelopment, transportation impacts in the irrnediate
project vicinity would not be noticeable. Blanding residents, however,
may be affected by increased traffic due to trucks and increased popu-
lation.
Secondary, short-term impacts on land use would steu from the
temporary influx of constructioo workers. The increased use of nobile
horues would be lhe most noticeable impact on Local land use patterns.
4.3.8 Historical and Archaeological Sites
The historical tanduark closest to the proposed mill site is Ehe
Edge of Cedars Indian Ruin, located in Blanding. This site and others
listed in the National Register of Historic Places should not be ad-
verseLy inpacted by project construction.
Where Ehe proposed project will affect significant archaeological
resources, Energy Fuels will pernit such resources to be examined
and/or excavated.
4.4 RESOURCES COMMITTED
l{o commercial deposits of
on the project site that would
proposed project.
4-26
oil, coai or minerai are
be irretrievably lost as
known to occur
a result of the
It is anticipated that all of the approximate 3l0-acre area con-
mitted to the proposed project will be reclaimed as wildlife habitat and
livestock range. Thus, the urill site would not represent an irreEriev-
able loss of resources.
Site preparation would temporarily destroy witdlife habitat for
the duration of the project, and animals in these habitats would be
displaced or destroyed. However, reduction in the animal populations on
the project site probably would not be an irretrievable com.itment o! the
animal resources in the region.
Other resources that would be required during construction of
the project include electricity, construction Eaterials and fossil
fuels. However, the amounts of these materials are insignificant.
5-1
5.0 ENVIRON},IENTAL EFFECTS OF MILL CPERATIONS
5.1 RADTOLOGICAL IMPACT ON BIOTA OTHER THAN MAN
In evaluating the iarpact of radioactivity discharged in trace
anounts in the effluent,s from a uranium mill, it is necessary to eonsider
if such discharges: (1) can be directly harmful to life forns in the
area upon isruediate exposure, (2) can be harnful to organisus if accumu-
lated over a life span, and (3) can be accumulated and concentrated by
species which form part of the food chain for oEher species (including
uan).
Analysis of the radiological effects of the proposed projeet on
bioEa in Ehe vicinity, as detailed in the foLlowing sections, agrees
with the experience at other uraniua nills. Under norual operaEion the
net effect of the gaseous and parEiculate releases, from the ni11 anC
tailing retention system will not significantly increase the anount of
radiaEion to which biota in the vicinity are subjected. the concentra-
tions of radionuclides in the environmenE frou mi1l effluents would be a
sma1l percent of che coacentrati.ons indicated in Appendix B of 1.0CFR 20.
Thtr.sr no direct radiological effect on the biota, either of an inmediate
or loog-tertr nature, vould be attributabLe to the releases fron the mill
and tailing retenEicn syst,3m. In addition, because of the low radiation
1eve1s and the absence of any significant concentrating mechanisn cf
these releases in the food chain, the radiological effects along this
path would be niniaal.
5. 1.1 Exposure Path'rays
RaCiation exposure of flora and fauna (both locat and migratory)
and man could potentially occur via a nuaber of pathlrays from ni11-
related activiEies. Pl-ate 5.1-1 il.lustretes some of the possible path-
weys by which exposure to liuited amounts of radioact:vity could
theoretically occurl Ehis diagram should cot be interpreteC as suggesting
the actuaL existence of all of them, or that any one paEh wouid be
continuously available.
PRltclPlt TlltoRETlc[[ ExP0suRt PlTllwrYs
FR0r[ illE PR0P0StD lrllt[
DATI3 8 M(O(DEI
P!-ATE 5.1- l
5-3
Radionuclides can enter the enl'ironmenl in three forms: as radio-
active gas, as particulate or solj-d matter, and as a dissolved rnaEerial
carried by waEer. Ihe sources within the mi11 for each form are dis-
cussed in Seccion 3.3. External to the mi11, radon-222 would be released
as a gas from the ore storage, crushing and tailing retention area.
Air5orne particulates containing uraniun would be released in
small quantities from the process equipmenr vent,s and as dust from the
ore pads. The particulates may be deposited on vegetation or soil,
and enter the food chain through the consumption of vegetation by
grazing anirnals. The area surrounding the facility is uncultivated.
Exposures of higher life forms from uptake Ehrough the faod chain are
expecEed Eo be negligible in view of the unculEivated nature of, the
area and the small quantities of ef!luents reieased. Exposure can
also occur from inhalation of the dust. However, the smal1 quantities
that would be involved here are not expected to cause any measurable
effects.
Liquid effluenEs will not be discharged to surface water bo<iies
except to the tailing ce11s. Inasmuch as the radionuclide ccncentra-
Eions in Ehe liquid effluenc discharged to Ehe tailing area should be
very snall and the tailing cells are designed for the total contain-
ment of liquid effluents (see SecEion 5.2.2), the pctenEial pathway Eo
biota and man through liquid effluents would require that aniraals enter
or drink the tailing w8E€ro The tailing retention area will be fenced
and, thus, potential exposure of Larg,e wildlife species and li.vestock
.ri11 be mirinized.
5.1.2 Radioactivity in the Environment
Details of the uilI circuit incJ.uding a description of means for
minimizing releases of raCioactivit'r and est.imates of release rates,
are presented in Sections 3.3 and 3.4.
In Sections 5.2.3, 5.2.4, and 5.2.5 , a conservative rrworst case"
esi,iraate of 6iiriu61 deposit.ion of uraniurn isotopes aa.l Eheir daughter
products over the
the impact on man
mental Protection
5-4
anticipated operational life of
are presented. These are based
Agency's AIREM computer code (see
the facility, and
upon the Environ-
Section 5.2.3.2).
Table 5'1-1, which is taken from computer printouts given in TablesI through 53 of Appendix E presents the maximum dry deposited activity.This maxinun is expected to occur at the southern sector at g05 Eeters
and 1,609 meters after one year of continuous release for all long-livedisotopes considered part of the source term from the mi11 site. Alsoincluded is the maximum dry deposited activity at the project areaboundaries which is estinated to occur at the southern sector at adistance of 1,082 meters.
rn order to convert these depos ited act ivities Lo figures thatcan be compared with environmental radioactivity measurements, the
'reffective surface density'r of soil quoted by u.s. NRC Regulatory
Guide 1.109 of 240 kglr2 rdas used. wirh this figure, the calculared
maximum deposition rates (see Table 5.1-I) of 22gg pCi/rn2 and 1343pCi/-Z for U-238 correspond to 9.55 pci/kg and 5.60 pCi/kg, respecrively,
and the rates 111 pci/a2 and 65 pci/a2 for Ra-226 correspond to 0.40pci/kg and 0.27 pci/kg, respectively. The measured background levels for
u-238 and Ra-226 in the soil are 0.43 pci/g and 0.51 pci/g, respecrively(see section 2.9). Thus, these depositions would increase the backgroundlevels for u-238 by 2.3 percent and 1.3 percent at 805 meters and at theproject area boundary, respectively; Ra-22G would increase by 0.1 percentand 0.05 percent at 805 meters and at the project area boundary,
respect ively.
Deposition of uraniurn-238 on vegetation at the indicated rnaximuro
depos ition area r{ras estimated as fo1lows. Thre deposition rate from
Table 5.1-1 at 805 Eoerers would be 22gg pCi/az. Ihis is the deposirion
that would be due to one yearts release. During this period there wourdbe continuous deposition, immediate retention by vegetation, and decaydue to the rerention half-life of the vegetation. The equilibriumconcentration (ce) under these conditions is given by the formula:
5-5
TABLE 5.1.1
MAXIMUM ACTIVITY DENSITY DRY DEPOSITION.MILL EFFLUENT
SOUTHERN SECTOR
( p rcocunrrs/unrrn2 )
Project Site
Boundary ( 1082m)I 609mIsotope
u-238
u-234
Th-230
Ra-226
Pb-210
Po-210
805m
2288
2288
22L
111
108
39
1343
1343
130
65
63
23
705
705
58
34
33
l2
e = 2288 . (Rc/T) .
5-6
T exp(- t)dt = z2g| . R /( T)
where T is the period involved, which is one year; R" is the imnedi,
ate retention coefficient which rras assuued to be 0.3, and is the
decay constant of retention which lras calculated from the assumed
retention half-Iife of 15 days. This calculation yields 40.7g pcila2
as Ehe equiLibrium concentration of U-238 at the maximum deposition
point. The corresponding figure for rad.ium-226 is I.97 pcila2.
Ihe foregoing evaLuation indicates that deposition of anticipated
dust eoissions will not cause measurable increases in offsite radio-
activity leveLs above background.
since it is not planned to discharge liquid rraste frorn the ni11
receiving water bodies, no buildup of rai11 effluent radionuctides
surface lrater bodies is anticipated.
5.1.3 Effecr on Biota
concentrations of radionucl.ides ere reduced with every transfer,
as when transierred from soil to plants, when plants are consumed by
animals and when animal ldastes return to the soil. Concentrations are
also reduced by atmospheric diffusion, soil dispersion and diffusion,
and by the rnovement of animals. As a result, radioactive material
-added to the environment will not accumulate but will become diluted
and dispersed into a much wider area, becoming undetectable within
short distances from the ui11. Consequently, because of this dilution
and because of Ehe lov leve1s of radioactivity that wouLd be deposited
by particulates associated with the rnillts ralr naterials, processes,
and product, no single source of input is considered sufficient to
produce a detectable detrinental effect upon any of the organisms
normally found in the vicinity.
to
in
5.2 RADIOLOGICAI IMPACT ON UAN
Man is exposed in varying degrees, depending upon
and location, to sources of radiation found in nature.
his activities
For example,
5-7
cosmic radiaEion entering the earEhrs atmosphere and crusE is a natural
radiation source. 0ther natural radiation sources affecting man are the
radioacEive elements found in the earthrs crust, such as uranium and
thorium and their decay products including radium and radon.
I{hile all the naEurally occurring radionuclides contribute tc
internal radiation, only a few are founC to be of measurable signifi-
cance. Among Ehese are radiuu and its daughEer radon which are released
to varying extents during uranium milling operations. Radon concentra-
tions vary due to atmospheric and soil conditions as well as on a d:lurrral
and seasonal basis.
IE is known thaE population doses attributable to t.he uranium
rnilling industr;r are relacively 1ow because these mills are located in
very remote and sparsely popuLated areas and because waste treatmenf
and retention systems are employed during operations. htrile uraniurn
milling activities conEribute Eo the content of radioacEive material
in the environment, population doses frorn this source cannot be dis-
tinquished from background radiation which, in the State of Utah,
is an annual whole body dose of approximately 180 mrem per person
(EPA-520/1-76-010) .
5.2.1 Exposure Pathways
Man can be expcsed to radionucliCes vi,r the pathways described
in Section 5.I.1 as Ehe final consumer in the fcod web or by direct,
exposure to gaseous or particulate airborne effluents. However, since
the quantities of radionuclides released would be so sma11 and the
dispersion distance signiEicant to any resi<iences or concentrations of
people, none of these pathways will resuLt in measurable exposures.
Exposure via gaseous aad iiquid effluents is discussed frrriher in the
following sections.
5.2.2 Liquid Effluents
There will be no liquid effluents discharged to surface',iaters.
A11 liquid effluents will be impounded in Ehe tailing retenticn systen
5-8
which is designed to totally contain these effl,uents. Ihis will be
accomplished through an inperricus lincr at the boiton of the cells. The
cel1 area is designed to be sufficient to achieve evaporation of the
toEal liquid effluents.
In the event, however unlikely, that the liner integrity is violated
there could be seepage into the strata below the tail.ing area. This
seePage could carry some radionuclides dissolved in water depending on
the chemical conditions and solubility of the radionuclides. Ihe depth
to the ground water from the botton of the cells will be approximately 75
feet. The stratum is mainly sandstone with some interbedded clay whose
primary permeability is negligible, and whose secondary permeability is
estimated to be about 5 feet/yr. It i-s Iikely Ehat the tiny fissures and
cracks that constitute this secondary perraeability contain uraterial
deposited over the ages that is likely to enhance the radionuclide
retardation capability of Ehe stratum. For example if the retardation
coefficient lrere 10, (retardation coefficients for western U.S. desert
soil, mostly sand, have been quored IBNWL-I900J as 14,3oo for u-23g and
500 for Ra-226 which are quite normal for these radionuclides) than the
radionuclides would move 10 tirnes slower than srater. In addition, it
is 1ikely that the clay material in the tailing would seal these tiny
fissures and cracks preventing further migration of water, and as a
consequence, radionuclides.
5.2"3 Airborne Effluents
The calculated retease rates of airborne effluents that wouLd result
from the ore storage area, ore grinding operation, yellowcake drying and
packaging operaiion, and tailing retention area !ilere calculated in
Section 3.3.2 and are sumrnarized in Table 5,2-1. The data base utilized
in addition to these source terms, and the calculational procedures, are
outlined in the next two sections.
5.2.3.1 Data Base
Meteorological wind frequency distributions ineluding pasquil-
lized hourly surface data were obtained from the readings taken during
5-9
TABLE 5.?-I
SUMI'IARY OF RELEASE RATES
Source
Mi 11
Tailing
Rn-222
Ci/yr
u-238
mci/yl
45.5
b
rJ-234
rnCi/yr
45.5
Th-230
r,ci-/.yr
4.4
Ra-226E
Daughters
mCL/yr
2.2128
g0a
aNot continuous. Release is due Lo
prior to stabitization for each of
b--- = insignificant release leve1s
intentioaal drying of taiiing
three areas.
5-l 0
1970-1974 at the Blandings National lieather Service Station (see Section
2.7.2) Summaries of the data are provided in Appendix C. occurrences
of calm conditions have been distributed in the 0-3 niles per hour wind
speed class categories based upon the number of observations in the 0-3
and 4-6 niles per hour categories. These data, tabulated in accordance
with the standard U.S, Department of Commerce format, were changed to
conform to the U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide L.23 format for the conputer
analys is.
A population wheel with a radius of 7 miles (ff km) was deter-
roined fron the project site in order to include the town of Blanding, the
nearest significar.t population. Specific population figures were used
wherever possible, otherwise conservative estimates obtained frou an
average rural density were used.
5.2.3.2 Radiological Diffusion Analysis
Estimates of individual whole body lung, bone and kidney organ
dose comuitments at annular ring centerline distance from 0.5 ni (804
n) out to 6.5 ni (10,458 u) from rhe nill are presented in Appendix E.
These calculations, based upon ueteorological data from the weather
station, were uade using a seui-infinite cloud uodel with effluent
concent,rations per unit emission (x/Q) data. Ttre computer printouts
with the results in exponential notation are to be found Tables 13 to 29
of Appendix E.
A11 calculations represent 50-year dose commitments, in conform-
ity with the output of the EPA progran, ArREu, which was use<i to deter-
mine dose commitrnents. The 50-year dose conmitment is a concentration
tine integral that prevailed during a particular tine interval. Ihis
views radioactive atnospheric contamination as a one year episode or
period of exPosure and the resultant 50-year dose resulting from the
radionuclides as they are elininated from the body through radioactive
decay as well as biological elinination. The 50-year dose commitment is
most correctly reported as a ltrrerD dose rather than a dose rate such as
mrem Per year. (A uren is an abbreviation for milli roent.gen equivalent
5-1 1
man. A mrem is l/1r000 of a rem, the quantity of radiaEion producing a
biological effect, on man, which is equivalenE Eo Ehat resulting from
absorption of one roenEgen of gamma or x-radiaEion.)
AIREM3 is a compuier code usefut for the calculation of doses to
the general population due Eo atmospheric emissions of radionuclides.
A standard sector-averaged Gaussian-diffusion equation is solved repeat-
edly for each raCionuclide, wind sector, stability class, and downwind
distance. Radionuclide conLributions to doses to as many as r-our crit-
ical organs are summed and printed by sector and downwind distance.
Population doses (naa-rem) are also calculaEed.
The code sccounts for the following physical processes: cloud
diffusion, ground and inversion-1id reflections, radionuclide decay by
t,ime of flight, first daughter-produci buildup, ground depositian of
particulates (in<iependently), cloud depletion, in-p1ant hoidup and
decontamination facEors, and secEor-Eo-secEor conEributions Eo exEer-
na1 gamma dose.
The code is dose nodel indepeadent such that dose conversion
facEors, provided as input data, are used for calcutations of dose
that are proport.ional to radionuclide concenErations in the cloud.
Dose conversion tables obtained from U.S. NRC Regulatory Cuide 1.109
were utilized.
The idealization of the sources to point sources inlroriuces singu-
larities, which result in calculations that are not reliable too near the
source. This idealization cannot be avoided, and the resulEs should be
interpreted accordingly (see Seetion 5.2.4, tailing area caLc'rlations).
A1so, the dose co.mitmenE esti$ates presented herein are in addition to
the existing baseline radioactivity 1eve1s wichin the project site.
These baseline radioactiviEy levets Cue to natural sources are about.1.60
mreo/year for each person in Ehe State of Utah.
5-12
5.2.4 Dose Estirnates From Atmospheric pathways
Detailed estimates of whole body and significant organ 5O-year
individual dose commitments due to effluents et each sector affected
and at 0.5 (0.8), 1.5 (2.4), 2.5 (4.0), 3.5 (5.6), and 4.5 rni (7.2 kn)
distances are Presented in Tables 5.2-2 and 5.2-3. Ihese tables were
taken frora the Eore extensive couputer printouts presented in Tab]es 13
through 29 Appendix E. Summaries of 50-year indiviCual dose co"urrit-
Bents et the project boundaries due to ui11 effuents are given in
Table 5.2-4.
Tailing erea effluent estioates were treated in a different way
than those for the ni11 effluents. rt was deemed inappropriate to
approxinate the tailing area as a point source (which is the less
conservative case) due to the areal extent of the tailing, the rela-
tively cl.ose site boundaries, and the three stage construction. The
AIREM3 program was run for the unit tailing effluent for a large number
of distances, i.e., a parametric analysis was perforned, and these
results \rere nunerically integrated over the tailing areas to obtain the
individual doses.
Table 5.2-5 gives the areally integrated tung doses from each of the
tailing areas at distances measured from the approximate center of the
respective areas in eight compass directions at tlro points: the edge of
the respective tailing area and the project site boundary in that
direct ion.
Table 5.2-6 further 'su'r*arizes exposure to individuals at signi-
ficant specific locations in the vicinity of the sources.
5.2.5 Population Doses From Atmospheric Pathways
The 50-year dose commitments to the population for whole body and
significant organs attributable to the ni11 effluents are presented in
Tables 13 through 29 of Appendix E. Ttre total population 50-year dose
commitment resulting from one year's release is estimated to be 0.01
man-rem (population dose) to the whole body, 1.39 nan-rem to the Iung,
DISTANCE
TABLE 5.2-2
INDIVIDUAI WHOLE BODY AND LUNG DOSE COMMITI{ENTS
FROM MTLL SITE EFFLUENT
Whole Body Individual Dose Commitments (mrem) a
SECTOR
EITB ESE SE SSE ssw NNW
805m
24L4m
4O23,m
5632m
724Lm
DT$TANCE
.L7
.02
.01
.01
<. 01
.23
.o3
.01
.01
<. 01
NNE
.29 .L4 .20 .23 . 60 .67 1. 3 .25 . 15
.o4 .o2 .o3 .o3 .o9 .10 .18 .O4 .O2
.o2 .01 .01 . 01 . 04 .o4 .08 .o2 . 01
. 01 <. 01 . 01 .01 . 02 .o2 .o4 .01 <.01
. 01 <.01 <.o1 . 01 .01 .o2 .03 . 01 <.01
Lung fndirridual Dlse Commitments (mrem) a
SECTOR
ESB SE SSE ssw
.06 .o7
.o1 .or
<.01 <.oI
<.01 <.01
<.01 <.ol
. 09 .16 .L2
.01 .o2 ,o2
. ol_ .01 .01
<.01 <. oI <.01
<.01 <.0I <.ol
(x
I(,
B05m
24I4m
4O23m
5632m
724'Lm
L4.
2.O
.86
.50
.33
19.
2.8
1.2
.70
.47
24.
3.7
r.6
.92
.62
LZ.
1.8
.79
.46
.31
L7.
2.7
t.2
.7L
.48
f1
2.O
.88
.52
.35
5.O
.76
.33
.19
.13
6.2
.95
.4L
.24
-15
7.3
1.r
.45
.26
.77
19. 51.
3.2 8.4
L.4 3.7
.83 2.2
.56 1.5
108. 21.
18. 3.4
7 .9 1.5
4.7 .89
3.2 .61
59.
9.5
4.2
2.5
1.7
13 . 9.8
1.9 1. 5
,80 .62
.46 .36
.30 .24
t50-y..r dose commitrnenEs resulting from I year release
IABTEI:t!__
INDIVIDUAT BONE AND KIDNEY DOSE COMMTTMENTS
rROM MILL SITE EFTLUENT
Bone Indiviclual Dose Commitments (mrem)a
SECTOR
DISTANCE SSE ssw WNW NW
805m
24L4m
4O23m
5532m
724Lm
DISTANCE
3.5 4.9
.52 .72
.20 .29
.11 .16
.o'7 .10
NNE
3.O 4.3
.46 .66
.19 .27
.10 .15
.o7 .09
13. 14.
2.O 2.3
.81 .93
.45 .52
.29 .33
6.2
.92
.37
.20
.13
4.9
.77
.31
.L7
.11
zt.
4.2
L.7
.95
.61-
5.3
.83
.34
.1.9
.7.2
1.6
.24
.09
.05
.03
1.9
.2A
.11
.06
.04
3. 3 1.3
.50 .19
.20 .08
.11 .04
.o7 . 03
3.4 2.6
.48 .38
.19 .15
.10 .08
.o7 .05 UT
I
5
Kidney fndividual Dose Conunitments lmrem) a
ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW
805m
24L4m
4O23m
5632m
724Lm
1. O 1.3
.I4 .20
.06 .08
.03 .O4
.o2 .03
3.5 3.9
.55 .63
.22 .25
.L2 .L4
. 08 .09
7.3 1.5
t.2 .23
.47 .o9
.26 .05
.L7 .03
.89 .35
.14 .05
.05 .o2
.03 .01
.o2 .01
.44 .53
.06 .o8
. 03 .03
. 01 .o2
.01 .o1
.93 _,7L
.13 .10
.05 .o4
.03 .o2
.o2 .01
r.7
.25
.10
.06
.04
.42
.13
.05
.03
.02
L.2
.18
.07
.04
.03
1.3
.21
.09
.05
.03
" s0-y"ar dose commitments resulting from I year release
5-i 5
serr 5.2_4
DOSE CON4}4ITMENTS AT PROJECT BOIJNDARIES
FOR EACH SECTOR ET'FECTED }'ROM
I{ILL srrE ETTLUENT a
Sector
>5ti
S
SSI'I
S9I
wsw
w
WNW
NW
NNW
Distance
(meters)
1750
L890
1170
876
800
876
1170
1170
1082
1170
2180
1690
800
876
IL70
990
Whole Body
(mrem)
0.04
0. 05
0.15
0.12
o.20
0.20
0. 31
0.35
o.73
0.13
0. 02
o.02
0.08
0.08
0. 08
0. 08
Lung
(mrem)
3.49
4.20
L2.32
9.87
17.15
L6.69
27.O3
30.45
64.85
11. 14
, "c
1.37
6.23
6.18
6. 51
6.71
Bone
(mrem)
0.85
1.03
3.11
2.54
4.3A
4.15
6.46
7 .32
15.54
2.7A
0. 55
0.34
1. 59
1.64
1.68
L.77
Kidney
(mren)
0.23
0.28
0. 85
0. 70
1.18
1.14
L.i7
2.OO
4.24
o.7 4
0.15
0.09
o.44
0. 45
o.46
0.48
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
tso-yaat dose cormnitrnents resulting from I year release
Tailing Area I
Project
Area Edge Boundary
TABLE- 5.2-5
TNDIVIDUAL LUNG DOSE COMMITMENTS
FROM TAILI}IG EFTI,UENTS .(mTem) A
Tailinq Area 2
Project
Area Edge Boundary
tailinq Area 3
Project
Area Edge BoundaryDirection
E
SE
s
sw
w
NW
64.7
64.9
62.6
r55.0
154.0
151.0
2L.2
63. 3
N
NE
2.87
L.7L
4. OB
33.0
4t.6
4.05
4.40
54.8
54.7
55. O
52.2
L42.
141.
140.
IB. 3
53. 9
2 .18
2.L3
3.78
58.9
57.6
7.55
13.9
13.6
54.7
55. O
58. 5
150.
150.
L49.
18.3
53.9
1.80
2.23
3.78
130.
L2L.
8.73
11.9
6. 05
(.rr
I
o\
t s0-y""t dose commitment resulting from I year release
TABLE- 5.2-6
EXPOSURE TO INDTVTDUALS AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS
IN THE VICINITY OF THE MILLA
Lo<:aLion
Distance
(meters)
Whole
Bodv Lung Kidney
Sector (rnrem)
Po.Lnt of maxi.ntum ground l6vel
concentrations offsite
Boundary in the direction of
the lrrevailirrg wind
Boundary nearest to the
sources of emission
Direction at which the maximum
l.ung dose would be received at
the bountlary
Direction of nearest population
center (Blantling, Utah)
1082
1082
800
1082
10458
o.73
o.73
o.20
o.73
<o. ol
64.46
64.t36
17. 15
64.46
4.27
15. 54
Is.54
4.30
15.54
o. 05
4.24
4.24
1.18
4.24
o. ol
vr
I{
NNE
as0-year dose commitments resulting from I ye;rr release
5-1 8
0.27 man-rem Eo the bone and 0.07 man-rem to the kidney based upon the
best available population wheel described in Section 5.2.3.1.
5.3 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISCIIARGES
5.3.I Airborne Discharges
5.3.1.1 Vehicle Emissions
Eraissions fron vehicles used in the milling processes and ore
transPort from the BI-anding and Hanksville buying station as well as
vehicles used for mi1l maintenance and service would irnpact the atnos-
phere to some extent. The EPA (1975) has estiuated average emissions
rates for various gasoline and diesel powered vehicles and these are
presente<i in Table 5.3-1. The suspected temporal and spatial character-
istics of these emissions and the relativety low vehicle emission raEes
will be such that their irapact on the local atmosphere should be insig-
nificant.
Possible impacts resulting from fugitive arrt due tp vehicular
traffic shculd also be ninirnal. Ttre largest potential source of these
emissions will be the 30-ton trucks hauling ore from the buying sta-
tions to the uill site. Under normal urill operation, 15 truckloads per
day of ore will be hauled from the Hanksville buying station to the mil1.
These trucks will traver paved roads and the ore wilI be evenly dis-
tributed in the truck beds and covered with tightly tied canvas, thus
essentially elininating dust emissions.
5.3.L.2 Mi11 Stack Emissions of Chemicals
Attendant with the operation of the proposed mi11, quantities
of SO2, NO, and particulates wiLl be ernitted from the various stacks,
most importantly the process boiler and secondarily the yellowcake dryer
(see SecEion 3.5.2.1). These emissions wil.l be relatively small and with
reference to the arnbient air quality standards should result in only
slight irnpacts on t,he local air quality.
Calculations of ground-1eve1 concentrations resulting from these
emissions were performed assuming various meteorological conditions. Ihe
5-1 9
?ABLE 5.3:1_
EMISSION RATES FOR HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL-POWERED
AliD GASOLINE-POWERED CONSTRUCTTON EQUIPMENT
(grans Per second)
(From U.S. EPA, 1976)
Diesel-Powered
Tracklaylng
tractor
Wtreeled
tractor
htreeled
dozer
Scraper
Motor grader
lJheeled loader
Tracklaying
loader
0ff-highway truck
Ro1ler
Mlscellaneous
Gasolin+Powered
*".r-
tractor
Motor grader
Wheeled loader
Bo11er
Ulscellaoeous
Carbon
Monoxide
<0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
n?
<0.1
0.1
Exhaust
Hvdrocarbons
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Nltrogen
Oxldes (N02)
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0. i
0.1
Sulfur
Oxides (SOe)
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Particulates
<0,1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0, 1
<0.1
<0. 1
<0.1
L.2
1.5
2.0
1.7
2.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0. i
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Source: U.S. EPA, L976
5-20
maxi,um I hour concentrations of^ s02, N0* and particulates rrere
calcrrlated to be r13, 5r. and ?g ug/r',, respectively, arrd were calculatedto occur at a point 2.0 kiloneters from the boiler stack. rhe above
calculations assutre stable atmospheric conditions with a light persistent
wind parallel to the dryer and boiler stacks. The modeling technigues,
assumptions and design and emission parameters used in these calculations
are presented in detail in Section 5.1.3.4.
Using the Turner tine averaging nethod (Turner, 1970), estimated
maximum 3-hour toz concentrations should be 95 u g/m3 and the 24-hour
maximum sOz and particulate concentrations should be 67 and l7 u g/r3,respectively. These values are well below the respective state and
nationaL siandards and indicate that s02, ,oz and particulate con-
centrations should be also below the applicable annual average standards.
It should be noted that these values ere based
"worst'r case conditions. upon the cornpletion of one year
collectioa an additional diffusion modeling using actual
be performed and presented in the Supp1enental Report.
upon es tinated
of on-site data
site data will
5.3.2 Liquid Discharges
A11 liquids fro'm the mill operation will be contained in a closedsystem' No effects from these are anticipated since no discharge will
occur o
5.4 EFFECTS OF SANITARY AND OTHER WASTE DISCHARGES
Effluent from laundry wilI discharge into the tailing retentionsysteE. Sanitary ldastes wiLl be treated in a septic tank and drainedinto a leach field. rhere would be no other waste discharges. rt isanticipated, therefore, that no impacts on surface waters, ground lrater
or biota would result from waste disposal.
5-21
5.5 OTHER EFFECTS
5.5.1 Terrestrial BioEa
5.5.1.1 VegetaEion
The projected impacts on air quality from operation of the ni11
(see Section 5.3.1) are not so significanL that they would affect vege-
tation. No other effect on vegetation is anticipated from operation of
the proposed mi11.
5.5.1.2 Wildlife
Roadkills of deer and rabbiEs are expected to increase liith
increased traffic associated with ore hauling on Highway 95 between its
juirction with ltighway 163 and the tlanksville ore buying Staiion and on
I{ighway 163 between the torrn of Blanding anC the proposed ni11 site.
This inpact and its uitigation has been discussed in Section 1.1.2.2-
Roadkills provide food for scavengers. I{owever, scavengers themselves
are subject t,o being killed by collisions with vehicles when flushed frour
such feeding situations. Utah Division of Wildlife Resotrrces personnet
indicate that increased truck Eraffic on l{ighway 89 between Kanab and
Page has resulted in several recorded incidents of Golden Eagle and oEher
raptors colliding with coal trucks (Personal Communicat.ion, I'1r. Joe L.
Kennedy, Assistant Superintendent National Park Service GIen Canyon
National Recreation Area, November 8, 1977).
Relatively minor impacts are anticipaEed aE the mi1l site during the
I5-year operational life of the project. Noise nay affect shy species,
such as large raptors. Poaching of deer is expected to increase in the
general vicinity of the project site; this inpact could be partially
uitigated by a coupany enployment policy forbidding carrying of firearms
in vehicles on coopany properEy. Song birds and waterfowl may be ad-
versely affected by attempting to use the tailing retenticn cells for
resting, drinking and feeding areas. This impacE is not expected to be
significant for waterfowl since the mill site is not on a major cigratory
flyway and L977 observaEions indicated minor waterfowl use of existing
stock ponds in the project area; however, it could be significant on song
birds, depending on waier quality of the tailing reLention cells. If the
5-22
impact is significant, rnitigation could include noise makers or netting
of ce1ls to discourage use by bir<is but Ehe estimaEed nagnitude of the
inpact probably does not rrarrant rnitigation.
5.5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of project Operation
operation of the proposed rni1l is expected to begin in February
1980 and to ernploy 75 to 80 workers. The anticipated operaEing life of
the project is 15 years. ftnpacts on the social and economic environoent
of the Blanding area would stem prinarily fron the irnportation of workers
and the increased spending due to rrage and salary disbursements and
annual property tax payments to local government.
The Hanksville and Blanding ore buying stations are in operation
and are, therefore, part of the existing socioeconomic environment. No
additional impaets would result frou a continuation of the buying station
operations.
5.5.2. I Population
Operation of trtre proposed rnill would generate an increase in
population through the inportation of some proportion of the project work
force. According to the Blanding office of the Utah Department of
Eruployment security, the requirement for all but highly skilled, tech-
nical personnel for the nill coul.d be fulfilled from the local labor pool
(Verbal Co-.unication, Mr. Lyman, Manager, Blanding Office of Eroploynent
security, september 7, 1977). Energy Fuels Nuclear, rnc. anticipates
that 25 percent of the work force would be of a skill levet vhieh could
not be found localIy. Therefore, because every effort would be nade to
hire as many loca1 residents as possible, it is expected that rniIl
operation would necessitate the importat.i.on of onry 20 workers.
According to population rnultipliers recorded in the Construction
Worker Profile (Mountain l{est Research, 1975), fanilies moving into the
project region during the inpact period would have an average size of
3.5. (rnis also corresponds Lo the average number of person per house-
hold in utah in 1970.) Applying this ro rhe nuuber of anricipated
5-23
workers, it can be seen Lhat the total nunrber cf. newconers <iirectly
associated with mi11 operation would be 70, which represents 1.3 percent
of the combined L977 population of Blanding, Monticello and B1uff.
The above discussion is a realistic, though somewhaL opEimistic,
assessment of inpacts of the proposed ni1l. It should be not.ed that, in
the event of implementaiion of the project, a number of factors may be at
work which would alter this forecast. Most significantly, inportation of
Eore than 25 percent of the project work force would necessitaEe an
upward adjustment of all population-related iurpacEs. If 100 percent of
the work force were iruported, for exampte, dir:ect population growih would
be as high as 280, representing five percent of the combined 1977 oopu-
laEions of Blanding, Monticelto and Bluff.
In addition to lhe newcomers directly associated with the project,
ui11 operaEion would foster indirect population growth due to stimulaEion
of the loca1 economy through a multiplier effect. This process is
explained in Section 5.5.2.3. The creation of 88 indirect, ser.rice-
sector jobs would result in a secondary wave of population growth.
Assuming: 1) 24 pereent of the new fanilies would have working spouses,
and 2) an overall average of 3.5 persons per household, indirect growth
would consist of 235 new residenEs (l.lountain lry'esi Research, i975). Ihis
growth would occur over the long run, as a response to economic condi-
tions and other variables which cannot be accurately predicied at Ehis
point (see Section 5.5.2.3). Therefore, i; should be noted that this
projection of indirect growth shoutd be interpreted as a general guide
and is subject Lo change.
Because the pace and extent of indirect growth cannot be accurately
predicted, subsequent sections of this report address impacts of Cirect
growth only. It should be noted that secondary growth would add to the
demand on housing and public services. liowever, this would not occur
simultaneously with increases in demand exerted by the project operaEion
creqr; the indirect growth process may occur over ssveral. yrears.
5-24
Ihe conbined.direct and indirect population increment would total
approximately 300, representing 5.5 percent of the combined 1977 popula-
tions of Blanding, Bluff and Mcnticellc. Although this growth would be'concentrated in Blanding, it is anticipated that Monticel.lo and Bluff
would share in the direct and/or indirect growth generated by operation
of the project.
5.5.2.2 Housing
rn the fal1 of L977, Blanding, Monticello and Bluff had little
or no excess housing capacity. Although developers are planning con-
struction projects in Blanding and Monticello, it is probable that, in
the absence of advanced notice, there would be a mininal number of
houses available when ni11 operatioa comuences in February 1990.
Therefore, mobile homes are Likely to be the short-tern answer to housing
needs of the project work force. Local developers have indicated an
interest in providing housing for permanent residents associated with
the ni11 and it is anticipated that the two largest developers in
Blanding will have the capacity to produce 40 units per year by I980
(verbal communication, Mr. Terry Palmer, Palmer Builders, october 27 ,
1977). Therefore, it is assumed that an influx of. 20 families associated
with project operation could be accommodated by the temporary and per-
Banent housing stock in the Blanding area.
Table 5.5-1 summarizes the type of housing demand that can be
expected frou the project work force and indicates that the najority of
nerrcomers would purchase single-family horaes if available (Mountain West
Research , L975).
TABLE 5.5-1
ANTICIPATED HOUSING DEMAND OF IMPORTED
Type of Unit Percent of Newcomers
PROJECT WORKERS
Number of Units
Demanded
Single-fami 1yMultiple family
Mobile Home
0ther
TotaL
Source: Multipliers based
by I'Iountain West
55
L7
25
2
99
on Constru.ction
Research, L975.
I1
3
5
t
20
I{orker Prof ile,
5-25
5.5.2,3 Municipal Services and the Tax Base
The influx of 20 families direccly associateC '../ith rnil1 operation
would have a mininal long-terrn impact oe prlfllq facilities and services
in the Blanding area in 1980. Increased capital expenditures and
operating cosEs would e',rentua1ly be offset by increased property tax
revenue resulting from the mi11 and from new residential construcEion for
newcomers. However, municipalities may experience ir.creased costs one or
tlro years before the increased tax revenue occurs.
Water and Sewage Treatment
The cities of Blanding and Monticello are currently e:<panCing
their water supply systems and will continue to drill wells to keep pace
with future demand. A1so, sewage treatment systems in both cities are
being upgraded. Improvements to the Blanding sewage lagoon should be
completed by 1981. In the interim, seerage overflow is used to irrigate
adjacent properEy, and increases in demand are expecEed to be accommo-
dated in this manner. The time frame for the planned lagoon systen in
Monticello is uncertain, although its complet.ion is expected within the
new two years. At Ehat time, Ehe Monticello system is expected to have
the capacity to accommodaEe 4000 to 5000 residents. The coununity of
Bluff is at.tempting to obtain federal funding for a selv'age treaEilent
system. In the absence of funding, a contimration of Ehe use of in<ii-
vidual septic Eanks can be expected. Table 5.5-2 summarizes aLternative
population projecEions of the potentially impacteC communities compared
to the expected capacity of waEer an<i sewage Ereatment systens and
indicates thar planned expansions should enable services Eo keep up with
growth occurring with cr without the CevelopmenE of the mi11.
School s
Approximately 30 school-age children would be included in the
population increment directly induced by mi11 operation. This vould
constitute an addition of one percenE to the 1977 combined enrollnerrt of
schoois in Blanding, Monticello and Bluff and, therefore, would not
create a significant or adverse impact on the San Juan School District.
Ln 1977, elementary schools in the three communities had excess capacity.
5-25
TABLE 5.5-2-
LONG.TER]'{ PROJECT-INDUCED POPULATION GROI.ITH
COMPARED TO 1980 POPI'LATIO}I AND CAPACITY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
San Juan Blanding Monticello Bluff
County
July 1975 Poputation
July 1977 Population
1980 Population Assr:ming:a) Continuation of the
1975-L977 Growth Rateb) "Highrt Growth Rate
Projected by the UtahAgricultural Experiment
Station (Cities are assumedto grow in proportion in
county )
Population Directly Associatedwith MilL operation
Projected Capacity (in terms ofpopulation) of PubLic Services,
1980-1981:
Waier Supply
Sewage Treatuent
Water Treatment
11 ,964 2,769 t,726 15013,368 3,075 2,209 290
15 ,730 3,590 3, 140 640
16,2t5 3,730 2,690 340
70 ,rr" ,r"" ,rr"
,r." Dril I Drill 5oo
as needed as needed
,r.t 4, -soo 4, ooo- Not5,000 Availabl.e
,r"" 4, 5oob 4, ooo Nor
Available
aNot applicable
brirrot improvements wouLd be needed to reach this capacity. otherwise thepeak capacity is 3,900.
Source: L975 Population, U.S. Bureau of Census, lg77
1977 Population, San Juan County Clerk, I97l
1979(b) Yun Kim, for Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, 1976
5-27
T'*o nev high schools will alleviate overcrowded conditions in Ehe San
Juan High School in Blanding. One school wiil be completed in August
L978 and one is schedrrled fr:r completion by 1979 or 1980 (Verbal
Comaunication, Ms. Clyda Christensen, San Juan School DisEricE, January
L7 , 1978).
Energy Supplies
The natural gas supply to Monticello is reportedly adequate for
meeting future needs. The city-owned electrical distribution system,
however, is in need of expansion if additional residents are Eo be served
in Monticello.
The Blanding electrical disEribution sysEem is adequate. ?he
basic source of electricity, Utah Power and Light, expects to have no
problems in meeting the needs of a growing population.
Increased Costs to Local Governments
It has been estimat.ed thaE capital expenditures for improvement
of water, sewage Ereatment and school systems in rurat, energy-inpacted
communities in western Colorado amount to $1,000 per ne\^r resident (Verbal
Communigstion, Mr. Steve Schnidt, Director, Colorado West Council of
Governments, November 2, 1977). If it is assumed that the Blanding area
will experience sinilar cost increases, the pcpulation directly induced
by oi11 operation would require capital expenditures of $70,000. In
addition, annual operating expenditures for municipal services r-ouLd
rise. In the 1976-77 fiscal year, General Fund expenditures in Blanding
and Mont.icello for services which are particularly sensitive to the 1eve1
of denand were between $20 and $30 per capita. Applying this rate to the
projected nuuber of newcomers associated \rith the ui11 operating work
force, it is assumed that local cornmunities'*-ould experience an annual
increase in operating expenditures of between $1,400 and $2,100. This
assumes no excess capacity in existing services and no econotiies of scale
in the provision of services.
5-28
services provided by san Juan county that would be subjecr to
cost increases in proportion to population growth include health care,
recreation and public safety. the approved budget for 1977 indicates a
per-capita expendit.ure of between $20 and $30 for these services.
Therefore, the county would also experience operating cost increases of
$1,400 to $2,100 throughout the life of the project.
The san Juan school District had an operating budget of gl,00l per
student in 1977. Assuning an influx of 30 school-age children, the
impact in school expenditures would be $gOr090 per year.
Taxes
The operation of Ehe p:oposed uri1l would benefit state and local
taxing jurisdictions directly through increased corporate income and
ProPerty tex Psyments and indirectly through increased sales tax revenue
and personal income taxes of the work force. Using total construction
costs as a guide to the fair cash value of the facility, the assessed
valuation, cmputed as 20 percent of true varue, would b. $2.6 nillion.
rhe current applicable ni11 levy is 60; therefore, the annual property
tax obligation resulting frotn the proposed development would be approxi-
nately $455,000. The San Juan County School District would receive 65
percent of this total, san Juan county would receive 17 percent, and the
remaining 17 percent wouLd be distributed to special county funds (Verbal
co'rr-unication, Mr. Robert cooper, utah state Tax conmission, December 9,
1977). Table 5.5-3 summarizes the distribution of anticipated property
taxes generated by the project. It should be noted that depreciation of
buildings and equipment has not been incorporated into this estimate but
would have a dampening effect on property taxes after the first year of
operation.
Sales tax revenue resulting frou annual personal consumption
expenditures of $522,8c0 would amounr to 26,100. of this total, $23,500
would benefit Ehe State of Utah and $21600 would benefit San Juan County.
5-29
TABLE 5.5-3
ESTIMATED PROPERTY TA*T PAYMENTS
1977 Dollars
Property Tax
Total ($38 uillion x 201l x 60 mills)
San Juan School District (40 nills)
San Juan County General Fund (10.3 nills)
San Juan County Capital Improvement -
Roads (3 mills)
San Juan County Capital Improvement -
Buildings, Equipment and Grounds (1 ni11)
Library (0.9 ni11)
Torr Liabiliry (0.1 mi11)
Health (0.7 oi11)
Water Conservancy District (2 mi1ls)
Blanding Cemetery (2 mills)
Source:
4.5 5 ,000
304 ,000
78,280
22,800
7 ,500
6,840
760
5,320
15 ,200
15 ,200
Construction cost estiurate supplied by Energy Fue1s.
Methodology for couputing tax obligations is based on
a verbal communication with Mr. Robert Cooper, Utah
SEate Tax Conrmission, December 9, L977.
Mill levies are based on a verbal communication with
the San Juan County Treasurer, December 9 , 1977.
5-30
Personal income tax obligations of the operating work crew would
represent approxinately 13.8 percent of'*age and salary payments, or an
annuaL totel of $188,400 (u.s. Bureau of Labor statistics, l97l). This
would benefit the state and federaL governments.
Corporate income tax pa)rnents would be substantial, but cannot
be accurately predicted at this point.
5.5.2.4 Economic Base
The proposed project would be an iuportant source of long-term
employment and income in the Blanding area. Itre locaL labor market is
current,ly subject to wide, seasonal fluctuations in euployu.ent. llill
operation would benefit the area by providing 75-80 sEable year-round
jobs. This would have a stimulating, feed-through effect on the loca1
and regional economies. Uranium uines throughout southeastern Utah can
be expected to increase production and enployrnent in response to in-
creased denand generated by the uri11. Industrial support services, in
particular the transportation industry, would also experience higher
levels of activity. In addition, loca1 service industries such as
finance, re"ail trade, personal and professional services, etc. wouLd
benefit from an increase in demand generated by population and employment
growth.
Uill. operation would be considered one of the basic industries
of the region, defined as those which are engaged in the production of
goods or services that are sold beyond the regionr s borders and/or which
account for income drawn into the region. rn contrast, emplolment in
finance, insurance, real estate and most personal and professional
services are considered non-basic. Non-basic service industries are
prinarily local in scope and depend on the distribution of income
initially earned in the basic employment sector. Basic eurployuent is,
Eherefore, viewed as prioary insofar es it supports and largely deter-
mines the lever of non-basic and ultimately totar employment.
5-3 l
Tne ratio of basic and non-basic employment in a region can be
used to measure the expansion (or contraction) in employment when an
aCdition (or reCucticn) in basic ernployment occurs or is anticipated.
The basic/non-basic ratio is referred to as a multiplier relarionship
bec:ruse an increase in basic employment will have an expansionary effecE
throughout Ehe local econcny. Table 5.5-4 presents basic and non-basic
employment for San Jr.ran County and indicates that the basic/non-bas ic
employment multiplier is 1.1. This suggests that, by creating 75 to 80
basic jobs, the proposed mi1l would indirectly generate up to 88 jobs in
the local service sector. In addition, increased employment in uranium
mining operations in the area would cause a similar expansion.
Growth in non-basic ernployarent would produce an increase in loca1
population because a number of nev, jobs wouLd be filled by new residents
accompanied by families. Ihis growth would occur over the long run and
would depend on a number of factors. An increase in regional unemploy-
menl caused by a decline in jobs or an increase in Lhe labor fcrce
participation rate would dampen the population growth resulting from
increased enplolmenE opportunities. Also, a high proportion of two-
worker households among newcomers would have a similar <iampening effect.
Annual operating costs of the mil1 are expected to aaount to $i0.5
million. Of this tota1, approximalely $1,355,000 would represent \{age
and salary paynoents to the project work force, assuming that the labor
cost component of 2.1 nillion includes 35 percent for fringe benefits.
Current data on income multipliers and spending fl-ows in Utah are noE
available. Therefore, nationwide expenditure paEterns recorded in 1976
by the Bureau of Labor StatisEics were used to calculate the effect of
projecc lrages on loca1 and state economies (U.S. DepartmenE of Labor,
Bureau of Labor SEatistics, L977). Assuming that 1oca1 personal con-
sumption expenditures would represent 38.3 perceot of faurily income,
annual retait expenditures of the project work force would rmount to
$522,800. Blanding, Bluff and Monticello woutd experience the bulk of
this spending. Ttre major regional cenEers of Moab, Cortez or Grand
JuncEion may also experience an increment in consumpEion expenditures as
5-32
TABLE 5.5-4
BASIC At{D NoN-BASIC EUPLOn{ENT, SAN JUAN
1976 ANNUAL AVEMGE
COT'NTY,
Sector
Agricul. ture
Mining
Contract Construction
ManufacEuring
Trans port at ion,
Communication, public
Ut i 1i ties
irlholesale, Retail TradeFinance, Insurance, Real
Es tate
Services
Government
Federal
State and Local
Total
Enployrnent
270
784
70
169
L47
347
22
295
688
Bas ic Non-Bas ic
270
784
r69
70
65
L47
282
22
296
549
1456TotaI
Basic/Non-Basic Multiplier: l. I
Source: Dames & Moore, 1917, basedEnploynent Security, 1977.
39
t327
on Utah Department of
5-33
a result of the project. However, this would represenE a minor or
insignificant addition Eo exisEing spending flows; impacts on Blanding,
Monricello and Bluff would be considerably greater.
5.5.2,5 Quality of Life
The operation of Ehe proposed milL would have positive irnpacEs
on the quality of life due to the provision of 75 to 80 long-term, stable
jobs. Because Energy Fuels plans to hire as many 1ocal residenEs as
possible, the population increment associated with ni11 operation would
represent a noticeable but not disruptive force in 1oca1 comr:runities.
An influx of. 20 families would noE cause significanL or long-term adverse
impacts on the quality of life.
Negative inpacts on the quality of life would stem primarily from
Ehe transporEation of uranium ore froro mines throughout the region to Ehe
Hanksville and Blanding buying st,ations and from Hanksville to the mi1l
at Blanding. A noticeabLe increase in heavy truck traffic would affect
travellers on Utah Route 95, U.S. Route 163, and ot,her highways in
southeastern Utah. Increased noise and air pollution would result.
Also, the Erucks would represent a safety hazard due to the increased
probability of automobile accidents (see Section 5.5.2.5).
5.5.2.6 Land Use Impacts
Operation of the mi11 and tailing retention systeE would direcEly
impact land use patterns by Ehe corunitnent of 310 acres of rangeland
throughout the life of the projecE. IndirecE impacts would stem frozr
increased residential and commercial devalopraent in the Blanding area
resulting from ind,uced population growth. Land is available for develop-
EenE in the Blanding city linits and in Bluff; the City of MonticeLlo
is pursuing an active annexat,ion program. Therefore, increased develop-
ment would not represent an inconsistenE or conflicting land use in the
poteneially inpacted comrnunities.
Regional t.ransportation systens would experience increased activity
during the operation phase of the project. Uranium mines throughout.
5-34
southeastern Utah would transport ore to the Blanding and Hanksville
buying stations via 30-ton diesel trucks and trailers. Trips from mines
to the buying stations are anticipated to total 70 each day, with 53 to
the Blanding buying station and 17 to Hanksville. In addition, trans-
portation of ore frou the Hanksville buying station to Blanding would be
accomplished via 30-ton trucks approximately l5 tiures daily. Plate 3.6-3
(page 3-26) indicates the location of uines that would be sending ore to
the buying stations and mil1.
Utah Route 95 and U. S. Route 163 r,'ould experience the heaviest
truck traffic associated with the buying sEations and mi11. In addition,
u.s. Route 665 and utah Routes 2621 276,263 and,24 would be affected by
ore movement from uines Eo the buying stations. A11 of the above roads
are iwo-lane, paved highways naintained by the state of utah. rn addi-
tion, secondary, county-Baintained and private roads would accommodate up
to l5 percent of the project-induced truck traffic.
In lg75 average daily traffic flows ranged from 95 to 310 on Urah
Route 95 and from 530 to 2I00 on Route 163. As suurrnarized in Table
5.5-5, other potentially affecEed roads accommodated average daily
traffic counts of 25 to 1235 vehicles. Project-induced truck traffic
would constitute a noticeable increase in existing traffic flows.
Designated lands potentially affected by the transporEation of
ore include Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Canyonlands National
Park, Manti-La sal }rational Forest, Naturar Bridges and Hovenweep
National Monuments, Capitol Reef NationaL Park, and the Henry Mountains.
These areas attract a large number of visitors during sunmer months.
A substantial increase in truck traffic, particularly during peak vaca-
tion periodsr EaI create a safety hazard. rhe Hite crossing at Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area generates heavy tourist traffic and would
be particularly affected by truck traff,ic on Route 95.
The project work force would add to traffic circulation in the
Blanding area. LocaI residents would experience noticeable increases
5-35
TABLE 5.5-5
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC ON POTENTIALLY II,IPACTED HIGHWAYS
Highrray (Segment)a
Utah Route 95
( Hanksvi 1 1e-Blanding)
U.S. Route 163
(Moab-Blu ff)
U.S. Route 666(East of Monticello)
Utah Route 263
Utah Route 276
Utah Route 262(Colorado border to Route 153)
lltah Route 24 (West of Hanksvilleto Capitol Reef National Park)
Ucah Route 24 (North of Hanksville)
Range of 1975 Average
"Daiiy Traffic Estimates-
95-310
530-2 10C
950-1235
25-35
220
4t0-440
3 10-3 20
65-475
a_--Ifnere no segnent is specified, numbers refer to Ehe entire
length.
bTraffic on mosl of the highways is counted and reported for
several staEions. For example, traffic on Utah Route 153 is
higher near Blanding than in the Bluff area. Ttie ranges in
this table refer Eo nultiple estinates for each highway
segment.
Source: Utah Department of Transportation, 1976.
5-36
in traffic and noise during peak periods of construction activity.
Assuming 2 trips per worker per day in the Blanding area, the peak work
force would represent an additional traffic load of 500 trips per day,
representing an increment of 68 percent above the I975 average daily
traffic flow on Route 163 in the vicinity of the rnilI.
5.5.3 Sound
5.5.3.1 Ambient Sound Levels During Operation
Ttre noise emitted from this faeilityrs operation will be principally
from the milI. In a previous study for the Bear Creek Uranium Project,
the sound level from a sislilar milI half the sLze of the one under con-
sideration was estimated to be 75 dB at 100 ft (!0 rn). Doubling the
facility size and operation doubles the assumed sound energy enitted.
Thus, the estimated sound leve1 eontribution for the proposed niIl is 78
dB at 100 ft (30 m). This contribution is extrapolated assuming
henispherical radiation to the measurement locations previously used for
the background ambient sound level survey.
To estimate the souad levels during plant operation, the contribu-
tion from the plant operation and the background anbient sound levels
nere combined. Tab1e 5.5-6 indicates the projected daytime, nighttiure
and day/night average sound levels. Twenty-four hour plant operation rras
as sumed.
Truck traffic along highways between local mine sites and the
buying stations will be increased. The sound Ievel contribution due to
trucks delivering ore to the plant site was estinated to be insignificant
for noise sensitive land uses at large distances from the highways. For
Ithose areas adjacent to the highway, the expected increase in noise due
to truck traffic sras estina.ted to be about three decibels.
5.5.3.2 Impact Assessment
No significant inpact on
from operation of the proposed
daries will be less than 55 dB
the ambient sound leve1 is anticipated
mi11, sound levels along all site boun-
(see Section 4.1.6.3 for significance).
5-37
TABLE 5.5.5
AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS DURING MILL OPERATION - dB
Location
Background Anbient
Sound Levels
Operation Ambient
Sound Levets
Change in Ambient
Sound Levels
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
La
55.5
56.7
45.8
46.8
35.3
47.8
42.8
48.3
Ln
46.4
47.1
10 ,
39.9
35. 1
43.L
27.7
41.0
L.dn
56.9
55.9
47.4
48.2
4t.5
50. 6
4t.5
49,5
La
5 6.5
55.7
55.9
40.9
40. 3
47.8
12.8
48.3
Ln
46.5
47.4
55.6
40.2
40.2
43.1
27.7
41.0
00
16 15
L.cln
56.5
57.0
62.0
48.4
46.6
50. 6
41.5
49,5
La
0
0
i0
0
5
0
0
0
Ln
c
Ldo
0
00
55
00
00
00
Truck traffic will increase by 50-100 percent for sorue roads near
the buying stations. Noise due to truck passby on najor routes to
Blanding is projected to increase ambient sound levets by about three
decibels in areas adjacent to the highways. This trafiic will occur only
during daytime hours and only a snaIl number of people will be affected.
5.5.4 Surface Water
Although the operation of the mi11 and tailing reLention sysEeD
will have little effect on the hydrolcgic characteristics of the area,
the presence of the tailing retention system, which will inpound surface
runoff, will reduce waEer and sediment yields from the basin. The
drainage area upstrean of the tailing cells that would be affected is
about 260 acres. The cells Eheoselves, at ultinate development, will
occupy an area of about 240 acres; conbined with the upstream 250 acres
this results in a total of about 500 acres that would be taken out
of the Cottonwood Wash basin. If one assunes an average annual surface
runoff of 0.2 inches (see Section 2.6.2), the total annual reduction in
runoff, expressed as volume, would be 8.3 acre-feeE. This is about 0.13
percent of the average annual flow of CoEtonwood Wash at State llighway
95, inco which tnis wat,er wouid norually flow.
5-38
The change in sediment yield due to the project has not been
esEiroated due t.o insuf ficient data.
Peak flood flows in llestwater Creek and Cottonwood Wash would also
be reduced due to the impoundment caused by the tailing retention
systern. Ihis decrease in peak-flow would be snalL in comparisoa with the
total since the affected drainage area will be less than one square mile
while the cottonwood wash drainage area at Highway 95 is over 200 sq
ni.
5.6 RESOURCES COMUITTED
During the life of the proposed nill, about 15 years, approxiurately
7301000 tons of ore would go to the uill annual).y to be processed and
1r898,000 pounds of ,3og concentrate would be produced annually.
This mineraL resource would be irreversibly comnitted to energy pro-
duc tion.
The area occupied by the proposed nilL and tailing retention
system (about 310 acres) would be comitted until. the life of the nill
ends, about 15 years. Ttris area would be removed as wildlife habitat and
livestock range until the end of the nill operation and reclauation is
cornpleted. The acreage occupied by the tail.ing retention would be
conmiLted until radiation levels are below acceptable standards. Ttre
length of tirne necessary after reclamation is co,mpleted is indeterminate.
Portions of the project site are utilized by Mule Deer in migration
and overwintering. Project facilities and human activities woutd aLt,er
the use of these areas by deer. Fenced areas sould not be available for
their use for about 15 years and until reclamation is completed. The
displacenent and accompanying effects upon the deer herd utilizing the
area rePresents a reaource co..itted, the nagnitude of which cannot be
ascertained. In general, the biota occurring on the project site are not
unique in the region. Short-term reuoval of land and wildlife habitat
as a result of the project operations is not expected to represent an
irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources in the region.
5-39
water used in Ehe mi11 circuiE woulc be Eemporarily tied up in
Ehe mi11 circuit. Additional waEer would be cycled to Ehe tailing
retention sysEem but much of that in the Lailing ce1ls woulrl relurn to
the hydrologic cycle through evaporation. Water used at the rni11 for
dust control, sanitary and general uses would also be returned Eo the
hydrologic cycle through evaporation or infiltration.
Ii.O EFTLUENT AND ENVIR.ONMEI,ITAL I'IEASURE}iSNTS Ai{D I.IONITORING PROGFJ]'!
The folloruing section d,ascribes ihe nethcdologies useC in collecting
baseline environmeatal data and the proposed programs for monitoring
iurpacts Ehat the proposed urani.urn mill may have on the environment. In
soae instances, the metho<lologies describeC are currently being used in
cn-gcing studies uhich are necessary to cornpleEe a year of data co1-
lection.
6. L PREOPERATIONAL E.TMRONMENTAI PB-0GRA1YS
6. i. i Surface WaEer
An on-going basei:.ne surface -"rater q.ua1it1, moniEorirrg prLlg,:aln
is being conducEed in the pro.iect vicinity near Blanding and in the
vic inity o f tne Hanksvi i i.e ore-buying s tat ion f or an init ieL peri,rd of
one year (.luty L977 to Jul;r 1978). Physical, chernical- and radi,:logica1
parameEers of the waters are being ciocumented"
The sampling iocations in Ehe project vicinity near Blanding are
located on Westwater Creek, Cotlonwood Creek and Corral Creek and in a
drainage wash and at a pond down gradient of the prcposed mili site (see
PLate 2.6-L0). The locations of the surface vaEer sampling staEions
Station llo.Location
SlR
Dl,I1
S3R
S4R
S5R
s6R
S7R
S8R
S9
Westwater Creek at downstrean (south) side of Highway
95 Bridge
Corra!. Creek at downstream (south) side of sma1l bri<ige
Corral Creek at spillway of smell earEhfilL dam
Corral Creek at junction with Recapture Creek (l/4 ni
from end of jeep road)
Suriace pond souEh of uriLl site, 1/8 mi west of Highway 47
Sma1l wash south of mill site, 1 mi. west of Highway 47
East side oi Cottcnwood Creek, at jeep trail intersection
south-southwest of mi11 site
East side of CoEtonwood Creek, jeep trail intersecticn
rrest-souih;est cf ni11 site
East side of Westrrater Creek, at jeep traii intersection
6-2
Sampling stations SIR, S2R and S3R are upgradient from the project site,
the remaining downgradient.
The sampling locations in the vicinity of the Hanksville ore buying
station are located on Halfway Wash at two stations, one upstream and one
downstreau of the ore buying station (see Plate 2.6-11). ltre locations
of these two sampling stations are:
Station No.Location
TtSlR
HS2R
Halfway Wash, downstrearn of buying station, 1/8 mi eastof Highway 95 at confluence with unnamed wash draining
ore buying sEation site area
Halfway Wash, upstream of buying sEation, 1/8 ni southof property boundary of ore buying station
The stations are saurpled on a quarterly basis when accessibl-e
and when water is flowing. Because the streams are epheueral to inter-
mittent, there is not always a flow to sample aE the time that sanpling
is scheduled. As a result, there has been'no hrater available to sanpl-e
at some stations and, consequently, there are no analyses of existing
rrater quality.
Effort wil.l be made to increase the frequency of sampling for a
period of tine in spring 1978 in order to obtain a series of water
samples at these sEations when water may be flowing continuously for a
few weeks as a result of snormeLt runof f .
Water sarnples for complete chenical analysis and radiological
analysis were collected in the project vicinity in July L977 arrd November
1977. Ttre results of those analyses are discussed in Section 2.6.3.2 and
Listed in Table 2.6-7. Details of the technigues and procedures of
sampling and types of analyses are discussed in Appendix B. Parameters
being measured are listed in Table 5.1-1 of Section 6.1.2.2.
6-3
6.L.2 Ground Water
Existing baseline ground rrater conditions in the project vicinity
near Blanding and in the vicinity of the Hanksville ore buying station
are being measured for a period of one yeer (.luty 1977 to July 1978) as
discussed in Section 2.6.1 and 2.6,3.
6.1.2.I Sampling Locations
The ground water baseline sanpling locations in the project vicinity
near Blanding are located both upgradient (to the norEh) and down grad-
ient (to the south) of the proposed mi11 and tailing retenEion sites (see
Plate 2.5-10). The locations of the ground water sampling stations
are:
Station No.Locat ion
GlR
G2R
G3R
G4R
G5R
Spring in Corral Creek, 500 feeE upstream of earth
dam and surface water station S3R, upgradienE of project
s ite
Deep well atrmi11 site, taps Navajo Sandstone
Spring near Ruin Spring PoinE, drains to CoEtonwood Creek,
down gradient of project site
Spring near base of Dakota sandstone cliffs about 500ft east of jeep trail, drains into Cottonwood Creek, downgradient of projected site ,
Spring about 1500 ft easE of WesLwater Creek in canyon, to
west and possibly do-,rn gradient of projec'. site
Abandoned stock wel1, 1000 ft down gradient from rnil1 site
Abandoned stock weI1, 1000 ft upgradient of mi11 site
G6R
G7R
The baseline ground rdater station (IfGlR) at the Hanksville ore
buying station is the main supply rell located at the station. Tiris well
withdraws ground rdater from the underlying Entrada Sandstone from a depth
of 400-440 ft below the land surface <iirectly below the staEion.
Additional ground erater investigatioas in ihe vicinity of the
nill site and taiiing retention site are planned for earLy L978, This
6-4
work will consist of site-specific drilling and installation of ground
water observgtion/monitoring we11s. The purpcse cf these investigations
will be to obtain a more accurate representation of ground rilater levels,
ground water flow directions, types of movement and ground water quality
in the critical areas naar the ui11 site and taiLing retention area.
The pre-operational ground hrat.er monitoring progran will be completed
with the installation of several monitoring we1Is. Conclusions fron the
additional investigations and the final design of an operational ground
water nonitoring program will be described in the Supplenental Report.
Ihe tentative design of a site-specific pre-operational ground
water monitoring progran will include three or rnore observation/monitor-
ing weLls to be installed at locations predominantly down gradient from
the nil1 site and tailing retention site (see Appendix H, Plate 2).
In general, the nonitoring wells (pl.ate 6.1-1) will be construcEed
of. 4- or 6-inch diameter PVC plastic casing Eo a depth below the lowest
expected water Level. The lower portion of the well will be screened
rrith either PVC plastic, welt screen or stainless steel screen. The top
of the gcreened portion of the welL will be above the highest expected
water Ievel. The annular space in the borehole between the foroation and
the casing will be fil1ed wilth c1ean, inert, natural stone filter
material for the entire screened interval. The remainder of the annul.ar
space, above a S-foot bentonite seal on top of the filter, will be
grouted or backfilled with a mixture of the driLl cuttings and grout or
bentonite. A cement seal will be enplaced around the exposed PVC casing
at the land surface to prevent surface water from entering the borehole
around the casing. For further protection, a steel casing with a hinge
cap and lock will be encased around the PVC plastic casing and will be
seated in the ceuent sea1.
Once in operation, the well will be sanpLed for a ground water
quality analysis quarterly. The well diameter will be large enough so
that a 3.75u 0D subnergibLe pump can be installed and the well punped for
a suf;ficient period of tiue to obtain a representative sample of the
CEMENT SEAL
GROUT
LAND SURFACE
t'ALLOVIAL SAND A €iILT.
LOOSELY CEMENTED
SANDSTONES & SHALES
ANNULAR SPACE
BACKFILLED WITH
BENTONITE AND
DRILL CUTTINGS
MITURE OR CEMENT
GROUT (FROM
BENTONITE OR
GROUT SEALTO LAND SURFACE)
IGHEST EXPECTED WATER
ANTICIPATED SEASONAL
FLUCTUATIONS +-
OWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL
8-INCH STEEL PROTECTOR PIPE
EMBEDDED IN CEMENT GROUT
(5 FEET LONG V/ITH HINGED
CAP & LOCK)
2 FEET PROJECTION ABOVE
LAND SURFACE
4 OR 6INCH DIAMETER
PVC CASING (SCHEDULE 4O TO I20,
DEPENDING ON FINISH ED DEPTHAND EXPANSIVE SOIL/ROCK
CONDITIONS)
WELL
EN TR ALIZ E R
BENTONITE OR CEtv|ENT GR0UT
SEAL IN ANNULAR SPACE
( 5 FEET MINIMUM THICKNESS)
PVC OR STAINLESS STEEL WELL
SCREEN OPPOSITE WATER TABLE
( TOP OF SCREEN ABCVE HIGHEST
EXPECTED WATER LEVEL AND
BOTTOM OF SCFEEN BELOW
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL}
WELL SORTED, CLEAN,
FILTER PACK OF ROUNDED,
OUARTZ SAND
PVC CAP ON
OF CASING
BASE
SIGIGII OT TYPIGII GR()UilII WATER iI(lilII(lRI]IG WEtt
(FOR V/ATER TABLE OR PERCHED GROUND WATER]
DATI"IOOII
a^>
["::,?,
13l-
revef
PTITE6.I-I
in-situ ground qrater quality.
will be enough so EhaE ground
al1 directions will be drawn
sampling area being moniEored
single point per we11.
5-6
the radius of influence of the purnping
water within several feet of the wetl in
in toward the wel1. In this manner, the
can be considered as much larger than a
In the event that there may be reason to suspect ground \dater
contaminaEion, the frequency of the sampling will be increased and the
number of parameters increased. If necessary, more we11s will be
drilled and constructed.
Water levels in the nonitoring we1ls will be measured and recorded
quarterly to provide a tong-term record of the configuraticn of the \raEer
Eable and water-leve1 fluctuations. These data will be useful to Eore
accurately predict the poEential direction of ground water movement.
6.1.2.2 Physical and Chenical Parameters
The parameters measured on a quarterly basis for ground erat,er
(and surface water quality) are listed in Table 6.1-1.
CDM-Accu-Labs, Inc. (Denver) is analyzing radiological and chemical
water parameEers. Sanple bottles are supplied by Accu-Labs. A11 anal-
yses are done according to "standard Methods for the Exarnination of Water
and wastewater'r (ArnA, 1971).
Temperat.ure (oC), dissolved oxygen, specific conductivity and
pH are aeasured in the field at Ehe time of sampling. Teuperat,ure and
dissolved oxygen are measured by use of a YSI DO Meter (l,todel 57),
specific conductivity by a Lab-line Lectro Mho-Meter, and pH by a
Sargents pH neter, Model PBL.
Sample procedures and techniques are discussed in Appendix B.
6-7
TABLE 6.I-1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL I,IIATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Specific conductance (field; micromhos/cm)Total suspended solids
Temperature ( field)
pH (1ab, field)
Redox potential
Total dissolved solids
Dissolved oxygen ( field)0i1 and grease
Total hardness as CaCO"Total alkalinity as CaiO^
Carbonate as CO" 3
Chloride J
Cyanide
Fluoride
Nitrate as NSulfate as SO.Calcium 4
Iron, Total and dissolved
Magnes ium
Ammonia as N
Phosphorus, Tota). as p
Potass ium
Si 1 ica
Sodiurn
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Ilanganes e
Aluninum
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromir:m
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Mo lyb denum
Nickel
Se I eniurn
Strontium
Vanadium
Zir.c
S i lver
Poloniun 210
Lead 2I0
Thorium 230
Llranium (uatural)
Radiun 225
Gross c
Gross 6
6-8
6.1.3 Air
6.1.3.1 MeEeorological l"tonitoring Programs
On-going site-specific preoperational meEeorological moniEoring
programs were initiated at both the project site and at the Hanksville
buying st.ation in early March L977. These programs monitor Ehe parameters
of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humiCiEy and total
precipitation. Each program enploys identical instrumenEationl however,
the Hanksville wind instruuents are battery operated while conmercial
po\rer is used et Blanding. The stations are locaEed so as to not be
affected by 1oca1 terrain or structures. Plates 2.7-l and 2.7-L0,
respectively, shorv the exact locaEions of the monitoring stations at the
Blanding and llanksville sites relative to the planned operations and
surrounding t,errain.
Table 6.1-2 presents the respective manufacEurerrs specifications
and the sanpling height of each sensor. Data are coLlected via strip
charE recorders and wind speed and wind direction data are reduced as
hourly averages, tenperaEure and relaEive hunidity as instantaneous
values (on the half hour) and precipitation as daily totals. As part of
the quality assurance procedures, calibrations of each seosor are per-
formed quarterly and are documented on standard foms. Standard quality
assurance practices are adhered to throughorri the daEa collection and
analysis processes.
5.1.3.2 Air 0ualiry
Preoperational air quality moniEoring prograns have been initiated
at each site to document background parEiculat.e and sulfation rate
concentrations. Settleable particulates are neasureC at four locations
at both the Blanding and Hanksville areas through the use of dustfall
samplers. In addition total suspended particulaE.es are moniEored at one
location at the Blanding site by a high volume sanpier. Sulfation rare,
which provides an indication of sulfur dioxide concentracions, is also
measured via lead dioxide plaEes at iour locations at, each area. Samp-
ling locations are shown on Plates 2.7-L and 2.7-10.
TABLE 6.1-2
METEOROLOGICAL MO}IITORING PROGRAM SENSOR INFOR}{ATION
PARAI'IETER
Wind Speed
I.Iind Direct ion
Temperature
Re lative
Humidity
Prec ipi tat ion
MFRS.
LISTED
SENSING TECHNIQUE PRECISIONMANUFACTURER
Met One, Inc.
MeE One, Inc.
Bendix Corp.
Bendix Corp.
Weather Measure
Corp.
I,IODEL
NO.
010
020
256
256
P51i P
Cups/Light Chopper
Vane/Potentiome ter
Bourdon Tube
Human Hair Bundle
Tipping Bucket
/lleated
+0.15 mph
13"
+10F
!3%
+0.01 in
MFRS.
LISTED
TTIRESHOLD
MONITORING
IIEIGHT
l0m
10m
l.5rn
l.5m
l.5m
0.5 mph
0.6 mph
o\
I\o
5-1 0
settleable particuiate sampling anc anlaysis are performed in
accordance with procedures described in ASTII D-1739 and sulfation plate
analysis is pe;fcrned by Ehe turbidimeEric Eechnique. The sulfation
plaEes an<i dustfall samplers are mounted at a sampling height of approxi-
mately 2.5 meEers above ground. Sampling started in liarch 1977, and each
sample is rout.inely exposed for a one month period. Analysis is
perfonned by an independent laboratory (Corning LaboraEories, Inc.) and
results are presented as monthly a.rerages.
The Blanding total suspended particulate nonitor (irigtr volume air
sampler) is located just south of Ehe proposed mi11 site (see Plate
2.7-L). Sampling and analysis procedures conform to the EPA reference
technique as presented in the Federal RegisEer Vol. 36 No. 84. This type
of sampler collecEs airborne particulate maEter on a glass fiber filter
by draw:ing a high volume of air, appro>:imaEely 40 cubic feet per ninute,
through the filter for a 24-hour period. Total weight of the particuiate
mat.ter is then calculated by subtracting the pre-exposure weighE of the
filter from the weighr of the used filter. The resultant weight is
directly related to Eotal suspended parEiculates in microgra$s per cubic
meter of air.
Sampling started in October, 1977 and samples are taken concinuousiy
from mitinighc to nidnight every sixth da;i, in conformity with the U.S"
EPA standard sampling schedule. The sampler is mounted on a nonitoring
platform such thaE the intake is approximately 3 meters (10 feet) above
ground to prevent biasing of the data by heavier, non-suspended particles
resulting from surface interferences. Sampling flov rate is continuously
recorded through the use of a recording pressure transducer. The unit is
also equipped with a timer that records the actual length of operation
to the nearest 0.1 rninute. A11 f ilters are weighed at the Dames & i,loore
Denver laboratory in a low relative humidiEy room.
6. 1.3.3 Computer Mociels
STAR MIL - Takes hourly surface
a Pasquill stability
meEeorological observations and computes
class for each observation based upon:
1) incoming solar radiation
height, 4) wind speed.
Takes the output from
distribution of stabil
intervals.
6-I I
intensity, 2) sky cover, 3) cloud
STAR MIL, and computes the frequency
ity by wind direction and wind speed
DT ROSE
6.1.3.4 Other
Diffusion Anal
where:
X(x , y, O, H)
Mociels
sis for Determination of Chemical Concentrations
rom Stacks
The downwind, ground level concentration of effluents enitted from
the various stacks was computed using the Pasquill-Gifford diffusion
equation (Turner, 1970). This equation assumes Ehat the distribution of
effluenEs downwind from a stack will be Gaussian (normal) in both the
horizontal and vertical planes of the plume. Ihe equation is:
X(x,y,o,H) = Q exp (-1/2 lvloz)2)"*p Gll2 $lor)2)
ltoouyz
= Concentration in micrograms per cubic Eeter (ug/r3)
at the point x,y,O from an elevated source with effectiveheight, H.
emission rate in micrograms per second
the standard deviation in the crosswind direction of the plume
concentration dis tribution
the standard deviaEion in the vertical of the plume concentration
distribution
mean wind speed in meters per second
effective height of emission (physical stack height + plume rise)
distance downwind in the direction of the mean wind
U=
crosswind distance
6-t2
GrounC level concenEraticns computed using the preseni equation are
for averaging tines of approximately !en minuEes. These Een-minute
concenErations can be converted to longer averaging times using Ehe
following relationship (Turner, 1970) :
4.2
X" = Xk (tn/tr)
where:
X" = concentration estimate for longer sampling time
X, = calculated ten-minute concentrationK
tk = ten minutes
E = longer sampling Lime
D
Possibly the most difficult term to accuralely assess in the above
equation is Ehe effective height of release (H) oE, rnore speci.fically,
plume rise ( Ah) . Holland's equation (Turner, 1970) rras developed fcr
stacks of Ehe sLze and buoyancy of those to be enployed at the mill.
hhile it is generally accepted that the Holland equation tends to under-
predict plume rise it rvas considered as the "besE fit" equaEion but
should be somewhat conservative in the predictions. Holland's equation
is:
Ah = V^d (t.5 + 2.68 x 1O-3 p Ts-Ta d) Kq
uTwhere: s
Ah = rise of the plume above the stack in meters
V- = stack exit velocity in meters per seconds
d = inside stack (top) diameter in meters
u = wind speed at stack height in neters
P = atmospheric pressure in millibars
Ts = stack gas exit temperature in degrees Kelvin
Tu = air temperature in degrees Kelvin
K = ccrnstant, assune 0.85 for sEable conditions and l.l5 for
unstable conditions
The following design
stack diffusion models :
5-1 3
and emission data were used in the appropriate
DRYER
BOILER
Stack Height
Stack Exit Diameter
Stack Exit Velocity
Stack Exit Temperature
S0^ Emission RateZ
N0 Emission Ratex
Particulate Enission Rate
Stack Height
Stack Exit Diaraeter
Stack Exir Velocity
Stack Exit Temperature
S0^ Enission RatezN0 Enission RatexParticulate Emission Rate
13.7 m
0.22 m
23.2 mps
3560K
0.25 gm/sec
0.06 gu/sec
0.05 gna/sec
27.4 m
I.22 m
4.6 rnps
350'K
4.0 gn/sec
2.0 gm/sec
1.0 gm/sec
It was found that maximum ground level concentrations from the dryer
and boiler stack were obtained with stable conditions and low wind
speeds. Therefore, assumptions used in diffusion calculations include
use of a stable atmosphere (F stability) and wind speed of 2 ureters per
second. Haximum off-site ground-1evel concentrations from the dryer
stack emissions occur at a point approximately 800 meters from the stack
and maximum concentrations resulting from the boiler occur at a point
approximately 2000 meters for the boiler. Therefore, terrain was not
considered in these calculations because, vrithin 2000 meters of the
proposed uril1, terrain fluctuations are slight.
6.1.4 Land
5.1.4.1 Soils
FieId and laboratory studies were undertaken
ture in identifying the soil types present and
properties important in reclamation.
to
to
supplement litera-
characterize soil
5-r4
Soil Survey & Classification
AE both the Blanding and Hanksville areas, soils were identified and
classified according to range site. and soil Eaxonorny. In addition, soil
slopes were measured and landscape position and parent material identi-
fied. At the Hanksville area, a soil surve)' map rras made because prior
work had noE been done. AE Blanding, the existing soil survey uras
verified. The survey and fieid descriptions r,eere completed by Mr. Lorsell
I{oodward of Provo, Utah, (retired USDA Soil ConservaEic'n Service soil
scientist) and a Dames & Moore soil scienEist. Field studies were
compleEed during September I977.
During the survey, soil profiles were located, sampled and des-
cribed. At least one profile was described for each rnapping unit.
Saurples of each layer -'"-ere bagged f or laboratc,ry tes ting.
Laboratory TesEing
Tests were conducted at AgriculEural Consultants, Inc. of Brighton,
Colorado, a soil tesiing laboraEory. Soils h,ere analyzed for their
potential use in reclamation operations and for boron and selenium
levels. Each test is briefly described below with a description of the
significance of test results.
Soil Texture This classification
size materials found
represents lhe combination of sand,
in the portion of the field sample
each is given below:
silt, and clay
less than 2.0 nm. Ihe size ranges for
sand
s i1t
c lay
Materials coarser than
2.0 mm - 0.05 mm
0.05 mm - 0.002 mrn
(0.002 mm
sand have the following size groupings:
>1 0"
3-1 0"
2.0 mm - 3"
than 15 percent larger material do not require a modifier
class. Those with 15-35 percent by volume larger mater-
tgraveiiy siit loamr' or tstony clay.t lhose wirn over 35
s tones
cobble s
grave 1
Soils with less
on the t.extural
ials are named
6- 15
percent larger materials have tveryr added in front of the textural
rnodi f ier.
Soils with sandy loarn, loam, silt loam, and lighi clay loam textures
are best suited for reclamation uses. Soils with clay loam, sandy clay
loam, silty clay loam and clay texEures would present tillage diffi-
cr:lties when moved and respread. Packing would occur, and the soil would
becoue hard and cloddy upon drying.
Soils that are the $ost erosive are the sandy loams and silt loams.
Ihey are both highly susceptible to wind and water erosion.
Soil textures ranging through loams, clay loams, and silt loams have
good water-holding characteristics. Sandy loam soils have reduced water
holding and supplying capabilities. the following graph (after Brady
!974) shows characteristic values ior several types of water, and the
relationships between soils:
-24 =o4!
o
oo
to
o
=Fz)lu
zoC)
IE.UlF
=
cc
IJJF
E18J6U)FGtz
ta
uJ
FIELD
-CAPACII-Y--
A-€,ffi ffi il 8itrlffi ;, il iiii ii i ili:i i i i i iiiiiii,k:-*lt.friiliiiti!ii!!:!::!!:!!!!!!i!!!!i:liiii:::::i:::iii:::i::::i::::;::i:,i;i::i::::;iii!ii:::::;:- ,H..i]?jff,F1f:iiiiiii==.-:iiliii#iillii=i;:::::::::::i:;::i:::::::::::::::::i:i::::i;:i::;:::;
f=:::+=f:iiii;iiiiiiii::::ii:;i:iiiii:iii::ii:ii::i;l: Unavailable water iiiii:'iii::::iiii:ii
'.:.. ji::::l:::':;::::::::::::
i+-. -.*ii:::iiiiiiiiii:!:iiiiii;i:::::::i:::ii:i::::iii:::ii:'::::::::l:::;:i;:;;:i:i:i:::::::::::::i:::::iiii:::::::::t ::;:::::i:::::::::;::ii:::::::i::i:ii:::i::::i::i::::::i;i:::i,::,:,:i::;:ii:ii:ii::::::::::i:i:i:::i:i::;::i:::ii:a:::::::::::::::i::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::j::::::i:::::::::::,:::::::i:a::::::::::::::::::l:::::::::::::::i::
::iii:::l;i:::i::::ii:::ii::ii::::::iiiil;:iiii:ii:ii::iiiiii:ii:::;iii;ii:;iiiiiiiiiiiir::;:::::;i::i:::::i::iiiiiii::i
SAND :
ffi
6-1 5
Water-Holciing Capacity - l/3 and 15 Bar: Tnese values Eogether reflect
the amounE of waEer that is available to a p1ant. The difference in the
amount ot ll3 Bar (field capacity water) and 15 Bar (wilting point water)
gives the amount of waEer available for plant use. The graph above shows
these relationships for various textural classes of soi1s. Note Ehat
sandy loam and sandy soils have considerably reduced water supplying
potential.
Saturation Percentage: This value expresses the water content of a soil
paste that is saturated. In general, values over 80 may indicate high
clay cont.ents or sodium 1eve1s. Values less than 25 may indicate coarse
textured materials that have 1ow waLer supplying capabilities.
pH (1:1 and 1:5): This is a measure of Ehe hydrogen ion activity in the
soil and expresses the degree of acidity or aikalinity, Soils with pH
values below 7.0 are acid, Ehose wich pH vaiues at 7.0 are neutral and
those ',rith pH values above 7.0 are alka1 ine. This inf luences consider-
ably the availability of plant nuErients.
MosE comrnonly, tesEs for soil pH involve using both 1:1 and 1:5
dilution facEors. In the west, the 1:5 factor is the probabl.y Ehe most
nearly correct. Generally, the 1:1 diluEion factor is from 0.3 to 1.0 pH
uniE less than the 1:5 factor. Soils high in sodium show a greaEer
gap between 1:1 and 1:5 pH values than Ehose without sodium. The folLow-
ir,g general rules abouE 1:5 values reflect soils experience in the
west:
pH >9.0
8 .8-9 .0
<8 .8
It is always wise
tiate the dominant
sodium problems in soils
usable
soil is generally good plant growth material
Eo use both sodium levels and EC" vaiues Eo substan-
soil-sa1t s ituation.
Lime (Z): Values reflecting the lime content of the soil represent the
amount of calciurn carbonate (CaCOr) in the sci1. Some lime helps to
srabilize the soil and aids in forming gooo soil strucEure. Where lime
6-t7
exceeds about I0 percent, it becomes detrimental and weakens soil struc-
ture. A common field tesE for lime is to use 0.1N HCL. This detecEs low
levels of free lime. The following relationships show approximate field
leveIs of lime:
Gypsum: Results for gypsun reflect the anount of calcium sulfate
(CaSOO . 2H2O) in the soil. Gypsum is highly soluble in water and is
quickly leached from the prcfile by noving r^rater. It is commonly applied
with irrigation l{rater to alkaline soils to remove excessive sodium from
the profile. As a material itself, it is not harmful to plant growth.
When soils are used as engineering materials, leaching of gypsum from
soil causes severe foundation settling problems.
Electrical Conductivity (ECe): Ihis is a commonly used measure of soil
salts. It reflects the fact that the capability of the soil to transmit
electrical current depends on the kinds of salts present. Ihe following
characterizations show the effects of various salt concentrations
as reflected by ECe values (Richards, L.A. , 1954).
Violently effervescent
Mild effervescent
Barely observable
These figures will generally hold
utay cause different responses.
ECe
0-2 mmhos/cm
2-4
4-8
8- 16
>15
A general rule is
potential salt problems.
2,t /. LLfie
l'2"1 Lime
(1,'( lime
true, buE specific salt cornbinations
E ffec t
Saline effects mostly negligible
Yield of very sensitive crops may be restricted
Yield of many crops restricted
Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily
Only a few very tolerant crops yield
satisfactorily
that soils with ECe values over 3 or 4 have
6-1 8
Exchangeable sodium P_ercentage (ESP): The amount of sodium held on
exchange sites is reflected in this value. It is calculated rrsing the
following formula:
ESP = N"* * loocEC " ^""
ihis value canno! be used soleiy to evaluate soils, as sodiurn interacEs
with other ions to cause saline conditions. The f oi, lo.nring general
relationships may be used as guidelines:
ESP
>L2'l
5-t2
Sodium A<isorption Rario (SAR):
ESP to determine salt balances
follorving relaEionships :
Comrnent s
Generally sodic condition; will need to becorrected for use in reclamation
Highly variable - borderliae values. Sodium caninteract. with magnesium j.n this range to disperse
soil. ESP values can sometimes go up to 10-12without causing high SAR or ECe values.
<5 Soils usually good for use in reclamation.
This rest should
in the soi1. It
used together with
calculated from the
be
is
Ihe fol
SAR
>13
10-i3
<10
DtIf\ -
lowing limits can be used to characterize soils:
Couruents
Soil is classified as naEric. Soils will commonlv
be dispersed or have high ECe 'ralues.
Usuall:r indicates alkaline soi1s.
Soils are generally well suited for crop growth
Organic Carbon (7i): lleasures Ehe anount of organic carbon and indir-
ecEly the amount of organic matter in the soil. Organic maLter can be
estimated using the following relationship.
OVZ=O.C.%x1.9
6-19
Soils on the arid west comrnonly contain frorn 0-1 percent organic carbon.
Very dark colored. soiLs in the midwest contain 2-4 percent organic
carbon. Soils with organic carbon values fron 12-18 percent or greater
are considered organic.
Phosphate (P^0.):
available to plants.
ratings are given for
Irrigated Cropland:
Level
0-8 ppra
9- 10
11 and greater
Dry Rangeland:
On the surface -
For the subsoil -
Measures the residual phosphorus in the soil
For Utah soils (n.e. Lamborne, L977), the following
test results:
Response
Probable Response
Variable Response
Very I-ow probability of any response
t.he above applies in general
a 2-3 ppm rating would be adequate
Potassium (X*), Measures the mount of potassium available in the soil
for plant growth. Utah soils are generally high in potassir:m. For
irrigated cropland, soils with over 100 ppn potassir:m are considered
adequaEe.
Nitrate-Nitrogen: This test measures the amount of nitrogen occurring as
nitrate that is present in the soil. Ttris is the most readily available
form of nitrogen in the soil. Other forms are available only over a
longer period of time and after biological decomposition. Nitrate
nitrogen is highly soluble, and is quickly leached from the soil.
Nitrogen applied in the fall can be gone by spring from leaching.
Nitrogen fertilization is seasonal and should be applied for
each crop. For rangeland with a 6-inch rainfall, no response could be
expected from fertilization. In an area with 13 inches of rainfall or
6-20
more, some response could be expected from fertLLLzer appiicatir:ns of 50
lb per acre.
Carbon Exchange Capacity (CEC): This value represents the sum-total of
the exchangeable cations Ehat a soil can absorb. It is closely related
to the clay content of a soil. IE represents the nutrient srrpplying cap-
ability of a soil, It is, however, rarely used as e measure of soil
quality, but more often is used as an indicator of the required frequency
of fertilizer applications.
Boron and Selenium - These elements are rnost commonly Eoxic in western
elements that can be regarded assoi1s. Following are levels for Ehese
general guidelines:
Selenium
Boron
Low or
De fic ient
0.1 ppm
0.5 ppm
Moderaie
0. r-1.0
0.5-2.0
Exces s ive
or Toxic
>1 .0
>3 .0
6.1.4.2 Land Use and Demographic Surveys
Published data were used wherever possible. U.S. Bureau of Census
estimates were obtained for counties and communities in 1970 and 1975.
The lg77 estimates for San Juan County and towns were prepared by the
Ccunty Clerk, Ms. Ctytie Barber.
Mr. Cleal Bradford of the Utah Navajo DevelopmenE Council and
Mr. Bud Nielson of the City of Blanding were consulEed regarding
population within five- and eight-ni1e radii of the mi11 site. lIr.
Bradford indicated that three residences l/ere occupieC within the area.
These included Vowell & Sons TraCing Company, a residence at. the Blanding
airpark, and a house owned by Mr. and Mrs. Clisbee Lyman. Each home was
then consulted regarding the nuuber of peruranent residents.
County land ir6e statisEics were published in Utah Agricultural
Statistics, 1977 by the Utah Depariment of Agriculiure. Land use
of rhe project site was determined by direct ohservation,
6-21
5.1.4.3 Ecological Parameters
Vegetation
Ihe plant ecology field progran rdas
and qualitative dat,a on the structure and
at the Blanding and Hanksville areas.
designed to obtein quantitative
production of plant conrmunities
Plant cormunities - At each of the study areas communities lrere deline-
ated based upon aerial photo-interpretation, site reconnaissance and
interpretation of range sites distributions. At the Blanding site
determination of range site distributions was done in coordination with
I,Ir. St.an Powell-, SCS District Conservationist, and at the Hanksville site
in coordination with Mr. Horace Andrews, SCS Area Range Conservationist.
Transects were established in each conmunity in order to obtain
percenE cover, density and frequency data. Transects were set out in
each vegetation community so that they ran through representative por-
tions of the co-munities and did not straddle nore than one type. Five
one meter square quadrats were placed every 10n along a 100 E transect.
The number of transects per conrlrunity type varied depending upon the size
of the corumunity and homogeneity of the community. Plates 2.8-1 and
2.8-4 shows the locations of sampling sites. Siurilarity coefficients
between comrnunities were conputed using Jaccords similarity coefficient
(Mue11er-Dombosis and Ellenberg, 1976) to confirm saurpling homogeneity.
Species densities were deterrnined by counLing the number of indivi-
dual plants per quadrat. Canopy cover of each species was determined by
ocul.arly estimating the surface area covered by the species to the
nearest percent. Rock, litter and bareground were also estimated for
each quadrat. llathematical computations for relative frequency, rela-
tive density and relative cover were computed using the following equa-
tions.
6-22
Number oi quadrat occur X 100
Frequency = ty
ReiativeFrequency= xLoo
Sum of the individuals of a species in all quadrats
per coumuni E),
Density = Jotal number of quadrats per community
Mean number of individuals of a species per meter
Relative Density - square per cornmunity
Total mean number of a1t species per
meter square per community
Sum percent cover of a species in all quadrats per"l Cover = cormrunity
Total number of quadrats per community
Plant species were collected on borh sites during spring and summer
field studies. Species collected rdere tenEatively idenEified in the
field with the aid of floral keys (Harrington, L964). Specimens r{rere
pressed, labeled and reEurned Eo the laboratory for drying. Identifica-
tions rsere verified at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium of the Universicy of
Wyoming. A species list was compiled following scientific nomenclaEure
of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium. Common names and speciesr symbols
follow Ehat of Nickerscn et al. (1976).
Successional status rras determined by species composition and
percenf of cliraax vegetation present.
ProducEion - AE Blanding, the vegetative communiEy sample size of the
Pinyon-Juniper community was 25 cne meter square samples, i.n the BiS
Sagebrush community 40 one meter square samples, in the Tamarisk-Salix
community 10 one meter square sanples, in the disturbed comnuniiy 5 one
Eeter square samples, in the reseeded grassl-and I communiEy 25 one meter
square samples in the reseed grassland II community i-5 one meter square
samples and in the controlled Sagebrush eomrnunity 25 one meter square
samples. AE Hanksville in the Snakeweed-llormon Tea-Shadscale community
10 one meter samples were taken.
x 100
6-23
Production studies where carried out on the Blanding and Hanksville
sites during the I977 growing season, April through September. Both
sites experienced drought conditions duriag this period. The average
precipitation from March 30 to September 30 was 3.51 in at Blanding and
2.17 in at Hanksvile (See Section 2.7 for discussion of climatology of
the sites).
Where production was evident, transects were placed in each vegeta-
tive community in coordination with comrnunity structure studies. Since
no grazing occurred on the sites, grazing exclosures rrere not set up.
One meter square plots were placed every 10 m along the transect. The
plots were clipped and the wet weight of new growth for each species in
the plot deEermined by weighing with a hand held spring scale. The
species sampied were pooled for the entire sample and oven-dried for 24
hours at 112oC. The percent wet weight of a sample was then adjusted to
dry weight biomass by computing the percent weight loss change from the
combined wet weights of the species and nultip-rying the resulting percer.t
dry weight by the wet weights taken in the field. This method assumes
equal water loss in all samples. Production was then extrapolated to
pounds per acre.
With Big Sagebrush production samples, a percent of the currenE
production was Eaken, weighed and the resulting weight multiplied to
yield the production for the entire plant. The procedures described
above were then enployed.
I{ildlife
Amphibians and reptiles were observed and recorded opportunistically
during other scheduled activities of this study. A list of species
possibly occurring in the vicinity of the project areas (Appendix D)
was made based upon range distribution maps in Stebbins (1955).
In 1977 birds were censused seasonally (February, May, late June,
and October) by: 1) a roadside count, where all birds sighted within a
l/4 ai radius circle at observation stops 0.5 mi (0.8 km) apart along Ehe
6-24
transect route were Eallied by species; and 2) a walked lransect counE,
where all bird sightings were tallied by species and the laEeral disEance
form Ehe transect line to the sighted individual noted. Surveys t/ere
conducted on two transects of each meEhod on t\iro consecutive days in each
season at each site. The roadside count (see Howe11, 1951) is an ef-
ficient means of sarupling for an overview of bird courposition and abun-
dance. The walked transect counts followed a method developed by Emlen
( I971) witn the exception of not rec.lrding audibles. Itris meEhod is
useful for estinating densities in selected habiEats where vegetation or
other features nay bias observaEions. Locations of transects are indi-
ceted on Plates 2.8-L and 2.8-4. A list of species possibly occurring
in the vicinity of the pr:oject areas (Appendix D) was made, based upon
the sources cited at the end of Appendix D. An inventory of all birds
sighted at each site in<iicating their status (whether sumrer resident,
winter visitant, transient or year-round residenL) rrras made based on
Behle and Perry (1975).
DeEerminaEion of big gane use of the project areas was based on sign
and information supplieC by Messrs. Larry Wilson and Larry Dalton of the
Utah Division oi Wildlife Resources. Livestock information was obtained
fron the U.S. Bureau of Land ManagemenE. Mamrnalian predator presence lras
determined by sign (scat, tracks, burrows, etc.) and opportunistic
observations.
Rabbits and hares were counted by driving on two consecutive even-
ings each season along two roadside rabbit transects at each site. All
seasonal counts were summed and reported on a per nile driven basis. The
locations of the transects are indicated on Plates 2.8-3 and 2.8-5.
Smal1 mammal conuunity dynamics, including abundance, diversity
and distribucion by habitat were evaluaEed from three Erap grids and t'*o
assessment trap lines at Lhe Blanding siEe and six assessment trap lines
at the llanksville site. The trapping grid <iesign described by Jorgenson,
Smith and ScotE (1975, in press) liras used. !he grid consists of L2
trapping stations per line at 49 ft (15 rn) intervals with LZ para11e1
trapping lines spaced 15 meters apart, covering an effective trapping
area of 8.1 ac (3.2 ha). one live trap (1arge, folding Sherman lras
placed at each trapping point and checked each morning and night for a
minimum of three consecutive nights in the sumner (August) and fatl
(october). Each individual captured was ear-tagged for identification
and released where captured. Data recorded for each animal incLuded
species identification, sex and age class. A minimum estimate of density
and biomass was determined for each important species. Relative abun-
dance was determined but the numbers of individuals trapped of al1
species were too sma1l to uake meaningful population estinates using the
Lincoln Index (Smittr, t974).
Assessment trapping was performed in iuportant minor habitats ag
the Blanding site and aE the Hanksville buying station vicinity to note
the relative abundance, diversity, distribution and habitat of species in
these areas. Trap lines, set in two parallel rows 30 m apart an{ con-
sisting of.20 to 26 smalI mammal traps spaced at l5-neter intervals, were
operated for one day and night. Tagging data, recording and analysis
procedures were the same as for trapping grids.
6,1.5 Radiological Survelr
Environmental radiation survey programs are currently being con-
ducted at both the Blanding and Hanksville sites to determine the
radiation ievels and their variations along the potential pathways to
biota and man. These progrems were begun in April Lg77 and will continue
until June 1978. Baseline data collected for the fuI1 program will be
presented in the SupplementaL ReporE.
The Programs, the parameters of which are summarized in Tables
6.1-3 and 6.1-4, include measuremenLs of radionuclide concentrations in
air, ground water, surface water, soil, vegetation and terrestrial
mammals. Tables 6.1-3 and 6.1-4 include a description of the sampling
site, sampling schedules (duration, frequency, etc. ), and analyses
performed on each sample. The specific sanpling locations are indicated
in Plates 2.7-10 and 2.9-1. The laboratory analyses are being performed
6-26
TABLE 6.1-3
PRE-OPEMTIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM - HANKSVILLE SITE
Part icul ates
.t
Air
1.Downwind of near the site
the site boundary nearest
to ore piles
Upwind in the prevalent
wind Cirection
Water
Soil
1. At two locations in the
general site environs
Vegetaiion
l. At two lccations i.n the
general site environs
TerresErial Mamnals
Low-Vo lume
Sample continuouslyfor a seven-day
period on a
quarterly basis
RadonffiTa measurements
on a quarterly basis
High-Volume
Sample continuousLyfor a 24-hour periocl
on a monthly basis
Quarterly composite
samples (as possibie)
gross a1pha, gross
beta, Unat, Th-230,
Ra-225, Pb-210
Radon- 2 2 2
gross a1pha, gross
beta, Unat, Th-230,
R-226, Pb-210
Unat, fh-230,
Ra-226, Pb-210
1. At two locaLrons
general environs
siEe.
Direct Radiation
1. At two locaiions
of the prevalenL
direc t ion
At two locations
the general s it.e
Semi-Annual
composite samples
Semi-AnnuaI
composite samples
Semi-Annual
compos ite sam,pies(as possible)
TLD measurement read
on a Bonthly basis
TLD neasurement read
on a quarierly basis
UnaE, Th-230,
Ra-226, Pb-210
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-225, Pb-2I0
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-226, Pb-210
Terrestrial and
Co smi. c Radi at icn
afi
of
the
the
upwind
wind
in
environs
,
6-27
TABLE 6.I-4
PRE-OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM - BLANDING SITE
Air
ParticuLates
1. Downwind of potential niLl Low-Volume
building and ore storage Sanple continuously gross alpha, gross
area at area of maximum for a seven-day beta, Unat, Ih-230,
potential deposition period on a Ra-226, Pb-210
airborne particulates quart.erly basis2. Downwind, near the site Radon
boundary nearest to mill, EGTa- measurernents Rad,on-222
ore piles and tailing on a quarterly basis
retention erea.
3. Downwind, near the site High-VoLune
boundary in the direction Samp1e continuously gross alpha, gross
of the nearest residence. for a 24-hour period beta, Unat, Th-230,
on e monthly basis Ra-226, Pb-210
I{eter
Quarterly composite Unat, Th-230,
samples (as possible) Ra-226, Pb-210
Soi 1Fsanples collected at Quarterly composite unat, rh-230,
locations adjacent to low- samples Ra-226, Pb-210
volume air sampling units.2. At least one location Semi-Annual composite
in the general site samples
environs.
Vegetationl. At each of the low-volume Semi-Annuat Unat, Th-230,
air sampling stations composite samples Ra-226, Pb-210
2. At two locations in the
general site environso
Terrestrial Mannnalsffi in the Quarterly composite Unat, Th-230,
general environs of the samples (as possible) Ra-226, Pb-210
site.
Direct Radiationffiolume air rLD measurement read Terrestrial and
sanpling station (3 tl,Os on a Eonthly basis Cosmic Radiation
per station).
2. At two Locations in TLD measurement read
the general site environs on a quarterly basis(3 ttPs per station).
6-28
by LFE, Environmentat Analyses Laboratories Division, Richmond,
California, and CDM/Accu-Labs, Wheat Ridge, Colorado.
6.1.5.1 Direct Envirorrmental Radiation
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (flOs) were placed in Eriplicate
aE each low-volum" ^# sampling station, in the areas adjacent tc the
high-volume air samplers and along Route 95 betrreen Hanksville and
Blanding, (Table 6.I-5), to obtain environmental gamma radiation measure-
ments. The TLDs at the air sampling stations stations are read on a
monthly basis while the TLDs along the road are read on a quarterly
bas is .
TABLE 6.1.5
PRE-OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM -
DirecE Radiation
t{IGIil'lAY CORRIDOR
2
1. At five locations between
between Btanding and
Hanksvi 1 1e
TLD measurenent,
read on a quarterly
bas is
Terrestri.aL and
Cosmic Radiation
The dosiureters used are Harshaw, Mo<ie1 2040 TLDs, consisting of
a dysprosium activated calcium fluoride (CafrOy) bulb type dosimeter
(uo<iei 2038) enclosed in an energy compensating shield (uodel 2039)
designed to minimize a characteristics over-response to 1ow energy gamma
rays. The marked fading or loss of response wi.th time is corrected for
by an empirically derived relationship. The correction factor used is
the measured fading over a Ewo-week period, based on unpubli.shed results
(Verbal Communication, Jon Olafson, Dames & Moore R.adiologist, July 27,
L976) and is valid for integration periods up to 90 days. Basic dosi-
meLers calibration is performed by exposure to a certified radiun-226
source, with secondary calibration on a day-co-day basis by way of an
internal light source in the reader. The reader used is a }larshaw 200P
reader-integrator system, consisting of a Mod,e1 2000P reader and a
Model 20008 integrating picoameter.
6-29
6.L.5.2 Radionuclides in Soils
Soii samples are being coliected at locations adjacent Eo Ehe
1ow-volume air sampling at both the Hanksville and Blanding locations
where the potential deposition of particulates would be a maximum and in
the general site environs. The weight of each sample is approxinately
1.0 kg (2.2 lbs) and is composited fron the top 7.5 cu (3 inches) of soil
in an area of approximateLy 1.0 sguare meter (g square feet). Samples
are dried and analyzed by gamma spectroscopy and appropriate radiochern-
ical techniques with sensitvities of 0.5 pCilg.
6.1.5.3 Radionuclides in hlater
See Sections 6.i.1 and 6.1.7 for water sampling locations and
radionuclide analyses being performed.
6.1.5.4 Biological Radioactivity
Terrestrial Vegetation
Samples of native vegetation, grasses, shrubs and herbaceous
species are being collected at the sane locations as the soil samples.
Samples of 1 Kg (2.2 lbs) wet weight are collected, ashed and analyzed by
gau$a spsctroscopy and appropriate radiochemical techniques with sensi-
tivities of 0.2 pcLlS.
Terrestrial Manrmals
Small manmals are being collected in the environs adjacent to
the project site and Ilanksville buying station wherever possible.
Samples are analyzed for specific radionuclides by gamrna spectroscopy and
radiochemical techniques with sensitiviries of 0.2 pCL/e.
6.1.5.5 Airborne Particulates
Ihe locations for sampling airborne particuLates were determined
priurarily from the calculaEions of the areas of highest potential
deposition and activity resulting fron effluent release froro the facility
(mit1, tailing area, and ore piles) during operation and site recon-
naissance. The locations encompass Ehose indicated in NRC Regulatory
Guide 4.I4.
6-30
Low-volume regulaEed flow air sarnpiers (Eberline RAS-1) are being
run continuously for a seven-day period on a quart.erly basis at earth
designated location to collect airborne particulates. Sarnpling is
performed at. one meEer above ground to sample the breaEhing air zone.
The sampling rate is 50 liters per minute, providing a 504-cubic-meter
sample in 168 hours. The samplers are fitted with a Gelman Eype AE
glass fiber filters having an efficiency greater than 99 percent for 0.3
micron diameter particles. Filters are changed at the end of the sample
period for each location and are sent to CDM/Accr:-Lab Laboratories for
analysis. Discrete high sensitivity radiochemical analyses of uranium,
radium, thorium and lead are being performed Ehat provide sensitivities
of.2.5 pli/filter or better.
Any variability in particulate acLivity as a function of Eernporal
or seasonal climatic changes will be determined by repeaEing Ehe measure-
ments at predetermined intervals during the program.
High volume regulated flow air samples are being run at each site
for a lwenty-four hour period per month. Ihe samplers, General Metal
I^Iorks Model 2000-H, consist of a vacuum pump and a filter head assembly.
The samplers are enclosed in a protective metal housing and are mounted
on cinder blocks to give an effecti're sampling period. The actual flor.r
rate (in cubic feet per minute) is caLculated from Ehe recorded fiow rate
by adjusting for pressure differences due to altitude. A General Metal
Works standard calibration curve is used for reference.
6.1.5.5 Radon Concentrations in Air
The initial tadoa-222 concentration mea$urements $rere obtained
by using the "single-filter" method. In ihis method, airborne parEicu-
lates were impinged on a filter by using a high-volume air sarnpLer which
Idas run for 10 minuEes. Rn-222 concentrations were deEermined from the
field measurement cf radat-222 daughters Po-218, Pb-214 and Bi-214. The
calculation of radoa-222 concenEration from the daughter concentrations
was based on the assumption that radot-222 is in secular equilibrium ruith
6-3 1
its daughters. In this case the radoa-222 concentration is assumed to be
twice the highest measured daughter concentration.
Subsequent ambient radon concenEations are being determined by
on-site low-volume air sarnpling utilizaEing a low-voLume air pump
(Eberline RAP-I) to collect an air sarnple. The sample is pulLed through
a Gelman type AE filter to remove particulates and a dessicant for
moisture removal. The filtered air is collected in a scintillation
chamber (Eberline SC-6; I.4 liters) and counted by a scintillation
photonultiplier system (Eberline SAC-R5 and scaler). A sensitivity of
0.1 pCi/liter or better is attainabLe.
Any variability in radon concentrations as a function of temporal
or seasonal cliloatic changes will be determined by repeating the measure-
roents at pre<ietermined intervals during the progran.
6.2 PROPOSED OPERATIONAJ. MONITORING PROGRAI'{S
6.2.L Radiological Monitoring
6.2.1.1 Effluent Monitoring Program
The progran to periodically monitor the airborne effluents from
various release points within Ehe proposed miIl and at the site boundary,
and leakage of liquid effLuents (if any) from the tailing area is
defined in Table 6.2-L. This program conforms to the requirements of
the proposed NRC Regulatory Guide 4.L4, "Measuring, Evaluating, and
Reporting Radioactiviry in Releases of Radioactive Materials in Liquid
and Airborne Effluents From Uranium Mills.rr A direct comparison with
the background levels of the analyzed radionuclides will be possible
because the preoperational sanpling program encompasses the same loca-
tions and uti.lizes the same instrumentation and collection procedures.
6.2.L.2 Environmental Radiological Surveillance Program
An environmental surveillance program, will also be performed on
a regular basis in the unrestricted area around the site of the proposed
rni11 and tailing BE€3o This progran is described in TabLe 6.2-2.
TABLE 6.2-I
E}'FLUENT MONITORING PROGMM
Monitoring/Sampl ing
Location
A. Airborne Effluentsffitte
mi11 except for
yellow cake drier
and packaging stack
Sampl ing
Fr:equency
Semi-annual 1y
Type of Sample
Sufficient duration
to determine release
rates and concentration
Sufficient durati.on
to determine release
rates and concentration
Radionuclide to
be Analyzed
2.
3.
Yellow cake drier
and packaging sEack.
At three locations
on the site boundary
typi cal Iya) nearest to
e f fluent
release sources
(courbined)
b) in direction
of nearest
re sidence
c) aE point of
estimated maximum
concentra tions
Radon4. Ar same locaEions
as in 3.
Li uid Effluents
Wells (3 or more) Quarterly
locaEed hydrolog ical 1y
downslope from
tailing cel.1s
Semi-annrrally
Continuously
collected with
weekly change of
filters
Continuously coll.ected for one week
per month-several samples/week analyzed
(samplirrg tiure ( 48 hours)
Unat
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-226
Unat, Ih-230,
Ra,226, Pb-210
Radon-222
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-226, (soluble
and insoluble)
c
I(,
l-)
B.
,,Grab
Sample Type & Location
Air
At EEIentially the same
locations as sampled during
the preoperational monitoring
program (noE duplicating locations
designated in Table 6.2-l).
Soi IAt sa;; locations as during
preoperational monitoring program.
Vegetation
AE same locations as duringpreoperational monitoring program.
Terrestrial Aniurals
rn ffigetation samples
TABLE 6.2-2
ENVIRONI'{ENTAL SURVE ILLANCE PROGRAU
Sargpli.ng Schedu-le
Quarterly
Quarterly during first
annually in succeeding
Annual 1y
Annual 1y
Rad ionuc lide
Analysis
Unat, gross alpha
and beta, Radoa-222
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-226, Pb-210
Unat, fir-230,
Ra-226, Pb-210
Unat, Th-230,
Ra-226, Pb-2I0
year
years o.
I(,
t*)
6-34
In addition, periodic rneasurernents will be made in the vicinity of the
Hanksville buying station.
6.2.2 Chemical Effluent
6.2.2.1 Ground I{ater
Ihe operaEional ground tater monitoring program will be fully des-
cribed in the Suppleuentat Report. Additional inforuation on ground
water leve1s and flow directions, which uay influence the final design of
an operational monitoring program, will be obtained in early 1978 during
the site-specific ground water investigations at which time the pre-
operational moniEoring program will be completed. The operational
prograa will monitor both quality and Levels of ground rdaEerr' as des-
cribed in Section 6.1.2.
6.2.2.2 Surface Water
Monitoring of surface waEer quality will continue Ehroughout
the life of the project. Location and frequency of sanpling will be as
described in Section 5.1.1.
6.2.3 Meteorological Monitoring
The preoperational scope of neteorologicaL moniioriag as described
in section 6.1.3.1 will continue during the operation phase of the
project. Monitoring needs and requirements will periodically be reviwed
and monitoring scope alterations wi1l. be made as necessary.
6.2.4 Ecological Monitoring
Aerial phoEography, using appropriate false-co1or infrared or
color processes, will be used to uonitor, record, and map vegetaEion and
wildlife habitats, vegetation removal and recover)/, and vegetation
health. Photography will be scheduled and coordinated with project
acEivities and with natural biotic events (".g., maximurn spring blooin) to
enhance Ehe usefulness of the uorritoring efforEs. This will p,rovide a
record of consEruction and nilling activities and will document ihe
effects, if aoy, of the proposed project on the project site and en-
virons. Aerial photography will also be useful for documentation of
6-35
natural environmental stresses such as drought which rnay encroach on the
project site.
Additional terrestrial monitoring will consist of managing the
reclanation and restoration of affected areas as discussed in Section
9 .0.
7-l
7 .O E1VVIRC}]HE}ITAL EFTECTS CF ACCIDEN1IS
7.1 MILL ACCIDENTS
A spectrurl cf poLeiltial .dri
serious has been established by c
accident evaluated (labIe 7. l-1 ).
accidents are alsc <iescribed.
Type of Accident
Failure of tailing retenEion system
Tank or pipe leai<agr:
Tank or pipe breakage major
Electrical power failure
Process equipment malfunction
Operator error
Tornado
Fire, minor
Fire, major
TransporEation accident
Earthquake, intensity 5 or greaEer
I1 accidenEs rarrging from trj-via1 to
lasses of occurrence and each class of
Emergency plans for coping with the
TABLE 7.1-1
SPECTRLJ}I OF POTENTIAL MILL ACCIDETTTS
Severi ty
4
1
3
I
I
1
3
I
-1
3
4
3
I
J
L
I
I
J
2
3
3
3
The severity of accidents is based oo their potential iapact on
Ehe environment and is not a measure of dollar loss cr emplo-vee injrrry.
The categories in Table 7.1-1 are:
I = Tri.rial - No impact. Necessary repairs made.
2 = Insignificant - No impact. Corrective action taken.
3 = Significant - Slight impact. Corrective action taken.
4 = Serious - Corrective aclion necessarl/. Minor 1ccal impact.
5 = ''lery serious - Corrective action necessary. Major local
and/or regional irrpact.
Probabi-1itv
7-2
The probability categories in Table 7-1 are defined as follows:
I = Probable - expected to occur during operating life of the plant.
2 = Improbable - possibly one or two of these events can beexpected to occur during the life of the plant.
3 = Highly Improbable - not expected to occur during the lifeof the project.
7.1.1 Failure of Tailing Retention and Transport Systems
Four events that could ceuse release of tailing waler and solids
outside of the proposed tail-ing impoundment area are discussed below.
The volume of loss from the system and the area covered could vary
considerabiy <iepending upon cause or causes of failure, the size of the
systemrs failure, the voh:me of waEer availabl,e for erosion and transporE
of the tail-ing, and the density of the Eail-ing and its general resis-
tance to erosion and f1ow. rf tailing escapes to the environment, by
whatever Beansr'rrater vi11 tend to transport the tailing downslope toward
Cottonwood I.Iash, then to the San Juan River and the closest downslope
population, at Bluff, utah some 20 miles away. The movement of tailing
would probably require many years, since tailing is essentially sand size
particles and is not easily transported except by rapidly flowing water
whieh is rarely present near tailing embankments. No physical damage
would occur because of an embankment failure, even if it were instan-
taneous, because the maxiroun depth of water in the cells would be about 2
feeE (stored water plus the probable maximum precipitation). Ihis water
would not discharge rapidly because of its shallow depth. Each of the
possible failure events is discussed below:
7.1.1.1 Flood Water Breaching of Retention System
In general, flood water breaching of tailing embankments presents
one of the greatesE dangers for the sudden release of tailing anC in-
pounded waEer. For this project, however, because of the design of the
tailing retention system and drainage basin involved, Ehis danger is
eliminated. Within the tailing cells themselves, both during operation
and after reclamaiioa, sufficieat vol-urne r.rilL be available to store any
7-3
flood which would occur, including the probable maximum f1ood. The
drainage basin upstream of the taiiing retenEion facility does not
concribuEe waEer Eo the impoundeci area. Flooci $rar-ers which flow towarcis
the tailing dikes will be stored upstrean of Ehe upstream dik-e where
flood rraters will be evaporated over a period of time (see SecEion 9.5.1
and Appendix H).
The possibility of floods in I^Iestwater Creek, Corral Creek or
CoEtonwood Wash causing damage to the tailing dam is extremely remoEe.
This is due to the aproxirnately 200-foot elevational difierence between
Ehe streambeds of che creeks and the toe of the tailing dikes.
7.L.L.2 0verflow of Tailing Slurry
The retention system could overflow causing the discharge of
tailing maLerials to the surrounding hydrologic environment only if the
tailing sysEem were operated unattended for several months. The tail-
ing in the first ce11 will rise a total of. 32 feet in 5 years of maximum
production. This converts to a raEe of 5.4 feeE per year. A minimum of
5 feet of freeboard will be maintained aE Ehe top of the tailing. In
order to produce an overflow of Eailing slurry, the tailing level would
have to rise to the maximum level; this would have to be followed by more
than 9 uonths of unaEtended operation at maxinuo production raEe. During
regular operation, the retention systen operator will rnake freq':sng 316
regular inspections of the ce11 and tailing 1evel to insure safe opera-
tion.
7.1.1.3 Structural Failure of Tailing Dikes
Failure of the tailing dikes which would produce a potential
release of waste from the tailing area is possible by three basic modes:
(1) spontaneous slope failure due to internal pore lraEer pressures, Q)
failure due to earthquake, (3) failure due to flood water breaching.
Such failures are considered exErerrely unlikely for Ehe following
reasons :
7-4
(1) The stabilities of both upstream and downstream slopes at
various cross-sections have been checked. The minimum factor
of safety encountered was 2.21, Because the tailing cells
will be lined, no seepage is expected through the embankments.
Because the project is in an arid region, the only water
avairable for producing pore water pressures will be direct
precipitation. This water is expected to penetrate 12 inches
or less into the surface of the tailing dikes, thereby pre-
senting very 1itt1e possibility for pore pressures.
Q) Ihe site is in a low seissric risk area. Potential earthquakes
are defined as minor and would not be sufficiently severe to
cause failure of the system. A stability analysis has been
done on the embankments using a static analysis with the 0.1 g
horizontal loading. rhe minimum factor of safety encountered
in this analysis was I.65. This very conservative analysis has
produced a very high factor of safety cmrpared to typical water
retention dams.
(3) Failure of the embankments due to overtopping by frood u,aters
is extreurely remote, as discussed in section 7.t.r.r above.
7.1.1.4 Seisrnic Danage to Transport System
The rupEure of the tailing retention slurry pipeline would result in
a minor irnpact on the environment. rire tailing retention system pipe, as
planned, will be in the same drainage basin as the retention system. Any
tailing slurry released by a pipe rupture, no matter what the cause,
would flow downhill where it would be iupounded against Ehe tailing dike.
This would prevent any spillage or escape of the tailing slurry (see
Appendix H).
7.I.2 Minor Pipe or Tank Leakage
Minor leaks resulting from loose connections in piping or tanks
overflowing, etc., will be collected in sumps designed for this type of
spill. Sump Pumps will be used to return the material to the circuit and
the reason for the spill determined and corrected. No environmental
impact would result from this type of occurrence.
7-5
7.1.3 Major Pipe or Tank Breakage
A11 of the mi11 drainage including chemical storage tanks will
flow into a large catchment basin upstream from Ehe tailing impoundment
s ite.
If a tank collapses and results in Ehe escape of a large quantity of
liquids, chemicals or slurry, they would be collected in the caEchment
basin upslream from the tailing reEention system. Liquids from such a
spil1 would be pumped back to the mill or to the tailing ceIl. CAenicals
would be recovered for Ehe mi11 if suitable, or transferred to t.he
tailing cell or even neutralized in the catchment basin. Residtre from a
slurry loss would be cleaned up and contaminaEed soil would be removed
and disposed of in the Eailing retention systeo.
7.L.4 Electrical Power Failure
Temporary loss of electrical power to various sections within
the nill- or Ehroughout Ehe enEire nill would cause no more than a tank or
vessel to overflow temporarily. No impacE woutd result from such an
occurrence. Emergency lights will be situated in various parts of the
miII that will activate during polrer failure enabling personnel to take
appropriate action.
Electrical or oechanical failure to the ye11ow cake scrubber fan
could temporarily cause more than normal amounts of yellow cake to be
discharged to atmsophere. Such an occurrence would be noticed very
quickly, as the ternperature on the ye1low cake dryer would elevate
quickly. An audible signal would activate as a result of the increase in
temperature and the dryer would be shut down.
7.1.5 Process Equipnent Malfunction and/or Operator Error
Process equipnent malfunction and operat.or error could result
in several different types of accidents. However, none of these would
result in any environmental i.mpact, with the exception of the tailing
line breakage, ye11ow cake scrubber failure and ye11ow cake dryer
explosions which are described elsewhere.
7.I.6 Tornado
Ihe Bost significant environmental impact from a tornado would
be transport of tailing frou cells or liquids fron ni11 process tanks
into the environment. This dispersed roaterial would contain sou1e
uranium, radium and thoriuo. An increase in background radiation coul,il
result and, Lt sufficient quantities could be detected and isolated,
they would be cleaned up.
7.L.7 Minor Fire
Small fires that roight result from weldiag in the maintenance
shop or involving snal1 amounts of coabustible oaterial cculd occur but
would be unlikely because of industrial safety precautions. Such a fire
would be extinguished rapidly and no irnpact expected.
7. 1. 8 I'Ia j or Fire
The Bost likely place
solvent extraction building
major fire would occur would be in the
in the yellow cake or vanadir.m roasters.
a
or
If the solvenE in the solvent extraction circuit should catch
on fire or an explosion of the yelIow cake dryer should occur, the
raCiological environmentaL effects would be confined within an estimated
few hundred feet of the building. Recovery of the uranium scaEtered by
the explosion or burning solvent would be cleaned up by removing the
topsoil and processing it in the uill.
Ihe possibility of a fire as a result of an explosion in the yellow
cake dryer is remote as Industrial Safety Codes will be strictl.y enforced
during construction and operation. The possibility of a rnajor fire in
the solvent extraction buildings is remote, as very strict safety pre-
cauti.ons will be adhered to. Furthermore, this part of the process will
be kept isolated and in separate buildings due to the large quantities of
kerosene preseni. These facilities will be equipped with an independent
fire detecEion and protection systecr.
In spite of the safeiy precautions, if a major fire were to occur,
the radiological environmental effects would be confined within a few
hundred feet of the buildings. Recovery of uranitrm that would be scat-
tered by Ehe burning solverrt would be performed and a survey of the site
would be required. Uranium bearing soil would be processed in the mi11
circuit.
In the past several years, two solvenE extraction fires have occur-
red at other uraniurn nills. Neither fire resulted in appreciable release
of uranium to the unrestricted environmental aad essentially complete
recovery of the uranium was obtained. ConsequenEly, the impacE from such
an event at the proposed nill would be limited to (1) cleanup of contam-
inated so1id, (2) replacement of desEroyed mi11 components, and (3) a
short duration release of nonradioactive combustion producEs to the
atmosphere.
7.2 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS
Concentrates will be shipped in sealed 55-ga1lon drums built to
withstand normal handling and minor accidents. Each drum will contain
approximately 900 pounds of yellow cake. A maximum of 60 drums will be
shipped in each closed van. The drums will be sealed and marked t'Radio-
active LSA" (low specific activity), and the trucks will be properly
uarked, Because most of the radi.oactive daughter products of uranium are
removed in the extraction process and radioactive buildup of daughter
products is slow, yellow cake has a very low level of radioactivity and
is, therefore, classified by the Department of Transportation as a 1ow
specific material.
The environmental impact of a transportation accident involving
release of the product would be miniual. Even in a severe accident,
drums would 1ikely be breached and, since yellow cake has a high density,
it would not easily disperse. More than 1ikely, t.he drums and any
released material would remain within the danaged vehicle or in an area
of close proximity of the accident site.
7-E
Even if the ye11ow cake were to spill out of the vehicle, it could
be detected easily by sight and by the use of survey equipnent. rhus,
the yellow cake could be reclaimed to prevent any significant environ-
mental irnpacE. At most, the cleanup operation would involve removing
snalt amounts of pavement, topsoil and vegetation in the immediate
area of the accident.
Proper and safe shiproent guidelines for radioactive materials
will be Ehe responsbility of the Radiation Safety officer, with actual
shipment being the Shipping Department, s responsibility.
Driver or carrier instructions will be given to each driver of
each transPort leaving the plant site with a load of yeliow cake. These
instructions wilL consist of an explanation of the prcduct, preli.minary
precautions at the accident siEe, whom to notify and what to do in case
of fire. A copy of these instructions is included in the Application for
Source l'lateriaL License.
7-2.1 speciai Training for Yellow cake Transporr Accidents
Energy Fuels will select and train capable pe:rsonnel to prepare for
any eventuality of this nature. A team will be supervised by the radia-
tion safety offieer or plant superintendent, or his appointee. Tnis team
will have good background knowledge in radiation safety as is required.
Further training in containment, recovery, decontamination, and the
equipment needed to control such a spill will be given on a seni-annual
basis.
rn the event of a spill of any magnitude, the team will have been
adequately trained and provided with the equipment to contain and
decontaminate any accident site. The training and the equipment required
to accomplish this task are, for the most pari, listed betow. Respon-
sibility assignment will be direct.ed by the supervisor of the team.
7-9
7.2.2 Spill Countermeasures
Proper authorities will be notified. The Region rv Director,
Office of Investigation and Enforcement, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion, Artington, Texas; state Public HealEh DepartmenE; and the Depart-
Eaent of Eavironmental Quality, or equivalent, in the state wherein the
accident occurred will be irnuediately r.otified by the ApplicanE. Train-
it g of personnel as seE fcrth by the NaEional Fire Protection Associa-
tion, Publication sPP-4A, rrHandling Radiation Emergencies ," 1977, wilr be
utilized as applicable.
Imnediate conE,ainment cf the product will be achieved by covering
the spi11 area'with plastic sheering or eo.uivalenE material to prevent
wind and waEer erosion. rf sheeting is not available, soiL from the
surrounding area will be used. Embankment dicching would be used to
contain arrf runoff caused by precipitation.
All human and vehicular traffic through the spili area will be
restricted. The area lrould be cordoned off if possible. All non-
Participants will be rest,ricted to 50 feet fron the accident site. Law
enforcemenE officers may be asked to assist in this activity.
covered containers and removal equipuent--i.e., large plastic
sheeting, radioactive signs, ropes, hoses, shovels, axes, stakes, heavy
equipmenE (front-end loaders, graders, etc.), will be procured to clean
up the yellow cake, as required.
If possible, during removal acti.rities, a wetEing agenE will be
applied in a fine spray to assist in dust abatement. Plain lrater will be
used if a wetting agent is not available, but has a tendency Eo cause
dusting if not applied in a very fine mist.
Gloves' ProtecEive clothing, and any personal clothing conEaminated
during cleanup operations will be encased in plastic bags and returned to
Ehe plant for decontamination.
7-1 0
Any fire at the site will be controlled by 1ocal experienced
fire fighting personnel wearing appropriate respiratory protective
eguiprnent.
Team members wilL have a thorough kaowledge in basic first aid and
of the physical hazards in inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of
radionuclides. ream members will adequately protect themselves.
7.2.3 Emergency Actions
Emergency procedures will be established by the Radiation Safety
Officer for accidents that could occur.
Personnel safety, environmental conditions and prompt corrective
actions will be taken as rrell as notification of regulatory official, as
is required.
7.3 QUALTTY ASSUMNCE
Energy Fuels intends to maint.ain quality in design, construction and
operation of the rni11. A qualified engineering and construction company
will be contracted to design and construct the plant. Energy Fue1s will
review design and construction plans and performance continually by
qualified personnel, in order to insure that quality assurance is ob-
tained at all times. Ihe ni11 manager or his assigned representative
will inspect all equipnenE prior to acceptsnc€o
Operational quality assurance will be the responsibility of the
mi11 manager. Operational control nethods will be established and
approved by the rni11 Banager and radiation safety officer. Continual
monitoring of the operations will be conducted by qualified staff and
supervisors. Operational reports from each unit operation, including
tailing reEention, will be submitted to the rnil1 Eanager on a daily
basis. These rePorEs will be subrnitted by the various operators and the
responsibilitv of Ehe shift foreman. These reports will be reviewed
daily by the mi11 foreman, mi11 metarlurgist and ui11 manager.
7-l I
Regular Inspections will be made continually by the shift foreman
who will notify either che rnill foreman or mill manager immediately upon
di.scovery of any unusual condition.
An inventory of in-process uranium, as well as finishe<i product
and uranium in ore at the site, will be performed on a monthly basis. A
met.allurgical balance of processed uraniuu will also be perforored on a
monthly basis.
8-r
8.0 ECONOI{IC AND SOCIAI EFFECTS OF MILL CONSTRUCTION
This section is a summary of impacts described in
4.1.3 and 5.5.2.
AND O?ERATION
detail in SecEions
produc E ion
represenE-
mi11 would
for energy
8.1 BENEFITS
The major
of 1.5 nillion
ing a total of
subs tantial 1y
development.
benefit of the proposed project would be the
pounds of uranium oxide annually for 15 years,
25 million pounds. OuEput of the Energy Fuels
increase the national supply of uranitln oxide
ConsErucEion and operation of the proposed mill would provide up to
250 short-term and 80 long-term jobs in the Blanding area. The econonic
base of southeastern Utah is heavily dependent on tourism and agri-
culture, which are seasonal in nature and subject Eo wide fluctrraEions in
activity. Mi11 operation woutd contribute to economic stabiliEy by
providing yeur-round employment for 15 years. Every efforE would be rnade
Eo hire tocal residents, which would uritigate adverse impacts associated
with a large population influx. Wage and salary payments would have a
stimulating effect on the 1ocal and regional economies. Similariy, the
procurement of supplies and equipuent for construction and operation of
Ehe mi1l would have positive impacts on the regionaL, state and naiional
economies.
Tax revenue would benefit federal, state, county and rnunicipal
governments as a direct and indirect result of the proposed project.
Corporate income tax payments would be substantial and, together with
personal income taxes of the project work force, would benefit the
federal and state governments. Property laxes assesseC against the mil-l
would benefit San Juan County, the San Juan School District, and various
political subdivisions. In addition, sales Eax revenue would eccrue Eo
the staEe and county as a result of personal consumption expendiEures of
8-2
the project work force and the locaI procuremen! of supplies and equip-
ment for ui11 construction and operation.
Table 8.1-I summarizes Ehe quantifiable benefits discussed above.
8.2 CoSTS
Internal costs would total $38 nillion during the construction
phase and $10.5 miltion each year of operation.
External costs would be borne by the state, counEy aad municipal
governments' The state of utah and san Juan, wayne, and Garfield
Counties would experieace increased road maintenance costs due to heavy
truck traffic during construction and operation. Other governmental
costs would stem from the need to accomnodate an increase in population.
San Juan County would be faced with higher expenditures for public
services, particularly recreation, health and public safety. The san
Juan county school District would pay higher operating costs. The
prinary impact communities of Blanding, Bluff and Monticello would be
faced with increased capital improvement expenditures and higher annual
operating costs for services which are particularly sensitive to the
number of residents. The external costs of accommodating the project-
induced population increment are discussed with regard to the long-terrn
operation phase only. The construction phase would last one year, and
most of the irnported workers would be in the Blanding area for several
months or less. Thus, locaI governmenE costs would be miniural and
temPorary. Probable, quantifiable governmenEal expenditures necessitated
by construction and operation of the nill are summarized. in Table 8.2-I.
Non-quantifiable costs would include adverse impacts on the quality
of liie and the disruption of coumunity cohesion and stability poten-
tially resulting from a rapid influx of up to 150 construction workers.
Ttris would rePresent a temporary irnpact; construction workers would be
replaced by a smaller operating work crew in February 19g0. rhe operat-
itg employees would be permanent residents of the area. Because every
effort would be made to hire as many 1ocal residents as possible,
8-3
TABLE 8.1-1
QUA}ITIFIABLE BENETITSA
(1977 Dollars)
Cons truc t ion
Phase
( toral )
0peration
Phase
(Annual )
Internal Benefit
Gross revenue from UrO, production
External Benefits
@)rmenEsPersonal income taxes
Personal consumption expenditures
SEate sales tax revenue (4.52)
County sales tax revenue (0.5%)
Procurement of supplies and equipment
Southeastern Utah
0ther areas in Utah
Other sEates
Sales tax revenue in Utah (52)
Property taxes against the uil-1
oBlank spaces indicate no applicable data
7 , ooo, ooo
1 , 344, ooo
2,492 ,o0o
112 , 100
12 ,500
18 ,000,000
I ,800,000
9 ,000,000
7 ,200,000
540,000
57 , 1 84,000
I ,365 ,0oo
t88,400
522,800
23,500
2,600
456,000
8-4
QUANTIFIABLE COSTS
Internal Costs
Mi11 ConsEructiou
Mi11 Operarion
Local Property Tax payurents
Reclanation Costs
ExEernal Costs
San Juan County
Increased Health, Recreation and public
Sa fety Expend i tures expenditures
San Juan School DistrictIncrease<i Operating Expenditures
Prinary Inpact Comrnuniiies: Blanding,Capital Improvement Expenditures
Increased Operating Expenditures
TABLE 8.2.1
ASSOCIATED I4IITH(1977 Dollars)
THE PROPOSED PROJECTA
Cons truc tion
Phase(tota1)
38,000,000
l,Ionticello and Bluff
70,000
10 , 500 ,000456,000
1,400-2,100
30 ,090
1,400-2,100
0peration
Phase
(Annual )
aBlank spaces indicate no applicable data
8-5
popuiation growth direcrly result.ing from milt operaEion is noE expected
to constitute a major adverse impact on loca1 communities.
Adverse impacEs on regional highway systems would stem from the
transportation oi uranium ore frorn mines throughout southeastern Utah to
Energy Fuels buying stations at Henksville and tslanding and from the
Hanksville buying station to Ehe mi11. Ore movement would require a
subsEantial increase in truck traffic, with potential ramifications on
recreational enjoyment and highway safeEy in Glen Canyon National Recre-
ation Area, Manti-La Sal National Forest, Canyonlands Naiional Park, and
other areas in southeastern Utah.
ol
9. 1.
9-l
9.0 RECLAMATION AND R.ESTORATICT'I
EXISTING AND PROP0SED LAI\D USE AND ECOSYSTEU EVALUATION
1 Project Site
Ihe on-site ecosystem liras originally a semi-desert Big Sagebrush
shrubland and Pinyon-Juniper woodlanci. The dominant Big Sagebrush
vegetaEion has been cleared in many places and reseeded with grasses,
primarily Crested l,lheatgrass, in an attempE to improve the rangeland for
livestock grazing. Soae snall areas were plowed pricr to being reseeded.
Ihe majority of the area has been grazed by livestock, some very heavily.
Soils on the project site are relaEivety uniforn and are adequaEe
for reclamation. Ia these soils, abouE I foot of the surface naEerial is
Ieached and ccntains sotue organic matter and roots. Soil mat,erials down
Eo a depEh of 5-5 feeE are all generally adequaEe fcr use in reclarnation.
Revegetat.ion of affected areas will be for the purpose of reEurning
it to livesEock range and wildlife habitat through establishuent of a
mixture of grasses, forbs and shrubs.
9.L.2 Hanksville Buying Staiion
The surrounding ecosystem consists of a desert shrubland Larl 1ow-
lying alluvial fans Ehat are heavily gullied on some areas but have a
basic 2 to 4 percent s1ope. The predoninant vegetation consists of
Shadscale Saltbrush, Snakeweed and Mormon Tea. The vicinity has been
grazed by cattle and is usetl as rangeland.
Soils in the vicini.ty of the Hanksville buying station are variable
in terms of their quality. In general they are very thin alkaline sandlr
loams. Soils on about half the area surveyed (see Section 2.10.1.2 and
Plate 2.L0-2) have gypstrn or salt contents ioo high for use in reclama-
tion. In contrast, about half the area has 30 inches of soil material
that would be good for use in reclamation and are adequate to reclaim
the buying station site.
9-2
Reclamation of the 9-acre disturbed area will be for the purpose
restoriag the site as rangeland aaC will emphasize establishment of
mixture of grasses and shrubs.
9.2 PLANS FOR RECLAIMING AND RESTORING AFFECTED AREAS
9.2.L Tailing Retention System
The following plan will be implemented sequentially for the three
tailing cells as each is inactivated, approxinately after the fifth year
of operation, the tenth year of operation, and at termination of the pro-
ject. The reclamation plan has been designed to provide both long term
stabilization of tailing and controlled release of radioactivity.
9.2.1.1 Summary of Tailing Retention Plan
The proposed rnill will have an acid leach process and a 2,000-ton
per day capacity. The project site is rocated approxinately 6 niles
south of Bianding, Utah and will include an existing ore buying station
as well as the proposed ni11 and a tailing retention systen. A more
detailed description of the project is provided in section 3.0.
The proposed tailing retention plan calrs for the disposal of
mi11 tailing in three partially excavated rectangular ceLls southvest of
the rnill site, each approximately 4,000 feet long, 650 feet wide and 35
feet deep. Each of the three cel1s is designed Eo contain five years
of tailing; thus, reclamation will occur at approximately five-year
intervals.
A basic feature of Ehis retention plan is the lining of each cel1
(excavated trench and surrounding dike) with chlorinated polyeEhylene or
an equivalent liner. Before the first cell is filIed, the second would
be constructed and a portion of the material excavated froro the second
wouLd be used as cover for the first ce11. Sirni1ar11,, excavation of
Ehe third cell would provide cover uraterial for the second and would be
completed before the second would be reclained. It is currently esti-
mated that approximately 300,000 cubic yards of graterial will have to
be excavated to cover the third ce11. This cover material will either
of
a
9-3
come from excavation of this cell or will be excavated from an area
immediately south of the western edge of the third ce11. For radio-
logical calculations, Ehe toEal storage votune of Ehe three Eailing cells
was estimated at 9.0 x 106 cubic yards and it was assumed that Ehey
will cover a total maximuu surface area of approximately 210 acres. The
total disturbed area for tailing retention is estimated to be 249 acres.
More detailed discussions of the eailing retention plan, alterna-
tives considered and the reasons for rejecting ihe other alternatives may
be found in Sections 3.0 and 10.0 and in Appendix H.
9.2.L.2 Cover Material
This section presents the
various cover naterials thaE
tailing reclarnation.
results of an analyrical sEudy evaluaEing
couLd be utilized for post-operational
the affected surface
mainEenance require-
The criteria used in evaluating alternative cover maEerials for
post-operational tailing rectamation were:
. A reduction in the gamma radiation to essentially backgrounci
leve1s;
A reducEion in the radon emanation flux from
to not greflter th4n tvice background leve1s;t I r nA &+t fx{r -Cr-r
Yininization of nronitoring and long-tern
ments;
. The cost effectiveness of each alternative;
. Suitability for revegetation.
A general description of the various rnaterials and the esti.mated
costs of each are summarized in Table 9.2-L"
9.2. 1.3 Background Radioactivity
Radon Emanation
At the present time, there are neither measurenents of the radot-222
flux at the proposed tailing retention siEe nor in the general environs
of the site. A program is currenEly being conducted to determine these
values. Background radon-222 flrrxes can be estimaEed froo the average
9-4
TABLB 9.2-1
ALTERNATTvE covER uArnnul' EvALUATED
Alternative Description
FOR TAILING MANAGEI,MNT
Cost (x $1000)b
Regrade partially dried eailing.
Cover with 9.0 feet of silt/sandmaterial. Add 712 foot of mixedtopsoil and sand, fertilize and
reveget.ate.
1,749
Regrade partiaLly dried tailing.
Cover with 17.0 feet of silt/sand-
sand mixture. Add L/2 foot of
mixed topsoil and sand, fertilize
and revegetat,e.
2,938
RegraCe partially dried tailing.
Cover with more than 20.0 feet of
sand, fertilize and revegetate.
Regrade partiall.y dried tailing.
Cover with 2.0 inch thick asphalt
cap followed by 3.0 feet of silt/
sand aaterial. Add L/2 foot of
mixed topsoil and sand, fertilize
and revegetate.
4,032
653
aA search is being conducted for an adequate suppry of Mancos shale orclay. If such material is available, it will be evaluated as an aLternativecover and discussed in the Supplemental Report.
bCora is estimate for totaL 210-acre surface assumed for combined 3-ce11
con figurat ion.
9-5
: o-Lz pCi /"n'-s'<-radium-226 concentration of soil samples collected within Ehe project
site boundaries by using a con.;ersion factor of r.6 pci/rn2-sec of
radon-222 per pCi/g of radiurn-226 in soil (Schiager, lg7+). An average
radium-226 concentra:ion of 0.470 pcilg of soil was obtained for the
collected soil samples. Ihis concentration yields a background rad,on-222
f lux o f O .7 52 p6i/m2-s ec . w\ to{ *reat icr ta'1.1- as 1.r, {*nl()r vrc4 v€tSu? , QO. zz ?(.if ^'* *.)
\,.'
Background Gauma Radiation
An on-going progran is being conducted to document the environmental
dosage at the project sire (section 2.9.2.8). The results of this
Program will be preseoted in the Supplernentai Report. The average anluai
dose attributabLe to !erresrrial and man-nade sources is presenEly
estimated Eo be 74 mr:eu.
9.2.L.4 Tailing Radioactivity
The tailing slurry discharged from the mi11 will be a well-mi:<ed
gombination of sands and slimes. It has been assumed Lhat the radiun
conEen! of the .tailing will be hcraogeneous and EhaE there will be a
concentration of 353 pCi of radium-226 per gram of tailing. Since there
are no physical separation processes planned for post-entrainrnent, it is
assumed that this concentration wiLl exist at all times prior to recla-
mation.
T?i,1ing Radon Flux
No data are currently avaiLable on the radon fluxes fron the pro-
jected tailing.
r"* {r.\ 1 {ur (- I') -->
The radot-222 flux from
estimaEed to be 38.9 pci of
f.o'- 's3 {; l?
the tailing, prior Ec reclamation,
Rn-222 per ,2-""" (see Section 3.3.2.tcilsl ,)i*o, l;c.l*'-=.. (('^,c ;-z p(,t\*+' i. n6a oCi fn.- 1€..
is
5).,ol ", tzrl:
Tailing Ganmra Radiaticn Exposure Rates
Estimation of the garnma expcsure above Ehe tailing can be obtaineC
by multiplying the calr:ulaied radium-226 concentration in the tailing by
a conversion factor of 2.5 uR/hr (Schiager, L974). l.Iultiplication of the
**tt
Lptet l=l
- .rt-stL+* c:/s*co \-"
EH6-+ ir$tri* \n'-tt/,1 f-t-}/.'b\) Y-I
6-t:-.L\r \i ,*:dLlT *rii*tg*"
:t,d6r'l r
:?3il vr'J,
. - cr\-!.. ;[-: q
!:+' ,Gl-, r
:
'et i T,..\ )rle*,
' '- rQiI,tifi'4".-Id{,{
$ J ::l?-" I -i!
-:t ") t'
9-6
average tailing Ra-226 eoncentration of 353 pCi/g by the above conversion
f actcr gives an exposure raEe of 882.5 i.rR/hr/or i ,736 mrem per year.
9.2. 1.-5 Radioactivity Attenuation
Cover llaterials
There are essentially two types of naturally oceurring materials
available on site which could be used to cover the tailing area, a
silt-sand and a sand. A more detailed description of these materials
is provided in Appendix H. A search is being made for economic clay
deposits in the vicinity of the project site.
Radon Attenuation
The model chosen for calcuLating the thickness of material necessary
to reduce radon emanation to not greater than twice background is the one
quoted by Clements, et a1 (1978). The nodel consists of a uniform layer
of material of finite thickness, covering a material of "infinite"
thickness, as illust.rated be1ow. Both materials are assumed to contain
radium and are capable of procucing and diffusing radon.
f'COVER
MATERIAI
TAILING
Ideali-zed Sketch of the Mode1 Used ior Gaseous Diffusion
The steady state equaiion
atmosphere from Ehese layers
)Da-C-).C+P=0
^2dz
where:
C
D
r-
governing Ehe diffusion of radon inEo Ehe
is:
(1)
is the radon concentration in the incerstitial space (pCi/cm3)
is the effective diffusion coefficient, i.e. , the diffusion
eoefficient diviCeC by the porosity (cur2/sec)
is Ehe specific radon production raEe in the inierstitial sDace
(pci/sec cm3)
The boundary conditions appropriate to the problem are:
C, (z=l) = ( z=l) C,
-rr ra,
Dz
(2)
(3)
C, (z=0) = 0
j.ri lim Cr(il =
z+6
Substituting
Jr(z=0) = -D1
gives
P2/\
the solutions of (1)
ac-
--l3z- z=O
into (2)-(5) and noring
(4)
(5)
J( z=0)(L-e^1er)-(1 +a)er,t
= -D, i9,1^L o22=E Z=E
Jl sinh(r,t) + a cosh(rt)
(6)
9-8
where:
J (z=0)
J.b
a
tI
t
Surface Flux (pCi/r2-"ec)
tsackground Flux (pCi/m2-sec)
D l/ D 2 ( Diruens ionless )
=l@(",)-1
= Ihickriess of Cover Material (crn)
Defining r, as the flux from the uncovered tailing the above
may be rearraoged in the form
(7)
It should be noted that the tern in
model used by Tanner (1954), Alekseev et aI.
the square brackets is the
(1957) and orhers.
The term.l(z=0)/Jo represents the ratio of the rsrfece flux
to the background and must be less than 2.0 to fill the critcrie oo radon
flux emanation.
Because of tediousness of substituting different valult of tbictness
in the above equation a computer program was written to solrc the right
hand side for l/2 f.oot increments of cover material thicknell f,or various
diffusion coefficients and flux ratios, i.e. , taiLing to background
flux. The code is designed to terminate when the thickness of cover
reached is sufficient to reduce the ratio .l(z=0)/JO to less than
2.0.
The unknown parameters in the model are the effective diffusion
coefficients of the tailing and the cover materials.
9-9
- The diffusion coefficient of the ulrimately dry tailing is
estimated Lo be l.0xl0-2 "r2/r"". The estimate was made
based on published values of similar types of material (Sears et
al., L975; Tanner,1964; Alekseev et a1., 1957) and the expected
hooogeneous nature of the tailing. It is expecied that t.he finer
grade (-ZOO mesh) material rrj.11 take up much ai the bulk void
space, thus decreasing the allowable pathways for radon diffusion
so this value may be considered a conservative o,rerestinate.
The diffusion coef f icient of rhe silt-sands foun,l ia the "r".pdh-^l.ll.2is esEimaEed at 1 .0x10-2 "*2/r"". , I t'v"li'uee
l,r("'
- A diff,:sion coefficient of
- ihe diffusion coefficient
is esEimated aE 3.4x10-2
to be well mixed Eo reduce
-, ,,6.8x10'"o1'/sec for the sands.
: r '..." l; 0".t t*t"lt'^"f
of a mixture of these two marerials
,)96-/sec. Such a naterial would have
interstitial voids in the sand.
Substitution of these values and the yaiue of the ratio of the
tailing to background flux in the right hand side of Equatioa 7 allows
the dctcrainaEion of radon reduction versus eover material.. Table 9,2-2
Prcseata the results of these calculations for various thicknesses of
differeot cover materials.
Ac is obvious, a thickness of 9.0 feet of silt-sand reduces the
turfaca aadon flux to less Ehan Ewice background. A mixture of silt-sand
and gand or a cover of sand would reguire 15 feet or )20 feet, respec-
tively, to achieve the same goal.
It should be noted thaE most of the attenuation occurs in the
first few feet of naterial. The firsE six feet cf the silt/sand,
for example, reduces the ratio of the uncovered taiiing radon flux
to background by an order of magnitude. The remainder of the rnaterial
is basically needed to conpensate for the radium in Ehe cover and
the residual couponenc or- the taiiing riux.
THICKNESS OF COVERS
TO RADON BACKGROLIND
9- 10
IABLE 9.2-2
VS. MTIO OF RADON SURFACE FLUX
FLUX FOR VARIOUS COVER MATERIALS
Itrickness of
Covers (feet)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9"0
10.0
11 .0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15 .0
15.0
17.0
18 .0
19.0
20.0
Silt/Sand
33.6
2\.9
L4.4
9.6
6.5
4.6
3.3
2.5
<2
Silt/Sand-Sand
44.8
33. 0
26.2
25.3
20.4
L6.4
L3.2
10.6
8.6
7.0
5.7
4.7
3.9
3.3
2.8
2.4
2.1
<2
Sand
48.1
43.7
39.1
34.6
30.2
26.2
22.6
L9.5
L6.7
L4.4
L2.3
10.6
9.1
7.8
6.8
5.9
5.1
.4."5
1,-23.5
9-1 1
Gamma Radiation Attenuation
Theoretically, each foot of packed earEh cover will reduce Ehe
ganma exposure raEe by approxinately an order of nagniEude. (tlanna Ray
attenuation is heavily dependent on atomic electron interactions e.9.,
Compton collisions, photoelectric absorption, so that the absoiute type
of material, clay, etc., is irrelelrant to this discussion.) Thus,
considering the worse case, 9.0 feet of cover material, the reduction is
of the order of 109. This would rerluce the gamma dose of 7 1736 mrem/
year to significantLy less than 0.001 mrern/ year.
9.2.L.6 Tailing Reclamation Alteraatives
Several tailing disposal concepts were considered prior to selec-
tion of the proposed plan (".g., conventional surface disposal at a
number of locations); these are discr:ssed in Section 10.0 and Appendix
H.
Four tailing reclamaEion alternatives were considered for the
proposed plan using the results of the previous se,cEion for radon attenu-
at,ion. The total cost of each alternaEive was derived from the couponent
co'sts for each phase of the reclamation.
Two costs are fixed for each alternative, the cost of trrenty
years of monitoring on a regular basis and the cosE of revegeEation.
The first of these was conservatively estimated at $5,000/year and
includes the costs of radon neasuring equipment and quarterly surveys.
An average cost of revegetation, $600/acre, was used bul it should be
recognized that this cosE varies appreciably throughout the southwest and
is heavily dependent on a number of parameEers (Kennedy eE al., 1977).
Individual alternative cover costs \dere estinated from the following
simple formula.
Cover Cost = k x A x t x c x f (1,d)(8)
9-72
where:
k = 43560 (ft2/acrel * * $a3l f.3) = 1613.3 yd3/""r".
A = Area covered (acres)
t = Thickness of cover (ft)
c = Average cost. per cubic yard of cover
f(1,d) = empiricaL correction factor dependent on the distance
. the material is hauled (1) and the degree of difficulty
of compacting, grading, etc., for the case unity.
It should be noted that, in all the calculations, the background
flux quote is based on Ron-seeular equilibrium for the thorium, raciium
ratio.
rf secular equilibrium rrere assumed, i.e. a natural soil val_ue
of 0.71 p}t/g of radium, the radon flux would be I.15 pCi/n2-sec.
The effecE on the thickness of eover material would be to reduce it by
approximately 1.5 to 2.0 feet. Ttris would reduce the estirnated cost
of the alternatives by $508,000 ro $678,000, respectively. Ttris cosE
adjustment may be nade as more data become available.
Sinilarly, as more data are gathered, further reduction may become
evident. Graphically, it can be shown that 4 feet of material are
sufficient to reduce radon flux to levels comparable with other parts of
Utah, e.g. Moab. This further reduction would essentially divide the
costs for reclamation of the tailing retention systen by one-third to
one-hal f.
A search is being conducted for suitable clay material as an
alternative cover. If, this search is successful, that alternative wiIl
be evaluated in the Supplemental Report.
The following costs were developed using the
portion of the cover material would be that material
assumption that a
initially excavated
9-1 3
(see Appendix H) and that exca.ration cosEs would be absorbed as opera-
tional expenditures not reclamation expenditures.
Al-ternative I - Silt-Sand Cover With One Half Foot of Mixed Sand and
Topsoil
Approximately 9.0 feet
over Lhe dried tailing. The
Approxinately one-half foot of
on the cover to help promote
and revegeEaEion would follow.
approxinately as follows:
of silt-sand material would be placed
area wouLd be conto'.rred and compacted.
nixed topsoil and sand would be placed
revegeEation. Artifical fertilization
The cost of this alternative would be
Cover Cost:
?(43,560 f:.'facre x 210 acres x 9.0
2O49,000 yd- previously excavated)
llixed Topsoil and Sand:
'I1513.3 yd" /f.t acre x 210 acres x
Revegetation: $600/acre x 210 acres
Monitoring: (20 years)
feet x
x 0.65
0.5 ft
L/27 yd3Itt3)
x $0.16
Iess
=$1,496,000
= 27,200
= 126,000
=_ 100 ,009.
$ I ,749 ,200
including costs
revegeEation and
5,000/year x 20 years
Total CosL
Thus, the estimated cost of this alternative,
of moving and compacting the volume of cover material,
monitoring for 20 years is $1,749,2A0.
Alternative II - A Mixture of Silt-Sand and Sand with One Ilalf
Foot of lIixed Sand and Topsoil
Alternative II involves reducing the radon flux and gamma dose
with a mixture of silt-sand and sand. The required thickness of this
cover is estimated to be 17.0 feet of silt-sand and sand. Again approxi-
mately one-half foot of mixed topsoil and sand would be added to help
proncte revegetation. Fertilization and revegetation would follow. A
cost analysis utilizing a similar procedure as for the previous alter-
native yields a total estimated cost of $21937,700.
9-L4
Alternative III - Sand Cover With One-Half Foot of Mixed Sand
and Topsoil
Iilrarr" rrr utilizes a sand cover for radon flux and ga,,oa
exPosure rate reduction. The amount of oaierial necessary for this
alternative is estinated to be in excess of 20.0 feet. One-half foot
of rnixed topsoil and sand would cover the cap. Fertilization and
revegetation would fo11ow. The estimated cost of this alternative
is about $4,032,170.
Alternative IV - Asphalt Cap
This alternative would involve the placement of a two-inch asphalt
cap on the tailing followed by three feet of silt-sand materiaL.
Ihe asphalt cap would serve as an impermeable barrier to gas difiusion
while the silt-sand would lirnit gamma ray exposure. Mixed sand and
topsoil would be followed by revegetation as in the other alternatives.
The estimated cost of this alternative is about $653,000.
0ther Alternatives
OLher alternatives have been considered and rejected on a tech-
nical feasibility and/or cost basis. A search is underway for clay
deposits within a fifty-mile radius of the project site. If this search
is successful, use of clay mat.erial as a cover material will be evaluated
and discussed in the Supplemental Report.
Consideration of other alternatives presented in Table 10.6 of
NUREG-0128 have been rejected for this site.
9.2.I.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
The only current alternative not completely viable from a long-term
radiological health basis is Alternative IV. Artificial covers such as
asphalt will crack due to recurring thermal expansion and contrac-
tion and root pressure. Thus, long term stability of the asphalt
cover cannot be guaranteed.
9-1 5
Unless a suitable and adequate supply of c lay can be tocat.ed , t.he
current plan is to use a silt-sand cover (Alternative I) for rectamation
of the tailing reEention area.
Final verification of the required thickness and distribution of
cover maEerial(s) for the selecEed alternaEive will be achieved Ehrough
actual field measurements at the site. The results of the prograrn will
be incorporated into the Supplemental Report anC will indicate tailing
cover requirements as determined from the combined analytical and exper-
imental efforts.
Background radon flux measurements will be taken in the vicinity
of the tailing retent.ion site at locaEions of generally similai: soil
conditions as those unCerlying the tailing af,€El. Ihe area monitored
wilI be of sufficient distance from the mi11 and tailing to ninimize
Ciscortion of the natural background from effluents reLeaseC from these
sources.
Flux determinations will be urade from radon and progeny alpha
activity measurements of I.4 liter radon sampl-es extracEed at short
tine intervals from a 200-1iter container sealed into the ground.
Background radon fluxes will be measured at varicus upvrind locaLities in
the vicinity of the tailing.
Flux Eeasurement on tailing will be nade in dry areas where pos-
sible. If no dry areas are available, it nay be necessary to ta.ke
composite grab saurples of che tailing slurry, allow Lhem to dry and
rneasure the fluxes in a controlled environnenE.
Equilibriun distribution coeffi,:ienEs for V-238, Ra-226, and
Ih-230 for typical siEe soils will be measured as cetls are excavated.
Permeabilities and other hydraulic par,ameEers tray also be measured.
A close check on soil temperature, air temperature and barometric
pressure will be nade during all tlux measuremenEs. Tne radium contenc
9-r 6
of the tailing, cover material and background station soils will be
determined in order to thorcughly calculate radon fluxes for comparative
PurPoses.
9.2.2 Decommissioning of
Upon termination of
sioned and affected land
activities in accordance
using accepted industrial
Fac i1 itie s
the project, all facilities will be deco'n'ois-
reclairned. Energy Fuel.s will perform these
with regulatory requireuents then in existence,
practices and procedures.
It is not possible at this stage to delineat,e the specific details
of the decormissioning and reclaoation program because of the lack of
prior precedent and regulatory guidance. It is our understanding that
regulatory guidance is currently being prepared by the NRC which will be
available within the next few months. In addition, Battelle Northwest
Laboratories is presently perforuing a study of decommissioning of
uranium fuel cycle facilities, which should provide useful data. Fur-
thermore, the work on Updating the Environmental Survey of the Uranium
Fuel Cycle, wilL include an evaluation of the environmental effects from
deco"'-issioning the fuel cycle facilities, including uranium mi11s.
Using these sources and other relevant industrial experience Energy Fuels
will develop, at the appropriate time, a detailed decommissioning and
reclamation program.
In general, the decommissioning_ procedure will involve the per-
forrnance of surveys of the facility, equipment, and sit.e to map radiation
levels; reduction, by cl.eaning where feasible, of surface contamination
tevels to below those specified which perurits the release of material or
equipment for unrestricted use (Alpha: 2r500 dpm/100 "r2 total, I00
adpn/100 cm'removabLel Beta/Gamma: 0.2 rnR/hr total, lr00O dpm/100
acm' reuovable); and disposal as low-level radioactive vraste of that
maEerial and equipment whose surface contaminat.ion Ievels cannot be
reduced to below these levels. Upon completion of the decoomissioning
progrem, facilities and equipment will be suitable for release as non-
radioactive, or disassenbly wiEhout radiaEion protection.'
9-17
Reclamation will involve either disassembly of the facilities
and restoration of the entire site for other use; or use of the facili-
ties for other purposes, with accompanying restoration of the remainder
of the site.
9.3 SEGREGATION AND STABILIZATION OF TOPSOILS
Topsoil materials will be beneficial to reclamation for several
reasons, and where possible will be stored and saved during the life of
the proposed project. At the project site, prior to construction or
oEher disturbance, topsoil will be stripped to a depth of 5 inches and
stored (see Appendix H). The maEerial will be stored in a large pile and
seedeC with quick germinating species to stabilize the pi1e. After the
project is completed, topsoil material will be respread over disturbed
areas in about the same Ehickness as wae removed. Debris and organic
matter will be incorporated with the surface materials when stripping is
done and will provide a mulching effect on the retopsoiled areas.
AE Hanksville, since no additionaL constructicn is planned, no
Eopsoil will be saved.
9.4 TYPE AND MANNER OF PROPOSED REVEGETATION
The following plan for revegeEation has been developed with recom-
mendaEions from Mr. Lamar Mason, Agronomist Lrith the USDA Soil Conserva-
tion Service, and }tr. A. Perry Plumner, Range Scientist with che USDA
I'orest Service. The revegetation pracEices are intended to replace the
desert shrubland formerly aE the Hanksville buying staEion site and
rangeland currently present at the project. site.
9.4.1 General PracEices
Revegetat.ion pracEices at both the project site and Hanksville will
consist of seeding smoothed surfaces with grasses, forbs and shrubs.
Seeding equipment, used commonly in farning, will be used for reclamation
except on areas or spoEs Ehat are inaccessible. These areas will be hand
broadcast. Due to the arid climate, irrigation will be required at
Hanksville to insure establishnent of seedlings. Successful
9-1 8
establishnent of vegetation has a high probability at the project site
during normal orecipitation years; in extremely dry years, irrigation may
be used to facilitate germination and initial gro-rth. Mulching will not
be required at the project site rr'here t.opsoil is respread over reclairned
areas but will be used at Ehe Hanksville site.
9.4.2 Species
Because of
and Seeding Rates
separate seeding
Ehe clinaEic differences beiween Blanding and Hanksville,
mixtures will be used for each site.
9.4.2.1 Project Site
The climate at Branding, with its annual rainfall of about lz
inches, permits use of a variety of species in revegetation of the
project site. Two initial seed mixtures are invisioned, one for the
slopes of tailing retention dikes and one for roadsides and relatively
leve1 disturbed areas. Results from plantings will be evaluated period-
ically and reseeding modified as deemed appropriate. Every attempt will
be made to estabLish a diversity of native species that will provide
quality forage for wildlife and livestock. The species listed below are
only tentative.
Relatively Level Areas of Disturbances
Relatively 1evel areas will be
Depending upon availability of seed,
would be used.
Gras sesEna-t Pube s c ent i{hea tgras s
Fairway (Crested) I{heatgrass
Forbs
EfGw Sweetclover
Palmer FenstemonAlfalfa
Shrubsfo"rilng Saltbrush
Common Winterfat
Big Sagebrush
reseeded for use
a mixture such as
Seeding Rate
(r,b/Acre)Er-
1.5
as rangeland.
the following
1.0
0.1
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.1T07 LblAcre
9-t9
Dike Slope Stabilizaticn
Species for the tailing retenLion dike slopes will be chosen
especially for their aggr:essive spreading habiEs and soil-holding pro-
perties. Examples incluCe:
Gras ses
G?rP"be scent wheatgras s
Fairway (Crested) Wheatgrass
Forbs
GTI-o, Sweetelover
Palmer Penstemon
Alfalfa
Shrubs
@E-ing Rabbitbrush
Common liinterfat
Fourwing Saltbush
9.4.2.2 Hanksville Buying Station Site
Species seeded here will include
shrubs. Examples are listed below
Gras se s
Pubescent Wheatgrass
A1kali Sacaton
Indian Ricegrass
Sand Dropseed
Shrubs
E6Giling Saitbush
Coumon Winterfat
a uixture of grasses, forbs and
along with the rate of seeding:
Seeding Rate
(l,b/Acre)
5.0
0.25
4.0
0.2
Seeding Rate(i,b/Acre)
2
c.5
0.5
0.25
I
0.25
0.5
0.5F lblacre
Ihe intrcduced Fairway (Crested) Wheatgrass and tLuna' Pubescent
Wheatgrass would be considered because of adaptaEioa to Ehis climate,
Forbs would be used to increase diversity and provide early growth as
ground cover. As an example, Palner PensEemon provides a colorful flower
as well as unusually good cover on raw and eroding sites; it is espe-
cially useful on roadside cuEs. A shrub such as Spreading Rabbitbrush
that is well adapted to alkaline sites and spreads rapidly by undergro,rnd
root stocks would be used.
I
2
12.45 lb/acre
Pubescent wheatgrass, an introduced sod-forming grass, appears to behighly useful fcr Cis:urbed areas (plummer, Lg77). Alkali Sacaton is asod-forming native grass well-suited to moderately alkaLine areas.rndian Ricegrass and sand Dropseed are native bunchgrasses well-adaptedto the area' winterfat is a low-stature shrub that grows well on car-careous soils and has an outstanding ability to spread (plumrner, etal. 1968). Fourwing sartbush is also well-adapted to the area and is ahardy shrub.
9.4.3 Cultural practices
Preparation for planting ni11 begin with smoothing the repracedtopsoil with a disk. No uulching will be needed at the project site astopsoil containing debris will be respread over the area. At Hanksvilre,the affected areas will be rnulched with about 2 tons of native hay peracre prior to seeding. It will be crimped irrto the soil with a standard
crimper to prevent blowing.
seeding will be done with a suitable rangeland dri11. Ar Hanks-vi11e, rice huIls will be urixed with sand Dropseed to prevent seed
\dastage through the driIl. The following are depths of seeding that wirlbe used in seeding species listed:
Gras ses Depth
0-r /4,,
o-t I 4"
3"
| /4-r 12,,
I I 2-t"
0-L I 4n
1l.t-ttt
1/4-r/2"
t /4-t 12,,1/4-r/2"
| /4-r /2,'
'Lunat Pubescent WheatgrassFairway (Crested) WheatgrassIndian Ricegrass
Sand Dropseed
Forbs
Ye1low Clover
Palmer PenstemonAlfalfa
Shrubs
Spreading Rabbitbrush
Common Winterfat
Four-wing SaltbushBig Sagebrush
9-21
Seeding will be done in I'Iovember Eo allow early spring germination and
use of spring moisture. Seeds may presenEly be purchased from several
sources. Care will be t.aken at the lime of purchase to insure that
seeds taken are of an ecotype suitable Eo the area. This will be
especially important, for the shrubs and Palmer Penstemon which may die
out after several years if planted in an unsuitable area. The following
sources presently have or can provide seed:
Arkansas Valley Seeds, Inc.P.0. Box 270
Rocky Ford, Colorado 8I067
Native Plants, Inc.
400 Wakara trrlaySalt Lake Cit,v, Utah 84108
Marton Plummer
c/o A.P. Plummer
Provo, Utah
At Hanksville, Ehe area will be drip irrigaEed in early spring and
l-2 more times during the spring and suilrmer. Irrigation will not be
needed after the first summer of plant growth.
Fertilizer levels in soils are presenEly adequate for range grorrth.
Mechanical or chemical weed control techniques will be used only in the
case of extreme weed take-over of planted areas. It is anticipated
that natural successioa will gradually take place and replace early reed
growth with desirable plants.
9.5 LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AI{D CONTROL
9.5.1 Diversion of Surface Water and Erosion Control
During project operation, two sEorE water retention Cikes will
protect the uiI1 area from peak sEorm runoff by storing flood waters and
gradually releasing thern (see Appendix H). After abandonment, impound-
ment areas will gradually fill vith sedimeats and the dikes may be
overtopped or eroded as the area returns to nearly a natural state. This
will be a very gradual process, probably requiring hundreds of years.
9-22
After project ternination, the upstrean tailing retention dike will
concinue to impound surface runoff in the natural drainage basin sur-
rounding the proposed niLl site. This runoff wilL continue to evaporate
from the surface as it does during operation (see Section 3.0 and
Appendix H). Sufficient volume will be available in the natural drainage
basin to store the probable naximuro flood, thereby eliminating the
possibility of erosion of the tailing dikes by water flowing around the
perineter of the tailing reteniion system.
Ihe recl.airned surface of the tailing cells will have " n"tir"a".
road constructed of erosion-resistant sandstone on the surface and
relatively impermeable compacted silty materials beneath. This road will
be approxinately 2 feeE higher than the top of the level tailing cover.
This 2 feet of freeboard will accommodate the probable naximum precipi-
taiion of 10 inches. Direct precipitation on the tail,ing surface cover
will not run off and wil1, therefore, not concentrate and cause erosion
of the tailing <iikes. Precipitation will either be stored at the surface
and evaporated or it will seep into the suriace soil cover and be grad-
ually released by vegetation as evapotranspiration.
Direct precipitation and wind will be the only causes of erosion of
exterior tailing dike surfaces. The rate of erosion of these surfaces
cannot be quantitatively evaluated with any confidence at this time.
During operation of the project, dike erosion retes will be monitored as
part of the regular inspection prograu. If erosion rates are excessive,
additional work wiIl be done to reduce erosion to within acceptable
Iimits. During initial construction the exterior slopes of the embank-
Bents will be built at slopes of three horizontal to one vertical to
reduce erosion. Further, the exterior slopes will be constructed of
granular sandstone materials which are inherently more resistant to
erosion than fine grained mat.erials. As part of the reclamation of the
area, the slopes will be revegetated which will further reduce erosion.
9-23
9,5.2 Maintenance of Established Vegetation
Appropriate measures will be taken to assure Ehe establishment of a
self-sustaining plarrt conmunity. Areas where gcrni,na!i.cn does not occur
or where plants die out wil l be reseeded r"rntil a suitable s tand is
obtained. If weeds become dourinant wirhin Ehe stand to the exclusion of
grasses or shrubs, cheurical or nechanical control measures wiil be
used.
The ultirnate goal of all revegeEation efforts will be an established
communiEy thaE requires no artificial inputs like fertilizer or supple-
mental irrigation. Vegeiation will be monitored until sEand estab-
lishuent and perpetuation is assured.
9.6 EINANCIAL ARRANGEME}ITS
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc. will bond in acccrdance with applicable
rules and regulations.
10-1
1O.O AITERNATIVES TO IIIE PROPOSED ACTION
The proposed plan of action for the WhiEe Mesa L:ranium Project
is the cutmination of a decision-making process during which r,,arious
alternatives were evaluaLed. Choices among alternatives have been
influenced by boEh environmenEaL and practical consid,:rations. The
following sections Eogether with Appendix H describe and evaluaEe feas-
ible alEernaEives Eo project plans, including that of "no actionrt' and
provide the rationale for rejection.
IO.1 NO ACTION
The'rNo AcEionrralternative to the proposed White Mesa Uranium
Project. would involve milling of ore presently at the two Energy Fr:eLsr
buying stations and ore to be mined from independent mines in the future
at aaother mi1l either existing or nerr. Ihe nearest existing mill is the
Atlas l{ill at Moab, Utah approxiioately 80 highway miles from Blanding and
110 highway uiles irom Hanksville. The additional transportation costs
are estimated to be at the rate of $0.10 per ton per nile. In view of
the 1ow grade ore involved r averaging about 2.6 pounds of Ur0, 0".,
.,.,,ton, the increased transportation cost alone would be about $0.04 per!",:
pound of U:Oa per mile; this translates into added transporEeEion[ ,'-i'"cosEs of abouE $3.08 per pound of tt:08 hauled from Blanding andI
$4.24 per pound of Ur0, hauled from ltanksville.
In addition to ihe increased hauling costs, t,he probability of
transportation accidents transporting ore Eo I'loab will increase. Fur-
thermore, there will sti11 be a,iver3e enviror,mental impact s resulting
from the processing of the ores. These impacts would cccur much closer
to a population center than would be Ehe case if the ore is processed in
the applicantrs proposed ni11. At the present time, it is not kaova
whether Ehe Atlas nill will have the capability, capacity or willingness
to process the ore that is to be processed in the applicantrs mi11.
if the applicent's ui11 is noE constructed, ir is likel;r thaE other
mi1ls will be proposed in the area to handle the ore now programmed for
'U
I 0-2
applicantrs proposed 8i11. If no nills are constructed, a substantial
economic base of the Hanksville-Blanding area wilL be removed because
many of the small independent mines will be forced to cLose.
IO.2 ALTERNATIVE LOCATIONS OF PROCESSING FACILITIES
Selection of the mill and tailing retent,ion sites involved several
coasiderations, including the following:
. Proxirnity to producing mines and known ore reserves;
. Surface ownership and availability for purchase;
. Proximity to human residences and activities;
. Ecological factors;
. Geotechnical and hydrological. factors;
. Topography;
. , Accessibility;
. Availability of power and communications.
10.2.1 Hanksville Vicinity
Both the Hanksville vicinity and the Blanding vicinity were evaluted
initially for possibl.e nill and tailing retention sites. Ihe Hanksville
vicinity was rejected because of the geographical distribution of known
sources of uranium ore, socioeconomic limitations, and seismic risk.
Approximat,ely 75 percent of the known uranium ore available for the
proposed rni11 is in the vicinity of Blanding. The Hanksville vicinity is
in a seismologically rnore active area than is Ehe Blanding vicinity (see
Section 2.5). Moreover, the Hanksville vicinity lacks available com-
mercial power for the proposed mi11, lacks commercial communications
(radio and telephone service), lacks access to a community where
employees are available or where nel{ employees could live, and lacks
sufficient available fee land for a mi11 site (see Section 2.2.3 for
further discussion of Hanksvil-1et s socioeconomic environment).
L0.2.2 Blanding Vicinity
Four general areas in the Blanding vicinity were considered, includ-
ing the selected projecE site (see Plate 10.2-1).
PrrrE 10.2- I
10-4
10.2.2.1 Zekes Hole
Ttris location is approxirnaEely 5 niles southwesE of Blanding,
adjacent Eo and on the south side of State Highway 95. Cottonwood Creek
drains directly thrcugh the middle of the approximately 700-acre area.
An old abandoned oi1 weLl that was reported to have a good flow of wat.er
at depth is located on the proPerty.
The Zekes Hole area rras rejected as a proposed mi1l-tailings dis-
posal site for five principal reasons: the site is "" tI:33*"; the
Cottonwood Creek drainage through the niddle of the siEe posed potential
hydrological and water quality impacts from construction andior acci-
dentat discharges; the area is in a prevaiIing up-wind direction from
Blanding, there is insufficient acreage for proper siting of the mill and
associated facilities; the area provides poor access to commercial
POwer.
L0.2.2.2 Mesa
This location is approxioaEely 4 air miles southwest of Blanding.
Approxirnately 2 secEions of public land adjacent Eo and on the south side
of State Iiighway 95 were iaspected. This is a flat wooded mesa sand-
wiched between Ehe Cottonwood Creek and Westwat,er drainages.
The mesa area was rejected as a potential project site becasue:
it is located on public dora11; its vegetaEive cover of Pinyon-Juniper
and Big Sagebrush is inportant habitat for Mule Deer and there would be
more severe ecological impacts from construcEion and operation of the
proposed project than where other vegetation types exist.; Ehe area is
in a prevailiag up-wind direction from Blanding; potential sr)urces of
water are quesEionable; the area proviCes pocr access to commercial
Power.
L0,2.2.3 Calvin Black ProperEy
This property is located approximaEely 2 niles south of B3-anCing
along rhe north side of State Highway 95. it encompasses 720 acres rnore
or less of fee ground.
)
(*N
(\. IUI\lJr i.(l-f,-l
o\1\)
I
I 0-5
The Calvin Bl.ack property vas rejected as a project site for the
following reasons: three separate drainages cross the site, posing
potential hydrological and water quality impacts from construction and/or
accidental discharges; private residences exist within 1/4 nile in two
directions and the site is only about 2 niles from the town of Blanding;
the topography is too rough for siting of project facilities and the
property provides insufficient area for site requirements; the area
provides doubtful access to a water source.
L0.2.2.4 l{trite Mesa
The l,lhite Mesa area was selected as the proposed project area.
Ihis area encompasses 1480 acres of fee ground and is crossed by the
Black Mesa road and an existing power line. Ttre area is approximately 6
roiles south of Blanding on the west side of liighway 163.
I{hite Mesa was selected as the general project area for the follow-
ing reasons: it provides good topographic conditions relative to drain-
age and siting of facilities; the 1480-acre area is totally fee ground
bounded Eo the east, west and south by public domain; no occupied resi-
dences occur on the site and the nearest such residence is approxinately
1 mile north of the northern property line; much of the vegetative cover
on the property has been disturbed previously in attempts to improve
range conditions by removal of Pinyon-Juniper woodland and sagebrush; the
area provides good access by an existing road and good access to com-
mercial power from an existing line; the area has a good rdater source
through deep wells.
10.2.3 A1 ternaEive l,ttrite Mesa Sites
Reference is made to Appendix H which describes a site selection
process used to determine the most desirable location on the White Mesa
area for the mi11 and tailing reEencion system. This study considered
both engineering and environmental features in evaluating alternatives.
1 0-6
IO.3 ALTERNATIVE I\,IILLING AND EXTRACTION PROCEDURES
Energy Fuels considered alkaline and acid Ieaching processes
initially. The latter vras found by meEallurgical EesE work to produce
superior recoveries on ttle various ore types constituEing the mi11 feed.
For this reason, the. sulfuric acid leach process tas selected. Certain
individual ores could be successfully treated by the alkaline Leach
process but, overa11, the ores were more amenable to the acid leach
Process.
Resin based processes, such a resin-in-pulp and resin ion exchange
in clarified solution, were also considered. These processes r,{ere
eliminated on the basis of higher operating cosEs as evidenced by the
facE the latest uranium mills have all chosen Ehe counter-current decan-
tation and solvenE extraction system.
the presence of vanadium in some of Ehe ores and the Energy Fuels'
intention to recover vanadium as a by-producE necessitates the use of a
st,rong sulfuric acid 1each, counter-current decantation and two stages of
solvent extraction. This processing procedure represents Ehe latest
t,echnology.
'n^tt"
tL
i'*S"nt'\
Ii-1
I1 . O BENEFIT-COST ANALYS IS AND ST'MI{ARY
Sections 4.1.3 and 5,5.2 expLain project costs and benefits in
detail and provide background information regarding the derivation of
estinaEed costs and benefits, Section 8.0 extracts from detailed anal-
ysis sections and summarizes non-quantifiable benefits and costs.
This section summarizes quantifiable direct and indirect project
benefits (taUle 11.0-1) and summarizes quantifiable direct and indirect
cosrs (rab1e I 1.0-2) .
Long-term economic benefits and costs associated with operation
of the project are presented in terms of annual projections and as a
I5-year sLream, di.scounted io the present values. Short-term ir:pacEs
associated with the construction of the project are presenEed in Ehe
tables as a loEal, one-time cost or benefiE, and are not discounLed. A11
costs and benefits reflect L977 dollars.
TABLE II.O-1
QUANTIFIABLE BENEFITSA
(1.977 Dollars )
Long-Term
0peration Phase
Internal Benefit
Gross revenue from UrO, production
External Benefits
@ymenEsPersonal income taxes
Personal consumption expenditures
State sales tax revenue (4.52)
County sales tax revenue (0.5%)
Procurement of supplies and equipment
Southeastern Utah
OEher areas in Utah
Other states
Sales tax revenue in Utah (5%)
Property taxes against the mil1
Cons truc t ion
Phase
Tota1, l-Year
7 ,000,000
I ,344,000
2 1492 ,000
112,100
12 ,500
l8 ,000,000
I ,800,000g,0oo,00o
7 ,200 ,000
540 ,000
Annual
$67,194,000
1 ,365 ,000
188 ,400
522,800
23,500
2,600
Present Value
610,770,000
12,409,0c0
l,7l3,ooo
4, 753,000
2I4,000
23,600
4,145,oo0
It)
456 ,000
value by the formula:lffant spaces indicate no applicable data"Represents a 15-year stream of income, discounted to the presenE
where
v = A l_ujf-t(I + 1,
= Value in 1977 dollars of a future stream of income
= Annuity
= number of years, in this case 15
= rate of discount, in this case 102
V
A
n
1
TABLE 1I.O-2
QUANTIFIABI,E COSTSA(tgll Dollars)
Cons truc t ion
Phase
Total
Operation Phase
Annua1 Present Valueb
Internal Costs
t'ti tT-Gr"" t.GEio.r 38 , 000 ,000Mill Operation 10,500,000 95,460,000Local Property Tax Payments 456,000 4,145,000
External Costs
San Juan Co"nty
Increased Health, Recreation and Public
Safety Expendituresexpenditures 1,400-2,100 12,700-19,100
San Juan School DistricE
Increased Operating ExpendiEures $30,090 273,500
Primar:y ImpacE Communities (BIandipg, Monticello and Bluff)
Capifal Improvement ExpendiEures- 70,000
Increased Operating ExpendiEures $l ,400-2,100 12,700-19,100
flffant spaces indicate no applicable data"Represents a l5-year cost stream, discounted to the present value by Ehe formula:
. . n-lv=Ail*1]"" (1 + i)"
where V = Value in 1977 dollars of a future sEream of income
A = AnnuiEy
n = number of years, in this case 15
i = rate of discorrnt, in this case l0Z
cthis represents an initial crrst for expansion or improvement of public facilities which
would occur as a response to project-induced growth in 1980.
ts
I(,
I 2-t
I2.O EWIRONI'IENTAL PERI.{ITS AND APPR.OVALS
The foliowing permiEs and approvals are necessary before Energy
Fuels Nuclear, Inc.l c8o initiate the White Mesa Uranir:m Project:
1. National Pollution Discharge Eliminacion System Permit (NPDES)
frorn the Utah Bureau of WaEer Quality and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
2, Hater well pernits from the Utah State Engineer's Office.
3. Water quality construction permit from the Utah Bureau of
Water Quality and the Utah Water Poilution Control Co 'nittee.
4. Approval as a public drinking waEer system from the Utah Bureau
of Water Quality and Utah Water Pollution ConErol Conrmittee.
5. ConsEruction permit frcm the Utah Bureau of Air Qualitlz and
Utah Air Conservation Committee.
6. Source Material License from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
regarding the construction fg-Q operation of the lihite Mesa ?
Uranir.m Pro ject.
Possible approvals from the Bureau of Solid I.Iaste Management
concerning the disposal of mi11 Eailing.
Approval from the Bureau of Sanitation with respecE tc r,enporary
sanitation facilities.
7.
8.
13- 1
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t3-2
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1 3-5
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Peterson, R.T., L951, A field guide to western birds. Houghton Mifflin
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I91.
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t3-7
san Juan Record, L977, city of Monticello, comparative statement ofrevenues and disbursemenEs for Ehe years ended June 30, L976 andJune 30, 1977. Ihursday, Septenber 15.
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I 3-8
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1 3-9
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13-10
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u. s.
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13-11
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L3-L2
I{itkind, I.J., L964. Geology of the Abajo Mountains area, San Juan
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i,toodbury, A.II. , 1931, A descriptive cacalog of the reptiles of Utah.
Bulletin of rhe University of Utah 21(5) Biological Series 1(4).
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Woodbury, A.M. and Russel, H.N., Jr., 1945, Birds of the Navajo Country.
Bulletin of the University of Utah 35(14) Biological Series 9(1),
Salt Lake City.
Woodbury, A.M. , 1947, Distribution of pigay conifers in Utah and north-
eastern Arizona. Ecology 28Q): 114-126.
The following are attached and coinpLete this report.
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Very truly yours,
DAMES & MOORE
Q/*,tMRichard L. Brittain
Princ ipal-In-Charge
Kenneth R. PorEer, Ph.D.
Project Manager
RLB/KRP/ t 1s
APPENDIX A
CULTURAI R.ESOURCE INVENTOP.Y R.EPORT LETTER
FROM STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
AN INTENSIVE CULTURAL
ON WTIITE ivlESA,
R.ES OLTRCE IN'/EI\iTORY COI'J DUCTED
SAN 1i;,15 COUNTY, UTAI{
submitted io the
Bureau of Land Management
anC to the
Antiqui.ties Section of the
Utah Division of State History
ln behalf of
Energy Fuels Nr:clear, inc.
Denver, Colorado
by
Richard A" Thompson
Southern Utah State College
wrth ceramic analysis by
Alan Spencer
Brigham Young UnlversitY
December 7 , 1977
International Learning anci Research, Inc.
Cedar City, Utah
AN INTENSIVE CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY CONDUCTED
oN wHiTE MESA, SAN iUAN COUNTY, UTAH
This report summarizes the fundings ,3f an intensive archeological
survey conducted on 1260 acres of iand extending over parts of Sections
2L, 2,8, 32, and 33 of T37S, R22fr (SLM) on White Mesa. The tract is
eight miles south of Blancling i.n San ]uan Co., Utah. Aithough the greater
part of the project area is privately owned, 180 acres are lands administered
by the Bureau of Land lr{anagement. The project area is marked on the map
to be found on page 2.
The survey lvas undertaken at the request of Errergy Fuels Nuc1ear, Inc.
of Denver, Colorado and it was authorized by Department of the Interior
Antiquities Permi! No. 77-Ut-066, and by Utah State Antiquities Perrnit
No. 257. The'wrlter directed the work in the field as the research represeni-
ative cf International Learning and Research, Inc., of Cedar City, Utah.
Others participating in the project included Barhara Burden, Ian Crofts,
Patricia Davis, Tirnothy Olson, Charles Sivley, AIan Spencer, Patricia
Spencer, anC Georgia Thonnpson.
Survey teams varied from four to six rvorkers with the size depending
on the number of workers available on any gi.ren day. In addition to the
writer, AIan Spencer of Brigham Young University served as a crew leader.
?9
nta
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1
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3
Recognized standards for intensive survey work lvere maintained at aII
times and the method employed was the same for all teams. The procedure
was facilitated greatly by the ready identrfication of key section corner
markers and by the felicitous placement of a number of fences in the
project area.
Beginning at the section corner, each crew leader established the
line of march by sighting with a tripod-mounted Brunton compass wi.th
appropriate correction from magnetic to true north. Landmarks rnere noted
in order to aid in maintaining the proper alignment. Once this had been
done, the leader took a position 7 .5 meters from the corner on a line at
right angles to the Hne of march and toward the center of the unit to be
surveyed. The oLher crew members then positioned themselves along this
line at 15 meter intervals. The crew would thus be prepared to cover the
ground in transects which were 15 meters wide for each worker. A four
member team would thus cover a transect 60 meters wide with each rvorker
being responsible for the ground extending 7.5 meters to the right and to
the left of his line of march.
As crews walked a transect, ieaders recorded the distance covered
by counting their paces and using a mechanical counter to note the distance
covered at 10 or 20 meter intervals as seemed most appropriate. At periodic
intervals which varied with the terrain, the leader then called for flagging
the course. The worker at the opposite end of the line would then affix
flagging to a convenient bush.
4
While landmarks were useful in maintaining alignments, the leader
and the flagger nrade repeated checks either with an oil-damped compass
or with a hand-held Brunton. On all subsequent traverses across the area,
the procedure remained essentially the same until the entire unit had been
covered by a series of contiguous transects.
Every site located was subjected to an intensive surface examination
by the entire team. The purpose was to determine the limits of the site,
to assess the nature of the cultural debris, to detect the presence of
structures .where they could be identified anC, where iiagnostic materlals
could be found, to collect a sample suitable for establishing the cultural
and the temporal position of the site. Crew leaders were responsible for
the completion of the site forms while another cretv member took both
black and white and color transparency photographs as the crew leader
requested.
]n so far as the project area is concerned, White Mesa is covered
with a layer of sandy but stabilized aeolian soil which has a relief crf
no more than some 25 meters (AO tt.) which is manifest in gentiy rolling
ridges and knolls. The soil is underlain by the Dakota Sandstone and,
in places, the still lower Burro Canyon Formation, undifferentiated,
reaches the base of the soil layer. The Burro Canyon Formation produces
a green shale that was noted at many sites where it appears to have been
employed in the manufacture of some kincis of flaked stone artifacts.
The mean elevation of the project area is about 1710 meters (5600 ft.).
Cottonwooci Canyon, which marks ihe western boundary of ltv'hite lvlesa,
may have contained water during much of the year in prehistoric tirnes.
trVhile it could thus have been a valuable source of water, USGS maps
mark a spring just west of the NE corner of the NE L/4 of Sec . 32. This
spring proves to be the closest source of water for a1l sites in the project
area. Other springs as well as the available water in Cottonwood Canyon
were doubtless used, but this spring appears at present to have been the
most convenient source of water for this entire area.
Limited stands of juniper and pinon exist, or have existed, in the
northwest corner of the northeast quarter of Sec , 32 , in the northwest
corner of Sec , 28, and in the ltestern part of much of Sec. 2I. The
balance of the project area, and of suroundj.ng land as vreii, has been
covered with a rather dense stand of sage. All of the privately o'sned land
has, however, been railed and all of the private land in the project portions
of Secs. 32 and 33 as well as ln the southern ttree quarters of Sec. 28 has
been seeded with a large drill as weil. The northern quarter of Sec. 28
and the southern quarter of Sec. 21 have not been seeded. Basicaliy,
however, the natural vegetation cover appears to have been saqe brush
i.n association with some grass, snake weed, rabbit brush, salt bush,
and an occasional prickley pear.
When the ceramic collections had been washed, catalogued, and
labeled, Alan Spencer undertook the ceramic analysis with the aid of a
binocular microscope. Once the sherds were ldentified, their temporal
values were assigned on the basis of the dates projects in Breternitz,
6
Rohn and Morris (1974). The combination of the dates assigned to various
ceramic types found at a given site lvere then used to flx its probable
position in time. AII sites were identified as having an affiliation with
the San Juan Anasazi. The counts for all diagnostic sherds are included
in the narrative site descriptions that are included in an appendix to this
paper.
A totai of.57 sites were recorded during the survey. Of this number,
four were found in areas outside the project area under circumstances
which led one team to extend its coverage beyond unfenced boundaries.
These sites will, however, be included in this discussion. AII sites,
together with symbols indicating their temporal positions, are plotted on
the locational chart on the following page.
In the absence of Lino Gray sherds it proved impossible to separate
Basket Maker IiI sites from Pueblo I sites since Chapin Gray covers the
entire period from 575 to 900 A. D. In a number of cases, however,
Pueblo I could be isolated on the basis of the presence of Moccasin Gray
in association with Chapin Gray and Chapin B,/W. This paper follows Fike
and Lindsay (1976) in making no attempt to consider sites classed as
PI/Pfior as PII/PfiIas multicomponent sites. Distinctions cannot be
made at these points without excavation and there is also reason to view
these ceramic associations as representa'rive of a transitional period rather
than of two distinct phases
7
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I * White Mesa Project, San Juan Co. ,Utah
Secs. 2L, 2E, 32, and 33, T37S, R22E SLM
I
The following list thus provides a breal<down of the sites recorded
by the survey in their temporal positrons. The numbers are those given
the sites in the standard Smithsonian trinomial system. The first two
elements of that system have been deleted for clarity.
BMiII,/PI
PI
PT/PTT
PII
Pfi/PTfi
PIII
PII+
Ivlulticom p.
Unident.
6384, 6386, 6400, 6403 , 6440, 6442
6382,6383, 6394, 640I, 6404,6420
6421 , 6424, 6426 , 6435, 6443
6385, 6388, 6405, 6406, 6438, 6444
6387 , 6393 , 6399, 6419, 6422 , 6428
6429, 6431, 6432, 6436, 6439, 644I
6380, 6381, 6427 , 6439
6402 , 6407 , 6433, 6434, 6437
6390, 639I, 6392,6397, 6445
6395, 6396, 6408
6379, 6389, 6398, 6423, 6425
6
1t
6
t2
4
5
5
3
5
Following statements made above, it will be noted that only three
sites have been classed as multicomponent. The designation is based on
the fact that the ceramic collections from each of these argues an occupation
extending frorn Pueblo I through Pueblo II and into Pueblo II1. Additionally,
five sites have been termed PII+. This means that collections made or
observed at these locations were lacking diagnostic material but that at
least a few corrugated body sherds were noted. This would indicate that
the site would have been used or occupied no earlier than 900 A.D. but
that it might be at some time after that date.
Finally, there are five sites which, although thought to have a San
]uan Anasazi cultural affiliation, are listed as having an undetermined
temporal position. Four of these produced a very small number of plain
ware sherds. The sherds themselves could not be identified. The fifth
site lacked any ceramic evidence but contained an ovoid outline of
vertical slabs measuring 1.0 by I.5 meters. The absence of ceramics and
9
the ccnfiguration of the slructure mlght justify a Basket Maker iI
designation. This w.rs not done, however, in view of the fact that the
site prociuceci no cultural ciebris of any kind. There is tire further fact
that 42Sa6427 produced ceramics indicative of the PIi - PIII transition
and a pothole which revealed a slab-lined granary.
Any attempt to elicit patterns from limited survey data must steer a
cautious course between the excessive reticence which comes from a
recognition of the incomplete nature of the information available and
the enthusiasm for suggestive clues rvhich ilEy, too easily, lead to
dogmatic statements based on tenuous evidence. The darkest shadow cast
over this attempt is the lack of reliable data concerninq the length of time
that sites were occupied. At the same time, however, a study of the site
counts for each of the ternporal periods is suggestive.
Pike and Lindsay use a modification of the puebloan chronclogy
derivei from Jennings. In tenns of the Christian calendar, their dates
for each period are as follows:
BMIII 450 - 750Pr 750 - 9s0PiI 850 -ri00PIII 1100 -i300
A modification of this may be suggested to fit the observed data on
\Mhite lvlesa which would include the transitional periods:
BIVIIII,/PI 575 - 850
PI 754 - 850
Pr/Pfi 850 - 9s0
PII 950 - 1100
Pfi/PTfi lIOl] - 1150PIII 1150 - i250
TO
Using this chronology in a most tentative manner, the BMiII,/PI
period of.27 5 years witnesses the occupation of the area by six sites.
The PI periodof 100 years, however, sees 11 sites inthe proiectarea
while the PI,/PII transitional period of 100 years finds only 6 sites on
the rnesa. In the 150 years of PII, some 12 sites are Iocaied in the
same area while the PIVPfiI transition finds four sites in an apparent
50 year period. In the I00 years of PiII, only 5 sites are knovvn for the
area.
Despite the fact that there is a strong possibility of some distortion
in the calculations of the time involved between late BI\{III and PIi, and
allowlng for the fact that the multicomponent sites have not been taken
into account, a trend would seem to emerge. Settlement on White Mesa
reached a peak at perhaps 800 A.D. and the occupatlon rernained at
substantially that level, despite the apparent decline seen in these
figures for the Pl/Pfitransition, until some time near the end of PII or in
the PII,/PIII transition after which, the population density declined sharply
and it may be assumeci that the mesa was substantially abandoned by about
i250 A. D.
Fike and Lindsay expressed the view that PII patterns of settlement
persist on White Mesa weII into the accepted PIII era and that there is
no nucleation of settlement such as reported for PiII in other parts of
southeastern Utah. Certainly this survey found none of the "pure" PIII
sites to be large. They are, in fact, quite small. The greater size of the
multicomponent sites is, quite possibly, more a function of the total
Iength of occupation, whether continuous or spasmodic, than it is of an
11
increased number of persons in the terrninal PiII period. E'ren if rhere
were more people resident in the multicomponent sites in the final period,
none of these three sites arelaqe enough to represent the kind of aggre-
gation generally considered characteristic of the larger PIII sites. They
remain, in other words, characteristically PII.
Were it not for an accidental discovery on the final day of the field
work, this paper would have persisted in seeing the absence of trucleation
while remaining happily forgetful of the perils of cultural generalizations
based up projects confined to modern legal bounCaries. In this instance, .,t .
a survey team working the vrestern edge of Sec. 2B arrived at the north-
eastern corner of the Nw 1,/4 0f the sw l/4 0f the Nw 1,/4 0f the section.
A project marker was found to verlfy the location. Directly io the north,
in the abrupt and deep entrenchment of a tributary to Cottcnwood Canyon,
was a massive masonry wa1I between 6 and 10 meters high and sheltered
in a larger overhang. Additional masonry structures were obsen'ed in
other shelters to the northeast. It is unfortunate that the press of time
precluded a visit to these sites and it cannot be verified that they are
PIII structures. There would appear, however, to be a good possibility
that they are. Although these sites are lccally known, a records search
shows that they remain 1rrl.3:.9.rj!i. The important fact is, however, ihat
they leave open the question of the role of settlement on the mesa top.
Certainly this and other sites known or yet to be recoried in Cottonw'ood
Canyon may well represent PIII nucleated settlements of people who were
still farming the top of White Mesa.
n,
t
L2
These observations bring into sharper focus the question of the
function of all of the sites recorded on White Mesa. The fieid work in
this project was handicapped by the fact that so much of the area had
been railed of its sage brush cover and subsequently subjected to the
disturbance of seed drills. lA&ile this type of activity would not seem
to have caused disturbance in great depth, its effect on the surface
features of small sites has been devastating.
Despite these limitations, however, the survey crews recorded
evidence of structures at 3I of the 57 sites. At 12 sites depressions are
reported with diameter ranges of from 5 to 15 meters while an additional
23 sites reporl evidence of other, presumably surface, structural forms.
At 8 sites depressions are combined with surface structures. In all cases,
the depressions should be regarded as indicating permanent use or residence
fcr it is apparent that these will be either pit houses or kivas. Following
Brew's findingsat Nkalai Ridge (1946) some 15 miies east of the project
area, no kiva should be anticipated with a diameter greater than 5 meters
while pit houses may attain diameters as great as 18 meters.
The dimensions of most of the apparent surface structures built of stone
suggest that they were used primarily for storage. The only exception to
this, in terms of direct observation, is at 42Sa6441 where a PII room block
measuring L2 by 3 meters is recorded. With the possible exception of
two sites, the existence of structures cannot be precluded in the 26
locations where surface indications are lacking. It is well known that the
archeologist finds that he must excavate precisely because all of the
cultural data contained within a site is not manifest on the surface.
i3
Further, there is nothing more than a very rough and 1ow degree of corre-
Iation between the extent of cuitural debris on the surface and the presence
or absence of structures belcw the surface.
It wouid appear iikely, then, that many of the smaller sites, both
with and without surface indications of structures may vrell be lvhat Haury
(-w*itley, 1956, 7) has called the "farm house. " He bel:.eves that the
isolated one or two room structure is a concommitant aspect of nucleation
andgoes so far as to suggest that none of these are likellu to be found dating
from any point earller than I000 A.D. and that most come somewhat iater in
time, primarily in PIII and, in some areas in PIV.
It may well be, therefore, that Whiie Mesa sites nnay reflect PIII
nucleation trends rather more than Fike and Lindsay or, it must be admitted,
this writer, have thought. Resolution of that issue requires much additional
field investigation.
Recommendations
Federal statutes and adrninistrative directirres require ihat mitigating
measures be taken to protect historic and prehistoric cultural resources
either through programmed avoidance of sites or, where this is impractical,
through excavation by professionally qualified archeologists. These require-
ments are imposed in all cases where federal lands are involved. Less well-
known is the fact that the same regulations are appiicabie both in the case
of firms using funds backed by iederal guarantees or where sorne aspect of
corporate activity requires federal licensing. In all cases, howerrer, it rs
t4
the preference of both the federal government and of archeologists as a
professional group, that sites be avoided and protected whenever this is
possible. When the nature of proposed land-altering projects is such
that avoidance is impossible, plans must be made to recover the largest
body of data at the lowest reasonable cost.
It is the view of the writer that only six sites will not require mitigation.
These are 42Sa6 440 , 644I , 6442, and 6445, which are outside the project
area. Sites 42Sa6389 and 6390 seem certainly to represent secondary
depositions of material. A careful examination of erosional channels in
these sites failed to produce evidence of miciden and it appears that these
may safely be ignored.
While cost estimates for survey work can be calculated in advance
with a good deai of precision, estimates of excavation costs must
necessarily remain open-ended against the inevitable subsurface
contingencies. The approach to be used and the schedule to be
maintained must also bear a relationship to the program of the development.
WiIl all of the land be disturbed early in the project or will expanded land
use be a matter of increments at intervals over a number of years ?
This report will make no estimate of cost outlays except to say that,
if sites cannot be avoided and if the entire project area is to be placed in
industrial use, the costs u'i.!I be substantial. Under such circumstances,
the methodologies used can have a very direct bearing on costs.
In most sites, for example, much time and money can be saved with
a minimal Ioss of cultural resources if testing is initiated through trenching
with a back hoe, provided, of course, that the work is supervised by a
I5
competent archeologist. In this way the extent of the excavations that
wil1 be needed can be cletermined quickly and excavators will be guided
to the most significant parts of each site lvithout protracted explorator.v
. hand excavation. There must, however, be no time lag between these
tests and the start of excavations since the information revealed to
archeologlsts will also be revealed to the vandals who have been
exceptionally active in San Iuan County for a good many years.
It is recommended that the developers facing mitigation requirennents
contact scholars anC institutions lvith the longest record of survey and
i:xcavation in the San Juan Anasazi cu!.ture area. Each should be asked
for estimates and for a recommended methodological apprcech to the project.
it may be found that the use of more than one group woulC prove to be most
advantagec,us. It does seem certain, however, that the greatest economy
. will be obtained by reaching agreement with an institution with experience
in the area rather than accepting an apparently lower cost estimate from a
group unfamiliar with the area and the culture
At the present time the institutions with the greatest long-term
experience in the area would include the Antiquitres Seclion of the State
Division of History, the University of Utah, Brigham Young University,
the University of Colorado, San ]ose State University, and trVashington
State University. This is not meant as an endorsemen"r of any particular
institution nor is it meant to exclude another group working in the area
vrith which the vwiter is unfamiliar.
16
Biblioqra phy
Breternitz, David A., A. H. Rohn, and E. A. Morris.L974 Prehistoric Ceramics of the Mesa Verde Region. Museum
of Northern Arizona, Ceramic Series, No. 5 Flagstaff .
Brew, John Otis.1946 Archaeology of Alkalai Ridge, Southeastern Utah. Papers
cf the_ Peabodv Museum of American Archaep-Iogy and
Eh""l"q", Ha*ard Uri"er*ty, V"t. 7t. CamUridge.
Fike, RicharC E., and laMar W. LinCsay.
L97 4 Archeological Survey of the Bluff Bench,/San Juan River and
White Mesa Areas, San Juan County, Utah, 1973-1974.
Antiqulties Section Selected Papers, Vol. III, No. 9.
Salt Lake City.
Haury, EmiI W.
1956 Speculations on Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the
Southwest. In Gordon R. Willey (ed.), Prehistoric
Settlement Patterns in the New World. Vikinq Fund
Publications in Anthropologry, No. 23. New York City.
APPENDD(
NARFATIVE SITE DESCRIPTIONS
NARRATiVE SITE DESCRIPTIOI\JS
4ZSa6379 - At an elevation of I7i0 meters, the central and only feature of
the site is an oval outline of vertical stone slabs measurinq 1.0 by I.5
meters. No evidence of activity is apparent on ihe surrounding surface.
The site is on the upper part of the N bank of a wash which drains dorvn
to the NNW. The aeolian soil slopes down to the N with a floral cover
dominated by sage brush in association with rabbit brush, Russian thistle
and a singie srnall juniper. The verlical slab form of the element points
to a puebio affiliation but a more precise assignment cannot be made.
It should be noted that Bruce Louthan of the Moab District of the BLM
reports that Matheny of BYU has found that features of this type frequently
prove to be ventilator openings to pit houses for which there is no surface
evidence. The possibility should be taken inr-o account.
42Sa6380 - The distribution of cultural debris on this heavily disturbed
aeolian soil extends over an area of at least 120 meters in diameter.
The disturbance of the area may be related to the construction of the
uranium ore receiving facility which is just to the E. Evidence of dis-
iurbance is supported by the fact that Russian thistle is the sole covering
vegetation. l,Afith an elevation of l7I0 meters, the area slopes down to
the W at a gentle 30. Analysis revealed the fo!.lowing dlagnostic sherds:
4 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims (23 corrugated body sherds), I Mancos B/W,
9 McElmo B/W (9 white ware body sherds). Following dates suggested
by Breternitz, the site should be classed as San Juan Anasazi, PiI-PIII
with the most likely dates of occupation coming at about 1100 to It50 A.D.
42Sa6381 - The cultural debris of this siLe, primarily sherds, spreads
over an area 50 meters in diameter. The area may have been eniarqed
somewhat during the process of chaining and seed-cirilling. The aeolian
soil slopes down to the NE at a gentle 2o while the present vegetation
is composed of sage brush, salt bush, Russian thistle, rabbit brush,
grass, and snake weed. The elevation is 1710 meters. A rather ccnfined
scatter of stone rubble suggests the possibiiity of a crescent or an "L"
shaped structure open to the S or SE. Ceramic analysis reveals the
following association of diagnostic sherds: 4 Mesa Merde Corrugated
rims (71 corrugated body sherds), 4 Mancos B/W, i5 McElmo B/w, 105
Mesa Verde B/W (53 slipped white ware sherds), and I Deacimans B,/R.
Following dates offered by Breternitz, the site should be consiciered a
San Juan Anasazi occupation during the PII-PIII period with the most
likely dates calculated at ll00-1250 A.D.
42Sa63E2 - ihis site is 40 meters in dianeter and was found at an elevation
of 1710 melers on aeolian soil that slopes down to the SE at- 40. The area
has been ralled cf its original sage brush cc'.rer and the surh ce was even
more disturbed by the use of a seed drill. The present vegetation:.ncludes
19
Russian thistle, grass, and rabbit brush. Anaiysis of the collected sherds
prcduced the following diagnostic materials: 5 Chapin gray, 2 fuiancos
Ccrr-ugateC rims (19 corrugated body sh:rCs), 3 Chapin Brlt4r, I Manccs
BnV , I Aba jo R/O, and I Deadmans B,/R. Breternitz dates would argue
a San ]uan Anasazi occupation in late PI or early PII at some time around
900 A.D.
42Sa6383 - With an elevation of 17I0 meters, the site area extends over
a 60 meter diameter on the top of a low knoll which drops in all directions
at about 60, As the result of the railing of sage brush and the use of a
seed drill, the aeolian soil norn, produces some grass and a good deal of
Russian thistle. A graded road to tirree small powder magazines cuts
across the middle of the site. In addition to ground stone fragments
noted, the sherd collection produced the following diagnostic samples:
l4l Chapin gray, 3l Moc.casin gray, 13 ChapLn B/W, and 4 Deadmans B,/R.
Using the Breternitz dates, the combination suggests a San Juan Anasazi'
PI occupation between 800 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6384 - The site is situated on a slope that drops down to the W at
6o at an elevation of 1710 meters. A concentration of unmodlfied stone
which may mark the origina! site area lies near the top of the slope.
Belolv this stone is a limited scatter of sherds and flakes which may
have been moved by runoff flow or by the actj.vity of railing the sage
and seeding with a drill. The cover is grass'with a curious absence
of Russian thistle. Within the 35 meter diameter of the site, a collection
of sherds was made which reveals the following: 98 Chapin gray and
2 Chapin B/W, This argues for a San Juan Anasazi BMIII-PI occupation
at some time between 575 and 900 A.D. if the Breternitz dates are accepted.
42Sa6385 - Situated on the 30 SE siope of a knoll, this site is 50 meters
in diameter and is found at an elevation of l7l0 meters. The area has
been railed of its original sage brush cover and now the aeolian scil
produces some grass. Russian thistle, and rabbit brush. \lrrhile there
was no evidence of structures, the sherd collection produced, after
analysis, this breakdown of diagnostic items: 3 Chapin gray; I Moccasin
gray; 2 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims, 4 Mancos Corrugated rims (96
corrugated body sherds), I Chapin B,/W, 36 Mancos ts/W,5 Deadmans
B,/R, and I gluff B,/R. For such a collection, a reding of Breternitz
argues a San ]uan Anasazi PI-PII site use sometime between 875 and
1t25 A. D.
42Sa6386 - A smal!. site of 30 meters diameter was found near the crest
of a low ridge with a 50 siope down to the N. The elevation is I7I0
meters. The area has been railed and seeded with a drill. Grass is
accompanied by Russian thistle and snake weed. The site area is marked
by a scatter of unmodified stone which may indicate the remnants of a
disturbed structure. A number of mano fragments were also noted. The
20
ceramic collection produced 55 Chapin gray and 3 Chapin B,''W sherds
which, according to Breternitz, rvould mean a Bti,4iII-PI San ]uan Anasazi
occupation at some time between 575 and 900 A. D.
42Sa6387 - At an elevation of 1710 meters, this site was found to extend
over an area 40 meters in Ciameter on ground that slopes down to the \'V
at 60. Since the original sage brush has been railed, the cover consists
of grass, Russian thistle, and 2 small juniper trees. The sherd and lithic
scatter also revealed a number of mano fragments. Ceramic analysis
following Breternitz suqgests a San Juan Anasazi occupation in Late PI-PiI
falling between 990 and 1000 A. D. Diagnostic ceramics supporting this
include: 6 Chapin gray, 5 Mancos Corrugated rims (66 corrugated body
sherds), I Chaptn B/W , 5 Cortez B/w, 30 Mancos B,/W and p Deadmans
B/R.
42Sa6388 - This site was located on the slope of the same )<ncll as 42Sa6387
although clearly separate from it. Here the ground slopes to the SW at 50
and the site is 30 meters in diameter. The elevation is 1710 meters.
Railing and seedilg has removed any surface evidence of structures that
may have existed. At present a sparse stand of grass covers the entire
site. The analysis of diagnostic sherds recovered inclucies: 68 Chapin
9roy, 2 Mancos Corrugiated rims (10 corrugated body sherds), 4 Chapin
B/W, 4 Bluff B/R, and 2 Deadmans B,/R. The Breternitz analysis points
to a late PI and early PII San Juan Anasazi occupation between 875 and
925 A. D.
42Sa6389 - One cf the few sites to be found in a juniper-pinon stand,
this site measured 20 meters N-S and 40 meters E-W and r,vas situated
on a slope that falls to the NW at 50. The vegetation consists of juniper
and pinon with an understory of sage brush and rabbit brush. The elevation
is 1710 meters. The cultural material is confined to 4 non-diagnostic
plain ware sherds and to a thinly distributed assemblage of secondary
flakes. Although there is a possibility that this material may be a
secondary deposit, the site may tentatively be considered to indicate
a San Juan Anasazi use at some time after about 600 A.D.
42Sa6390 - This site, Iccated SE of 42Sa6389, is also S of a road that
angles thrcugh the NW corner of the project area in the NW Vq of tUe
Nw L/4 of the NE 1,/4 of Section 32. This site, measurinE 35 meters
E-W and 50 meters N-S, is at an elerration of l7l0 meters and is also
on the same slope as the previously mentioned site. Here too, the
cultural debris was found on a slope ciropping to the NW at 8o in a
stand of juniper anC pinon with an undisturbed understory of sage brush
accompanied by some rabbit brush. It is possible that the material
from these two sites has drifted down from a low ridge to the SE where
both railing and chaining are evident. The ridge top failed, however,
2T
to show any indication of a site. In the site area a slab metate and
3 mano fiagments were found. A small sherd collection produced 5
corrugated body sherds, I Chapin gray which may have come from a
corrugated vessel, and 2 white ware sherds. It is thus possible only
to postulate a San Juan Anasazi use of the area at some time after 900 A.D.
42Sa6391 - Grass, Russian thistle, and snake weed cover the 30 slope to
the W on the aeolian soil of the site. V\rith an elevation of 1710 meters ,
the site has an area 40 meters in diameter. Cultural materials occured
as a very thin scatter of sherds, flakes, and ground stone fragments
near the top of a very iovr ridge. Although no ceramic collection was
made, painted, corrugated and B/R sherds were noted. These argue an
Anasazi occupation of 900 A.D. or later.
42Sa6392 - At an elevation of l7l0 meters, this site is 40 meters in diameter
and is found in a very shallow, natural crescentic depression with an
opening drainage faling at 3o to the W'. The area has been railed and
seeded and the aeolian soil now supports grass, snake weed, and some
sage brush. The thin scatter of cultural materials included fiakes, ground
stone fragments, and a few sherds either painted or corrugated which
suggests a San ]uan Anasazi occupation some time after 900 A.D.
42Sa6393 - N{easuring 50 meters in diameter, this-site is at an elevation
of 1710 meters and has a slope down to the W at 30. The original sage
brush cover has been railed and the aeolian ground seeded with the
result that the present cover is composed of grass, some sage brush,
prickley pear, and some thistle. Cultural materials include a notched
ground axe head, mano fragments , cores and flakes. Sherds collected
produced the following diagnostic items: 4 Mancos Corrugated rims
(41 corrugated body sherds), 18 Mancos B/W, and 5 Deadmans B/R.
Following Breternitz, this suggests a San Juan Anasazi occupation in
PII times, probablu between 900 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6394 - This site yielded the usual sherd and lithic assemblage but
it differs from those recorded just before it in that, while the area has
been railed, the seed drill was ap,parently not used and the darker soil
of the site is thus more visible. The aeolian soil slopes down to the W
at 6o while the vegetation includes Russian thistle, sage and some grass.
The elevation is 1710 meters. Analysis of the sherds collected identifies
7 Chapin 9rdy, 2 corrugated body sherds, and 7 Chapin B,/W. A reading
of Breternitz projects San luan Anasazi use of the area between 850 and
900 A.D. - perhaps slightly later.
42Sa6395 - Located on the point ofa very lorv ridge, the ground around
this site slopes down to the SE, S and SW at 5u. As the site extends
under the fence marking the N boundary of Section 32, il has apparentiy
been railed but not seeded. With an area I00 meters in diameter, the
Z2
ground cover includes Russian thistle, sage, grass, and rabbit brr:sh.
The surface revealed a very heavy sherd scatter vvith ground stone fragments,
secondary flakes, and cores. MounCed areas of heavy stone rubble
suggest a square or circular structure at least 15 meters in diarneter.
It seems quite possible that the large depressron at the center of this
feature may be a kiva. The analysis of the sherd collection revealed
I Chapin grdy, 3 Mancos Corruqated rims, 5 Mesa Verde Corrugated
rims, 5 Chapin B/G , 4 Cortez B/W , ll Mancos B/W, 46 Mesa Verde B,/W
(56 white ware body sherds), I Deadmans B/R, 4 Abajo R/O, and 9
Tusayan polychrome. Breternitz supplies dates which would argue for a
lengihy or for a multiple San Juan Anasazi occupation from PI to PIIi
times with dates ranging from no later than 900 to 1200 A.D.
42Sa6396 - This site was found 1rear the top of a low ridge which had a
slight slope down to the SE at 5o. The area has been railed and seeded
with the result that the cover is now composed of sage, rabbit brush,
thistle and grass. With an area measurinq 50 meters in diameter and an
elevation of l7l0 meters, the central feature of the site is a circular
depression 15 meters in diameter. A mouncied area on the S, E, and W
sides ofthe depressson suggests a square ora U shaped surface structure.
A small concentration of cultural debris was noted on a low knoll 20 meters
to the SW of the edge of the site. The ceramic collecticn revealed, when
analyzed, the diagnostic sherds to include 62 Chapin Gray, I Mancos
Corrugated rim (47 corrugated body sherds). I Cha pLn B/W , I Cortez B/W ,
39 Mancos B/W, 4 Deadmans B,/R and 3 Tusayan Polychrome. Breternitz
would thus seem to indicate a long or a multiple San Juan Anasazi occupation
from late PI to early PIII taking place within the minimum time span of
900 to 1150 A.D.
42Sa6397 - This site area measures 100 meters in diameter and is located
at an elevation of l710 meters. The aeolian soil slopes down to the NE ancl
E at 30 and, as the result of railing and seeding, the present ccver includes
gra s s , some sa ge brus h, ra bbit brush , a nd some Rus sian thistle . No
collection was made fonr the thin flake and sherd scatter which probably
has been "smeared" by the seed drill, but the plain corrugated, anci
painted sherds noted in the fieid suggests an early PII San Juan Anasazi
use probably around 900 A. D.
42Sa6398 - This site w'ith its 40 meter diameter was located in an undisturbed
sage brush area where some grass grows in the interspaces. With an
elevation of 1710 meters, the slope is to the NE at 40. The site was
characterized by a rather light scatter of sherds and flakes, a mano
fragment and other ground stone fragments. No structural element could
be identified. Although no collection 'was made, the sherds suggest,
in the absence of the corrugated form, an occupation or use of the area
some ti:ne between 800 and 900 A. D.
23
42Sa6399 - This rather nebulous site was found near the S end of a small
ridge in an area of undisturbed sage, grass, anC sna]<e lveed. With an
elevation of l7I0 meters and an area 40 meters in ciramerer, the surface
of the aeolian soil slopes down at 60 in all directions except to the N.
There is a good supply of potential building stone in the area although
no structural features could be identified. The contours of the powdery
soil suggest that sorne structures may exist. The ceramic collection was
quite light but members of the survey team remarked that, in previous
passes to the S, random sherds had been noted wlth some frequency.
The analysis of sherds collected at the site reveal 3 Chapin Gray, I
Mancos Corrugated rim (41 corrugated body she:cis), 13 Mancos B/W,
6 McElmo B/W (12 white ware bociy sherds), and 2 Deadmans B,/R. A
reading of Breternitz suggests a PiI San Juan Anasazi occupation that
probably occured between 1000 and tI00 A.D.
42Sa6400 - This small site of only 15 meters diameter, slopes down to
the E at 4o. The undisturbed aeolian soil supported an overstory of sage
brush with snake vreed and some grass as the understory. The elevation
is I7t0 meters. The iimited scatter of sherds, flakes , and ground stone
fragments, perhaps represents only the residue of materials that have largely
been carried away by runoff . No structures were evident. The small sherd
collection analyzed reveals 25 Chapin Gray, 5 Moccasin Gray, and I
Chapin B/W. This would argue a San Juan Anasazi use in the PI period
between 775 and 900 A.D.
42Sa640I - A site was found on a low knoll with a 40 slope down in all
directions save to the N. The aeolian soil was covered with Sage,
snakeweed, and some grass throughout its 20 meter diameter and beyond
as well. With an elevation of l7i0 meters, the site produced on!.y limited
cultural material. The fact that the 4 Chapin gray sherds were accompanied
by a large corner-notched dart point would appear to sugqest an occupation
at around 575 A.D. While no evidence of structures u'as found, the
presence of ground stone fragments argues something more than a casual
use area.
42Sa64OZ - At this location a light sherd and flake scatter covered an
area 20 meters in diameter where the aeolian soil was covered with a
rather open sage brush stand with a grass understory. The ground slopes
down to the W at 5o while the elevation is 1710 meters. No structural
evidence could be identified but the analysis of sherds recovered produced
6 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims (28 corrugated body sherds), 3 Mancos B/W,
4 lvlcElmo B/W, and 5 Mesa Verde B/W. The combination suggests a PIII
use between lI50 and 1250 A. D.
42Sa6403 - Located in an area that has been railed and seeded, this site
is at an elevation of l7l0 meters and has a vegetation cover of grass,
snake weed, and Russian thistie. The aeolian soil slopes down to the
24
SE at 40. A fair scarter of sherds, fl:kes and ground stone fragments
extends over an area 30 meters in diarneter. No structures could be
identified but sorne mounded areas fully covered with soil and the presence
of scatters of stone rubble suggest that structures do exist. The l5
Chapin Gray sherds that comprise tl're total site collection would inciicale
a San Juan Anasazi use of the site in either BMIII or PI times at some
point in time between 575 and 900 A. D.
425a6404 - Measuring 40 meters in diameter, this site prorJuced a limited
assortment of flakes, a few ground stone fragments, and a modest ceramic
collection. No structures lvere identified. With an elevatlon of l7l0
meters, the ground slopes dorarn to the E at 60. The area has been railed
and seeded and the cover inciudes grass, some sage, rabbit brush, and
snake vreed. The ceramic col.Iecticn produced di.agnostic sherds including
65 Chapin Gray, 4 Chapin B,/W and I Mancos B/W. The Breternitz dates
suggest a San Juan Anasazi use in late PI or early PIi at some time close
to 900 A.D.
42Sa6405 - The most visible feature at this s:.te is a circular depresssion
5.5 meters in diameler. Other elements rnay exist but they could not be
identified with assurance. Most of the culturai debris was found down
to the SW of the site despite the fact that the slope in the site area is
do,arn to the NW at 50. This suggests a trash area to the SW. The aeolian
soil has been railed and seeded and the present cover includes sage,
grass, Russian thistle, and snake weed. The elevation is 17l0 meters.
Cultural debris included sherds, secondary flakes, metate and mano
fragments, and a few cores. A ceramic analysis prociuced 4 Chapin
Gray, I Moccasin Gray, I Mancos Corrugated rim (13 corrugated body
sherds), 6 Mancos e/W (3 white ware body sherds), lAbajo R/O, I
Deadman s B/R and 48 unslipped red sherds. The Breternitz analysis
suqgests that the San Juan Anasazi used the site in PI-PII times between
about 850 and 950 A. D.
42Sa6406 - This site, measuring 30 meters in diameter, was -Iocated
at a point where the aeoiian soil sloped down to the NWat 6'. The
elevation is l7l0 meters. The area has been railed and seeded and the
present vegetative cover consists of sage brush, qrass, and rabbit brush.
Cultural materials involved a light scatter of flakes, ground stone fragments
and sherds. No structural features could be identified. Ceramic analysis
produced 123 Chapin Gray sherds and 2 corrugated bociy sherds. If the
corruqated body sherds are significant, a late PI or an eariy PII San Juan
Anasazi occupation is suggested although it could be earlier if the presence
of the 2 corrugated sherds is fortuitous.
425a6407 - This small site was found just above a siope that drops to
the NIV at 5(). Measuring some 20 meters in diameter, the site and the
surrounding area has been railed and seeded. Preseni dover includes
25
sage brush, grass, and I dead juniper. Near the dead tree a linear
cluster of sione rubbie running N-S, meaSures 3 meters long and 0.75
meters wide anci may represent a surface storage eleneit. A thin scatter
of cultural debris included sherds, flakes, and ground stone fragments.
Analysis of the sherds revealed 2 Chapin Gray, 2 Mesa Verde Corrugated
rims (lI corrugated body sherds), 2 McEImo B/W,7 Mesa Verde B/W
(2 white ware body sherds). Discounting the 2 Chapin Gray sherds as
possibly from a corrugated vessel, the Breternitz dates suggest a San
]uan Anasazi occupation in PIII at some trme between 1200 and 1300 A.D.
425a6408 - The central feature of this site is two circular depressions.
The largest of these is 10 meters in diameter whiie, just to the NE, the
other is I meters across. Mounded areas adjacent to the circles suqgest
L shaped surface structures with kivas, represented by the depressi ons,
at the inner angles of the Ls. 20 meters ciownslope to the E was a large
pot hole revealing some evidence of masonry not apparent near the
depressions. The site is at an elevation of 17l0 nreters and has an overall
diameter of 60 meters. it is not clear whether or not the area has been
railed and seeded but the present cover inclucies sage brush, grass,
snake weed, prickley pear, and a small juniper. Two cerarnj.c collections
rvere nade. One was from the surface while the other is cornpcsed of
sherds taken from the spoil dirtaroundthe pot hole left by vandals.
The surface collection produced, upon analysis, 6 Chapin Gray, I Moccasin
Gray, I Mesa r/erde Corrugated rim (40 corrugaied bod), sherds), i Chapin
B/w, l0 Mancos B/w, 7 lr{cElmo B/w, I B1uff B,/R and I Tusayan po}y-
chrome. The material Ieft by vandals included 12 Chapin Gray, 1 Mancos
Corrugated rim, l Mesa Verde Corrugated rim (78 corrugated body sherds),
15 Mancos B/W,32 McElmo B/W,l Abajo R/O, and I0 Deadmans B/R.
Fcllowing Bre'uernitz, a San Juan Anasazi occupation or multiple occupation
for a period ranging from Pi through PIII is suggested for the years from
about 850 to Il50 although this period might be contracted somewhat.
42Sa64I9 - This site, 75 meters in diarneter, sits on a low ridge that has
been railed and chained and where the aeolian soil is now covered with
a sage and grass associatlon. At an elevation of l7l0 meters, the surface
slopes dovrn to the N at 70. Cultural debris appeared in the form of a
fairly dense scatter of sherds, flakes, and ground stone fragments.
Two stone clusters suggest wall elements but no rooms coulci be defined.
A number of low, elongated mounds also suggest linear structural elements
but their existance is not established. Ceramic analysis produced 37
Chapin Gray, 4 Mancos Corrugated rims (50 corrugated body sherds), I
Chapin B/W,59 IVIancos B/W,9 Deadmans B,/R, and I Tusayan Polychrome.
According to the Breternitz cslculations, this argues a San Juan Anasazi
PII occupation at some time between 900 and lI00 A.D.
425a6420 - The sherds, flakes, atCground stone fragments of this smali
scatter appears to have been "smeared" by chaining and railing to a
26
diameter of some 40 meters. With a I710^meter elevation, the surface
slopes down both to the E and the W at 70 while the present cover for
the aeolian soil is sage, grass, and rabbit brush. No structures were
visibie. Ceramic analysis, followj.ng Breternilz, produced 46 Chapin
Gray, I Moccasin Gray, 7 corrugated body sherds, 2 Chapin B,/!V, and
1 Mancos B/W. This suggests an occupation of the San ]uan Anasazi
in late PI or early PII at about 900 A. D.
425a642L - At a point where the aeoiian surface soil slopes down to the
E at 50 this site covers an area measuring 50 rneters in diameter. The
site does not appear to have been railed or seeded but the present vegetative
cover is limited to sage brush and to grass. The elevation is 1710 meters.
Cultural materials occur in the form of a medium dense sherd scatter
along with flakes and ground stone fragrnents. Also noted was a dense
scatter of stone rubble and the fact that the soil here lvas more porvdery
than sandy - suggesring an ash content. While there is no direct evidence
of structures, the stone rubble nakes them seem to be likely. Analysis
of the ceramic coilection produced 84 Chapin Gray, 3 corrugated body
sherds, and 3 Chapin B,/\^/. This argues a late PI San Juan Anasazi occupation
around 900 A.D. although a discounting of the 3 corrugated sherds could
push this back to an earlier time.
425a6422 - This smali sherd and flake scatter was fcund on the SW slope
of a lolv hiII where the surface drops at 50. The site is 20 meters in
diameter and the cover is confined to sage and Russian thistle. The
area has been heavily disturbed by railing although it does not appear
to have been seeded. The elevation is l7l0 meters. No structures
were found but a srnall ceramic collection has producedZ Mancos Corrugated
rims (18 corrugated body sherds), 15 lvlancos B,/W (i2 white lvare body
sherds), and 5 Deadmans B,/R. The Breternitz dates suggest a PII San
Juan Anasazl occupation at some time between 900 and 1000 A.D.
425a6423 - Again on ground that has been railed but not seeded, thrs
site had a diameter of 30 meters on ground that slopes lo the S at 40.
The aeolian soil is now covered by P.ussian thistle, grass, some sage.
and 4 small juniper. The elevation is 1710 meters. A very thin scatter
of sherds, flakes and ground stone fragments produced only plain ware
sherds. Since no collection was made the site can only by ascribed to
the San Juan Anasazi, probably in BMIII or PI times between 575 and 900
A. D. No structures were observed.
425a6424 - With an elevation of 1710 meters, this site covers an area
30 meiers in diameter. The aeoLian soil slopes down at 30 to the E,
SE and S while Lhe cover, after heavy distrubance by railing and seeding,
is now composed of- rabbit brush, Russlan thist-Ie, and some sage brush.
An anrorpirorrs clrrster of stone rubble may represei;'t the remains of a small
structure. A small sherd collection has been found to include 25 Chapin
27
Gray, 5 Mancos Gray, and 8 Chapin B/W. According to Breternitz,
thls should place the San Juan Anasazi occi.ipation rather neatly in Iaie
PI between 875 and 900 A.D.
425a6425 - In an area disturbed by railing and seeding, the smaII sherd
scatter covers an area with a diameter of 30 meters - which may represent
a "smearing" by the seeding operation. The aeolian soil slopes down
to the E at 3o while the present vegetation consists of sage brush,
Russian thistle, grass, and some rabbit brush. Flakes and some ground
stone fragments were noted, an occupation Ddy, with caution, be postulated
for the San Juan Anasazi between 575 and 900 A.D. either in BMIII or PI
times
425a6426 - This site covers an area with a diameter of .35 meters and is
located on a ridge that drops down to the E, SE, and S at 70. The cover
is sagre brush, rabbit brush, and several small juniper together with some
grass. Aithough the area has not been railed, a vehicle track has beaten
down the brush across the N end of the site. The elevation is 1710 meters.
While no structures were identj.fied with ceriainty, a cluster of stone
rubble measuring 2 meters N-S and I meter wide was noteci. There is a
possibility that others may exist in the rather dense stand of brush. A
Iight scatter of flakes and sherds accounted for the cultural debris.
Analysis of the ceramics revealed 27 Chapin Gray, I Moccasj.n Gray,
and I Chapin B/W. Dates suggested by Breternitz would thus fix a San
Juan Anasazi PI occupation between 775 and 900 A.D.
425a6427 - This site was found near the E edge of a fairly level ridge
top with the slope of the aeolian soil dropping to the E at 60. The area
may not have been railed and the present vegetation includes sage, grass,
I jdniper, and snake weed. With an elevation of I7I0 meters, the site
has a diameter of.75 meters and may be larger. Structural elements were
only suggested on the surface but vandais had dug out a slab lined granary
in the N14r quarter of the site. This feature measures 3 meters long and
nearly 2 meters wide. The digging produced a number of slab metates
and manos. Additional pot hunting dovvn the slope was visible but nothing
could be determined as to the depth of the midden. Other mounded areas
suggest but do not outline linear or L shaped surface structures. The
ceramic collection produced I Mesa Verde Corrugated rim (54 corrugated
body sherds), 2 Chapin B/"|V,14 Mancos B/W,15 McEImo B/W (ll white
ware sherds), I Deadmans B,/R and I Tusayan Polychrome. Breternitz
dates thus suggest a PII-PIII San Juan Anasazi occupation for the period
between 990 and 1150.
425a6428 - This small site produced a light sherd scatter among the heavier
concentration of apparent stone rubble. A single piece of bruned clay is
the only evidence of a structure - possibly aithough not necessarily jacal.
28
The elev.-rtion is i710 meters a,nd the site diameter is 20 meters. The
slope is down to the NW at 70. Althcugh the site area has not been
chained or railed, it has been a cattle "yarding" area because of the
presence of a number of juniper. Other vegetation includes sage, grass,
and snakeweed. Analysis of the small sherd collection produced 2
Chapin Gray, I1 corrugated body sherds, 2 Mancos B/W, and I Abajo
R/O. Following Breternitz, an accounting for all of these sherds would
postulate a late PI or an early PII San Juan Anasazi cccupation between
about 900 and 950 A.D.
425a6429 - With a diameter of 15 meters and an elevation of 17l0 meters,
the aeolian soil of this site area slopes down to the SE at a barely
perceptable 10. The ground has been railed and seeded and the present
veg'etation is restricted to grass and Russian thistle. The site is marked
by a small biock of from I to 3 rooms, apparently of coursed stone althouglt
burned clay fragments may also suggest the use of jacai. The analysis
of the sherd collection follo'wing dates given by Breiernitz produces 4
Mancos Corrugateci rims (19 corrugated body shercis), 7 Mancos B/W
(9 white ware sherds), 3 Deadmans B/R, and I McElmo B/W. This argues
a PII occupation by the San JuanAnasazi between 900 and i000 A.D.
42Sa6430 - Situated in an area that has been fully railed and seeded,
this site is on a 30 slope to the SW with grass and Russian thistle
forming the only cover for the aeolian soil. The elevation ls 17l0 meters
and the site measures 35 meters by 30 meters. The principle cultural
feature is a circular depression 5 meters in diameter. Although this is
an apparent PIi site, evidence of jacal suggests that this was a pit house.
Cultural materials included primary and secondary flakes, a metate
fragment and 3 hammerstones. A ceramic analysis of magerial collected
produced 2 Chapin Gray, 2 Mancos Corrugated rims (40 corrugated body
sherds), 30 lvtancos B/W (21 white ware sherds), and I Deadmans B,/R.
This argues a San ]uan Anesazi PII occupaiion between 900 and I000 A.D.
42Sa6431 - With a 30 meter diameter, this site is located on aeolian soil
that slopes to the SWat 30. The area has been railed and seeded and the
present vegetation is confined to Russian thistle and some grass. The
elevation is l7I0 meters. Cuitural debris consists of primary and secondary
flakes, a hammerstone, I mano and numerous ground stone fragments as
well as sherds. Sherds collected have been analyzed to reveal 2 Chapin
Gray, I Mancos Corrugated rim (16 corrugated boCy sherds), 16 Mancos
B/W , and 3 Deadmans B,/R. This would, according to Breternitz, argue
a PII San Juan Anasazi occupation between 900 and 1000 A. D.
425a6432 - The central feature of this site is a depression 10 meters
in diameter with a trash midden lying jtrst to ihe SW of it. The site is
on a small ridge of aeolian soil which slopes down to the SE at 20. With
an elevation of 1710 meters, the area has been railed and seeded and
present vegetation is confined to I small juniper, Russian thistle, and
some grass. Cultural debris incl.uded flakes, a hammerstone, a metate
29
fragment, and other ground stone fragments and sherds. Analysis of
the shercis produced 46 Chapin Gray with an additional 14 sherds of the
same type but of unusal thickness, 4 corrugated body sherds, and 6
Mancos B/w. lArhile it does not quite accorc with Breternitz, a pII
San ]uan Anosazi occupation !s postulated for the period between 900
and 950 A. D.
42Sa6433 - A circular depression 5 meters in diameter is surrounded by
midden that apparently represents trash depcsits, The aeolian soil appears.
to be perfectly level, perhaps the result of railing and seeding. Present
vegetation is limi'ued to a sparse cover of grass. The site measures l0
meters in diameter and the elevation is 1710 meters. Cultural debris
includes flakes, two manos, ground stone fragments, and sherds. Ceramicanalysis revealed l3 corrugated body shercis, 26 Mesa Verde B/w andzg
white ware sherds. This rather simple assortment follows Breternitz topostulate a San ]uan Anasazi PiII occupation between 1200 and 1300 A.D.
42Sa6434 - Again resring upon aeolian soil that appears to be quite
level, this site is at an elevation of I7l0 meters and has a diameter of
15 meters. The vegetalion in the area is composed entirely of Russian
thistle with some grass. Two contiguous depressions mark the focus
of the site while cultural material includes both metate and mano fragments
as well as other ground stone fragments, primary and secondary flakes,
and a modest collection of sherds found to include I Mesa Verde Corrugated
rim (6 corrugated body sherds), I lv{ancos B/W,l McElmo B,'W,4 Mesa
verde B,/wand 5 white ware sherds. A study of Breternitz suggests a
PIII San fuan Anasazi occupation between 1125 and L225 A.D.
42Sa6435 - With a 20 meter diameter, this site is marked by a scatter of
flakes and sherds with no evidence of structures. The site is on a low
ridge w-ith a slope to the E at 3o. The area has been railed and seeded
and the present cover is given exclusively to Russian thistle. The elevation
is i7l0 meters. An analysis of the Sherds collected produced 5 Chapin
Gray, 14 corrugated body sherds, 3 ChaptnB/W,10 Mancos B/W (Il white
vr'are sherds), and 3 Deadmans B/R. This assortment argues a PI-PII
occupation for the San Juan Anasazi between 875 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6436 - Central to this site is a small structure of shaped stone
comprising one or t\^zo rooms. The site is on aeolian soil sloping at Io
to the E. The area has been railed and seeded and the present cover is
composed of Russian thistle with some salt bush. The site diameter is
l5 meters and the elevation is i7l0 meters. Primary and secondary flakes
were accompanied by a few sherds. Although these were not collected,
field identification of Mancos Corrugated and Mancos n,/W assigns a
PII San,ruan Anasazi occupation of from about 990 to i150 A.D.
30
42Sa6437 - This site, 30 meters in diameter at an e^levation of l7l0 meters,
rests on aeclian soil that slopes down lo the E at 20. The site is just
above a modern "root cellar". Stone rubble sugJgests a smaii structure
apparently no more than I meter square. The area has been raiied and
seeded and present vegetation inclucies sorne sage brush ancj Russian
thistle. Cultural materials lvere confined to primary and secordary
flakes and sherds. The sherds include 6 conugated body sherds, 2
Mancos B/W, 22 Mesa Vercle B/W (7 white ware sherds) and 2 Deadmans
B/R. The Breternitz study suggests a PIII occupation by the San Juan
Anasazi between 1150 and i300 or perhaps a bit later.
42Sa6438 - This site rests on a small knoll where the central feature is
a depression 2 meters in diapeter and 50 cm. deep. The ground slopes
to the NE at a very gradual 1". The area has been railed and seeded ancl
the aeolian soil is presently covered with grass, sage, Russian thj.stle
and one juniper. The site measures 40 meters by 30 meters and the
elevation is 1710 meters. Cultural material obse:ved includes primary
and secondary flakes, mano and metate fragments, harnmerstones, and
sherds. The ceramic anaiysis rer,'eais ;3I Chapin Gray, 2 Moccasin Gray,
4 ChapinB/W,49 Mancos u/W (9 siippedrvhite ware), 6 Deadmans B,/R,
and 2 Tusayan Polychrome. Following the lead of Breternitz, this suggests
a Pi-Pii San JuanAnasazi occupatlon for a period between 850 and 1050 or
perhaps a bi.t later
42Sa6439 - This site is located on aeolian soil with a slope of cnly lo to
the NlV. The area has been railed and seeCed and the present cover is
confined to Russian thistle with some gress. At an elevation of i7l0 meters
and a site diameter of 30 meters, the central feature is a depression I
meters in diameter and 75 cm. cieep lvith a small block of from I to 3 rooms
to the SE of the depression. The block is formed of coursed stone and
measures 4 by 3 meters. Cultural material included a slab metate and a
basin metate, mano fragments, primary and seconciary flakes , hammerstones
and sherds. Ceramic analysis identified 3 Chapin Gray, 3 Mesa Verde
Corrugated rime (80 corrugated body sherds), 14 Mancos B/'N,33 Mesa
Verde Bf$f Q4 white ware sherds). If the Chapin Gray be considered
undecorated parts of ccrrugated vessles, a PIi-PIII Sarr Juan Anasazi
occupation can be postulated for a time about 1000 to i300 A. D.
42Sa6440 - Located on aeolian soii with a stight Io slope to the S, this
site area has been railed and seeded and the present vegetation is limited
to Russian thistle and some sage brush. The elevation is 1710 meters and
the site is some 15 meters in diameter. The site reveals both son:e
apparent building storre and burned adobe rubble. The rubble is evident
both on the surface and in a pot hole dug by varrdals. Cultural debris vras
confineci to flakes, ground stone fragments and sherds. Sherds include 17
Chapin Gray, 3 Chapin B/\IV, and 2 white rvare sherds. This argues,
according to Breternitz, a BMIII-PI San Juan Anasazi cccupation some tirfle
between 575 and 900 A.D.
31
425a644L - The central feature at this site is a room block measuring 12
by 3 meters and apparently made of coursed stone though the structure is.
nolr'serj.ously damaged as the result of railing and seeding. Some 5 meters
W of the room block is a well-defined flaking area. The entire site is 35
meters in diameter. The vegetation is confined to Russian thistle and
wolf berry. The aeolian soil of the site slopes at 20 to the SE and the
elevation is 1710 meters. Cultural debris included primary and secondary
flakes, a mano, ground stone fragments, and sherds. Sherds include
15 Chapin Gray, 18 corrugated body sherds, 3 Chapin B/W,48 Mancos
B/W (16 white ware sherds), 4 Deadman B,/R, and I Tusayan Polychrome.
According to Breternitz, this combination of sherds might be founci between
900 and 1000 A.D. and thus a San JuanAnasazi PII occupation can be
suggested.
425a6442 - With a slope of. 20, the aeolian soil of this site is covered
with Russian thistle and some sage and grass as a result of railing and
seeding. The site measures l5 meters in diameter with an elevation of
1710 meters. The primary feature of the site is the surface evidence of
burned adobe which suggests a jacal structure. Cultural debris was
confined to flakes and sherds. The sherds were, in turn, limited to 54
Chapin Gray and I Chapin B/W. The Breternit2 study thus argues a BMIII-
PI San Juan Anasazi occupation some time between 575 and 900 A.D.
425a6443 - A depression measuring 10 by l5 meters and surface evidence
of burned adobe suggesting jacal form the central elements at this site
nzhich has a 25 meter diameter at an elevation of l710 meters. The aeolian
soll slopes to the SE at 30 and, as a result of railing and chaining, the
vegetation here is confined to Russian thistle. Cultural debris is limited
to ftakes and to sherds v.,hich include 63 Chapin Gray, I Chapin B,/W, and
I Abajo R/O, an association which Breternitz would limit to the period
between 700 and 900 A.D. so that a PI San Juan Anasazi occupation is
postulated.
425a6444'- In an area railed and seeded, the site is on aeolian soil
that slopes at a bare 10 to the SE. The elevation is 1710 meters and the
vegetati.on is limited to Russian thistle and some grass. The site measures
50 meters in diameter and appears to represent two distinct components.
In one portion of the site, structures appear to have been built of jacal
and of coursed stone while in the second area, a pit structure seems to
be ir:dicated. in the area of the possible pit structure, Component A, the
sherds include 50 Chapin Gray and t0 Chapin neck-banded, I Chapin B/W
and 3 Deadmans B,/R. This argues of PI occupation by San Juan Anasazi
between 800 and 900 A.D. In component B where surface structures appear
to have been built, the sherds include 24 Chapin Gray, 3 Mancos Corrugated
rims (15 corrugated body sherds),2 ChapLn B/W,16 Mancos B/W, and 15
Deadman B,/R. Use of Breternitz here argues the San Juan Anasazi were
present in PII times between 900 and II00 A.D.
32
42Sa6445 - The principle feature of this site is a one room structure of
coursed stone measuring 3 by 4 meters with wails 0.5 meters thick.
Vandals have dug a pot hole in the S portion of the site which is l0 meters
in diameter. The site is covered with juniper, pinon and sage. The
aeolian soil slopes down to the SE at 2o while the elevation is 17l0 meters.
Very little eultural debris was present but Mancos Corrugated sherds
were noted in the field and thus an occupation by the San Juan Anasazi
is probably a PII manifestation although it can only be said that it was
later than 900 A.D.
December 29, L977
IIr. Ililo A. BarneY, Chairman
Environmental Coordinating Conmi ttee
State Planning 0ffice
118 State CapitolSalt Lake Citv, I.II 84114
Dear Mr. Barney:
ST,\'TE OF UTAH
Scott ll. Ilathcson, Governor
I)l: P.\ li'l'] il:\1' O F
I)I: \'l:] LOP\li-\ 1' SEI{\'l Cl.S
]lichacl D. Callivan
Executive Director
104 Statc Capitol
Salt I.ake Citr', Utah 84114
Telephone: [phone]
RE: Energp Fuels liuclear, Inc., Uranium i'1i11 approximately
seven miles south of Blanding
On the basis of staff reviet., and recommendation, the State
Historic Presenation Officer has determiaed that as long
as the recommendations for mitigation made by Richard A-
Thompson in .d\ INTB\SIVE CULTURAI RESOURCE II$'B\IORY CO\DUCTED
oN lii'tITE IIESA, SA,\ Jupli COLNTY, UTAFI are follorved, then this
project rci1l har.e no lcrclfn effect on any recognized or potential
iVat.ional Register historical, archeological, or ctrltural sites.
Please be advised, ltot+ever, that should artifacts oI cultrral
objects be discovered during the constl:irction stage, it is the
reiponsibility of the Federal agency or cqnmunity receiving. -bfoik grant firnas to notify thii office inunediately as provided
for in the Utah State Antiqlrities Act of 1973 and Pr:blic Law 93'29L.
Should you need assistance or clari.fication, please contact
iVilson G. irlartin, Preser'tration Planner, Utah State Historical
Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake Ci!v, Utah 84i02,
(801) 533-575s. - 1
il'lichael D. Gallivan
Executive Director
and
. State Historic Presenration Officer
lfGivl: j jw:B2555,
cc: 11s" Nancy E. Kennedy, Assistant Econornist, Dames & Moore,
605 Parfet Street, Denver, C0 80215
conditional clearance
DIVISION OF: INI)USTRI-\L PROIIO'I'IOI{ . TR,\\'EL DIi\:[LOPllf:NT ' I\POSITIO),IS ' ST.\T[, IIISTORY ' ljl)iE ARTS
Jantrary 7,7, 1978
RE(T.IVEN
rEB 1 lsiB
STATE OF UTAH
Scott M. IVIatheson, Governor
.,,.-'..il. i,,.f i' l-)i
Michael D. Gallivan
Executive Director
104 State Capitol
Salt Lake City, Utah 841 14
Telephone: [phone]
lvlr. Gerald W. Grandey
Corporate Coursel
Energy Fuels Corporation
Executive Offices
Three Park Central, Suite 445
1515 Arapahoe
Denver, C0 80202
Dear Mr. Grandey:
RE: Energy Fuels Corporation, Uraniun Mi11 approximately seven miles southof Bianding, Utah
In reference to our letter dated December 29, L977, to lvlr. It{i1o A. Barney,
Chairman, Envircrrnental Croordinating Conunittee. In that letter we stated
ttrat as long as the recormnendations for mi-tigation made by Richard Thom^oson
are folior^ied, then 1'our project will have no krlown effect on any recognized
or potential National .R.egister historic, archeoLogical, or cultural sites.
This letter is intended to outline the neasures your conpany should fcllowfor mitigation.
Tne sites withia the enviroilrental area of the energy :iuels plant and
tailings pond will need to be tested to deternine eligibility of the sitefor inclusion on the National Register cf Historic Places isee 36 CFR
Part 800). Excavation will not be ccnducted tnrLess determined necessar.v.
Enclosed is a list of qr:alified archeologists who rnay be arraiiable to
conduct the testing. If sites are determined to be eligib.l-e for iaclusionin the National Register of Historic Places, then nitigation measures as
outlined in 36 CFR Part 800 will need to be fo11o-wed.
The State Historic Presenration 0fficer is also ccncerned that secondary
inpacts be avoide'l where at all possible and that should artifacts or
c.r1tr:ra1 objects be discovered during the construction. stage it is the
responsibility cf the FederaL agency to notify this office inmediately as
provided for in the Utah State Antiquities Act of 7973 and Public Law
93-291.
A copy of the testing report will be supplied to the Histori.c Preservation
Office in order for our office to crcnunent about the eligibility of the
sites in question.
DIVISION OF: TNDUS'I'RIAL PR.OIVJOTION . IRAVEL DEVELOPMENT EXPOSITICINI] STATE HISTORY ' FINE i\RTS
Mr. Gerald ItI. GrandeY
Pq (Ne. e*l i\\ senA
Lr.ndec Sefcr.aofe
rl ct(*[re LuB,rtcC-('t 't
cou.rj
Page T\^lo January 27, L978
If you have any corTrnents or questions, please contact'tVil-son G. I{artin,
Preservation Planner, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple,
Salt Lake Cicy*, Utah 84102, (8C1) 553-5755.
t
'1 ,/f '-
Executive Director
and
State Historic Preservation 0fficer
1,lr'@l: j jw:B255SJ
Enclosure
clearance
QUALIFIED ARCHEOLOGI STS
Dr. David B. l.ladsenAntiquities SectionDivision of State History
603 East South Templesalt Lake ciry, uT 84102(801) s53-s7ss
Dr. Jesse D. JenningsDepartnent of AnthropologyUniversi.ty of UtahSalt Lake City, UT 84112
Dr. Ray l.latheny
Department of ArcheologyBrigham Young UniversityProvo, UT 84601(801) 374-LzLl
Dr. Richard Thompson
Departnent, of HistorySouthern Utah State College
Cedar Citv, UT 84720
Dr. Alexander J. Lindsay, Jr.
Museun of Northern ArizonaP. O. Box 1389Fort Va11ey RoadFlagstaff, AZ 86001
Mr. Richard HauckArcheological-Environrnental Research Corporat ionP. O. Box L7544Salt Lake City, UT 84117
APPE}IDIX B
I^IATER QUALiTY rNFoSyATroN
B-1
APPENDIX B
WATER QUALITY
General Physiocochemical Properties of Water
The constiluents aaalyzed in water are the substances in solution
in water. Dissolved solids commonly determined by analytical methods and
expressed as concentrations of ions are the catioas (positively charge<i
ions), calcium, uagnesitrm, sodir:m, and potassium; anions (negatively
charged ions), sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate; and those contribut-
ing to alkalinity (usually expressed in terms of an equivalent amount of
carbonaEe and bicarbonate). Other substances determined, but not as
routinely, are boron, phosphate, selenium, and various trace elemenis.
Certain checrical and physical properEies of water also are reported
in water analyses. Some of these properties include the amounE of total
dissolved solids, water hardness expressed as equivalenE quantities of
calcium carbonate, and specific con<iucEance. The source and significance
of chemical and physical properties of natural waEers are given in Table
B-1.
Physical and Chemical Constituents of {arer Related to Use
The quality of water is often judged according to the intended use
ol the water" Generally, the lower the amount of dissolved solids, the
better the waEer qualicy is considered. However, the concentration of
parEicular constituents in wacer may be rnore importanE than the Eot.al
concentration of dissolved solids. General water quality evaluation
criteria for common uses are discussed below.
Domestic and Municipal Use
Chemical quality staadards for vater used for public carriers
and by others subject Eo federai quarantine regulations have been estab-
lished by Ehe U.S. Public Heaith Service (USpttS, 1962). These regula-
tions concern bacLeria, radioactivity, and chemical constituents that may
be objecEionable in a pubtic water strpply. Recommended maximum concen-
trafions of constiEuents established by the USPHS and proposed and
;q
*1
Constltuent or
lhry-r-gr!-Ir-gJJ-rlf-
Arsentc (As)
Blcnrbonete (HCOJ)
f,ndCnrbonate (Cq)
Soron (B)
TABLE B-1
SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMON CIIEMICAL AND PHYSICAL
lg-urce or crugg
ln raslos fron s(rhe lndustry rnd nlnlng tctlvlty, rnd lnresldues froo certeln tnsectlcldes and hcrblcldcs. llrnatural rtter, trace quaotltles nry be falrly cmhon.
Actlon of carbon dloxlde IB rater on carbonate rocks Buches llnestone and dolohlte.
Dlssoleed froil soll and rock, pertlculnrly those ol lgneouaorlgln. ,ate.s from hot sprlngs end "speclally r.tersfrom areas of recent volcanlc rctlvlty Fry be rather hlghln boron. fiay tc added to rhter through dlsposel of r.!tematerlils, especlelly from cleanlng operrtlillg rhereborates are used es detergenta.
Dlssolved lrom most solls and rocks but especlElly frohllmestone, dolohlte, !nd qyp9uil. Soile brlnes contilnlarEe concertratlons o, calclun.
Dlssolved lron rocks and soils. Present lo serege ind aoundln large concentretlons Ir anclent brlnes, ger reter, andlndustrlrl brlnes.
Mlnerll constltuents dissolved from rock6 and lglls, or
added as a result of nan-nede condltlona. llf,y lncludedlssolved organlc constltucnts rnd aoie liter ofcryatelllzatlotr.
Dlssolved ln snall to hlnute qusntltles lroE nost rocksand sol ls.
In host raleri oearly ell the herdnesa ls due to cilcluhand nagneslun. Metalllc cetlons other thrn thealkall netals t160 cause hardnes6.
Dlssolved froh host rocts and solls. ltry also be derlvedlron lron plpesr puhps, and other eqolphent. llore thanI ot 2 Rg/l of soluble ,ron ln surlece rater3 gener.llylndlcates nlne drelnage or other sources.
Dlssolved from host solls rDd rocks but especlally lrondolomltlc llhestone. Some brlnca cortaln lsrgcconcen trtt lons of magneslun.
PROPERTIES OT WATERS
Slgnlllcrnce
Arsehlc l6 toxlc to humrng rnd rnlhrls. lt can iccuhulrte ln tlFsilesnd result ln Eerloug phystoloBtcrl "lfects. (See t€xt for if,ilnumllhlt reconhended for drlnLlog rnter.)
Blcarbonrte and carbonatr produce alk.llnlty. Blctrbon.tes ofcelclun rnd hagnoglun dec@pose ln stean bo!Iers rnd hot-rrterfAcllltles to forh scele rtrd rale.se corroslve carbon dlorlrlegas--ln coDblnatlon rlth calclun ind mrftrealun cause cerboDatehardness -
Shall rhount. ln lrrlBatlon rat?r rnd soll .r€ dshrRloB to cert.lncropa. Jt ls cssentlel tn trrce quentltles ln pl.nt nutrltlon,but becohes torlc to aome pllnts ln concentretlong ag snrll asl.O oE/l li lrrtBrtlng r.ter.
CtlcluN and hlgDegluh cause nost ol the herdness and actle-fornlrg prop"rtles ol reteri aoap conguhtrg, (See ltardness)Calclun products nry depos!t on plpe rella ard ln,ell-6creenopenlhga and r?duce the reter-trensnlttln8 elflclehcy.
lllgh conceotratlons lncrease the corroslveness ol rttcr rnd, lncombluatlox rlth sodlun, glve r siltrr tiste.
Dlssolvod gollds valu"s are a heagure of the collectlve concen-lration of constltuentg ln the rrter: the htsher the vrluethe lrl(her the concertrdtlon. Tons per tcre-foot End tons perdey are calculrted vrlues thet.re neEsures of the totrldissolved aalt lord ln nn rere-foot of the rater en.t ln ttre totrlvoluse of the Irter plsslrB the srmpltnB slte ln E 2,I-hour freriod.
Fluorlde ln drlilklng xit€r reduces the lncldence of tooth decay*hen the ?rter lg consuied durlnB thG perlod of ennDelcalcl?lc!tlon, ltorcver, lt nny crrire nottllng ol the teethdependlng oh the coocentr.tlon of fluorlde, the ege ol thechtld, the emount of drlnktng rrter consuned, and the sugcerrtlb-lllty ol tfte lndlvldual.
Consucea aoep before. lather rlll forh, aod deposltr soap curds onbrthtubs. llrrd reter foros scile tn boll.rs, tater heaters, andplpes. llardness equlv.lent to the blcarbontrte End carhonate lscelled crrhonrte hnrdness. lny hardneas lr ercess of thls lgcalled nooclrbonate hsrdness.
On erposure to alr, lron ln froond rat"r orldlzes to reddish-brornaedlment. l{ore thao ebout O,3 ngll st!lns laundry and utensllsreddlsh-brorr. ObJectlon.l for lood processlnB, beverf,ges, dyeinglbleachlng, lca nenuldcture, end other purposea, lar[e concentretlonscause unplenarnt teste ald favor grorth ol lron bacterlr.
ll&gneslui rhd cslcrun ciuse nost of tho hardDesg rnd scala-lorntngpropertleg ol rat"ri soep consunlng.
Calctun (Cr)
Chlortde (Cl)
Dlssolved Solld3
t,I
},J
Eluortde (F)
llnrdness (CaCO3)
lron (Fe)
Mngnestum (Mg)
Nl t rogeo
ADnonla (NH3)
Nl trlte (Noo)
Iltraie (NO3)
pll (llydroAen-1on
nctivity)
Phosphote (PO4)
Pot.sslun (lo
Sele0iun (Se)
St llca (SlOz)
Sodlur (N.)
Spe.ific Con(luetance(ntcroEhoa at 2SoC)
Strontlrrr (Sr)
Ssl fate (SO4)
Tenper. t ure
_TABLE_l:1 (Concluded )
Xay occur ltr water ln these torns depen.llng otr the level
ot orldatton. Dlssolved froh igneous rocks; solls enrrchedby legumes and commerciol ferttltzers; blrnyrrd rrd stockcgrrals; and sevage effl[ent.
Ac1d3, acid-generatlng srlta, and free carbon dloxlde lowerthc pH. Carbotrites. blcarbonates, hydroxldes, phosphates,slllcates. and borates ralse the pll,
Ueatherlng of lgneous a@ks, IeachItrg o( soils contalnlog
organic anstes from plants ^rd rnimals, phosphates added
by fertllizers. nod domestlc and industrlal Eernge.
Phosphate 1n detergents 1s lhportant source Li serage
effluent.
Dlssolve., fron host rocks aod solls. Found al8o 1n
ancient brlnes, sea gaterr sone lndustrlrl brines.
artd seiage.
Prlnclpal 6ource ol selenlun-hearlng rocks &re volcanlcemanatl006 rnd sulflde deposlts f,hich heve been
redl6trlbuted by eroslon !nd ye.therlog. Found lo
rocks of Cretoceous age. especlally shales, tndsolli derlved lrom the[,
D!ssolvcd fro$ most roc',s anJ sotls. gencrally ln amallanounts from I to 30 mB/I. lllghcr conccntritlons, a8Fuclr as l0O nrcll, may occur ln hlRhly al|(allne yaters.
Dls6olved from nost rocks snd solla. Found llso lnanclent brlDes, sea watcr, lldustrlal brloea, and
sewaBe.
Speclflc cond$ctance ts dependent upon dlssolvedrloeral content of the uater. Iunerlcally equel lnnoder'ately mlnerallzed wnter to approxlmatel!, l. I tol 8 tlnes the dls$olved soll(ls.
Dlgsolved from r@ks and soils, esfreclally cf,rbonate
sedlaeots end roeks of igneous orlgln.
Dissolve(l froil rocls and solls cootalnlng gypsnm, lronsulfl.les, aod other sulfur conpounds. Coehonlypresent tn ntne waters and ltr some loduatrtal rastes.
Concentratlons much above ivertga for any form of nltrogen prohil)ly
ln(llcate pollutlon. Nitrtrto encourage6 grortlr ol alAae and other
or(enlsms that produce undeslrable testes and odors, ConccntritlonEof nltrate greater than 45 hE/l hly cause nethemoglohlncDla lnlnfants, the so-called "bluc-baby" dlsense.
A prl of 7.O lodlcates neutrallty of a solution. lllgher valucsdenote increasing alkaliolty; lower values, increaslnA acidlty.
Corroslvetress of wnter [eDerally llcreases wlth decr.,astnq Fll,lloscver, excessLvel.y 6lkallne raters iay also attack netals.pll ls a measure of tlre ectivlty ol tlte hydrogen lons.
lllgh concentratioos can indlcnte leachloti fr@ excesslve appll.atlon otfprtlllzers, cesspoola or recharge lroE coollng ratcrs.
Ijrge concentratlons, ln coBblnatlon rlth chlor.tde, glve a sa.ltytaste. Potasslun Is esscntlal 1n plant nutrltloo and rlll tetaken lnto the plont. Tbe potasslum rlll r€turn to the sollwhen the plant dles, unless the plant ls removed. 'fhe soil muEtbe r€plenlshed *1th potasslun to renaln productlve,
Sclcnluil ls torlc 1tr snall quantltieg, ahd ln some areas 1tspresence lo veg€tetlon trnd sater constltutes a problcm tnllvestock management. SelenluD ls hazardous because lt conaccumulate !n enlnal ti6sn€ and result ln serious physl.rloglcNl
eftects.
Forils hard acale in plpes an,l botlers. Carried lo stesh,)f hlgh-prcssure borlcrs to form deposlts on bleiles of stelm turbtncs.IllrlbltB deterloration of zeolite-retcr aofteners.
latge concentratlcrns, ln coDblnatloo rlth chlorlde, Rlve a saltytastc. lllgh sodliw content comhooly lihits u9e ol yater forlrrlgat!on.
Speclftc conductancc is a measurc ol the capaclty of water tocotrdtct an electrlc cut r'ent. Thls property varles cl thconcentratloD and degree ol lonlziilon of the constltuent6,
nn.t ulth tchperatur'e (therefore reported at 25oC). Can be usedto estlante the totnl nlneralizatlon of the roter.
Concentrrtlo^s.,errerally tre too lor to be of concern to nostwater users.
lllgh conceAtratlons oay have a laratlve effect aod, ln comblnatloo*lth o(her ions, glve d bltter taste. Sulfale 1n qater
conl.alultrg calclu& forms a hnrd scale ln bollers.
Affects uscfulness of wster for Fary ptrrposes. In general.
temperature of shallof, ground rater shNg sooc seasonal
fl{ctuatlon. whereas teeperature of ground ratcr frofrr noderatedepths renalns nenr the ileen rnnual elr temperature of the area.
tn vcry deep vrells, eatcr ichperature rienerr.tly lncretsos al)oulI-l' for ci.h 6l)., foot , ncreneill of r,.pt h.
td
Il+,
B-4
enEered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1'n taole D-2.
The inclusion of this table does not mean
are plans to use water of the project area for a
The EPA recommended sEandards, when referred to,
basis for comparison of water qualities.
(I974-1977) are shown
to inply Ehat there
public water supply.
are used merely as a
Hardness is importanE in evaluating the suitability of water for
domestic, municipal, and industrial uses. A rating has been established
by the U.S, Geological Sur'\,ey as follows:
Ilardnes s as CaC0 ^ (me/1)J+0-60
61 - 120
12I - 180
greater than 180
A waEer quality classification based
solids or specific conductance has
Survey as follows:
Rating
s oft
moderately hard
hard
very hard
on concentration of
been in use by the
total dissolved
U. S. Geological
Water Quality Class
Fresh
Slightly saline
Moderately saline
Very saline
Br iny
Dissolved Solids
(ppn)
0 to 1,000
1,000 to 3,000
3,000 to 10,000
I0,000 to 35,000
More than 35r000
Specific conductance
(micromhos/cm at 25'C)
0 to 1,400
1,400 to 4,000
4,000 to 14,000
14,000 to 50,000
Xore Ehan 50r000
Industrial Use
Water quality criteria for industrial purposes vary considerably,
depending on the use. Some industries have strict quality requirements.
Requirements for cooling and waste disposal are more lenient, although
certain waters may require treatmenE to prevent corrosion and scale.
B-5
TABLE B-2
DRI}IKI}IG i.iATER CRIIERIA T'OR INORGAi{IC CHEMICALS
Chernical Cons Eituents
Arsenic (As)
Bariuru (Ba)
Boron (B)
Cadnium (Cd)
Carbon Chloroforn Extract (ccE)
tlhloride (Ci)
Chromirrlu, :{exavalent ( Cr+6)
Copper (Cu)
Cyanide (CN)
fluoride (F)
Hyd:ogen Suiphideiron, Total (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
l,tercury (l,tg)
Nicrogen (N)
Nitrate (N)
Pheno I sSeleniun (Se)
Silver (Ag)
SulfaEe (S04)
fotal Dissolved Solids (TDS)furbidity (Turbidiry Unir)zinc (zn)
Radiuo 226-228
Gross Alpha Activic;r
Gross BeEa AcEivitv
Recommended Tolerance.Limir mg/14 Limir mg/lD
U.S. Public Healrh
Service
1962
EPA InteriE?rinary Regulation(1975-1975) end
Nacional Secondary
Drinking Water
Regulations ( 1977 )
l{axioum
Contanina:rt
Ler.el ng/1
0. 05
1.0
0. 010
0.7
250
0.05
1.0
0.2t.4-2.4c
0. 05
0.3
0.05
0. ci
0. 002
10. 0
o. or
0. 05
250
500
1.0
5.0
5 pci/ 1
l5 pci/ t4 rnillirem/year
0.1
1.0
0.;
250
l.u
0.01
0.8-t..7c
0.3
t-:'
10.0
0. 00I
:_
0.05
1.0
c.ct
o. os
0.2
1.4-2.4c
o:lt
0.005
o. or
0.05
250
500
aRecommended Limit: concentrations uhich should not be exceed where moresuitable wa:er supplies are available. concentrations measured ir, nil.1i-g:atrs per liter unless oEherwise indicated.
bTclerance Liorit: concentrations greacer Ehan these sha1l constiEilie groundsfor rejection of the suppi.y. concencrations r.easured in uilligraas ptr literunless otherwise indicated.
cFluoride: Dependenc on annual average naxioum daily air EetrpereEure ove!not less than a 5-year period. I,Jhere fluoridation is practiced, mininumrecocmended linits are also specified.
B-6
Irrigation
Tne ehemical quality of water is an importaut factor in evaluating
its usefulness for irrigation. Total concentration of dissolved solids
and relative proportions of calciuu, magnesium, and sodir:m must be known
in order to estimate the effects of irrigation water on soi1. The
calcium and magnesium content of the soil and subsoiL, topography,
position of the water table, anounts of water used and the method of
application, kinds of crops grown, and climate of the area also need to
be considered prior to the application of irrigation water.
If salinity (total dissolved solids) of irrigation rdater is high,
excess soluble matler left in the soil from irrigation often is removed
by leaching of the topsoil. The resulting solution percolates downward
by gravity to the waEer tab1e. If the r^?ater table rises excessiveLy,
this process of drainage disposal of salts may not be effective and
'rwater logging" of the soil with saline water results.
In addition to poEential dangers from high salinity, a sodium
hazard sometimes exists in irrigation water. the two principal effects
of I'too much" sodium in the irrigation \rater are the reduction in soil
perneability and a I'hardening" of the soi1. Both effects are caused by
the replacexoent of calcium and magnesiurn ions in the soil by sodium ions
from the irrigation water. The potential for these effects can be
estimated by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) expressed as:
where: Na, CB, and Mg represent concentrations in millieguivalents per
liter of the applied water. Plate B-l is a diagram for estirnating
sodium and salinity hazards of irrigation water.
Another concern regarding the quality of irrigation water is the
presence of constituents in the waEer that are toxic or harmful to plant
growth. Some of the specific ions that are known to be Eoxic to plants
I
SPECIFIC
too
coNDUCTANCE, lN
25 DEGREES
234
MICROMHOS PER CM AT
CENTIGRADE
5678|OOO 2 3
oG
N
-
f
YJ
=f
6oU'
DIAGRAM FOR ESTIMATING SODIUM AND
SALINITY HAZARDS OF IRRIGATION WATER
(REFERENCE: US. SALINITY LABORATORY, 1954)
DITI' C X(D('II
E
,
.9
IE
€o
750
SpciliG Conduclonct
PTITE B. I
B-8
in excessive quantities are aluminun, arsenic, beryllium, boron, caduium,
chromium, cobalt, copper, fluoride, iron, manganese, nickel, selenium,
and zinc. The effects of these elements on plant growth, the types of
plants they affect, and the concentrations at which they may become toxic
vary widely and are not discussed.
Llater Sampling Procedures and Techniques
The following describes the sampling procedures and techniques
ernployed in the collection, preservation, shipment and analysis of
surface and ground water samples for Eeasurement of the existing
(baseLine) physical, chemical and radiological water quality condi-
tions as described in Section 2.6.3 of the Environmental Report.
In-situ Measurements
At each sampling station at the Eime of sample collection the
following measurements were made: remperature, pH, dissolved oxygen
(surface water only), and specific conductance. All ueasurements ere
immediately recorded on a standard water sample data sheet for each set
of samples collected at a station. Important factors, such as an esti-
mate of flow, weather, and other site conditions are recorded on the
I4rater sample data sheet.
Sample Collection and Preservation
At each sampling station a set of samples is collected for analyses;
i.e., (1) 3.8 1 of hrater in plastic container with nitric acid (HNo3)
Preservative for radioactivity for metals Q) 25.0 mI of waEer in plastic
container with sulphuric acid (ttrSOO) preservative for ammonia and
nitrogen analyses (3) one liter of waEer in glass conEainer wiEh sul-
phuric acid (H2S04) preservative for oil and grease and total organic
carbon analyses and (4) one liter of raw water in plastic container for
boron, chloride, fluoride, etc. The containers are labeled and verified
and placed in a refrigerated container for shipment Eo a commercial
testing laboratory within 24 hours of the time of collection.
B-9
The preservatives are carefully measured and adde<i to the sampLe
container by the commercial iesEing laboratory before Ehey are taken to
the field for sample collection. The preservacive techniques retard Ehe
chemical (and biological) changes that continue after a sampLe is co1-
lected. This is accomplished by controlling the pH, refrigeration and
chemical addition. A11 sampling and preservation are in accordance with
EPA|s Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of l{aEer and Wastes (1974)
and the U.S. Geological Surveyrs llethods of Collection and Analysis of
Water Samples for Dissolved Minerals and Gases Book 5 LaboraEory Analysis
(1970).
Containers
Before use, all conEainers are thoroughly cleansed, fi1led with
\raler and allowed to soak several days to remove water-solubLe rlaterial"
from the container surface. In addition, glass bottles are washed in hot
delergent solution, rinsed in warm Eap rdater, rinsed in diluted hydro-
chloric acid and fully rinsed in distilled water and placed overnight in
300oC oven.
Plastic type containers are used for collecEing and storing water
samples for analysis of silica, boron, sodium and hardness, other metals
and radiclactivity; whereas glass boEtles are used for tctal orgarric
carbon and oil and grease.
QualiEy Control
For quality control on rdater quaLity analyses certain procedures
have been impleaented in the baseline study. As routine procedure,
samples are split and the replicate sample is sent to a second commercial
testing laboratory for analyses to compare with the results of the
primary commercial testing laboratory, In other cases a sarnple is split
anC the split port,ion assigned a different field number and it is sent to
the same labo'ratory for analysis and comparison with the oEher portion of
Ehe surface sample. The analysis of these quality control samples can be
staEisEically evaluated with ttre oEher analyses to provide a degree of
confidence of Ehe analyses resulEs.
APPENDIX C
METEOROLOGICAT
MONTII:
14.nL!i_c_l
lir)N1iiI.'{ l'ERCENT fRIQU[:NCY OISTlllBt,'rIoN OF PASQtlIt.l, S1'AIlrl.I'fy
By t)IEEcTIoN AND r.rr:AH t[ND spt:r.:D (nps) I'r 0t,ANDI]lc, uTAli
Cl)
I uean I xean Z He arr I Meantreq. t{.S.(mps) Frug.:i.S.(rpo) rroq. u.s S.(nps) Fre_l. tr.s.(-mps)
o-2 t.l 2.7 2.5 3. I 3.0 12 .l 2.t 18.5 2,3
_.8 _--
I [eao
Frcq. ll.S.(nrrro)
Al.L _
il HearrDirection
I llean
Freq. t'r.S. (nps)
N 0.0 0.0 o.2
0.0 0.o o.o 0.0 0.o o.0 l. I 2.5 I .0 3.0 1.6 2.o 1.6 2.4
0. o 0.0 rl.0 0.0 0.r 1.5 t. t 2.8 u. 2 2.4 o.9 1.7 2.L 2.1
0.0 0.0 o.2 0. t 4.6 0.4 2.7 0.2 l.l t-t.4 2.3 1.2 2.6
0.0 0,0 o.2 o-1 t.9 0.7 t.9 0. t 2.t o.? 2.1 t.5 1.9
ESE 0.0 0.0 0.?.o.7 2.O 0.4 2.7 0.2 2.3 0.2 2. I 1.6 2.t
0.0 0.0 t.5 1.1 2.'l 1.4 2.6 o.2 2-l 0.1 2.3 3.6 2.1
0.0 0.0 0.2 1.5 2.4 I .5 2.4 o.2 l.l 0.8 2 .0 t .2 ?.1
0.0 0.0 o.,'i t.l 2.4 2.O 2.4 o-2 l.l 1.0 1.5 5,." ?.)
0.0 0.0 2.4 2 .8o.9 2.6 3.6 0.1 2.8 1.4 1.,l.t; 2.7
0.0 0.o I .5 1.O0.8 1.9 r.6 0.6 1.5 2.O t.9 6.8 2.1
0.0 0.0 0.4 2.4 0.4 4 .9 0.3 1-t t,0 2.1 2.2 1.0
0.0 0.0 o.2 3. I o.7 3-1 1.0 1.4 t.2 2.0 1.3 2.8
0.0 0.0 0.2 2.9 0.9 t! ,6 l.(t \,tL l.l 2.2 1.5 3.2
o.r.t 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.o 2,6 5.6 t,9 3.5 4.6 I.9 9.1 l.l
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.l 4.6 ?. t i.7 2.8 -1- l 5-O ?.2
cAt.il 0.0 0.4 0.4
?8.3
0.0
41. l
il.o 2.8
5-7 8.1
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HONTII: HARCII
TABLB C-3
HOIITIILY PERCEIIT Ffi IQIIE}ICY DI S R IBI,I'TION OF PASQUII.L S'tAB! LITY
BY DIIIIiCTION AND I{EAN t.'IND SPEEI! (MPE) AT EI.ANDING, UTAII
I Hean 7 Uearr 2 llearr I ll,rao X Mean I Hean Z HeanDirectionPr. l,.s.(Freo. tl-S. (r)Fr . u.s.(Freq, 1,1,5.(mps) Frcq. tl.S.(nrps)Freq.tJ.S.(mps) Fre,l.l,l.S.(mps)
1-40.60.00.0 0.5 t.7 2-9 I.9 3 .9 3.1 ,.1 2.1 t 5.0 2.9
1.65.4l.lo.95.10.0 0.0
3.t4.tt2.2o.52.10.14.82.12.10.,0.70.o0.0
2.91.1?.60.23.60.92.'0.2,,0"30.00.0 o.2 2.O
0.8
3.00.32.tJ-42.42.60.0 0,6 3.1
J.43.02.40.2!.1o.2,.11.21.40.82.80.(0.00.0
0.13. t0. I3.11.61.8l.l t.t2.5o.50.t
6.61.90.34,10.14.93.31.92.2t.20.00.0
4.48.62.20.93.51.05.54.33.9
4.t4.62.20.50.35.22.70,0
3.85.22.2t.t3.2t.43.7
3.95.91't,40.0
ll.9 ).92.23.81.05.53.94.tl.l2,3o.20.00.0Nl.,
lt.24.83.62.96.52.t3.4o.8
o.2
o.0
9.5
0.0
t2.9 1.4 35. I 4.0 l6,0 3.5 25.6 2.1 100.00 3.4
0.2 4-10.5 o.4
TSP}E 9:IT
HONTIII,Y PERCENT FRIIQUENCY DISTRTBUTION OF PASQUTT,L STABII,ITY
BY DIRECTIoN AIID IIEAN [,,ITID SPEED (mps) AT BI,ANI}INC, I'TAH
CDE
Z llean Z llean 7 lle an Z Hcan 7 Mean Z tlean
Direction freq. H,S.(mps) Freq. ll.S.(mps) Freq. tl.S.(nJ's_) Freq. T.S.(mpa) Freq. W.S.(mps) freq. u.S.(mps) Freq. U.S.(mJ'c)
N 0.0 0.0 0.4 h.2 ?.1 t!,1 h.l 3.5 6.9 2.2 t4.2 3. I
ttONTll: _ APRIl,
7 lteen
3.6
1.30.65.11.41.0t.50.0
3.8o.25.92.23.50.62.50.4
1.3l.l2.40.32.80.30.32.60.10.0 0.0
2.8l.l1.90.13.60.40.00.0 0.0 0.0
0.1,.10,82.t0.6 0.6 1.3
3.1).91.83.1t.42.30.62.t
l. t4.80.22.60.13.81.22.81.00.00.0
1.50.t2.10.14.6t.40.9 2.5
5.69.52.50.t4.20.61.25.21.20.0
il.52.20.71r .01.36.96.40.82.30.2
r.8l!.62.30.62.54.40.93.10.00.0 5.9 0.4
5.52.11.24.03.4l.l2.90.4
5.52.71.94.1t.l6.O0.80.00.00.0
1.82.80.0N1.,0.9 4.1 2.6 6.O
3.78.12.43.67.14.lt0.1NNW
0.00.60.0
ALL 0.1 2.3 14.6 4.0 ,6.5 3.7 25.8 2.0 I 00.0 1.9
tlON'Itl: UAY
1lM_!l
HONTI|LY PSRCENT FREQI'ENCy DISTRIflt'TloN rlF pAsQlrILt, STABll,I',tY
BY DTRECTIOII AI,II) HEAII T.'I}ID SPET:D (NPS) IT BI,ANDING, UTAH
_c
Z Mean 7 Moao 7 Mcan
F
7 ilcan Z MernZ Hean Z Mean
Direction Ereq. H.S.(mps) Freq. tl.S.(nps) Fqeq. tl.S.(mps) Freq. tl.S.(mps) Freq. W.S.(mps) Freq! H.S.(nps) l'req' i,,.s:!qIILI
r{ 0.0 0.0 0. I 4.6 0.7 1.4 r.6 5.o 5.5 3.6 8.4 2.4 16.2 l.l
0.2 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 5.3 I .3 6.4 t.l 1.1 r.0 2.1 4.3 4.4
2.6 0.0 0.0 0-t 5.3 t.l 4.8 o.? 3.9 0.4 1.9 2.2 4 .2
E}IE 0.1 2.1 0.2 2 -O 0.3 4 .5 o.4 4. I 0.t 2.1 0. r t.5 I .2 1.4
0.t 0.6 2.9 0.4 4.2 0.5 tt.4 o-2 2.J 0.2 l. ,2.0 l.l
2.6 t.2 2.9 o.7 3.?0-9 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 I .5 !.0 1 .2
0.1 2.1 2.0 2.8 0.9 3. I l.l 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.8 4.8 l.l
0.2 1.6 1.2 l.l 4.3 0.7 4.1 0.2 2.3 0. I 2.6 t-7 3.6
0.5 2.4 2.6 3.0 ?.2 4.1 t.2 5.1 0.5 3.1 0.1 t .9 1.4 3.1
sstt 0.4 2.t 2 .1 5.8 3.4 6.6 0.5 4.'0.5 2-3 9.2 5. t
2.5 3.8 3. r 5.0 4.1 6.3 r.4 4.t l.t 2.L lt.7 4.8
2.6 0.6 3.6 1.5 5.3 2-1 5.3 0.4 3.1 0.9 2.3 5.7 4 .J
0.2 2.6 0.8 3.5 0.6 4.9 1.3 4.9 0.5 2.7 t.l 2.1 4.7 3.6
o.0 0.0 o.5 2.8 0.4 4 -2 0.3 6.2 0.6 3. I 1.7 2,3 3.5 3.1
1.5 0.6 1.0 0. 7 5.0 2. I 5.6 I .9 3.5 4.0 2-4 9.4 1.6
o.0 0.o o.2 O.tr 4.6 0.1, 6. t 3.4 2.2 1 -5 3.22-6 l.l
tt.2 0.00.2
!4.4 4.8 23.8 ,.4
0.0 2.5 1.4
16. 7
tlotlTll: JUNE
TABLE C-6
MONTHLY PERCENT rREQI'ENCY DISTRIBtTIOII OF PAliQUlt,l, StAnll,IrY
BY DIRECTIoN AND tlt:AN I,IND SPEED (npo) AT BLAIIDING, UTAH
Apc
7 Mean Z llesn I Hean 7 Hean I ilean Z t'leanI Mean
Di.u"tion F."q. t{.S.(.p") F.
0.0 0.0 0.8 4.0 t.7 5. I 5.4 1.6 9.7 2.4 t8.l 3.10.,2.8
3.83.12.O1.03.20.45.1r.3
0.6lr.Ot.24.'0.62.t0.1
0.81.82.00.23.10.13,40.11.50.1
3.31.71.70.33.64.52.90.60.00.0
1.22.5l.l0.24.10.t4.50.41.22.30.3
5.02.10.52.1o.24.60.73.6l.l3.0
3.23. t0.00.02.10.t4.10.53.70.7ssE
3.27.02.t0.13.60.34.6t.04.51.02.7
1.6 4.52.60. I1.00.36.32.34.9ssn
4.11.91.05.12.84.93.5t.h2.80.8
5.80.65.6t.75.32.13.60.82.6 0.4
3.15.13.50.3o.2 2.'
4.77.41.92.9o.45.'0.84.4
4.04.11.04.10.12.1
3.08.4?.14.t3.42.53.80.0NNW0.0
o.00.80.t0.3
ALL 5.1 2.0 t7 .2 I 5.9 l8 .8 r 3.9 3.5 28. '2.t I 00.0 l.(
TABLE C-7
MON',lllr,Y PERCEN',t FREQTIENCY DtsTR Illt'TloN oF PASQT' ll,L STAIIIL I'tY
8Y DtRECTIoN AND HEAN t'JltlD SPITED (mps) At UI,ANDING, t,'fAll
_-c -_-
I Hcan
E-
I Mcan
-- A!:l: , --.--
I Hean
Di rectioo Freo. ll.S.(nns)
Z Merrn 7 Mr:a nZ Meatr
Ill1g:_]{:!:!u.") rreq. U.S.(mps) Freq. }1.S.(mpe) tr99. H.S.(mps) Frtrq. l^I.SJ !i, (ry! l
0.2 0.6 2.8 I .0 3.9 2.5 3.9 4.9 3.1 8. t 2.3 17.I 2.9
o. | 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 4.6 2.O 4.2 1.3 3.4 0.8 2.2 4.8 1.7
o.2 0.2 3.8 0.4 4.3 t., 5;6 0.8 3.1 0.5 I .6 1.9 4.2
o.2 2.3 o.2 3.2 0.2 3.4 0.8 4.1 0.1 4.1 o.2 2.8 t.8 3.8
0.2 0.5 2.7 0.4 2.7 0.1 3.1 0.2 l.l 0.4 1.7 2.1 1,6
0.4
1.5
2.0 2.tESE 1.2 1.6 o.9 ',).o 0.1 3.1 0. t 3,1 3.8 3.0
0. 3 2.2 1.0 2.9 t.8 !.3 l.l 4.8 0.5 3.7 0.3 2.2 7.1 l.l
ssE 0-6 2.2 0.8 2.7 0.5 l. t 0. 7 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.t 3.1 2.6 2-9
t.t 2.t 2.0 2.4 0., 3.2 0., 2.6 0 .0 0.0 0.1 t.9 4.1 2 .4
o., 2,2 1,2 1.6 4.3 1.2 5.5 0. r 2.1 0.2 1.8 5.B 1.8
I .5 2.3 3 .0 3.6 4.4 4.1 1.8 4.5 0.1 2.1 0.8 t.B il.9 \,6
0. 2 2.1 0.6 ).1 1.2 4.t (r.2 1.4 0.7 2.t 3.5 1.3
o.2 2.6 0.6 2.6 0-6 4. I 1.6 /r.8 0.1 3.t 1.3 1.8 4.6 1.3
o.l 2.6 o.0 0.0 $.2 l.l 0.7 4.O 0.6 2.7 t.t 2.1 2.7 2.8
0. I 2.6 0.8 3.3 0.8 3. 6 2.2 4.6 1., 3.t ,.t 2.2 9. O 1-1
o.0 0.0 o.2 2.6 0.9 4.1 t.2 4.t 2-t 1.1 4.4 2.tt 8.6 3.0
0.8 5.8o-6
16.5
0.2
3.8
0.6 0.0 1.6
I 00.0
TAI]LE C-8
IIONIIILI PERCEN FREQIIENCY D'STRIBUTION OT' PASQIIIT,L STADILITY
RY DIRECTTON AND IIEAN WIND SPET:D (MPA) AT EI.ANDTNG, TIIAII
UON'fll : AUCUST
AB _ ALt,
Z llerrr Z llecn 7 lloar 7 ttpan I Moan 7 llean Z llean
Direction Freq. l{.S.(mns) Freq. lI.S.(rps) Freq. ll.S.(mps) Ereq. u.S.(mps) Ereq. ll.S.(mpq)Freq. l{.S.(nps) Freq. tl.S.(mps)
o.2 2.4)1.5 0.7 3.t l. , 1..1 4.4 3.l 8.6 2.2 15.8 2.9
0.o 0.0 0.3 5.02.1 1.3 5.2 0.9 3. I 1.5 2.1 L.? t. 5
0,t 0.5 2.9 t.2 l.l 1., 3.9 o.t 3.7 1.0 7.1 5.2 3.2
ENE 0,1 0.2 0.6 3.tt 0. 5 t.4 0.2 2.8 0.2 2.8 | .t 1.6
o.2 0.3 1.9 0.8 3.0 I .0 3.1 0.1 5.1 o. I 2.4 2.1 I .0
rsE 0.3 2.J 1.2 2.3 t.5 3.1 0.7 J.2 0.2 4.6 o.2 2.O 4.' 2.9
0.6 2.3 2.6 1.6 3.0 1.4 h.5 0-2 3.3 o.2 I .5 6.2 1.0
0,4 ?,?o.8 2.1 1.4 l. I I .2 1.0 0.2 l. I 0.3 t.5 4.1 7,7
0.6 2.t 1.6 2.3 1.5 1.0 o.7 2.5 o.2 2.8 0.1 1.5 4.5 2.5
sst,0.6 2.1 t.9 2.8 1.7 1.,1.2 (.8 o. I 3.6 0.1 1 .6 9.8 3.(
0. 7 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.2 1 .4 2.1 4 .3 0.2 2.9 0.7 1.9 9 .J 3.4
0.7 2.3 0.9 2.8 0.7 4.J 0.7 4.1 0. 5 3.2 0.7 1.8 4-2 3.2
0.8 2.8 t.0 3.4 2.O t.4 o.2 4.1 o. 9 2.2 4.9 3.t
0.0 0.o o.2 1.1 o -2 l.l t.2 5.0 0.5 3. I 1.7 2.2 ,.9 3.2
0.1 0.1 J.2 0.2 4.4 1.6 1r.3 1.3 3.2 3.2 2.)6.8 l. I
0.0 0.o o,2 ?..8 o.2 t.9 1.5 4.1 2.t l. I 5.2 2.tl 9.2 2,9
0.2 0.2 0.9 0.0 lr -5 6.9
2-93.3 29.6 I O0.0
TABLE C-9
MON'.nILY PRRCEN',T TREQIIENCY DISTRIBUtION OF IAS()llIt,L STAnIl,ITY
BY DInECTION AND illllN !rtND Slr:ED (nrps) AT DLANDINC, UTAII
HONTII: SEI'TIINER
Z llonn 1 Hc arr Z Mean 7 tteao I Hean 7 llcao
_---_ At,r,
7. l.l? ^nDirection Freq. tl.S.(upa) Freq. tr.S.(ops) Freq. l{.S.(mpa) treq. H.s,(npq)Freq. H.s.(nps) freq. tl.S.(nrpe) Freq. !1.s.(qpi;l
0.0 0.0 0-2 1.8 0.3 4 .1 t.2 4.5 3.3 3.5 8.6 2.1 tl.6 2,8
1.4 2.21.80.6t.t0.1
3.52.00.82.9o.45. t0.81.5o.30.0
2.40.54. t0.20.62.00.60.0o.0
1.8 2.7o.l4.10.32.80.70.0o.0
,ol.l2.11.60.62.81.22.7
2.15.1t.80.71.41.32.51.80.0 0.6 3.1
5. t 1.9o.62.82.41.50.0
5.42.00.81.50.54.t
8.?2.1l.t4.0l.l6.61.94.22.O1.90.0
2.11.24.1l.o5.82.O4.t2.32.42.10.0 0.0
110.53.50.72.02.7(.r.80.00.0 0.5 4.5
1.23.91.30.51.10.10.0 0.0
2.1 1.13.5t.5
6.t to.5 1.0
7 .lt3.7
3.81.95.61.41.3o.l
1t10.51,41.4 6.31.30.22.1o.20.00.0
0.0 14. 9 2.3 13.5 3.4 2 0.0 5.2 t 4.0 J.7 11 .4
2.4
100.0 3. t
5.23.20,4
OCTO BER
TABLE C-10
HONIIILY PERCENI TlTQUEIICY DISTRIBI''TTON OT PASQUII,L STABILTTY
BY DIRECTIOI{ AND MEAN l.'IilD SPEED (mpc) AT BLANDINC, UTAI
7 Hean
Freo. ll.S.(mos)
c
? Mean
EF
Z lban 7 Hoan Z ilean7 Mean
Direction Freo. !1.S.(mos)
Z lleanItg-t-J:g=- (,ps)
0.7 2.3 I .9 ?.8 l.l 3.1 I1.0 2.1 11.2 2.40.0 0.0 0.6
NNE 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 2.h 2.0 4.5 o.7 L.3 2.1 2.1 6.1 l.l
0.0 0.0 1.0 3.00.2 2.t 1.7 o.2 3.1 0.3 2.O 3.8 3.:!
0.0 0.0 0. 2 3.60.4 1.2 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.5 2.2 2.9
0.0 0.0 0.5 3.10.6 0.8 2.9 0.1 2.1 o.2 1.3 2.2 2,5
o.0 0.o 0.5 2.6 0.5 3.0 1.6 t.t 0. I 2.5 0.3 2.O 7.2 2,8
0.0 0.0 1.2 2.5 o.3 1-2 2.9 4.0 o.2 2-6 0.3 1.5 t.0 l.l
o.0 0.0 1.0 2.7 0.9 3.1 7.O 3.7 o.2 l. l o.5 2.1 4.6 ',}.',t
0.0 0.0 0.7 l-5 2-5 l-5 o.2 2.8 o.1 2.0 5.6 2.9
0.0 0.0 2.6 1.6 4.1 4.1 tt.9 0.9 t-6 l.l 2.2 10. I l..O
0.0 0.0 3, :t2.6 1 .5 4.2 2.7 4.0 t.l 3.4 1.0 7.1
0.0 0.0 o.2 o.b 2.9 1,7 4.O 0.1 l. t 0.6 2.5 3.1 1.lt
0.0 0.0 o.2 o.3 3.0 0. 7 4.1 0., 3.2 (,., 2.2 2,6 1.02.h
0.0 0.0 2.20.1 o.2 2.6 0.7 3 -7 0. 6 4.0 0.7 2.5 2.6 3.1
0.0 0.0 1.60.3 0.3 2-1 2.O 4 .8 1.0 3.E 3.4 2.1 t.o
0.0 0.0 2.80.00.0 0.t 2.6 1.2 4.0 2.2 3.6 5.6 2.t
0. I 0.5 2.2 3.40.0 7.9
32.9 32-5 I 00.0 2.8
NOVIItBER
TARLB C_l.I
MONTILY PEnCENT FREQUENCY DIIiTRlllllTION OF PASQUrl,l, STABILITI
BY DIRECTTON AND HI:AN UTNI) SPEED (NPS) ET BLANDTNG, UTAII
ARC
I llc an Z Hean Z Moan Z Mean 1 tlean
ALI,
Direction freo. l.t.S.(mos) Frea. ll.S.(mps) Freq. U.S.(mps)Froq. t{.S.(mps) Freq. lJ.S.(mps)
I Ileaa
Frcq. [1.S.(rrps)
Z l.l.l nn
Frr:q. !t.S.(m1{
0.0 0.0 o-2 1.5 0.7 I .4 2.4 3.t 5.1 2.9 10.9 2.2 t9.2 2.5
2..1t.3 l.tJ.41.2,.42.5 0.3 t.50.0
3.8t.5 t.94.40.50.10.00.0
3.00.80.t0.00.00.0
2.11.91.60.42.10.21n0.0
2.12.72.10.32.91.40.6 2.1 0.1
5.4t.60.82.20.12.92.42.81.01.70.9
i.41.50.12.40.12.9t.42.6t.tt.80.10.0
1.9 2.12.5t.0t.1o.o ,0.60.0
t.a1.42.?0.55.02.83.12.72.30.30.o 0.0
3. t)t.21.00.74.02.62.82.21.50.40.00.0
2.12.72.11.02.to.23.41.01.00.41.5o. I0.0t.,st,0.0
1.02.3
t.50.30.0o.o0.00.0
,.28.64.4't,t1.44.92.42.1t.50.10.00.0Nt{
2.1 8.5 2.6
6.20.02.8t.,o.0
0.0
0.6
l3-7 29 -2 14.2 3.1 3 E.5 t.8 I 00.0 2,5
TABLE C-].2
}'ON.III: DECE}I8ER IIONIIILY PERCENT FREQUENOY DISTRIT}UTION OF PASQUILL SIABILITY
BY DIRECIION AND ['EAN TIIND SPEND (NIJ'A) AT BLANDING, UTATI
_A[E
Z ll,:an ; ftean li Hean 7 llean 7 llean Z Hean
!!.-SS:j_gg___Ugr-r. w.s_:-(,ef) __l.uq. U.S.(.p") r.. . tl.S.(mpa) Freq. IJ.S.(mps)Freq. U.S.(npr)
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TABLE C-14
PROJECT SITE TEMPERATURE DATA MARCH-AUGUST, L977
rJAp 1,J77 TFi'oFFATt.'r?L (rLrJllGr{rl{)L)
E^]FPGY } t.'F.I.S. BLANDING, UTAH
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TABLE C-14 (Continued)
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lP.q l6.l t5.6 l5.rr 15.5 I I.t1 2?.2 2.1 .q (..t ?tt..' ?q.q .Jl.l 10.0 32.P "l.l .l 3'.t.9 .],1 .9 rl.l 10.f, 28.l 26.1 25.0 21.1 ?7.n2J,3 27.q 23,9 lrj.9 19.4 l'.t.e 23.'t 21.* 'ir.0 _?1.r 32.P 1)-.2 1-i.q.Jq.6 1q.0 -14.4 34.4 11.3 13.-t 3l.t 27.? 26.7 ??.9 24.423.3 22.8 ?1.7 ?(\.0 ,1.1 2l.l 2l.l 21.9 z\.rt 2L.t tP.i tr).0 .ll.l -.| 1.7 tl.7 j?.? 31.7 .ll.l 30.0 2l1'.'; ?6.7 ?5.0 2?.? ?1,1
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TABLE C-14 (Concluded)
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?0.6 ?q.^ 19.t! I8.9 I6.7 l6.l ll.? 2?,A 2:.9 25.^ )A. ! lr).6 10.(l 2 t.-\ ?6.t
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18.3 lI.c l/.2 l6.l l/:.1 l';.{, l/.2 le.4 /l.l ?1.) ?e,.;', ?.r.1 ?1.'2 ?q.9 r0.r,
l6.l l\.6 l3.e l2.i: l2.it I l.l Ir.'l l5.n lr.7 l8.q 20.q 2n.6 ?7.2 ?1.3 ?'].el_2.9 l2.A l?.n 12.2 lr'! .6 I1.9 17.2 15.A l'-t.tt ??.2 21.q )4.4 ?5.11 ?6. 1 2r,.1
15.0 l'1 .l 1.3.9 I.J.l l2.tr l -r.9 l3.j ?().6 /it.^ ??.? 2u.\ 2t.l ?l .p '?4.9 29./.
Itl .'l lq.-] l'r.r. 15.6 14.4 la.'l ll.? ?t.rt ?...a'?r..4 ?6.1 ?l.d 79.4 3r).0 2e.4It.l lt{.3 l/.H lr.}: 15.5 15.i, 15.7 2l.l rt.it. ?.-tt.1 )t..1 )a..r 28.q .llt.0 i0.n
TABLE C-15
MONTHLY SUMMARY OF TOTAI PRECIPITATION
APRIL-AUGUST 1977
PROJECT SITE
Month
ApriL
May
June
July
August
Prec ipitat ion
( crn)
0.03
1.22
0.15
4.62
2.2!
PROJECT SITE
rvAa l97l pr't ^rJVF Ft.,r,rlt)lf y (pr.*Ct-NI)
F^il" r,cy I t,EL5. BLANDll{c, UTAH
TABLE C-16
RELATIVE HU}IfDITY DATA MARCTI-AUGUST, L977
Frrltli ()l'THf ltAY
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CAY ol 02 n-l 04
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TABLE C-16 (Continued)
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TABLE C-16 (Continued)
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Ft.,F,rGy t tltL5. BLANDING, UTAH
c^Y 0l o?
TABLE C-16 (Continued)
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TABLE C-18
PROJECT STTE WIND SPEED DATA, MARCII.AUGUST, L977
PAtr l9r7 !'jINf, SPrf.{) (r/.P.c.)
iNIRGY ftIELS. BLANOING, UTAH
Hr.)lJk ()l' I ht. l)AY
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ll{rL' 1977 hJNI) ct..Ftrr) (r/.r.s.)
FNI.UGY ItJILS. BLANDING, UTAH
TABLE C-I8 (Continued)
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TABLE C-18 (Concluded)
F(,r ,ii r)F T Ht l, A y
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6.3 6.1 5.4 (..3 4.5 5.4 5.4 5.4 1.2 6.1 4.57.'l 8.q tl.g A.s q.0 7.2 4.5 :r.6 5.1 9.A ft.4(,.3 1.2 7.? 7.? 5.3 6.3 5.q :l .fi 1.6 4.5 3.6l.? 7.2 5,4 r..5 '1.6 :l.b 4.5 .i.rr 3.6 6.1 3.6J.r. :1.5 2..5 10.7 I l.f. 9.8 rt.o 5.4 7.? 6. _r 3.63./. 3.6 t+.5 5.4 A.3 r..3 5.t4 3.'\ 7.2 5.4 3.64,5 8. q 6.3 5. q S.4 f. h ?-.1 3.6 3.6 ?. | ?..7
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6.i 7.2 10.3 9.4 8.9 7.? 4.4 4.Ei 3.6 ?.7 7.75.:r h.1 6.-'l 4.5 q.4 4.9 4.5 4.5 .1.fl ?,? 3.4
6.3
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3.F4.5
3.e4.4
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2.7?.74.0t.l
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TABLE C.I9
HANKSVTLLE BUYING STATTON TEMPERATURE DATA, I{ARCH-AUGUST | 1977
!AP I97? TEf/t)FIiATUP[ (Cf-r,rIlGriAl)E)
ENEIJGY I IJ[.L5 T HANKSVILLE, UTAH
[rrli]'i ot
cAY 0l o? n3 04 05 06 07 otJ 0() ln Il
I? -2.'? -?.4 -3.I -3.9 -3 .9 -1.e -1..i - l.l t.l ?.2 1.9
3 -3.e -t..4 -J.-l -3.-2 -4.4 -e.l -.t.J -l.i .a 1.2 3.q
t -.h -l.l -l.l '1.7 -2.8 -2.d -1..J -1.2 ,.. 1.2 .J.:
5 -5..1 -7.7 -l,g -,1 .9 -f] .9 -|i.9 -5.h -2.2 -l.l l.l ?.e
{' -f: .1 -7.? -1.? '1 .{j -e.e -'8'9 -7.ri -3' i rl' 2'2 1'tt
1 *l.l -1.9 -5.4 -4.tl -5.6 -6..7 -6.7 --1.-r .rr J.3 h.7
t1 5.6 1.7 l..l l.l oh 2.2 t.l l.l j.:l /"1 ll'l
9 r). 1.3 l.l .f. .5 -I.l .h l.l --'.i F.l l0.rl
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l3 -1.7 -1.7 5.o 5.6 ri.{ q.4 6.1 6.7 c.I t.l P.9
lq 0. -1.'l -3.e -5.0 -q.4 -J.', -5.1r -1. I e.P :i.9 .1.3
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23 l.l -l.t -2.p -.?.8 -3.9 -4.tt -2.1 3.C 6.7 lo.0 ll.l
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I HF I]AY
?42alt227l20l9l6l7l6l4lll2I5
7.? 6.1 s.0 2.8 2.2 l.
2.2 ,1 .3 l.-l 3.1 ?.8 ).7 .6 -.t, -t.3.e 5.6 6.1 t.l 5.6 4.t, 1.9 l./ l.
.6 0. -l.l -2.2-1.7 -2.2 -l.l -1.e.5 0. 0. 0.
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.i.9 t,.4 5.0 r\.1 5.5 5.6 i.9 -l.I -2.8 -3.9 -5.0 -6.1 -6.,
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tJ,-1 10.6 12.2 l:l .e 15.0 ll.9 l2.il I0.6 rJ.9 5.0 5.6 ?.? ?,4
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l/.2 l?.4 I l.l 16.7 17.2 17.'1 16.I I+.'. Ia.B ll.I 10.6 6.7 4'6
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4.4 5.t, 5.6 f). I 6.7 h.l 6.1 4.4 2.? 0. -.6 -1.7 -2.i1
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-)..1 ?.t\ 4.4 5.(r r'.7 t.4 .t.4 2.2 0. '?.? -',.q -5.6 -6.1
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t/.2 \.J.9 lrr..r l''.6 15.0 lq.0 Il.9 Il.l 5.i 3.1 2.2 ?'.8 l'7
I J..r 15.6 1r...(r Iq.4 I7.2 l6.l I:1.3 I?.c ll.l l?.8 12.2 l?.? ll'7
l5.tr l5.h l5.fr lt,.l I5.b 14.4 l-1.e 13.3 12.2 ll.l l0'f' 9'4 9'4
ll.l ll.7 l.).6 9.4 t.1.9 tt.3 7.ti 7,2 r,.l 1.7 l.l 1.7 l.l
rr., h.9 l0.n ll.l Il.l ln.6 7.rl 5.h 4.q 5.f, 5.6 5.0 '1 .'')
Iir.3 14.4 15.5 15.5 l:.f' l^.1 I5.6 11.9 I4.q 13.3 f'.7 2.d ?.2
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l|PP 1977 lFilpt-l.rlTl-,pF-((ir.lTlfirrADE,
Er''f kGY t t,l-LS. HANKSVILLE, UTAH
TABLE C-19 (Continued)
l. 1)llH Uf ThE t)tlY
CAY
I
3
4
5
6
7
tt
9
l1llt
t2
l3
la
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lAl7
lPl9
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-.r- -1.7 -l.t -2.F. -2.t1 -2.A .h ?.2 i.
l./ l.l t). -.t -).i -5.0 -1.7 ?.8 r.
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3.3 7.q (.A l.? rh rb 3.3 1.2 lt).6
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13.9 l?.q ll.7 9.t1 (-. / P.3 5.r) 7.? l:.e
13..1 l?.? ll.7 ll.l Il.l d.9 l.r. rr.l ll.l
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5.6 4.t! 1.1 2.tr 2.'2 2.1 2.? .l.l :.r.
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l2.r l5.F l6. t l7.A lrr.9 t9.4 lq.4 lc.4 l,r.3 l6.l 12.2 8.9 7.6 7.?_ 6,1
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6.1 4.7 6.1 7.P b.l !.r) I.J n.7 9.r.t.9 1.t1 h.7 5.6 5.r, 4.4 .]..1 5.0 lrr.(,13.9 12.? ll.7 e.4 7.n 1.2 10.6 l'.t.1 tt.?ts.1 8.'l t..7 6.? {r.l 5.b l./ 1.2 l.tl
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ll./ 13.9 l5.h 17.8 l/.fJ le.t ?0.0 20.0 1,..9 14.4 13.3 ll.7 10.6 8.9 7.?.'.7 6.1 1,.I 6.7 /.rr l0.o ll.l l?..? l?.2 l?.? ll.l 10.0 7.8 5.0.5.0ll.l t3.i IJ.e 15.6 16.7 t7.?.17.8 lrr.9 I,r.e l8.J ll.c 15.0 lt.l e.4 8.9l.t.l l\.( t t.2 l).4 ?t.t ??.rt 2:1 .3 2:l .3 23.3 22.8 22.8 ?1.7 e0.0 l7.n 16.720.o ?7.7.21.1 ??.? 2?.t 24.4 23.9 l'l .? 14.4 ll.7 10.6 9.4 9.q 9.4 r.t.9l.A A.1 e.4 l'?..?- ).t lrr.0 10.6 10.6 9.4 8.J 7.2 6.7 5.6 4"4 5.0
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It\.1 ?t\.n 21.7 ?-3.9 ?-h.4 ?5.0 ?5.0 23.9 ?1.3 ?2.2 l7.tr l3.c l:.3 12.2 I1.1
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'1 .9 lA.l lir..t 20. O 21.7 23.1 23.9 24.t' 2't.9 23.v 22.t, 20..6 19.4 ltr.3 15.68.'r ?0 .^ ?2./ ?1 .4 2i.fi ?r.0 25.0 25.0 23.J 22.ta ?2.t 20.6 18.9 17.8 15.6
4 .4 5. O tt .4 4... 3.,' _l .,' a. I A..J | () .(l7.? {a.7 6.1 4.q I.l .b 5.(r rt.3 11./f..l 7.4 J.9 .t.-2 3.9 ?-.t4 /.n I l.I l{.4
10.0 l.A 5.ll J.9 3.1 A.t b.l 9.4 lr.A
l(1.0 |r.9 7.tr 7.; 6.1 5.fl /.rJ l:l.l lr.lll.ir I1.3 13.9 l'1 .9 I.l .l l7-.A 12.2 l5.A I /.c
l.:.7 l5.rl 14.4 Ll .9 10.{' 11./ tl .l e.4 r.i.l
17.8 lr,.i lr.7 16.7 15.,) 13.9 l:1 .3 lt.e 15.()
Itt.,, lQ.4 lP.1 17.2 15.5 13.-l l4.r+ ll.8 lC. /9.4 lo.4 1.2 'l .Z l.? r.9 8.9 I l.l lc.2
15.0 l'!.'l ll.l ll.l 10.0 9.4 4.., t).<) l't.4
ray 1977 rFr..pFr,iATltRi (cr\Tl(irrArlf.)
Ei\JFI?GY I (]E.LS. HANKSVILLE. UTAH
CAv oI 02 03 04 oi 06
TABLE C-19 (Continued)
l-,i)ilii ()f Tril l)AY
23???l2{ll9lfrI7t6llrt2IIlno90Hnl
I.?
3
4
5
6
7
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l3 l5
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TABLE C-20
MONTHLY SUI,I}.{ARY OF TOT.A.L PRECIPITATION
APRIT,-AUGUST 1977
ENERGY FUELS, HANKSVILLE STATION
Month
April
May
June
July
August
Prec ipitat ion
(cm)
0.13
0.18
0.05
2.34
1.70
TABLE C-zI
RELATIVE HUMIDITY DATA,MARCH-AUGUST I L977HANKSVILLE
vAp 1977 FFI ArlVt' rrtl\'ll'IIY
Fr.'r rrCY l l,l LS.HANKSVILLE' UTAH
BUYING STATION,
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TABLE C-21 (Continued)
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l!. I Il7 15lh 17lA 15?lt ?Jl? q
lf| l065'l 655
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ver) 999 q99
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rAY ol o? ot qtl
(Pl--*CtN[)
TABLE C-21 (Continued)
l-(rl lrr lrt
Iil II
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ls 1669 A.?
l3 ll?6 1rt
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?1 26q ln579 l0BH3_1lq lq
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15 t62'; 76
?J ?5?c 253h 'lr.
hA 497l R?
39 .t'r
7q 15
999 oo(l
!99 qq()
q q9 qq()
9a I aq9
I qq ()()Q
q7 c7
35 1417 ?le ln
17 lrl45 lt)15 la:r7 4-1q7 6l31 35ll 127P,12 14
it94a?1 3l?i ?a16 I t?7 292t ?91t 32l9 5l4A 5017 t10Lr. 5:
9cq 9.19gQrt qg9
9q9 999
9qg 999
9qg 9qq
,q9 999qq 5-1"r5 362? 20l0 12
2i le14 79
Iri ?t\7t 6e
61 7.t.1...r 4t.iIrr l:9915 lr:9a
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27 ?'t18 19lt .r2
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t-r l555 5l5.i 5t
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75 hA
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f -r I J2t1 2llt 143l ?41l .tl.l,r 3n6u 5''sar \,r
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75 '/t 21t5 ?r z"ll ?) ?,45 39 ::4l .r9 qF
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9qq 't99 'r.;qe.rQ v99 'rgq
9q9 q99 ,;9';
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l! ll .ln?e 2t tl1,1 lz+ 1550 40 .t5?4 lr l'1tt 15 l3554555l(, 7 ^I44e97
15 l(r ll20 17 l5lt) 9 A?z 20 le?5 ?1 a.l28 ?7 )\t2 ?tt ?- |4?- 16 )t.2) 24 ?l.lr el ?\e99 99cJ 9)99e, 999 -199
99e 99q 999
9'.1(, 999 99q999 99q 9eq23 2? 2:'2\ 2? 1915 ll l'?eRlt65
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4rl {rA
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55l044
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l5 147t
14 lllq l€l
2t 7026 26
rig f.l)19 ?1+2\ ?5q'iq 9q99irQ 9rr,,
999 9()99irq 9999rq 99917 3513 7l0 ll65
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17 t34444
35 3t)9 l0?t 2231 4325 2l
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15 l4tr9
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3? .]545 q5
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999 999999 999
999 9993J 49
6{i
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.al 47l0 t?26 7545 49?7 ?t)7ti34784545l0 I Il5 t7lr- 16t0 t??0 ?l?o 2l24 ?537 4049 6819 Ie70 ti9qs9 999qe9 999c)cg 9gq999 999
9aq 9CCr+5 4l
Irr 2l
16 lrt56qt,
71 7914 14e5 2549 t9
27 ?69 l05fi9 l0673?ll llItr l8
15 1412 2?.?Z 2?2'l '?4
3? 3-qtt?. 4l73 ?2
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TABLE C-zL (Concluded)
AiJG l97l F.sl tTIVr iuqlDltY (Phnctr\tl
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CAY
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l;? 14 15 ?(\23 ?7 2'l 2?-.t5 37 t'tt 4.tlb 4tt 4'3 59l'i 31 \'? 3523 '?i t3 3l1l 3 -l -19 4'56 q6 59 6l53 riA c6 q/.
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4? t'-l c6 5441 Lg c7 5g
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l'l 16 )I\ 2z
12 l2 l/. 15
ll l? t?l.r ll I.r14 15 lo2t 25 ?l4.-t /r 5 45?l 2) 7\lo 15 ld-Jt 14 .lq27 '16 3f'lh 24 ?54_- 45 456/ 6? 5'Jl'' 3tl ;1 i3? 3q 3()51 55 5t61 6/ 657rr 7-l l7gtt 9q9 99!9'rq 9(l! (t99
9qe 999 999!J.J 999 999\2 11 2>5t 54 5iit;? 5? 5J54 5r{ 66
lH 15 l5P,l A9 65ttl 4l qtr-J: -1h 4tl
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7u )'l l ri-t? ? l i,,t
t.or lri oF I Fl- t)AY
ll lt 13
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l-a ll I0Il e lli7 16 1515 It ll
2 | 2i.t 2li9 2t 2a.t5 3t ?7
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49 t+tt t tl
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15 liitl la
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HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION
,4lJ lq/7 *lf l) llliitrllr)t. (l)t.r;{tl_s)
F r\'r_!cy f tlF t. S.HANKSVILLE, UTAH
t'^y o l o2 n1 n-{
TABLE C-22
WIND DIRECTION DATA,MARCH-AUGUST | 1977
lr')l ri ilf
ll
THt ttirY
?42'l?27l?tr!elrJl7l6ltl050/r lq
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??,, 2^_t ?tticrqg 9u9 ?ttQ
r 4) ?7\ ;125
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? <) j 2tt 7 2,1:1
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2?l lcrr lcA
:138 )tlq 24A
Z4A ?t,t\ '('Lr)
??\ ??q ?Lt\
??\ 225 ea9
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?4A ?t!A ?t,s
?trit 2ttA /7 O
.llq 1ls 2Ql''a?a ?t!A ;/t.A'iqtt 7t!a '.t'.4
i;75 225 ..'^1
?'\7 ?2\ '/ t\'l
?q7 291 2a3
?c)7 zo-t iQ1
2C3 1r 5 -J lc
:ltq 2()-1 ?<t1
?4) 2,/tA /trA
2t+4 )4q ?be
?10 7lo210 '? t0qg9 ?4124t ?4A?/,1 22qq9 9 ? !.:.
999 99,,
ll5 lI r
? ltt 2q t24) ?qtl5'_r 115?48 2tt?1e ?2\'2?3 ',2 2"
.l.l e '29
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2 lt 9. )ta tt
27 0 .!r.0315 9q9?4e 264'?41 2A4159 l5r22\ '?2't
?7n Zq3q99 2 il\115 3lc?9') 2e,i?Lt. ?4A2qD ?4t\
27 tt 27 tr
a'l tt ?7 n)/!f ?71,24tt ?4'1
225 ?qA
9q9 ?449q., 244
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7 rtrt 24 t,
I I .l I'15
?,) , ?7 tt2t,t) zt+t\425 ?2\
27rt 27OI5 tl5)4t\ 24C
7?5 ?t e
24H 25524li ?4P
/ /tlt' 2 ?',Irli lr,tt2'1.J ?0.)?_7tl ?91
2q3 qqg
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-l6r) -th0'r9-/ 2-ll5r1 158l5x I 5r'I1.t 3159q9 999lt5 ltsil5 ?e:rl-r5 I t5
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llq llc
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16 n lh4.-r0 qo
203 ?n12t,A ll5l.l'r I 15
l5H ?0-l291 1)7l-]tr I llt
I 15 tr ')'J
J I 5 .l.l'r7.t 9,)qq)9 21\r,ti) ?tl1l;rO l'10l5A I',)rl:JFrn 9 J9
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315 l l59q9 ll3160 3 tBlr,0 :r9g
I :r5 135ll3 l5rt
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l:r5 t 5rt
l Srl l5rllsb l5x225 24t'tl5 ll545 45
158 I 5620-t 2?\33.1 't3rt
l-15 203)?5 ?252q3 tl 5lirt 16020:r 2033-18 tjrl
I 56 ?25(\t) q99
203 I t,0?q3 70J115 t581l5 293lq8 770-l lt] 33il?q3 il5
l sii e02tr3 ?4f
29' ?702(i.t 315
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225 ??5241 7t")
315 2q:1
lJr 318
l6r) l5r,270 270315 ?t P,
l5,r 9a9
22\ ?I,Rll5 11tl
1.t1 ?/.tl
20 I 775JJ,t 3.l824ta ? 4u?4t ?nH
158 ?o,2?5 2032t0 2t0241 ?!.8
24A ?4AlJ,, ?9.\'13,f 2q:l45 6ft
.lJ3 3n4
270 210 ?'lt)Ic3 I91 193
?() .t ?7 o 2_l o?44 748 ?4424tt ;'4ta ? /t'.
99 ?ttq 2r. rl
275 ',?2-5 9s')?_70 tl5 ?9 1.315 -115 333:lrl 13s ?ei999 ?48 ??5
?_70 ?70 99e
Zt,t\ 24tl ??5lA0 115 ?4A?4q ?48 ?44315 ?70 tts?48 ?44 ?442+A 20.1 ?2\315 l I5 315
?4t) ?2C 2?524{a ?44 24t\9a9 ?70 ?70
Iq0 201 ?03l5A l5A 999
2q3 ?9t 270
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TABLE C-23
HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION WIND SPBED DATA, MARCH.AUGUST, L977
t/rt, l9/7 [,, I^ift qP[F]l) (t/.P.5.)
i-\r ircy i rJF-LS. HANKSVILLE, UIAII
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t).t.1 A.'l l.'?
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l.B l.A l.-t.J.5 3.6 1. Il.l /r.Q 5.4
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APU l977 hlt.,,t (r,L-Fl) (v.r).S. )
Er'rI HCY t t.TELS.HANKSVILLE, UTAH
DAY 0l 0? 0i 0q 05 0.'
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TABLE C:23 (Continued)
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TABLE C-23 (Continued)
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CAY
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TABI,E C-23 (Continuedl
F()tI< ()F I Hl_ f )AY
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TABLE C-23 (Concluded)
H,.)lln OF Irlt 0AY
IICAY
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2.7 3.1 'r.l 2.??.? ?.? 7.? l.a).6 6.:r 4.0 l.u7.7 2 .?" 4.5 5. tr?.2 ?.?_ 2.2 ?.t1.e q.0 5.4 -1 .6l.l l.ri ?.? :l .tl.l 3.t .!t .91.3 l.rr l.t, ?.12.r, l.q .9 .4?.7 l.r1 l.l .q2.',l 1.6 4.5 6. 74.9 .t.l 1.8 .98.5 I1.6 4.9 7.6
?. t l. I 2.7 7.14.9 4.q 6.9 4.(l2.7 3. I 7.2 1.6l.ti 1.8 l.tr l.ul.fr 3.1 1.1 ?.72.7 '?.? 7.7 ?.7.1..2 1.3 3.6 3.11..1 2.7 1.1 .9j.4 1r.5 4.0 l. I\.tr 4.9 1.1 3.1r.5 h.5 6.7 5.43.1 9.tr q.4 9.4
2 .l 7.6, l0 . 3 q.4
1.6 l.l ?.2 ?_.tl.n 2,7 l.n 1.3{^.0 '?.I ?.? .t!4.5 l.r, 3.6 ?.7
4.o 4.5 4.0
3. I 2.7 ).6,
6.1 6.7 ?.25.8 5. rl 7 .??.t ?.? 2.7/+.5 tt .9 5. rt
5.4 6.3 1 .?2.2 ? .7 ?.?.9 1.3 1.8.() .9 l.'l
t.8 1.3 2.?5.r+ 5.4 q.q
2.2 7!.7 l.A5.8 5.4 7 .?l.r ?.1 ?.2
.\) l.l 1.1l.r:l 1.3 2.2?.t ?.7 t.,r
I .rl ?.2 ?.?
1.8 1.3 2.?.9 l.l ?.2
l..r 1..] i.,rl.l l.ti 1,6(1. t !1.0 6.1tJ.o 4.5 3.59..+ l0.f ,J.9
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4.0 4 .51.3 .l
2.7 2 .?t.5 ?.74.5 l.l(.e 5.4
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.t) I.{4.5 q.9
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6. J 5.8t.3 l.l2.2 _t. t
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l.l l.l
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2.2 I .3
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e.2 5.44,9 ti.ll
2.? ltl .ll.d ?-.?.5.rl 6.1
2.2 2.2
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2.2 ? .?
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3.1 4.04.5 lr.5
l.l 5.4l.:t l.rtl.f] .9
o! .9.9 1.87.c 1.6
t.8 2.2
4 .0 4.5l.l 1.3?.t t.3l.d 1.85.q l.l2.? l.rrl.rl l.u2.?. I .3
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r. tl.tr1.6
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l.l
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?.7
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I.'jl.h
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fr.()
7.62.?|.t.
?-.
5.4
APPENDlX D
VER?EBPVITE SPECIES
,i..
APPE}IDIX D
YERTEBRATE SPECIES LIST1
Scientific Name Common Name
A}IPITIBIANS & REPTILES
Order-Caud ata- Sa lamanders
Farnily-Ambys tomidae
Ambvstoma tigrinum
Order-Anura-Froqs & Toads
Fami 1 y-Pe lobat id ae
Tiger Salamander
-S c aph i:pu s intermontanus Creat Basin Spadefoot
PoEentially Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksville
B,H
Drd
B
B
B,H
B
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
T'AIn1I
Hyla
y-Hyl idae
aren ico 1or
Fami I y-Bu fonid ae
Bufo woodhouseiffi punctatus
Woodhouser s Toad
Red SpoEEed Toad
Canyon Treefrog
Leopard Frog
Collared Lizard
Leopard Lizard
Lesser Earless Lizard
ShorE-Horned Lizard
Sagebrush Lizard
Desert Spiny Lizard
Eastern Fence Lizard
Tree Lizard
Side-Blotched Lizard
Plateau ffiripEail
Y,,Ie stern Wh ip Eai I
Family - Ranidae
Rana pipiens
0rder-Squamata-
Lizards & Snakes
Fanily - Iguanidae
Crctaphytus collaris
C. wislizeniiEotEroffi *?culata
Phrvnosoma douglass!
Sceloporus graciosus
S. magisterS. undulatusEoiGrl-iTnat,rs
Fauri 1y-Te i id ae
Uta stansburianaGE@ro*
C. tigris
Scientific Name
Farni ly-Colubridae
Hvpsiglena torgueta
Masticophis taeniatus
Pituophis uelanoleucas
Thamnophis elegans
Farni ly-Crotalidae
Crotalus viridis
BIRDS
0rder-Ans eri f orme s-Water f owl
Fami ly-Anat idae-Swans, Gees e,
Ducks
Anas platyrhvnchos
Anas strepera
Anas acuta
Anas crecca
Anas aGcors
Anas iiffina
A"." "lyp".t"
Cormon Name
Night Snake
Striped Whipsnake
Gopher Snake
hlestern Terrestrial
GarEer Snake
Western Rattlesnake
Mallard
Gadwall
Pintail
Green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
American l{idgeon
Northern Shoveler
Redhead
Canvasback
Lesser Scaup
Red-breas ted Mergans er
Turkey Vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Rough-legged Hawk
Swainsonrs Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Bald Eagle
Marsh Hawk (Harrier)
Potentially Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksville
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
Aythva
Aythya
Aythya
Mergus
americana
vaI 1s ].ner1aaffinis
serrator
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
0rde r-Fa lconi f orme s-Vu 1 tures,
Hawks, Kites, Falcons, and
EagL es
Fami 1y- Cath art idae-American
Vultures
Cathartes aura
Family Accipitridae-Kites,
Hawks, Eagles and Harriers
Buteo janaicensis
Buteo lagopus
Buteo swainsoniB"t"r EEi-IC-
Aquila chrysaetos
Haliaeetus leucocephalus@
B,H
Scientific Naue
Fami 1y-Falconidae-
Caracaras and Ealeoos
Falco mexicanusillc;EilffiT,,"
Falco Peregrlnus
sDarver]'usFalco
Order Galliformes-Grouse,
Pheasants, Ptarnnigans,
Prairie Chickens, Quail,and Turkeys
Fami 1y Te Eraonidae-Grouse
and Ptaraigans
Centrocercus urop@!ryF[fGJGG-1ffi"'r"
Lophprty= ;;,#EfCallipepla squamata
0rder Gruif orme s-Cranes
Rails, and Allies
Fani ly Rallidae-Rai1s,
Gallinules and Coots
Fulica americana
Order Charadri i forme s-Shore-
birds, GuIls and Allies
Faui 1y Charadriidae-P love rs,
Turnstones and Surfbirds
Charadrius vociferus
Conmon Name
Prairie Falcon(uerlin) Pigeon Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
American Kestrel
Sage Grouse
Ring-necked PheasanL
Gambelrs Quail
Scaled Quail
American CooE
Ki 1 ldeer
Spotted Sandpiper
Rock Dove
Band-tailed Pigeon
Mourning Dove
PotenEially Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksvil,le
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
B
B,H
Fani ly
snipe
Actitus
S co 1op ac idae:woodcock,
and Sandpipers
oacularia
Order Colunbif ormes-P igeons
and Doves
Fani 1y Columbidae-Pigeons
and Doves
Coluba livia6lli6i-Escl.tazei]m; rrcr""."
Order Strigiformes -0w1s
!'amily Tytonidae-Barn Owls
Tyto alba Barn Ow1 B,H
Scientific Name
Farnily Strigidae-Typical OwIs
Otus asio
B"bo iFgioian,rs
Speotvto cunicularia
Asio otusI?F-lFs acadicus
Order Caprinulgiformes-
Goatsuckers
Fani 1y Capriurulgidae-
Goatsuckers
Phalaenoptilus nuttal 1ii
ChordeLies minor
Order Apodifornes - Swifts
and Hummingbirds
Fami ly Apodidae-Swif ts
Aeronautes saxatalis
Farni 1y Troch i1 idae-Humming-
birds
Corrmon Name
Screech OwI
Great Horned OwL
Burrowing Owl.
Long-eared Owl
Saw-whet Owl
Poor-wi11
Cornmon Nighthawk
White-throated Swift
Balck- chinned Hummingbird
Rufous Hummingbird
Common FLicker
Ye1low-bellied SapsuckerIlairy Woodpecker
Downy liloodpecker
Western Kingbird
Cassinr s Kingbird
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Say's Phoebe
Gray Flycatcher
tr{estern trrlood Pewee
Potentially Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksville
B,H
B
B,H
B
B,H
B'H
B
B
H
B
B
ArchiLochus
Seiasphor";
alexandri
t"f""
Order P iciformes-Woodpeckers,Flickers, and Sapsuckers
Fami Iy P icidae-Woodpeckers,Flickers, and Sapsuckers
Colaptes auratus
Sphyrapicus varius
Dendrocopos villosus
Dendrocopos pubescens
0rder Pas seri f orme s-Perching
Birds
Faroily Tyrannidae-Tryant Fly-
catchers
Tvrannus verticalis
Tyrannus vociferans
Myiarchus c].nerascens
Savornis saya
Ernpidonax wrightii
Contopus sordidulus
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B
B
Fami ly Alaudidae-Larks
Scientific Name
Ereurophila alpestris
Farni ly Hirundinidae-Swa1 lows
Tachvcineta thalassina
Riparia riparia
Stelgidopteryx
Hirundo rustica
Fetro"h"lidon ppyrrhonota
Farnily Corvidae-Jays, Magpies,
and Crows
Aphelocoma coerulescens
Pica pica
Corvus corax@Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Fami ly Paridae-Chickadees,
Titmice, Verdins,
Parus ganbeli
Parus inornatusffirEr-.r*inirn,rs
Fami ly Troglodyt idae-Wrens
Thrvomanes bewickii
Catherpes nexicanus
Salpinctes obsoletus
Farni ly Mioidae-Mockingbirds
and Thrashers
Mimus polvglottos
Toxostoma bendirei
Oreoscoptes oontanus
Fani ly Turdidae-Thrushes,Solitaires, and Bluebirds
Turdus migratoriusSialia mexicanafaTi. ""''.GEbes
Fami 1y Sylviidae-Arctic
WarbIers, Kinglet.s, Gnat-
catchers
Regulus calendulaPolioptila caerulea
Common Nane
Horned Lark
Violeu-green Swallow
Bank Swallow
Rough-winged Swallow
Barn SwallowCliff Swallow
Scrub Jay
B1ack-bi1led Magpie
Comoon Raven
Coumon Crow
Pinyon Jay
Mountain ChickadeePlain Titmouse
.Bush tit
Bewickt s Wren
Canyon Wren
Rock Wren
Mockingbird
Bendire's Thrasher
Sage Thrasher
American Robin
Western Bluebird
Mountain Bluebird
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
Potentially Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksville
B'H
B
B,H
B,H
R
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B
B,H
B,H
H
B
B,H
ruficol 1is
B
B
B
B
B
B
Scientific Name
P. meLanura
Fami Ly Uotac illidae-P ipits
Anthus spinoletta
Farni ly Laniidae-Shrikes
Lanius excubitorLr"i* ffiiiiifi-n,rs
Fani ly S turnidae-Starl ings
Sturnus vulgaris
Fani 1y Parulidae-Wood Warblers
Dendroica nigrescens
Dendroica coronataffi
Farni ly P loceidae-I,leaver
Passer doaesticus
Cormon Name
Black-tailed Gnat-
catcher
Water Pipit
Northern Shrike
Loggerhead Shrike
Starling
Black-Throated Gray
!{arb 1er
Audubonr s Warbler
PotentiaLly Present
B = Blanding, H = Hanksville
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
Finchs
House Sparrow B,H
Fami ly Icteridae-Meadowlarks,
Blackbirds, and Orioles
Sturnella neglecta
Agelaius phoeniceus
Icterus galbuLa
Eugphagus cyanocephalus
Molothrus ater
Western Meadowl-ark
Red-winged Blackbird
Northern Oriole
Brewer's Blackbird
Brown-headed Cowbird
Fami 1y Fringi 11idae-Grosbeaks,
Sparrows, Finches and Buntings
Guiraca caerulea
G-po-dacrrs-rexicanus
Leucosticte tephrocotis
Spinus tristis
Chlorura chlorura@Spinus pinus
Passerculus sandwichensis
Chondestes grammacus
4pphispiza bilineata
Amphispiza betli
Junco caniceps
Junco hyernalis oreganus
Spizella arborea
Blue Grosbeak
Ilouse Finch
Gray-crowned Rosy Finch
American Goldfinch
Green-tailed Towhee
Rufous-sided Towhee
Pine Siskin
Savannah Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Gray-headed Junco
Oregon Junco
Tree Sparrow
B
B
B
B
Scientific Name
Spizella passerina
Spizella breweri
Zonotrichia leucgghgygffi
Melospiza melodia
Order InsecLivora-Insectivores
Fani ly Soricidae-shrews
Sorex nerriamitliilio"6ffiwfordi
Order Chiroptera-Bats
Farni ly Vespert ilionidae-
Plain-nose Bats
Myotis lucifugus
Myotis .runognens 1s
Myotis thysanodes
Las ionycteris noctivagans-Pipistrellus hespergs
Eptesicus fuscus
Lasiurus borealisff-cinereG-
Plecotis raf !4e-gqueimAtis phvlloEG-
Euderma maculatum
Antrozous pa1 lidus
Fami 1y Molossidae-Freetail
Tadarida brasiliensis
Order Lagomorphe-Pi^kas, I{ares,
Rabbits
Fanily Leporidae-Hares and
Rabbits
Lepus cal ifornicus
Sylvilagus audubonii
Order Rodent ia-Rodents
Fami Iy Sciuridae-Squirrels,
Prairie Dogs
Cynomys gunnisoni zrrniensis
Sperrncphilus spilosoma
Spermophi lus variejatus
@o:p"tejPtrilus -leucgIggEuEamias minimusE"fiG'aorsat*ffittat,r"
Comrnon Name
Chipping Sparrow
Bre'rrer' s Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
Lincoln's Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Merriau Shrew
Desert Shrev
Little Brown Bat
Yuma Bat
Fringed Myotis
Silver-haired Bat
lJesEern Pipistrelle Bat
Big Brown Bat
Red Bat
lloary Bat
Westerrr Long-eared Bat
Mexican Big-eared Bat
sPotted Bat
Pallid Bat
Bats
Mexican FreeEail Bat
Blacktail Jackrabbit
Desert Ccttoneail
Potentially Present
B = Blan,iing, H =_Ilanksvili.e.
B
F,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
H
B,H
B
B,H
B,H
Drd
B
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B'H
Zuni Prairie Dog
Spotted Ground Squirrel
Rock Squirrel
'dhitetail Aatelope Squirrel
LeasE ChipurunkCliff Chipmunk
Colorado Chipnunk
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
b
B
Fami 1y Heteronyidae-Pocket
Mice, Kangaroo Mice and Kangaroo Rats
Perognathus flavus Silky Pocket Mouse B
Perognathus parvus Great Basin Pocket Mouse H
Dipodonys ordi Ord Kangaroo Rat B,H
Dipodomys merriami Merriam Kangaroo Rat B,H
Fanily Cricetidae-Native Rats
and Mice
Reithrodontomys megalotis llestern Harvest Mouse BrH
Peromyscus crinitus Canyon Mouse BrH
Perornyscus maniculatus Deer Mouse BrH
Peromyscus bovlii Brush Mouse B
Permoyscus truei Pinyon Mouse B
Onychomys leucogaster Northern Grasshopper l'louse BrH
Neotoma mexicana Mexican Wood Rat B
N""t"r. .IZi-IE_- Desert l{ood Rat H
Lagurus curtatus Sagebrush Vole BrH
0rder Carnivora-Carnivores
Family Canidae-Foxes, Coyotes
Canis latrans Coyote BrH
m;".@ Red Fox B,H
Urocyon cinereoargenteus Gray Fox BrH
Family Procyonidae-Racoons and
Ringtailed Cats
Bassariscus astutus Ringtailed Cat BrH
Scientific Name
Fami ly Mustelidae-Weasels,
Skunks, etc.
Muitela frenataT.ffi'ta""s
EEp-f,-IEslil,JFI-iti"
SpilogaLe putorius
Family Felidae-Cats
Lynx rufusFelis concolor
Potentially Present
CornrronName B=Blanding,H=Hanksville
Longtail Weasel
Badger
Striped Skunk
Spotted Skunk
Bobcat
I"lountain Lion
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
0rder Art iodactyl a-Even-t oed
Ungulates
Family Cervidae-Deer and Allies
Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer
Cou',mon Nar.re
PotenEially PresenE
B = Blandin€I, I{ = HanksvilleScientific Name
Fani 1y Ant i1 ocapr idae-Pronghorn
AnEel ope
Anti locapra amerlcana
I Derived frou the following sources:
A.0.u. (19s7)
Behle, et al. (1958)
Behle (1960)
Behle and Perry (1975)
Burt and Grossenheider (1964)
Durrant (L952)
FrischnechE (1975)
Pronghorn Antelope
Kelson (1951)
Legler (1963)
Peterson ( 1951 )
Robbins, et al. (1966)
Sparks (1974)
Stebbins (1966)
Tanner (1975)
Woodbury (1931)
tloodbury and Russe 1, Jr. ( 1945 )
APPEI{DIX
RADiOLOGICAI
ACTIVIIY DENSITY AI
TABLE E-].
END OF RELEASE PERIOO
PICOCIJ}?IES/M*I? OF
ORY DEPOSITION
FOR A UNIFORMu 238
RELFASE IJ^'I'E
OISIANCE(MEIERSI
150 .
450.
681 .
805.
929.
I 609.
2114.
?919.
4 023.
5631.t24l .
884 9.
I 04 58.
150 .450.
681 .Ir05.
929.
I 609.
2414 .
2919.4023.
5631.124t.
8849.
I 0458.
N
tr230.
952,4?t.
1i o
239.90.
42.
30.
17.9.
5.4.
3.
s
577 89.
6783.3Ils.
2288.t7t7,705.
331 .?19.l4t.
78.
50.
35.26.
NNE
I 0 723.
tz.bl .
571 .
4?2.
325.l?4.
5e.
42.24.
13.8.6.
4.
SSW
I I 4s3.
I 3s5.
6? 3.458.
3s5.l4C.
66.48.
?ta.
15.10.7.
5.
NE
13561.
I 599.
7?9.
533.4tl.l5B.74.
53.3t.
17.ll.
8.6.
sut
7049.
833.
382.
280.
?17 .84.40.28.
17.9.
6.4.3.
SECTOR
r. NE
6354.7t?.
350.
?57 .
199.7t.)7.
26.
15.9.
6.
4.3.
i{shr
216?.
330.lsl.lll.
86.33.
16.ll.7,
4.
?.
?.l.
E
e355.ll0t.504.
370.286.
I 12.53.
38.
??.
12.8.
6.4.
l'{
353t.
413.
187 .
137.l0ir.40.
19.t3.8.4.
3.
?.l.
ESE
I 0479.l24l .s7l .
420.
326.
128.61.44.
?_6.
14.9.6.5.
UN{
4247 .
50?.
2?t).
156.
128./rlJ.
?3.lh.9.5.3.
?.2.
SE
?750?.
3235.
I 487.
I 092.
848.
33rr.
l5tJ.ll4.67.
37.24.
17.
13.
Nt4,
7487,
880.
399.2cl.
2?4.
H4.
39.
2t).
16.9.6.
4.
3.
SSE
30784.3642.
1678.I234.
959.
381.lB0.
130.77.
43.27,
19.
14.
NN'd
5704.
675.
J07.
??4.t72.
65.3t.
22.
13.
7.4.
3.
2.
ARE AS ( HTT;) )
SFC TOR.SE GUFN T
.1767Ei05
.5301Ei05
.4:i328+05
.z7l9E+05
.5910Er05
.7570E+06
.390frt:r06
.68678+05
.2540E+07
..1558E+07
.4575F_ 107
.55a2E + 0 7
.6{r08E+07
cunJEs DEPOStTFT)WITHIN RADI I
.38-t5E-02
.5 I e0E-02
.559BF-02
.5c328-02
.6325E-02.82978-02
.|)7768-02
.9.382E-02
. I 0698-0 I.Il7lE-01
. I 255E-0 I
. I 327E-0 I
. l3elE-01
TABLE 8.2
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOO FOR A UNIFOPM RELqASE RATE
P I COCIJR I FS /M*+? OF U 238
l{ET DEPOSITION- UASHCO= . l00E-02 RAINF= .600F-01
DISTANCE(MEIERSI
150.
450.
681 .
805.929.
1609.
2414.
2919.
4023.
56-? I .7?41,
8849.
I 0458.
150.
450.
681 .
805.c29.
1609.
24 14.
2919.
4023.
5631.t241.
8849.
I 0458.
N
9I7.
?7?.
165.
133.ll0.49.
24.
17.n.
3.l.L
0.
S
3l2l .
921 .555.
446.
368.
162.79.
53.
25.
10.4.
2.l.
NNE
I 059.
320.
197 .
160 .
133.
6?..
33.
23.
12.6.3.
2.l.
SSt{
126.
?16.l3l .105.
fr8.40.
20.
14.7.3.t.l.
0.
ltE
1240.
375.
230.
187.
156.
73.
38.
27.
14.
6.3.2.l.
5w
535.
160.97.
79.
65.
30.15.Il.5.
?.l.l.0.
SECTOR
ENE
503.
l s3,
94.76.64.
30.
16.ll.6.
3.l.l.0.
|,rsh|
240.t?.44.
35.
29.
13.7.
5.?.l.
0.0.
0.
SF
ls3l.455.
?7 6.
221,
184 .83.
41.29.
14.
6.
3.?.l.
i{'^,
824.
246.I5n.l?1.
100.45.
23.
16.8.3.l.l.
0.
ssE
l65l .
491 .
?91 .240.
198 .89.
44.
30.
15.6.
3.l.l.
N^IW
6 09.
182.lll.
90.
74.
34.t7.
12.
6.2.l.t.0.
E
646.
193.
I lB.95.79.
36.
18.
13.6.
3.l.l.
0.
t{
3?2.
95.
57.46.
38.
17.8.
6.3.l.0.0.0.
ESE
639.l9l .llf,.
94.78.
35.
18.t2.
6.
3.t.l.0.
}{Nd
47 2.
l4l .
85.59.
5l .
26.
13.
9.4.
?..l.(r.
0.
ARFaS (it+r2)
SECTNP-SEGMF NT
.1767E+05
.5301F+05
.43 32E + 05
. 27 I 9E.05.r91ggr05
.7570Er(,6
.3906E+06
.5867E+06
.2540E+07
. 3558E.0 7.45758.07
.55qPE + 0 7
.6608E.0 7
CURIES DEPOSITEI)
WITHIN RADI I.26578-03
.5034E-03.62r3E-03
.681 lE-03
.7888E-0 3
. l4r2E-02
.1573E-02
. 1770E-0?
.2 I 33E-02
.234 8E- 0 2
.?4798 -02
.256 0E-0 ?.?6llE-02
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT
TABLE E-3
END OF HELE'ASE PERIOOPICocURIES/ut*7 6'- DRY DEPOSIIION
FOR A UNIfOdM RTLI--ASE FAIFu 234
DISTANCE
(MEIERS)
150.4li0.
681 .
805.
929.
1609.
2414.
2919.4023.
5631.
7?41.
8849.
I 0458.
150 .450.
681.
805.
929.
I 609.
?414.?9I9.4023.
5631.'t241.
8849.
I 0458.
N
8230.95?.
42q.3t2.
23e.
90.
4?.30.
17.9.
6.4.
3.
S
57788.
6782.
3115.z?88.
1777.
70s.33t.
239.l4l.78.
50.
35.
?6-
NNE
I 0723.
l?67 .
577.4??.
325.
124.58.4?.
?4.
13.8.6.4.
SSW
I I 453.
I 355.
6?3.458.
35s.
140.66.48.
?8.
15.10.
7.5.
NE
t3561.
I 599.129.531.4ll.
l5{l .t4.
53.
31.t7.ll.8.6.
Sb,
7049.
833.
382.
?.8{t.
?t7 .84.40.
28.
17.9.
6.
3.
SECTOR
ENE
6354.
16?.
350.
257.
199.77.
37.?6._ 15.9.6.
3.
},S U
?7 62.
330.r5l.lll.
86.
33.
15.tl.
7.4.
2.
?,
l.
E
9354.ll0l.
504.
370.
286.
I 12.53.
38.
2?.l?.8.
6.4.
!t
3530.4l 3.
187.
I 37.
106.40.I9.13.
B.4.
3.
?.l.
ESE
10479.l24l .
571 .4?0.
326.lztr.6I.44.
26.i4.9.6.5.
UNW
4?46.
50 2.
2?8.
156.l2tt.48.
23.
15.9.
5.
3.
2.?.
SE
?7502.3235.
I 487.
I 09;t.
846.
336.
158.
I 14.67.
37.24.
17.
I-1 .
N.r
7487.
880.
399.
291 .
?24.84.
39.28.lf,.
9.6.
4.
3.
ssE
3 0 783.3642.
I 678.
1234 .
95C.38t.
l8 0.l3o.77.
43.
?7.
19.
14.
NN{
57 04.
675.
307.
z?4.t7?.65.
31.
2?-.t3.7.4.
3.
2.
AREAS (r.{f {r2)
SEC IOR.SEGqF NT
. I 767E +05
.5ll0lF+05.41128+05
.27199+05.5qI0E+0ii.75708+06
.3906E+06
.6867E + 0tr
.2540E+07
.3558E+07
.4575F+07
.5592Ea07
.660tJF+07
CURIES OEPOSITEOtrITHIr{ RADII
.383sE-02
.5190E-02
.56gftE-02
.5e328-02
.6325E-02
.8297F.-02.677r,8-02
. e3A2E-02
. I o69E-o I.ll7lE-01
. I 255E-0 I.13278-ot.I3elE-01
ACTIVITY DENSITY AI
llET DEPOSITION.
TABLE E.4
ENN OF PELEASE PERIOD
PICOCUPIES/U*$2 0F
tIASHCO= . I 00E-02
FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATEu 234RAINF= .600F-01
DI SIAiICE(MEIEFS}
150 .450.
681 .
t!05.
929 -
I 609.
2414 .
2919.4023.
5531.724t.
8849.
I 0458.
N
el7.
2?2.
165 .
133.ll0.49.
24"
17.8.
3.l.l.0.
s
3l2l .
921 .
55s.446.
36u.
162.79.
53.25.
10.
4.
2.l.
NNE
I 059.
320.
197 .
160.
133.
62.
33.23.
12.6.3.2.l.
ss l{
7?6.2t6.l3l.
106.
88.
40.
20.
14.7.
3.l.l.0.
NE
1240.
375.
230.
187.
156.
73.
38.27.
14.(r.
3.?.l.
sr{
535.
160.97.'t9.
65.
30.
15.ll.5.
2.l.l.0.
sEc Top
ENE
503.
153.94.
76.
64.
30.
16.ll.6.3.l.l.0.
hrs hl
?40.t2.
44.
35.29.
13.
7.
5.
?.l.0.
0.0.
E
646.
193.llg.
95.
79,
36.
18.
13.6.3.l.l.
0.
t{
3?2.95.57.46.
38.
17.8.
6.3.l.0.
0.0.
ESE
63e.lel.ll6.9b.
70.
35.
18.t2.6.
3.l.l.
0.
9tNrl
472.l4l.85.
69.5t.
?6.
13.9.4.
?.l.0.0.
SE
l53l .
455.
27 6.
?? 3.
l8r+.
03.41.
29.
14.6.3.2.l.
tl tl
824.246.
150.l2l .
100.45.
21 .
16.8.
3.t.l.
0.
ssE
It5l.4el.
297 .
?-40.
198.89.
44,
30.
15.6.
3.l.
l.
N[tr'
609.l8z.
lll.90.
'l 4.
34.
17.
12.
6.
?..l.
l.0.
150 .450.6Bl.
805.
929.
1609.24L4.29t9.
40?3.
5631.724t.
8849.
I 0458.
aRFAS (Mln2)
SEC TOR-SEGMFNI
. l7fr7E+ 05
.5101E+05
.4332E +05
.27195+05
.5910F+05
.7570E+06
.3906E+06
.586 7E r 06
.2540E+07
.3s58E+07
.4575E+07
.5592E+07
.6608E+07
CURIES DEPOSITED
h, ITHJN R^DI I
.2657E-03.5034E-03
.6213E-03
.681 lE-03
.7888E-03
. l4 t2E-02
.1573E-02
.17708-02
.2 I 33E-02
.234 8E-0 2.?4't9E-02
.25608-02
.261 lE-02
OISTANCE
(METERS}
150 .450.
681 .
805.929.
1609.
?414.29t9.4023.
5631.'l2ttl.
8849.
I 0458.
150 .450.
6rt I.805.
92e.
I 609.?414.
2919.402f.
5631.t?41.
8849.
I 0458.
N
796.
92.
41.
30.
23.9.
4.
3.2.
l.l.0.0.
S
5588.
656.
301 .e2l .
I 72.
68.
32.
23.
14.8.
5.
3.
3.
NNE
I 037.
123.
56.
41.3t.
12.
6.4.
?.l.l.l.0.
SSt,
I 108.l3l .
60.44.
34.
14.6.
5.
3.
NE
l3lt.
155.
70.
5?.40.
15.
7.
5.
3.2.l.l.l.
Str,
6A2.
81.
37.27.
21.8.4.3.
2.l.l.0.
0.
SECTOR
ENE
614.74.
34.
25.
19.7.
4.
3.t.l.t.
0.0.
csl.,
?67 .32.I5.ll.,t.
3.
e.l.t.0.
0.
0.
Co
SE
2660.
3l 3.
144.
106.82.
32.
15.ll.
6.
?.2.l.
hl \'/
724.
85.
39.
?t).
?2.rt.
4.
3"2.l.l.
0.0.
SSE
?977.
352.
162.Ile.
93.
37.
17.
13.7.
4.
3.
2.l.
NNv.l
s52.
65.
30,
?2,
17.6.
3.
2.l.t.
t).
0.
0o
ACIIVITY DENSITY AT
TABLE E.5
END OF RELEASE PERIOO
PICOCURITS/M{te OF
DRY OEPOSITION
RELEASE RAIFFOR A UNIFORM
TH U3O
ESE
1013.
120 .55.
41.
31.
12.6.
4.2.l.l.l.0.
wf.ruJ
4l t.49.22.
16.l?.5.
2.2.l.
0.().
0.
0.
E
905.
106.
49.
36.28.ll.5.4.
?.l.l.l.0.
r{
341 .40.
18.
13.
10.4.
?.l.l.0.0.
0.
0.
aRFAS (M++2)
SECTOR.SEGI..IF NI
. I 767E.05
.5301Er05
.4332E+05
.2719E+05
.5cl0Ea05
.7570Er05
.3q06E+06
.6fr67Er06
.2540E+07.35588r07
.4575F+07
.5592E r 0 7
.6608E+07
CI.,RIES DEPOSITEf)
t'IITHIN RanII.3708F-03
.5019E*03
.55 I 0E-0 3
.57 36E- 0 3
.61 I 7E-03.8024E-03
. tt4B6E-03
.9073E-03
. I 034E-0?
. I l32E-02
.l2l3E-02
. I2t 3E-02
. I 3458-02
TABLE E-6
ACTIVIIY DENSIIY AT END OT RELEASE PIRIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIFS/)t+iz OF TH 230
llET DEPOSIII0N- IASHCO: .1008-02 HAINF= .600F-01
DISTANCE
(iIETERS}
150.
450.
681 .
805.929.
I 609.
?414.
2919.4023.
5631.
7241.
8849.
I 0458.
SEC TOR
ENE
49.
15.9.
7.6.
3.
2.
l.l.0.
0.0.
0.
t|,sr{
23.7.
4.3.3.l.l.0,
0.0.
0.0.0.
SI SSE
150.
450.
681 .
805.
929.
I 609.
24L4.
2919.
4023.
5631.1?41.8849.
I 0458.
S
302.89.
54.43.
36.
16.8.5.
?.t.0.0.
0.
SSt,
70.21.
13.10.8.4.?.I.l.0.
0.
0.0.
NE
120 .36.22.
18.
15."t.
4.
3.l.l.0.
0.
0.
sr{
52.
15.9.
8.6.3.l.l.l.
0.0.
0.0.
l4 B.
44.
?7.
?2.lA.
o
4.
3.l.l.
0.
0.
0.
r',lt,,
8n.24.l+.t2.
10.4.
2.2.l.
0.0.
0.
0.
160.
4"t .29.
23.le.9.
4.
3.l.l.0.
0.
0.
frNr{
59.
18.ll.9.7.
3.2.l.l.0.0.
0o
0.
89. 102.?6. 3l .t6. le.13. 15.ll. 13.5. 6.2. 3.2. 2.l. l.0. l.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.
E ESE
63. 6?.19. I B.ll. ll.9. 9.8. 8.3. -:t.?. 2.l. l.l. l.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.0. 0.
t{
31.9.
6.4.
4.2.l.l.0.0.
0.0.0.
r{Nt{
46.
14.
ll.
7.
6.2.l.l.0.0.0.0.
0.
APE'AS (Mj'S2)
SEC IOR-SEGMF- NT
.1767Er05
.5301E+05
.4332E+05.2719f+05
.591 0E+05
.75799+06
.3406E+06
.6867E. O6
.2540E+07
.3558E+07
.4575E + 0 7
.5592E + 0 7
.6608E+07
CURIES DEPOSITEDI{ITHIN RADJI
.2569E-04
.4'!58E-04
.6008E-04.55ft7E-04
.7628E-04.1365E-03
. lc2 I E-03
.l7llE-03
.2062E-03
.227 I E-03.2397F-03
.24 75F -0 3
.25?5F-0 3
NNE
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT
TABLE E-7
ENN OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORI.I RELEASE RA T:
PICOCURIES/MTO? OF RA ??(.
ORY NF,POSITION
DI STANCE
IMEIERSI
150 .450.
681 .
805.929.
1609.
?414.
2919.4023.
5531.
1241.8849.
I 0458.
150.
450.
681 .
805.
9?9,
I 609.
2414.2919.
4023.
5631.7241.8849.
I045lJ.
N
39rl .tt6.
?t.
15.
12.4.
2.t.l.
0.
0.(r.
0.
s
27e3.
329.tsl.llt.86.34.
16.
12.7.
4.
2.2.l.
NNE
518.61.28.
e0.
16.6.
3.?.l.l.
0.0.
0.
ssr{
554.
65.
30.22.
17.1.
3.?.l.I,0.0.0.
SF.CTOR
ENE
307.
37.
17.
12.
10.4.?.t.l.0.
0.0.
0.
t., sh,
134.
16.7.
5.
4.
?.l.t.
0.0.
0.
0.0.
SF
I 329.
156.
72.53.41.
16.8.
3.
2.l.l.l.
\li
362.
43.
19.
14.ll.
2,t.l.0.
0.
0.0.
SSE
I 488.
176.
81.
60.46.
18.9.(:.
4.
?.l.
l.t.
f'lNli,
?7 6.
33.
15.lI.8.
3.l.l.
l.0.
0.
0.0.
NE
655.77.
35.
?6.20.8.4.
3.l.l.l.0.
0.
st{
341 .40.
18.
14.
10.4.
2.l.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
452.
53.24.
IrJ.t4.5.3.
?.l.l.0.0.
0.
rl
l7l.
2A.9.
7.5.?,l.l.0.
0.
0.
0o0.
507.
60.
28.
?0.
16.
6.3.2.l.l.0.
0.
0.
h, N|{
205.
?4.ll.8.(r.
?,l.l.
tl .
0.
0.
0.
0.
E ESE AREAS (MO+z)
SECTOP-SEGUFNT
.1767F+05
.53018+05.4332Er05
.2719E+05
.591 0E+05
.7570E+05
.3906E+ 06
.6867E+06
.2540E+07
.3558E+07
.4575E + 0 7
.5592Er07
.6608E+07
CURTES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RANI I
. I 854E-03
.25108-03.27s5E-03
.2868E-0'r
. 3058E-0 i
.4012E-03.4243E-03.45368-03.5t70E-03
.566 I E-0 3
.6066F-03
.64 I 6E-0 3
.6723E-03
TABLE E.B
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PEIIIOO FOR A UNIFOPU RELEASE RATE
PICOCTTHIES/l"l*r2 0F RA ??-(,
xET 0EPOSITION- }lASHC0= .100E-02 RAINF= .600F-01
DISTAI.ICE
( r,rE I Er.is r
150 .450.
681 .
rr05.
9?9.
1609.2414.
2919.
40?3.
5631.7241.
8849.
I 0458.
150 .
450.
681 .805.
929.
I 609.2414.
?919.
4023.
5631.7241.
8849.
I 0458.
N
44.
13.8.6.5.?.
l.I.0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
S
lsl.45.2l .?2.
18.
B.4.
3.l.0.
0.
0.0.
NNE
5t.ls.
10.8.
6.
3.?.t.t.0.0.
0.
0.
SSX
35.
10.6.5.4.
?.l.l.
0.
0.
0.0.0.
NE
60.
18,ll.9.
8.4.
2.l.l.
0.0.
0.
0.
s},
26.
8.
5.4.
3.l.l.l.
0.
0.0.0.0.
SE C TOR
ENE
24.7.5.
4.
3.l.l.L0.
0.
0,
0o
0.
t{st|l
12.3.
?.?.l.l.0.
0.
0.0.
0.
0,
0o
31.9.. 6.
5.4.
2.t.l.0.
0.0.
0.
0.
l{
16.5.3.
2.
2.l.0.
0.
0o0.
0.
0.0.
31.9.6.
5.4.
2.l.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
t{Nll
23.l..4.
3.3.l.l.
0.0.
0,
0.
0.0.
74.
22.
13.ll.c.
lt.
2.l.l.
0.o.
0.
0.
^l
l,t
40.
12.7.6.
5.
2.l.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
80.
?4.
14.
12.
10.4.
2.l.l.0.
0.0.
0.
NN{
2q.9.5.4.
4.
2.l.l.0.0.0.
0.
0o
E ESE SE SSE ARFaS 1u*121
SECTOIi-SEGMF NT
.1767E+05
.53616+05
.4332E+05
.27199+05
.5910E+05
.?570E+06
.3o068+0f'
.6n(r7E+0fr
.2540E+07
.1558E.07
.4575E+07
.5592E+07
.65088+07
CT'RIES DEPOSITF.'I)
WITHJN DAI)II
. I 285F-04
.?434F -04
.3004E-04.3293E-04
.3814E-04
.68268-04.7A05E-04
.85568-04
. t03lE-03
. I I 35E-03
. I l9frF-0.3
. l?388-03
. I 26eE-0 3
ACTIVITY DENSITY AI
TABLE E-9
ENO OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UI{IFORM RELEASE RATE
P I COCUR I ES /}I**2 OF PF A I O
DttY OEPOSITION
D I ST ANCE
(I.tETERS)
150.
450.
681 .
805.
929.
I 609.
?414 .
a919.4023.
5631.7?41.
8849.
10458.
150 .
450.6Bl.605.
929.
1609.24t4.
?919.
4023,
5631.
7241.
8849.
I 0458.
SEC TOR
ENE
300.
36.
17.
12.9.
4.
?.
l.l.0.
0.0.
0,
r,llsh,
130.
15.
7.5.
4.
2.l.l.c.
0.0.
0.
0.
E ESEN
389.45.20.M.
ll.4.
?.l.l.
0.0.
0.
0.
S
2730.
320.
147.lo8.
84.
33.
16.
ll.7,4.
2.
?.l.
NNE
505.60.27.
20.
15.6.
3.
?.l.l.0.0.
0.
SSU
541 .64.
?9.
2?.
17.7.
3.
?.l.l.
0.
0.0.
NE
641 .76,
34.25.
19.7.
3.
3.l.l.l.0.
0.
SW
333.39.
18.
13.
10.4.?.l.l.
0.
0.0.0.
4+2.
5?.
?4.
17.
14.5.2.
7.l.l.0.0.
0.
t{
167.
19.9.6.
5.
?.t.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
495.
5r).
?7.20.
15.
6.
3.?.I.l.0.
0.
0.
I{ NU
201 .
?4.ll.
rJ.6.
2.l.l"0.
0.0.
0.
0,
SE
I 299.
l5 3.
70.
5?.40.
16.
7.
5.t.
?.I.l.l.
t'l "'l
354.4?.
19.
14.ll.
2.
l.l.
0.
0.
0.0.
SSE
1454.t72,
7C.
58.45.
18.
9.
5.4.
?,l.l.l.
NNW
?69.3?.
14.ll,8.
3.
l.t.l.
0.
0.
0.0.
ARFAS (Mls2)
sEcTorr-SEGMF l.JT
.1767E+05.5301Er05
.4332E+05
.2719E+05
.59108+05
.7570E+06
.3906E+06
.5467E+06
.2540E+07
.3558E+07
.4575E+07
.5592F.0 7
.56969+07
CURIES DEPOSITET,IIITHIN RADII
. I 854E-03
.2510E-03
.2755E- 0 3
.2e68E-0 3
.3058E-03
.4012E-03
.4243E - 0 3
.4536E-03
.5 I 7 0E-03
.5661E-03
.60 6 6E-0 3.54l5E-03.67238-03
TABLE E-l0
ACTIVITY DENSITY AI END OF RELEASE PERIOO FOR A UI,IIFORI,I RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/11**? OF PB 2IO
xET OEPOSITI0N- IdASHCO= . l00E-02 RAINF= .6008-01
DISTANCE(MEIEKS'
150 .450.
681.
805.
9?9.
I 609.
2414.
29 19.
4023.5631.l?41.
8849.
I 0458.
150.450.
681.
805.
929.
1609.2414.
2919.
4023.
5631.7?41.
8849.
I 0458.
N NNE
SE CT ORNE ENE E SE SSE aRFAS {uno21
SEC I OR.SEG'.IE NT
.1767E+05
.5"01E105
.4332E+05
.2719E+05.5'll0F+05.7570Er06
.3q06E+06
.6867E+n6
.29496+07
.3558E+07
.4575E+07
.559?E r 0 7
.6608E.07
CURIES D€POSITED
WITHIN RAT,'I I
. I ?n5E-04
.2434F.-O4
.3004E-04
.32c3E-04
.3814E-04
.68?5E-0 4
.7605E-04
.8556E-04
.l03lE-03' . I l35E-03
. I leSE-03
. I 23AE-03
. l?62E'03
43.
13.
8.6.
5.?.
l.l.0.0.
0.0.
0.
S
147 .44.
26.?l .
17.8.4.
3.l.
0.
0.
0.0.
50.
15.9.
8.
6.3.?.l.l.
0.0.
0.
0.
ssh,
34.
10.
6.,5.4.
2.l.t.0.
0.
0.0.0.
59.
18.lr.9.
7.
3.?.l.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
sr{
25.
8.5.4.
3.l.l.l.
0.0.
0.0.0.
24.7.
4.
4.
3.I.l.l.0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
xsr{
ll.3.z.2.l.l.0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
31.9.
6.
4.
4.?.l.l.
0.0.
0.
0.
0.
H
15.4.3.2.
2.l.0.0.
0o
0.
0.0.
0.
ESE
30.9.
5.
4.
4.
2.l.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
!,Nr{
?2.'t.
4.
3.
3.l.l.0.0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1?.22.
13.lt.
4.
2.l.l.
0.0.0.
0.
l',1 rrl
39.
12.7.
6.5.?.l.l.
0.0.0.
(r.
0.
78.
?3.
14.ll.9.
4.
2.I,l.0.
0.
0.0.
NNW
29.o
5.4.
4.
2.l.I.
0.0.0.
0.
0.
a
AC I IVITY OENSI TY AT
TABLE E-11
[.ND OF Rt,LEASE PERIOD
PICOCURIES/M}}E OF
f)RY I]EPOSITTON
FOR A IJNIFORM RELEASE RAT€
PO 210
OI STANCE
(I'IETERSI
150.
450.
681 .
805.
929.
1609.
?414.
291().
4023.
5631.t241.
8849.
I 0458.
l s0.450.
68I .
805.
929.
I 609.?414.
29Lq.
40?3.
5631.
7241.
8849.I0458.
N
l42 .
16.7.
5.
4.
?"t.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
s
995.I17.54.
39.
31.
12.
6.4.
?.t.l.t.
0.
NNE
185.?2.
10.
7.
t5.
2.l.l.0.0.0.
0.
0.
sst{
197.23.ll.8.6.
?.l.l.
0.0.0.
0.
0.
NE
233.28.ll.
9.7.3.l.l.l.0.
0.0.
0.
st.,
l2I.
14.'t.
5.4.l.l.0.0.0.
0.
0.
0.
SEC TOR
ENE
109.
13.6.4.3.t.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
0.
usr{
4t1 .6.
3,2.I.l.0.0.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
E
It, l.le.9.(:.
5.
?.l.l.0.
0.
0.0.0.
t{
61.7.3.2.
?.t.0.
0.0.
0.0.0.0.
ESE
180.
21.
10.
7.6.2.l.l.0.0.0.
0.
0.
U NI{
73.
9.
4,3.
2.l.
0.0.
0.0.0.
0.
u.
SF
47 3.
56.26.
19.
15.6.
_1 .2.l.l.
0.0.
0,
Ni{
129.ls.7.
5.
4.l.l.
0.0.
0.0.0.0.
ssE
530.63.
?.9.?t.
17.7.
3.2.l..l.0.
0.
0.
NNW
98.
12.
5.4.
3.l.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
0.
ARI' AS ( Mrlt;i,
SECTOTI-SEGMF NT
.17678+05
.530 lEl05
.4132E+05
.27199r05
.591 0Er05
.7570Er06
.3c06Ea06
.68678+0f,
.?540E+ O7
.1q58F + 0 7
.45758+07
.5592E+07
.66088+07
CUFI.ES DEPOSlTED
t/lltTHIrv flAnII
.1854E-03
.2510E-03.27558-03.2868E-03
.3058E-03.40t2E-03
.424 3E- 0 3
.4536E-03
.51708-03.5661E-03
.60fr6E-03
.64 I 5E-0 3
.67238- 0 3
TABLE E-l2
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORI.I RELEASE RATE
PICoCURIES/t{br? OF
wET DEPOSITI0N- HASHCO= .100E-02
PO ?10
RA I ftlF=.600F-0 I
O I SIANCE
( METERS
'ls0.450.
681 .
805.
929.
l6 0e.
2414.
2919.
4023.
s631.
7241.
8849.
I 0458.
150.
450.
681 .I05.
9?9.
I 609.?414.
2919.
r+023.
5631.7241.8849.
I 0458.
N
16.5.
3.
2,2.l.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
S
54.
16.I0.8.
6.
3.l.t.
0.0.
0.
0.
0.
NNE
18.6.3.
3.?.l.t.0.0.
0.0.
0.
0.
sstd
l?.4.
2.
?.
2.l.0.0.0.0.
0.
0.0.
NE
21.
6.4.
3.
3.l.l.0.0.
0.0.
0.
0.
st{
9.
3.2.l.l.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
0.0.
9.
3.?.l.l.l.0.
0.
0.
0.0.
0.
0.
TSU
4.
ll.3.2,?.l.l.
0.
0.
0.0.0.
0.0.
r
6.2.l.l.l.0.
0.0.0.
0.
0.0.
0.
ESE
ll.3.?.2.l.l.0.
0.
0.0.0.0.0.
t{N w
fl .?.
l.l.l.0.0.0.
0.
0.
0.0.0.
SF
26.
8.q.
4.3.l.
l.
0.0.
0.0.0.0.
Ni{
14.
4.
3.?.a
l.0.0.
0.
0.0.0.0.
ssE
28.
8.
5.
4t3.
2.l.l.0.
0.
0.
0o
0.
NNhI
10.
3.u
2,
l.l.0.
0.
0.0.
0.
0o0.
5EC TORENE E aRFAS (tlll{r2l
SF CTOR.SEGMFNT' .1767E+0c
.5301Ef05.4332E.05
.2719E+05
.5910E+05
.7570Ea05
.3c06E+06
.6867E+06
.2540E+07
.3558E+07
.4575E I 0 7
.55q2E r 0 7
.6608E+07
CURIES DEPOSITEDIiITHIN PADII
. I 285E-04
.2434E'0r+
.30048-04
.32c3E-04
. 38 I 4E-04
. 15826E- 0 4
.7605E-04
.8556E-04
. l03lE-03.ll35E-03
. l l98E-03
. l23BE-03
.1262E-03
0.
0.0.0.0.
0.
0.0.
TABLE E-l3
OOSE TO AN INDIVIOU^L IN THE INDICATEO SECTOR AND ANI'IULAR
DISTANCE N NNE150. .4499E.01 .5862E+01450. .5205E+00 .6925E+006tll. .?342E|00 .3154Er00805. .1704E.00 .2306E+00929. .1307Ef00 .17778.001609. .4902E-01 .67518-012414. .2276E-01 .31 75E-012e19. .1620E-01 .?27?E-014023. .9258E-02 .l3l0E-015631. .5044E-02 .??04E'0?7241. .32098-02 .46178-028849. .2?68E-O2 .3265E-02
I 04s8. . I 705E-02 .?451E'02
DISTANCE S SSU150. .3159E+02 .6261E+01450. .3799f+0I .74078+0068I. .1793f+Ul .34058400
805. . .12516+01 .2501E+00929. .9715E+00 .l94lE+001609. .3852E+00 .7638E-012414. . l8l?E+00 .360?E-012919. .1366f+00 .2598E-014023. .7692E-01 .l5e2E-01s631. .4261E-01 .8435E-02tz4l. .2740E-01 .54?aE-0?ri849. .1924E-01 .3820E-02
I 0458. . l.i32E-0 I .2848E-0e
NE ENE
.7413E+01 .3473E+01
.8739E+00 .41636 +00
.39838+00 . l9I5Er00.2913E+00 .14068+00.2248Ei00 .10898+00.8617E-0I .4235E-01.404eE-0I .2010E-01.2903E-01 .1448E-01
. t680E-01 .84478-02.925{rf:-02 .4694E-02.5937E-02 .3030E-02.4193E-02 .21438-02.3142E-02 .1606E-02
St{ hlst{
.3853E+01 .l5l0E+01
.4552E+00 .1805E+00.20868+00 .82808-01.15298+00 .6072E-01
.1 1946+00 .46958-01.4602E-01 .l8l2E-01.2l6lE-01 .85r6E-02.1553E-01 .6155€-02.90308-02 .3583E-02.49798-02 . l9rl5E-02
.3 I 93E-02 .1219E-0?.2244t:-02 .9059E-03.1674E-02 .6803E-03
E.5ll3Er(tl
.6016E+00
.2755E+00.2021€t00
.1566E+00
.6 I 23E-0 I
.28 768- 0 I
.20718-01
.1209E-0 I
.667 6F -02.4?85F.-02
.30 I 4E-02
,?2468-O2
h,
.19369+01
.2255F r 0 0
.1024F+00
.7483F-0 I
.5770E-0 I
.2207E-0 I
.1 029[-0 1
.7361f -02
.4244F.-02
.23:z2F-02.l48lE-02
. I 042E-02
.7784F-0.J
ESr
.572sp-'r 0l
.67838r00
.3l2lE+00
.2p94E +00
.r7911+00
.7023F-0 I
.33 I 7E-0 I
.2394E-0 I
. I 405E-0 I
.7801E-02
.502?E-02
.354 I E-02.26438-0e
h,Nd
.a3215+01
.2746p +00
.1247fr00
.9099fr-0 I
.6s96E-0 I
.2630F:-01
. I ?32i]-0I
.8782E-02
.5025E-02
.2753E-02
. I 7598-02
. 1241;E -02.9353E-03
RING(MREIII
SE
.1q63p+02
.176,96+ol.8I26Fr00
.5970E+00
.4637F+00
.1836E+00
.85458-0 I
.62438-0 I
.366eE-0 I.2034E-0 I
. I 309E-0 I
.s2008-02.5851F-02
iJw
.4092F{01
.4Al2E+00.2l8lE-r00.l59IEt00
.1223E+00.46028-0 I.2l5tE-01
.1534r:-01
.8779E-02
.4805F-0 2
.3068E-02.?l72E-02
. l 635E-02
1;SE
.1683Ei02.l99lF+01
.9172Er00
.6745F +00
.5243F+00
.2031Er00
.e83RE-01.7ll4E-01
.4 I e0E-0 I
.2330E-0 I
.15038-01
. l 05BE-0 l
.7891F--02
NNI.'
.11l8F+01
..':|590E+00
.1677Er00.1225€r00
. e425E-0 I
. t55cE-0 I
. I 65SF. -0 I
.lre2E-01
.68 37 E-0 2
.3751E-02
.2398E-02
. l6s5E-02.t?74E-02
TABLE E-14
DOSE TO AN TNOIVIDUAL IN THE INDICAIED SECTOR
O I SI ANCE
150.
450.
681 .805.929.
1609.2414.
2919.
4023.
5631.
7241.
8849.
I 0458.
DI STANCE
150.450.
681 .
805.
929,
1609.
2414.
e919.
4 023.
5631.
7241 .
8849.
I 0458.
E
.3590E+03
.4736E+02
.??.72E+0?
.1697E+02
.1326E+02
.5276F+01.2689f + 0 I
.lq79E+01.ll9lE+01
.7031Eo00
.47768.+00
.3528F + 0 0
.27508+00
{
.1355E|03.l?5lE+02
.8300E+01
.6163E.01
.4792E + 0 I
.1865E+01
.9362E + 0 0
.6836E + 0 0
.4057E.00
.2362E + 0 0
.15878+00.ll66E+00
.90s3E-0I
ANO ANNULAR
ESE
.4021E'03
.5349t] +02
.2ct7 AE + 0?-
. rr3g6+02.lsllF+02
.6058f-.0 I
.a194Fr0l
.2290F+()l
.1384F.01
.AAl lE+00
.5595E + 0 0
.41419+00
.3232E+00
T, NF
.1639E+03., g7 67. + 0?
.9733E+01
.7192F+01
.5665E r 0 I
.r122r +01
.1050E+0 I
.76078.00
.44529+00
.2qsrrE+00
.1699Er00
. I 242E+00.96llE-01
RING(MREM'
SE
. I 055E+04
.1405E+03
.6791E+02
.5g6gp.+02
.39898+02
.1606E+02
.62515+0I
.6097Er01
.36958 + 0 I
.2l9AEr0l.l50lE.0l.lll2E+01
.86928 + 0 0
Nri
.29739+03
.3660ti + 02.l7l4E+02
.1267E+02
.9808E + 0 I
.3747E+01
.1857E+01
. I 3478+0 I
.7902E+00
.4547E+00
.3029E+00
.2219E+00.l72lE+00
SSE.llBlE+04. t579f+03
.763qE+02
.57?aE+0?
.44tlcE+02
.l8llF+02
.9320E+0 I
.6892F + 0 I
.4 I 828.0 I
.2491F+01
.1702E+01.126pf+01
.9 8568.0 0
NNW
.2l6qE+03
.2.803F.+02.l3lAF+02
.9737F+0 I
.7544E + 0 I
.2891E+01
.1436E+0 I
.l043Ea0l
.6l2r,E + 0 0
.3530E+00
.2354E.0 0
.1723f+00
.1334Er00
N NNE.'ll58Ei03 .41l5Ei03
.39928+02 .5296E.02
. I 863E + 02 .2498E + 02
.1375E+02 .18528+02
.19645+02 .1437E+02
.4059E.01 .5557E+01
.2012E+01 .27798+01.1450E+01 .20258+01
.8574E+00 . I l98E+01.4949f+00 .69528+00.32958+00 .46628+00.24195+00 .3424E+00.1879E+00 .2659E.00
s ssli
.22188+04 .4395E+03.2958E+03 .5843E+02.14298+03 .28I3E+02.l07lE+03 .2105F-r0?.9496[r02 .1648Er02.33965+02 .65908r01
. I 74lE+02 .3371E+01.t287E+02 .2485Ef01.7809E+01 .1499E+01
.4648E+01 .8874E+00
.3176E+01 .6038E+00
.2354E+01 .44628+00.1840E+01 .3478E+00
NE ENE
.52048+03 .24388+03.6737Er02 .3219t+02.3190Er02 .1534E+02.2369E{02 . I l43E+02
.1842E+02 .0921E+01
.71795+01 .3520E+01.36llE+01 .1786E+01.26408.01 .l3llE+01.15698.01 .7847t-+00
.91598+00 .4510E+00
.616?€+00 .31 l9Ero0
.45368+00 .22977_+00.3525E+00 .1787E+00
sr{ t{s},
.27955+03 .10608+03
.3565E+02 .1385E+02.1706E+02 .6584E.01.127?€+02 .48998+01.9933E+0' .3615E+01.3926E+0, .1494f+01.1990E+01 .7539E+00
.1460E+01 .5517E+00.8739E+00 .3287Er00.5l3lEr00 .1922E+00
.3469E+00 .12915[+00.255'lEr00 .95368-01.1984E+00 .7414E-01
TABLE E-I5
DOSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE IT,IDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RING(UREM)
DISTANCE |,1150. .9479Eloz450. . I 097E+0268l. .49356+01805. .3q89E+01929, .2755E+011609. .1033E+01?414. .47948r002919. .341481004023. .l95lE+005631. .1g6lf+007?4t. .6762E-018849. .4780E-01
I 0458. .3594E-0 I
0l sTAr.rcE s150. .6,556fr03450. .7g1ltt0Z681. .3588Ea02805.. .2635E+02929. .?047E+021609. .8ll6E+012414. .38178+01
29 I 9. .2756E+ 0 I4023. .l62lE+015531. .8978E.007?41. .57728+008849. .4054Er0010458. .3016E+00
NNE NE ENE.l?35E103 .1562E+03 .73laFr02.1459E+02 .l84lE+02 .877ltl0l.6645E)01 .8392E+01 .4035E+01.4858810I .5138E+01 .2963E+01.3744E+01 .a736E+01 .2295E+01
. 1425E.01 . 1815E + 0l .89e -lE + o 0.6690E+00 .tJ5308100 .4234[r00.4787F-+00 .61 l6E+00 .3050E+00.2759E+00 .35398+00 .17ggf+00
. l5l8E+00 . lr)50E+00 .9891E-01.97?78-01 .l25lE+00 .6385€-01.68791-01 .8833E-01 .45168-01.5165E-01 .65198-01 .33n6E-01
sstl
.l3l9E+03
. l56lE+02
.?174E+01
.5270E+0 I
.40898+01
. l609Er0l
.7588E + 0 0
.5473E + 0 0
.3207E+00
.1777E+00
. I l44E+00
.80488-01.5001E-01
E
.1077E+03
.12678 +O?
.58058+01
.4 ?5llF r 0l
.3299E+01
.12908+01
.60608r00
.4362Ef00.25478+00
.14078+00.9028t-0 I
.63q0E-01
.4734€-0 I
!t
.4066E+ 02.4?52Eiol.2158E+01
.15778+01.l2l6E+01
.4551E+00.21588r00.l55lf +00
.894IE-0I
.489{E-0I
.3 I 22E-0 I
.2 I 96E-0 t.l64lE-01
ESE
. I207Er03
. | 4?9€+ {tz
.65I5E+01
.4R32F l0 I
.37'ilE+01
.1aBgg+01
.69BBf a 0 0
.5045E+00.2951t+00
.16448.+00
.l0c;9f:+00.7451E-01
.5568F-0 I
I' N14.4g9lEr02
.5785E+01.ra27E+0I.lel7E+01
.14748+01
.5541€+00
.2595E + 0 0
.16565-+00
.16599+00
.5B0lE-01.3707F-01
.26?4r -0 I.1974t-01
SE
.3167E.03
. 3T 26F..02
.l7l2Er02
.1258E+02
.9769E+01
. :18688 + 0l
.l82lE+01.l3l5E+ol
.7731E+00
.4285E+00
.2757F]+00
. l93BEr00
.1443Fa00
fl l,.86??t +0?
.l0I4Er02
.4596E+0 I
.3352E)01
.2577Eo01.9696Ef00
.4531E+00
.3231E+00.l rt50F+00
.lol2E{oo
.6454E-0 I
.45788-0 I
.34468-0 I
SSF
.3545E + 0 3.4195F102
.19328+02
.l42lE+02
. I l05E+02
.4385E+01
.2073E101
.l499ErCl
.8829E+00
.4909E.00.3I66€+00
.2230E+00
.1663€+00
NNl{
.6569Er02
,7774F.+ol.3534Ei01
.25t30F-+01
.1986E+01
.7499E.0 0.3516Er00
.25llEr00
.1440f+00
.7903E-0 I.5055E-0 I
.35748- 0 I
.2685€-0 I
st' wstd
.81 leEr02 .3161[r02.9590E+01 .3803E+0I.4394E+01 .l744Er0l.3222€t0l .1279E+01.2404E+ol .9891f+00.9695E+00 .381 7Er00.4554E|00 .1807t'+00.3272Er00 .1299E+00.1903E+00 .7549E-01.1049E+00 .4185t--01.67e7E-01 .2696€-01.4730E-01 .1909E-01.3528E-01 .1434E-01
TABLE E-l6
DOSE IO AN INDIVIDUAL IN IHE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANI,,IULAR RIT'IG(MIILMI
DI ST^NCE
150.
450.t,81.
805.
929.
I 509.
?414 .
2919.
40?3.
5631.?241.
ft849.
I 0458.
O I STANCE
150.
450.
681.805. .
929.
1609.
?414.
?919.
4023.
5631.72{1.
8849.
I 0456.
E
.2 949E + 02
.3469E+01
. I589E+01.ll65E+01
.9029E+00
.35318 +00
.1659E+00
. I l94E+00
.6972E-0 I
.385 0 E-0 I
.2471E-01
. l73BF:-01
. I 296E-0 I
H.lll3E+02
.l30lE+01
.5908F+00
.4315E+00
.3328E + 0 0
. l?73F+00
.5935E- 0 I
.4245E-0 I
.244 7E-0 I
. I 340E-0 I
.8546E-0 2
.60 I 2E-02
.4491F-02
ESE
.1-r03Ff02
.1912F|01.1q9gr+01
. l123Ea0l
.1027E+01
.r10508r00. l9l3E.0 0
.l'181F.00
.8 I 04E-0 I
.4499E-0 I
.21199E-01
. ?.0 428- 0 |
. I 5?4E-0 I
trrNW
. I 339E+02
.1584E+01
.71epg+00
.5247Er00
,4034Er00
.1517E+00
.7 I 02E-0 I
,5065E-0 I
.2898E-0 I
. I 588E-0 I.I0l5E-0I
.7 I 82E-02
,5402E-O?
SE
.65795 + 0 Z
. I 020E+02
.4686E+01
.3443E+01
.2674E + 0 I
.1059E+01
.4985Ff00
.3600Er00
.2ll6E+00
.1173E.00
.7547E-0 I
.53058-0 I
.3e5IE-01
Ntr
.23608 r02
.2775F-+01
.1258F+01.ql75E+00
.7954E+00
.2fr54E+00
.1240E+00
.8844E-0 I
.5063E-01
.2771E-01
. I 769E-0 I
. l2s3E-0 I
.9432E- 0 2
ssE
.9704E +02
. I l48E+02
.5289E + 0 I
.3890Er01
.3024E+0I
.1200E+01
.5673E+00
.41 03E+00
.2r+l7E+00
.1344E100
.8666E-0 I
.6103E-01
.4551E-0 I
NNU
. I 798Er02
.21288+01
.9673E+00
.7063E+00
.5435E+00
.20538+00
.9625E-0 I
.6873E-0 I
.3943F:-01
.21538-01
. I 384E-0 I
,97 83E- 0 2.734c8-0 2
N NNE.259a5+0? .3380E+02.3001E+01 .39948'01.l35lE+01 .lBl9E+01.9825E+00 .1330E+01.7540E.0C .10258+01.2827E+00 .3899E400
.1312f +00 .l rl3l€+00.9341E-01 . l3l0E+00.5339E-01 .7552E-01.2909E-01 .4155E-01.lB5lE-01 .2662E-01.13088-01 .lB83E-01.9836E-02 .l4l4E-01
S SSW
.19225+03 .36llEl02
,2138F+02 .4271E+01
.98208+01 . l963Er0l.72135+01 .14428+01.5603E+01 .lll9E+01.2221E+ol .4405Er00.19459+01 .2077E+00.7545Er00 .1498E+00.44368.00 .8777E-01
. e4578+00 .4864E-0 I.1580E+00 .3130E-01.lll0Er00 .2203E-01.8256E-01 .1642E-01
NE ENI.42756t02 . ag I 35 +02
.5040E+01 .2401E+01.2297Er01 .116a1-+01.l680Ea0l .8lllE+00.1296F+ol .62BlE+00.4969E+00 .2442E+00.2335E+00 . I l59E+00
.16748+00 .8349E-01.968?E-01 .487Ir--01.5338E-01 .2707F:-01.34?4F--01 .1747E-01.2418E-01 .1236E-01.l8l2E-01 .9267E-02
sw tdsw
.222?-E+02 .8708Ei01.2625E+01 .l04lE+01.1203E+01 .4775E+00.8820E+00 .35028.00.6827E+00 .2?07E+00.2654E.00 .1045Er00.1245E.00 .4946E-01.8e57E-01 .3555E-01.5208E-01 .2066E-01.287IE-01 . I l45t:-01
. lB4lE-01 .73tr0E-02.1295E-01 .5226E-02.965sE-02 .3925E-02
TABLE E-l7
PoPULATI0N oosE IN THE INoIc^TED sEcroR ANo ANNULAR RING(uAN-REu)NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW Sid h'St{NNIIDIS ^I
300. 0.00600. 0.0076:z. 0.00848. 0.001010. fi.002?08, 0.00?620. 0.003219. 0.00
4B?7 . 0.006435. 0.008045. 0.009654. .0011263. 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.c0 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 .000.00 .000.00 0.00.oo .00.01 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0,000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CRI ORGAN
UfJ
WB
hlB
trlB
wtl
t'l8
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
DCF
.l3l0Er06
. I5008+06
.1470Er08
.21l0E+08
.1930E+06
.2220E+05
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
RUNN I IIG
TOI ^L0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.00
.00
.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00(,.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
I SOIOPE
u 238u 234
TH 2-:10
RA 226PB 2I0
PO 210
DECON FACTOP
.I00Er0l
. I 00E+01
.I00E+01.l00Er0l.I00E+01
.100E+01
CURIES RELEASED
.4550F--0I
.45508-0 !
.4400E-02
.2?00F--0?.??008-02
.22008-02
OECAY CONSTANT(I/SFC)
.4 e7E- I 7
.8908-l 2
.39f,8- 12
. I 98E-l 0
. l5IE-08
. rl36E-0 7
TOTAL CI.= .1020Er00
TABI,E E-18
POPULATION OOSE IN THE INNICATED SECTOP AND ANNULAR EING(I'IAN.PEM)
NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SId t{SI{DIS r'l
300. 0.00600. 0.00762.. 0.00848. 0.001010. 0.002?08. 0.0026?0. 0.003219. 0.00
4827 . 0.006436. 0.008045. 0.009654. .0?11263. 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.0e 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 .010.00 .000.00 0.00.03 .05.62 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
Y ^t{ NW
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
RUNN I NC
IOT EL
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
.02.02
.02
.03.ls
.23
.57
I .39
NNE NNI,
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
IHE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.00.05 .06 0.00.04 .04 0.00.06 .06 .120.00 0.00 0.00
CURIES RELEASED
.1280E+03
.455 0€ -0 I
.4550E-0t
.4400E-02
.220 0E- 02
.220 0E-0 2
.220 0E- 02
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0 0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0 0
I SOTOPT
RN 222U 238o ?34
TH 230
RA 226
PB 2IO
PO 210
CRT ORGAN
LUNG
LUNG
LUNG
LUNG
Lt,NG
LUN6
LUNG
DCF
.5450 E + 05
. I 060E+08.l2l0E+08
.1440E+09
.2710E+08
.6090E+07
.7 27 0E+ 07
OECAY CONSTANTil /sEc )
.2 I 0E-05
.4A7 F - 17
.890t - I ?
.3965- I 2
.198E-I0
. l5lE-08.8368-0 7
DECON FACTOR
.100E+01
.100F+01
.100E+01
. I 00E+01
.100E+01. I 00E+0 I
. I 00E+01
T0TAL CI.= .1281E.03
TABLE E-19
POPULATION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECIOR ANO ANNULAR RING(I,IAI\I-REI.I'NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSh, ST USXIDIS N
300. 0.00600. 0.00762. 0.00848. 0,001010. 0.00??oB. 0,00?620. 0.003219. 0.00
4A27 . 0.006435. 0 " 008045. 0.009654. .0011263. 0"00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.01 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 .000.00 .000.00 0.00
.0 I .01.16 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
CRT ORGAN
EONE
BONE
BONE
BONE
EONE
BONE
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.01 0.00.01 0.00.01 .020.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
lrhlt, NY
0.00 0.000.00 o.0o0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
Rllr{r,r I tJG
T(lT AL
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.01
.01.0t
.01.03
- 0q.ll
.?7
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
0.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 0.000.00 0.00 .0I0.00 0.00 .010.00 0.00 .010.00 0.00 0.00
0cF
.2220ti + 0 7
.2410E+07
.5300E+09
.2900Er08
.61208+07.9l90ti+05
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0"000.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.f,0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.000.00
t\iNli
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
I SOTOPE
r, 238tJ ?34IH 230
RA 226
P0 tl0
PO 210
DECON FACTOR
.100E+01
.100E+01
. I 008+01.l00Er0l
.100E+01
.100F+01
CURIES RELEA5ED
.45508-0 I
.4550E-0 I
.44 0 0E-0 2
.22008-02
.2200F_-02
.220 0E -0 2
CI.= .1020s-+00
DECAY CONSTANTn /sEc )
.487E-17
.8908- I 2
.396E- I 2
.t98F-10.l5lE-08
.836F-07
TOTAL
NNE
TABLE E-20
POPULAIION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECIOR AND ANNULAR RING(MAI.I.REM)
NE ENE E ESE SE SS€ S SSr/ Su USt{},NIJDIS N
300. 0.00600. 0.00
'l 6? . 0.00848. 0.001010. 0.00220A. 0.00?6?0. 0.00
32 I e. 0.00
48?7 . 0.00fr436. 0.008045. 0.009654. .00
I I 263. 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 .000.00 .000.00 0.00.00 .00.04 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
CRT ORGAN
KDNY
KDNY
KONY
KONY
KDNY
KONY
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00.00 0.00.00 0.00
.0 0 .010.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 00000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.0 0 0.0 00.00 0.000.00 0.000.00 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0 0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
.00
.00
.00
0.00
0.0 0
0.0 0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0 0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.0 0
0.00
0.0.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
NNII
0.00
0.00
0.00
t).00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.000.000.000.00
0.00
Rt,NN I NG
TOT AL
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.000.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.01
.01.03.07
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
I SOTOPE
u 238u 234
TH 230
RA 2?6P8 ?10PO 210
DCF
.5050E+06
.5770E+06
.1490E+09
.1570E+05
.4910Ei07
.6830E + 06
CURIES RELEASED
.45508 - 0 I
.4550E-0 I
.4400E-02
.2200E-0?
.2200E-02
.220 0E-0 2
OECAY CONSTANT(I/SEC'
.487F-l 7
.890F- I 2
.3e6E- I 2
.1988-10
. I5lE-08
.835E- 0 7
DECON FACTOR
.100F+01
.100F+01
.l00Er0l
. l00F.0l
.100E+01.l00El0l
ToTAL CI.= .10208+00
TABLE E-zl-
PROTJLEM SUMMARY
FACILIIY PER I ODFROM TO
ENERGY FUELS MILLI'OI/OI/70 I?/31/74
ENER6Y(uHn(TH) I-0.
MONTHS OF TOTAL TOTAL HOLDUP HEFF
OPERAIION FREOUENCY POPULATION (DAYS} (METERS}
12.00 99.9 3636. 0.0 0.
RAOIONUCLIDE COT.ITRIBUTIONS
u 238u 234
TH 230RA ?26
P8 210
P0 210
RN ?22u 238u ?34TH 230
RA 226
PB 2IO
PO 210u 23t,u 234
TH zfo
RA ?26
PB 2IO
PO 210u 238u 23+
TH 230
RA 226
P8 210
PO 210
WB
trB
r{B
r{8
t{B
WB
LUNG
LUNG
LUN6
LT'NG
LUNG
LUNG
LUNG
BONE
BONE
B0r.lE
BONE
BONE
BONE
KDNY
K DNY
K DNY
KDNY
KDNY
X DNY
TO POPULATION OOSES ARE
.OO MAN-REM
.OO MAN.REM
.01 MAN-REM.00 r.tAN-REM
. O O T.IAN.REM
.OO MAN.REq
I.2I MAN-REM
.05 I'lAlJ-R€tt
.06 MAN-REI.,I.05 MAN.R€M
. O I I.IAN-REM
.OO MAN-REM
.OO MAN-REM.O} MAN.REM
. O I MAN-REI.I
.24 MAN.REM
.01 r.rAN-REr{
. O O MAN-REI"I
.OO MAN-REH
. O O MAN.REI'I
. O O MAN.'{EM
.0? r.lar't-REM
.00 ilAN-REU
.00 HAN-REt'l
.OO MAN-FEU
TABLE F,-22
PERCENT FREQUENCY FOR EACH SECTOR AND EACH
W IND
DIR
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
St,J
tllsl{
t.l
t,lNl',
Nl,{
NNI{
CLASS FOR EACH SECTOR
WIND STABILITY CLASS
AND TOTAL FREOUENCYFREO IN PERC
A
.34
.?3
.35
.10
.07
.02
.03
0.00
.03
.04
.03
' 04
.05
.10rl8
.15
BY STA.
B
I :6I
1:s6
r :58
:40
;47
.'2 0
;28;ll
." 2B;I3';28
:?4
;37
.'74
1;s1
,90
c
I .34
2.13
?.37
i72
.62
.39'.53
.31
.59
.41j56
.25
.37
.79lr14
I i0l
D
I .6I
2.91
3.12
1.62
I .37
I .21
2.39
I .78
?.44
L.72
1.74
.59
.68
.92
I .82
I .40
E
;24
.52
.80
.40
.56
.86
I .94
2.33
4.32
.89
.40
.12.ll
.16
.23
.15
F
.54
.94
I .35
.78
I .36
1.74
5.06
5.97
10.69
I .69
.76
.32
.3?
.?5
.47
r39
TOTAL
5.68
8.29
9.57
4.02
4.45
4.42
10.23
10.50I8.35
4.88
3.77
I .56
1.90
2.96
5. 35
4.00
TABLE E-23
i,IEAN WIND SPEED FOR EACH SECTRO AND EACH STABILITY CLA.SS
UINO SPEEOS IN M/SEC BY STA.CLASS FOR EACH DIRECTI0NOIR A B C D EN ?,?0 2o40 3030 3.30 3.10NNE 2,?0 ?,70 3.90 5.30 3.40NE 2.30 2.90 4.00 5.00 3.60ENE ?,40 3.00 4.40 5.00 3.30E 2.50 2.90 3.70 4.60 3.30ESE 2.30 2.50 3190 5.I0 3.60SE ?.I0 e.80 4100 5'60 3.70SSE 0.00 ?,70 3.80 5.10 3.30S l.B0 ?;10 3.30 3.70 3.30SSl.l a.10 1.80 3150 4'50 3'40.sil 1.90 2.30 3.40 4.40 3.30
lstl a.lo 2,?0 3130 3.60 3.ooW I .70 2.30 3.0 0 3.10 ?.90Itl.lt{ ?r?0 2150 3.I0 3.00 3.30Nvl 2.I0 2.60 3'.10 3.50 3'00NNt,l 2.30 2;60 3120 3.40 2.90
F
I .80
2.00
2,00
?.?0
2, l0
?,?a
? r20
2.30
2.?0
2.10
1.90
2030l.g0
2.00
1 .90
?'00
TABLE F,-24
CONCENTRATION OF AIRBORNB IIFI'LUENTS PER UNIT EPIISSION(Undepleted and Undecayerl x/A (sec,/m3) )
DISTANCE (IVIETERS)
DIR 404
N .570E-05NNE .753E-05NE .959E-05ENE .456i-05E .675E-05ESE ,7628-05sE .20 1 E-04ssE .2258-04s .4?2E-04ssw .832E-055l{ ,508E-05
'hlSW * 197E-05!, .2508-05
'/llNw .295E-05NW .52 I E-05tJN'i, .398E-05
t209
.793E-06
. I 08E-05
. I 39E-05
.677E-06
. I 02E-05.ll6E-05
.309E-05
.347E-05
.65 I E-05
. I 278-05
.759E-06
.288E-06
.36?E-06
.4 I 3E-06
.729E- 06
.56eE-0 6
24t4
. 2rr 3E-06
.335E-06
.437E-06
.216E-06
.328E-0 6
.3798-06
. I 0lE-05.ll4E-05
.214E-05
.4 I I E-06
,?4?E-06
.909E-07
. I I4E-06
. l26E-06
. e23E-06
. I 73E-06
4023
. I 05E-06
. I 46E-06
. I 9?E-06
.957E-07
. I r+7E-06
.171E-06
.4578-0 6
.517E-06
.9688-06
. I 85E-06
. I07E-06
.4008-07
.498E-07.5398-0 7
.959E-07
.7438-07
5632
.609E-07
.855E-07.l l3E-06
.568E-07
.877E-07.l0aE-06
.7758-06
.31 lE-06
. 58 3E-0 6,lllE-06
.638E-0 7
.236E-07
.293E-07
.3 I 2E-0 7
.557E-07
.432E-0 7
724L
.410E-07
.578E-07
.7698-07
.388E-0 7
.6028-07
,705E-07
. l90E-06
.2 I 5E-06
.403E-0 6
.761E-07
.436E-07
r lblL-U I
. I 99E-07
.209E-07
.375E-07
.?9lE-07
BB49
.303E-07
.428E-0 7
.570E-07
. z88E-07
.4488-07
.5268-07
. I 42E-06
. l6IE-06
.3018-06
,557E-07
.323E-07
. I I9E-07
.147E-07
.1 54E-07
,27 6E-07
.214E-07
104 sB
.237E-07
.334E-0 7
.446E-07
.225E-07
.352E-0 7
.4148-07
. I I 2E-06
.1278-06
. e37E-06
.445E-07
. 2538-0 7
.933E-08
. I I 5E-07
.1208-07.2I68-07
. I 67E-07
APPENDIX F
SOILS INFORI'IATION
SOIL I(APPING UNIT AND SITE DESCRIPTIONS
}lAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTION
BL-Ro: Badlands and Rock Outcrops
This land occurs on the west side of the Hanksville site.
It consists of barren badlands with sandstone and shale outcroPs. It
occurs as sloping to very steep slopes with cliffs in some Parts. it
has very little vegetation and is of little to no use for livestock.
?his unit is not considered a soil as no soil has deveJ-oped on these
slopes. The area is highly erosive, and ruaoff is extremely rapid.
This uniE is called a land type, and ihus, is not classified in
rangeland or soil group:'.ngs.
E coRREcr rHE FoLLowrNG CARD To READ AS FoLLows
E ADD THIS CARD
t t I a I I ,t t It fl t2 It tl It ll n It li a 2l 22 2t ,t 6 tt 21 IE n t0 fl t2 It ll t6 It t,It 8t t
fi t,{t t{{5 tt 1'{t t!50 5l 52 tt 8t $It ,,5t $3!il t,It at t5 m n ,8 ,e ,a ,l t2 ,t ,l ,l 7t n ,t ?t I
U5, NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
taEC/lll-lt3a0
5 FoRM.332
|.2-711 ADP CORRECTION CARD
Earg:
Locatlon:
BLANDING SITE BnD-4
Blanding silt loam
Approximately 27OOl
sw eorner, Sec. 2!,
Date Sampled:9-L2-? 7
\^rest and 600r north of
T37S, R22E
Phvsioeraphic Position :
.S1ope:5B NW
Taxonomic Class:
SaneeJi!g:
Yegeiation:
Drainage:
Notes:
on the uirper Part of a sidesloPe,just below the ridgeline
facing Approximate Elevation:
Effective-Rooting Depth: )60 inches
567 0' ms1
Ustollic Haplargid, fine-si1ty., mixed, mesic
Semi-desert loam
Mixed seeded
sagebrush
Wel-I .
grasses with about l0-20t
prof iles #4 and #9 \.rere both sampled and described.
Profile #g differed littIe from the above. The
itAlr'! horizon was an inch thicker and the "B2t" an
inch thinner. The nBzt" hofizon is well developed
having Z'1 z increase in clay content over the rrArr
hori zon.
Profile: tsnD-4
profile Description (Colors are for dry soli unless oEherwise indlcated):
A1 horizon, 0 to 4 inches--Reddish broi^rn (sYR 5/4) silt
1oam, reddish brown'(5YR 4/4) when moist; moderate
medium platy structure.; soft, very friable, slightly
sticky, slightly plastic; common fine roots; noncalcareous;
moderately alkaline (pH 7..9)i clear smooth boundary
B2t horizon, 4 to LZ inches--Reddish brown (5YR 5/4) silty
clay loam; r,:adish brown ( 5yn 4/ 4 when moist; noderate
rnedium subangular blocky structure, sLightly har<i, f riable,
slightiy sticky, slightJ-y plastic; few fine roots, thin
patchy clay filns nai.nly arounC pores and briCging sand
grains; noncalcareous; mooeratellr alkaline (pg 8-0);
gradual suooth- boundary.
Cl horizon, L2 to 4C inches--Light reddish brown (5YR 6/1) silty
clay loami reddish brown (5YR 4/4) when moist; rn.rssi'.'e;
slightly hard, very f riable, siigh-"1y st-icky, slightly
plastic; very few fine rootsi no clay films; noncalcareous
above 18 inches, moderately calcareous below 18 j-nches;
moderately alkal-ine (pIi 8.5).
C2 horizon, 4O to 5O inches--Red,lish brown (5Yn 5/4) silty clay
loam, reddish brown (5Y? 1/4) when'moist; rnassive; slightly
hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic;
moderately calcareousi strongly alkaline (pIl 8.6) -
HANKSViLLE SITE NSB-3
: Neskahi (.Like) fine Date Sampled: 9-L3-77
sandy loam
Location: Approximately 1810t east and 2420' south of
NW corner, Sec.36, T29S, RlIE
Phvsiograohic Positign: - On a neaily leve1 broad alluvial fan
Slope:21 NE facing Approximate Elevation: 4830r msl
TaxgnomigClass: TyPic torrifluvent, coarse-1oamy, mixed
cal.careous, mesic
Range Site: De s ert loa:rr
Yesetation' T;i:t r::" i::i::' ,:::;::x3?':"li:l::.:";;, i:;:: ""
and other minor sPecies
Drainage: WeIl to excessive Effective Rooting Depth: )50 inches
Notes:Ahis profile d6scription fits very closely profilesi
+5 and #7 in addition. Parts of this unit have
been recently eroded with deep gu11ies. An
erosion p3vement is evident 6n parts of the unit
Proiile: NsB- 3
profile Description (Colors are for dry soil unless othervise lndicated):
Cl horizon, 0 to 5 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4) fine
sandy loan; brown (7.5YR 5/4t when moist; moderate
medium platy structure'; slightly hard, very friabler
non-sticky, non-plastic; few fine roctsr moderately
calcareousi strongly alkaline (pH 8.9); gradual smooth
boundary.
C2 Horizon, 5 to 28 inches--Reddish yel1ow (7.5YR 6/51 fine
sand,y loam; strong brown (7.sYR 5/5) when moist, slightly
hard, very friab, Ie, non-sticky, non-Pl.astic; massive
.breaking to single grain, verit f ew f ine roots; moderately
calcareousi strongly alkaline (pH 8.7).
C3 horizon, 28 to 38 inches--Pink (7.5YR 7/4) fine sandy loam;
brown (7.5YR. 5/ 4) when moist; s'r ightly hard, verl' f riable,
non-sticky, non-plastic; massive; moderat.ely c,alcareous
(weak zone of lirne accumulation); moderately alkaline (PH 8.2).
C4 horizon, 38 to 6O inches--Light brown (7.syR.6/4) fine sandy
loami brown ('7.5YR 5/4) when moist;- slightly hard, tr'ery
friable, non-stlcky, non-plastic;. moderately calcareousi
moderately. alkaline (PH 8.3).
.. .HANKSVILLE SITE R].A-8
@-: Rairdent (Like) sandy Date Sampled: 9-L3-77
clay loam
Locarion:Approximately 77Ot east and 2475r north of
SE corner, Sec. 36, T295, RIIE
Physiographic Position: Srnooth valley floor--presently ponds
water after rains
!lglg:FLa t Aooroximate Elevation: 4778 r msl
Taxonomic Class: Cambic GyPSiorthiC, fine-Ioamy, mixed, calcareous,
mesic
Range Site: Desert loam
-v-egetation: Mixed Russian th j-st1e, galIeta, bucir.wheat, and
other minor sPecies
Drainage:
Notes:
weIl to excessive Effectrve Rootirg Depth: >60 inches
Profile #L was described in addition, and was
very similar.
'Prof iLe:Rl_A-8
Profile Description (Colors are for dry soLl unless othenrise indicated):
CI horizon, 0 to 4 inches--Light reddish brown (5yn 6/4)
sandy clay loam; reddish brcwn (5ya 5/4) when moj-st;
moderate medium pJ-aty structurei slightly hard, firm,
sticky, plastic, common fine rootsi vesicular pores,
moderately calcareousi strongly alkaline (pH 8.5) -
C2 horizon, 4 to 48 inches--Light reddish brown (5YR 6,/4)
clay loam; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) when moist; massive,
slightly hard, friable, slightl-y sticky; s1ight.ly
plastic; no clay films; strongly calcareousi moderately
alkaline (pli 8. 2 ); ' c1ear smooth boundary.
C3cs horizon, 48 to 54 j.nches--Pink (7.sYR 7/1) fine sandy
loam; iight brown (7.5YR 6/4) when moisti accumulation oE-
gypsum; moderately alkaline (pH 8.?1.
C4 horizon, 54 to 6O inches--Light brown {7 -5YR. 6/4) very
fine sanCy loam; brown (7.5YR 5/4) when moist; :noderately
alkaiine (pli 8. 2 ) .
Name:
Location:Approximately 1000r east and 600' south of Nw
corner, Sec.36, T29S, RllE
HANKSVILLE SITE RSB-5
Rairdent (Like) fine
sandy loam
Mixed shadscale, 9a11eta,Russian thistle, Indian r
other minor grasses.
Date Sanpled: 9 -L3-77
fan since eroded by gu1lies.
Acproxinate Elevation: 4830t msl
Mormon iea, snakeweed,
icegrass, sage, and
Phvsioeraphic Position: old alluvial
2Z NE facingSlooe:
Taxonouric Class: Cambic Gypsiorthid, fine-1oamy, mixe{ mesic
Range Site; Desert ioam
Iegetation:
Prainage:
Nctes:
WelI to excessive Effective._P.ooting Depth: >60 inches
Profile:t(Su- b
Profile Descriotion (Colors are for d'ry sol1 unless othervise indlcated):
CI horizon, 0 to 2 inches--Light brown (7.sYP. 6/4\ fine sandy
loam; brown (7.5YR 5/4) when noist; moderate medium platy
structure; soft, vety friable, slightly sticky, non-plastic;few fine rootsi moderatel.y calcareous; moderately alkaline(pH'8.0).
C2ca horizon, 2 to 36 inches--Pinkish gray (7.5YP. 7/2) sandy
clay loami brown (7.5YR 5/4) when moist; massive; slightly
hard, very friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; no
clay films; s"rongly calcareous; moderately alkaline (pH I.1)
C3 horizon, 36 to 50 inches--Li9ht brown (7.5YR 6/4) sandy clay
loami brown (7.5YR 5/4) when moist; massive; s1lght1y hard,
very friabl€r .slightLy sticky, ron-plastic; moderateJ.y
calcareous; mcderately alkaline (pH 8.4).
Name:
HANKSVILLE SITE SlBD-4
Unnamed fine sandy loam Date S-amrrled: 9-13-77
Location:
physiographic position: An old alluvia1 fan,since severely gul1ied.
.$-lope.:44 NE facing Aoproximate ELevation: 4850' msI
Taxononie Class: Cambic Gypsiorthid, coarse loagry, mixed, mesic
Range. Site:De sert lcam
Approx imate.ly
SW corner, Sec
1160 | east and 880' north
.36, T295, nrrr
of
Yegetation:
]]rainegg:
Notes:
Mixed shadscale, ga11eta, Mormon tea, snakeweed,
Russian thistle, Indian ricegrass', sagebrush, and
other minor sPecies
welI to excessive Effectrve Rooting Depth: )60 inches
On this soil, erosion aPPears to have removed the
original 'surface and left the underlying gypsic
horizon exposed. This land is severely gullied
and the surface is covered wlth an erosion
pavement.
Prcfile: SIBD-
profil.e Description (Colcrs are for dry sol1 unless otherwise lndicated):
CIsc horizon, 0 to 3O inches--Pinkish r,rhite (5YR 8/2) fine
sandy loam; pink (5Yn 7/3)when moist; massivei hard,, veI:y
friable, slightly stickyr non-Piastic; verv few fine roots;
no clay films; moderately calcareous; stf,ongly gypsiferous
with many gypsum crystalsi moderately alkaline (pH 8.2).
C2 horizon, 3O to 48 inches--Pink (5yn 7/3) sarrdy loam bordering
to loam; light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) when moist; slightly
hard, very friable, slightly sticky, non-Plastic; no clay
films; moderately calcareousi no observable gypsum,
moderateiy alkaline (pH 8.2).
RESULTS OE LABOTLC,TORY A}IALYSES
AGP.I CULTUBAL C0NSIT'I-TA$iTS litj C
24A S FIRST AVE / P0 5A7 t 3fi3-659-231?,
ER, GI.;TON COLO PJTEO 896gI
FOR: Df{rYES & I'IOOF.E / '$JALTEA EPLEY
PROJECT: T0PSOIL / S0UTHERN UTAII SLTES
DATE: A9 / 23/ 7i
E...C...- .( I) ELECTRI C CONDUCTANCE CF SCIL EXTRACT I'1M/CC
SOATR'-( 1) SODlLM ADSORPTION BATIC
ESP:.' T I ) EXCTi SO DI tJ}I PERCE}'TAGE
EXCii NA- ( I ) D{CFIA$JGEAELE SODI li'i I,iEA/ LTE,G
CEC- ( 3) CATiOI; EXCI{ANGE CAPAC, T'T MEE/ IggG
t.JO3-}I. ( 3) NI TRATE NI TROGEI'J PPi,'
PHO S- -( 3 ) AVAI LABLE PHO SPTIO EL:S PP}I
K- I 3 ) AVAI LAELE P0 TASS i Utr .oPl4
GYPSUM- (l) GYPSIj'}I %
EORON. -(3) WA?EF. SOLUELE FORCN PPM
SE- (3) ',;IATEP. S0LUELE SELE\jIUI,i PPM
OC. ( 3) ORGAI'JI C CABEON (1J.C,LKL T-ELACK)
LM- (3) LIME (CACO3) 7.
SAT. ( I) Z i{ATER AT SOIL STAUP.ATIODJ
trHC t./ 3: ( t ) I*?ATEF. ii0i.DIlJG CAPACI TY AT l/ 3 EARI,iI.iC15- .( I) IiATEF. HOLD]I\JG CAPACIiT AT i5 EAF.
TE(T- C2) TT(TUE,E CLASSsN- (2i sAlrl 0E. sA*\iY
SI- (2,\ SILT OR SILTYCL- (2) CLAY
D reBD En! - r.ar!,4 !ar&avve.( I) USDA liANDECCK *68(2) AI.IER SCCIE?Y CF AGROI$OMY #9 PART I(3) AI4EB SOCiEIT OF AGRONOMY i9 PART 2
PAGE:
Slit,lPLE ELANDING #4
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:
SOEI UM
CAI.CI i'M
i',iAGNESI U}I
I
L- Ll
PPM
AA
74
32
MEO/L
3.e
L. I
PI.; ( PASTE)Irli( l: 5)
LtJ
C /.13
rr/ -'_' r.! !rl9l- lrtB
C T'Crcn
l,e 3-Fi
:-riO S
ia
GYPSUMZ
EC F.ON
SE
arL'! h
7;t'lHCl/ 3
Z '*II{C I 5
SATZ
TETT
zsN
,.sI
7.4
l.>
L. C.
l';7g;l
L2;81;l
7"
l5
t98
E. l5
'L. \i
d"a Iba u; L
a';63g;3
- l7';7l0; I
36';fr
S1 Lg
2A
?,.
7
PriGE:
qAMDI F ET A^IT'IA:N
SATURATED SO'L
ffaFEAnf.g! I rf V I .
SO DI Ul,l
CAL CI U},I
T{AGNESI i'M
#4 4- t2
PPM
4?
lc.aa
I',I E8/L
ra:
JcO
ca I
PE (PASTE)
PH( t;5)
f.tJ
SAB
EXC}: NA
tJ EU
ti0 3-N
PTIO S
i<
GYPSUMZ
EO RCN
SE
L1,17.
7"W-iCl/ 3
Z l,rl:C I 5
SATZ
TD(T
lSN
ZSIq al
/ob
e'; t
a;8
,.L
a'; I
I 6;6
L.a <
1
17a?..l4
a'- tr
?':elg';53
{z';3
23;8l5; t
49';gSI CT LOl7
Lt9
34
PAG E:
s!!l.1PLE EL;il.iDIt'iG
SATURATED SOIL
fiTBACT:
SODI UM
CALCI UiY
MAGNESI T]M
Dt! l En <',rE\. aa \ a aJ a !/
FH( l:5)rn-
SAR
f,<1 ..L? nr Au\ utr tv g
U trtJ
E Crf,
N0 3-r{
PHO S
K
GYPSUMZ
EO F.ON
SE
0cz
L147"z\itict/ 3
Z'$IHC l5
SATZ
ZSN
zsI
.,
lQ-rtt7
PPM
tro
,, 1
?l
r{E@lL
2.3
rjo b
2'4.6
8.A8;s
a';7l;3
U;. L
I s;2g';6
4'-
z
162
8.32.
?';4
c;; z2g';42
2';G
2A';8
r e;8
43';7SI CL LC
8
<A
36
PAGE:
qaMDI E p.l AI\.!FTI'G
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:
SO DI TJM
CALCI TJI{
I{AGNESI Ui.i
=tu
4
1g-59
PPM
tgt
al
M f n.,,I
4o4
3;7
2.;.6
PT: ( PASTE)
Pli('[:5)ra
SAB
EX C}I NA
t LUreD
N0 3-lI
Plio s
K
GYPST]MZ
EOBONcr
L1,17
TVHCI/ 3
ZU}iC I 5
SATZ
TEXT
zsN
9C?
8. t
8'j 6
l';22;ss;3l4;9
2'; g
4"
3
165
E. l86;6
a'; g2
lr" 6AY)a 'ie2'; Il8;3
I l;9
37';8sr cL L0
61
3t
SAMPLE ELIiiiDIil13 #9
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SODI UI,I
CALCI UM
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SF]4PLE ELAN D'NG
SATURATED SOlL
EXTPJiCT:
SC DI UM
C/+LCl Ul.I
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SAI'IPLE EL.ANDING i9
SATURATED SOIL
E,\TRACT:
SODI UM
CALCIUM
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8
47-54
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SATURATED SOIL
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SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:
SODI UM
CALCI UM
MAGNESI U},I
PPI.l
9fi
499
152
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PAGE:
SA},!PLE tsLANDIN G #3
SATUBATED SOIL
D(TRACT:
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MAGNESI UT,I
l2
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SAI",IPLE BLANDiNG
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CALCI U},I
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PAGE:
SPI'1PLE ELANDITi,* G
SATURA.TED SOIL
D(TRACT:
SODI IJM
CALCI UM
I'JAGNESI LTM
#a-
l1
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PAG E:
SAI,IPLE ELANDII.JG
SATURATED SCIL
EXTRACT:
S0DI Lrl,l
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PH (PASTE)
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PAGE:
SFJI P:. E SLCII D I II G
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CALCI L14
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PAGE:
SAI,IPLE ELANDING
SATURATED SCIL
D(TRACT:
50 DI UI'i
C'd.CI UM
MAGNESI UI.I
!C
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SAMPLE ELANE.II'JG
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L\TP.ACT:
SC DI UI,l
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PAGE:
SAI.IPLE BLAN Dl NG
SATUN..CTED SO I L
L\TBACT:
SODI UI'i
CALCI UM
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PAGEs
SAI{P!.E ELA.IJDING
SATUFATED SO IL
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2A
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SAI\IPLE BLANDIN G #5
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EXTRACT:
SO DI UM
CALCI IJl,i
MAGNESI UM
2t
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579
344
248
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PAGE:
SAMPLE BLANDING
SATURATED SOIL
L\TRACT:
SODI UM
CALCI UM
MAGNESI UM
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PAGE:
SAMPLE ELANDING
SATURATED SOIL
D(TBACT:
SCDI T]M
CAL CI TJM
MAGNESI.I}i
itl
2A
12- 46
PPM
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PAGEs
SAT'IPL E ELAI''] Di N G
5AiUnhltriJ )UJ.L
E(TRACT:
SODI I.]i,I
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SIi!'iPLE BLAND] NG
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PAGE:
SAMPLE ELAt\iDI.l'i G
SATURATED SO I L
D(TRACT:
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PAGE:
SAI"IPLE ELANDING #8
SATURATED SOIL
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APPENDI:( G
SOUND
,3- 1
APPENDIX G
SOUND
lfhis appendix contains a descripEion of nomenclature and irrstru-
aencation used in data acquisition an<i data analysis, and detailed
results of the backgrourd ambienE sound 1eve1 survey.
G.1 NOMENCLATURE
The range of sound pressure,s thac can be heard by humtrns is very
large. This range varies from two ien-thousand-miilionths Q x fO-10)
of an atmosphere for sounds barely audible Lo humans to Evro thousandEhs
-2(Z x 10 -) of an atmosphere for sounds which are so loud as to be
painful. The decibel noiat.ion system is used to present sound leveIs
over this wide physical range. Essentially, the decibel sysEeu com-
presses Lhis range to a workable range using logariEhms. It is defined
as:
Sound pressure level in decibels (dn) = ZO i,oS,O fi)o
Where P^ is a reference sound pressure required fcr a minimua sensaEiono
of hearing. Zero decibels is assigned to this nininum leveI and 140
decibels to sound which is painful. Thus a range of more than one
miLlion is expressed on a scale of zero to 140. P is Ehe measured sound
Pres sure.
Ttre human ear does nor- pe:rceive sounds aE low frequencies in the
same manner as those at higher frequencies. Sounds of equal intensity at
low frequency do not seem as loud as those at higher frequencies. The
A-weighting network is provided in sound analysis systems to simulate the
human ear., A-weighted sound levels are expressed ia units known as
decibels (dB). These levels in dB are used by the engineer to evaluate
hearing damage risk (OSUA) or corrmunity annoyance impact. These values
are aLso used in federal, state and local noise ordinances.
Sound is not constant in time. Statistical analysis is used to
describe the tenporal distribution of sound and to compute single number
descriptors for the time-varying sound. This report contains the sta-
tistical A-weighted sound levels:
- This is the sound leve1 exceeded xZ of the tirne during
the measurement period. For example:
Lon - This is the sound level exceeded 90 percent of tineduring the Eeasurement period and is often used torepresent the ttresidualtt sound level.
Lan - This is the sound level exceeded 50 percent of thetime during the measurement period and is used torepresent the "medianrr sound leve1.
L,n - This is the sound level exceeded t0 percent of theEime during the measurement period and is often usedto represent the ttintrusive[ sound 1eve1.
This is the equivalent steady sound level which provides
an equal amount of acoustic energy as the time varying
s ound.
La - Average sound level, Leq, for the daytime period (0700-2200)
onIy.
c-3
Average sound level, Luq, for the nighttime period (2200-0700)
only.
Ldo - Daylr.ight average sound level, defined as:
L ./ L0 (1, +r 0) /10Ldrr=10LoSrO[(tSxtOd +9x10 n )/241
Note: A 10 dB correction factor is added to the nighttirne
sound leve1.
c.2 DATA ACQUTSTTToN AND ANALYSTS
this section describes the instrumentation, daEa acquisition and
analysis of the ambient sound survey conducted at the proposed mine site.
The data acquisition system consists of a GenRad oonidirectional
one-inch elecEret condenser microphone with winciscreen, a GenRad TyPe
1933 Sound Level MeEer and OcEave Band Analyzer, and a Nagra 4.2L single
track magnetic tape recorder. The GenRad Type 1933 Sound Level Meter and
Octave Band Analyzer was used as a linear amplifier and step attenuat.or.
Ambient sound rras recorded on ScoEch 177 nagnetic tape. The data acquis-
ition sysEem is shorn schematically in Figure A-1.
Ihe above systeo was calibrated before each recording by means
of a reference signal at 1000 Hertz of 114 dB generated by a GenRad Type
1552A Sound Level Calibrator.
The nicrophone was nounted on a tripod four feet above the ground
surface and at least Een feet from any sizable sound reflecting surfaces
in order to avoid major interference with sound propagation.
Most recordings of the background ambient sound were 15 minutes in
length. However, if a large number of intrusions, such as aircraft
over-flights or wind induced system overloads, occurred, the measurement
period was extended.
Meteorological parameters such as wet buib and dry bulb temperature,
baromeiric pressure, and wind speed and direction were uoted during each
recording period. If high relative humidity (over 90 percent) or exces-
sive wind speed (over six meters per second) occurred during the measure-
menE period, Ehe recording session rras terminated. Thb tape recorded
data were returned to the acoustic laboratory at Dames & Moore for
analysis, using GenRad Real-Time Analyzer and a Digital Equipment
Corporation mini-computer shown schematically in Figure A-2.
During the recording sessions, Btry unusual intrusions, such as
winC pop over the microphone or clipping due to overloads, were ooted by
the engineer monitoring the signal input to the tape. Such intrusions
are not characteristic of the acoustic environment, and are deleted
during the analysis phase. Each sample tape is used to obtain a cunu-
lative distribution of A-weighied sound levels.
c-5
EE.r.oPlroa{ES
€41il6 ?FtEl c-e6
FIGURE A-l OATA ACQU I S IT I ON SYSTE}I
f*--."t* I
| .e"roreo
It-/
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AIIALT:EI
Pnt $TEt
irSuLA i I 0$
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TIGURE A-2 CCHPUTER CONTROLLED OATA ANALYSIS SYSTEH
IIOC.
c-6
TABLE A-1
METEOROLOGICAI DATA
DAYTIME
HI]M. (B)
t 9-6-77
2 9-6-773 9-6-774 9-6-77
5 9-6-77
5 9-7-777 9-7-77
I 9-8-77
1
2
3
4
5
5
7I
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-8-77
9-g-77
9-8-77
9-7-77
9-5-77
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-6-77
9-8-77
9-8-77
9-8-77
TII'{E TEMP (OC)
0915 23
1000 251040 281120 28L445 35t.345 34t440 38looo 24'
WIND SPEED ,(M,/S)
0-1
0-1
4
4
O-2 (4.0 Gusts)
O-2 (3.6 Gusts)
O-2 (4.5 Gusts)
A.2 (3.5 Gusts)
(4.5 Gusts)
(7.0 Gusts)(7.0 Gusts)
(5.0 Gusts)
WIND DIRECTION
Variable
Variable
South
Variable
i'ariable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Variable
North
North
North
Variable
Variabl-e
Variable
tr?ariable
Variable
Variable
Variable
Varial:le
34
27
27
24
9
11
9
L2
0-1
0-1
o-2
5
0-1
3.5
5
4
24
18
l2
L2
L7
13
5
10
24
26
32
32
28
33
31
29
I
2
J
4
5
6
7
I
2025
r950
1800
t_835
19I5
1800
1 clRn
1940
o035
2355
2240
2200
2324
2200
2245
2330
20
22
2L
23
18
24
20
20
EX/ENING
NIGHTTiME
31 0-1
24 0-1
22222 0-130 0-113 0-116 0-I
20 0-1
c-7
G.3 RESULTS OF BACKGROUND Ai'ltsIEI,IT SOUND LEVEL SURVEY
This section includes detailed results of the anbient sound 1eve1
survey conducted on and near the proposed Project sites during September
5-8, t977. Data were collected at eight lccaEions shown on Figures I and
2 during daytime (0700-1800) , evening ( 1800-2200) and niglrttime Q20A'
0700)' periods.
Figures A-3 through A-26 contain an A-weighted sound level histo-
gram, indicating the number of tines a particular sound 1evel occurred
during the measurement period, and the cumulative distribution of the
A-weighied sound levels, indicating the percenEage of time a sound leve1
is exceeded. Also included are the LrO, L5O, Ll0, and a"O of the
sound pressure levels at octave band ce[ter frequencies. TabIe A-1
presents a summary of the meEeorological conditions during the measrrre-
ment periods.
c-8
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EAIJILiI?LENT SBUI,ID LE''/EL =4r D8
APPENDIX
REPORT
SITE SELECTION AND
TAILING RETENTION AND
H
DESIGN STUDY
MILL FACILITIES
'r'.1:l
ii,.
i,I
s
REPORT
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETENTION AND MILL FACILITIES
WHITE MESA IIRANII]M PROJECT
BLANDING, UTAH
FOR EMRGY FUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
099 73-0 I 5-t 4
January 17, 1978
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.
Suite 445
Three Park Central
1515 Arapahoe Sireet
Denver, Colorado 80202
AtEention: Mr. Muril D. Vincelette
GenElemen:
I^Iith this t"tt". we are transmitEing our report tiEled "Site Selec-tion and Design Study, Tailing Retention and Mi11 Facilities, White
Mesa Uranium Project, Blanding, Utah, for Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc."
The purpose and scope of this siudy were planned in discussions betweenMr. Muril Vincelette of Energy FueLs and Messrs. Richard BritEain endK.R. Porter of Dames & Moore. The purpose and scope are summarized inour submitEal titled "Propcsed Mi11 and Tailings Disposal Site Selection
Studies, EnvironmenEal Studies, and Cost/Task Scneautls for Errergy Fue1s"
dated July 1977. \"(
This investigation was perforned in two parEs. The initial "rt/""dinvolved the selection of the Eost suitable tailing retention site/ The
subsequent studies were concerned with design recommendations for thetailing retent.ion facility, and for the earEhwork and foundat.ions associ-
ated with the rui11. DetaileC descriptions of Ehe site conditions encoun-tered, site selection studies, and desigu recommendations are conEainedin the report. A detailed dascripEion of Ehe field explorations andlaboratory testing performed in conjunction with rhis study are presented
in AppenCix A and Appendix B, respectively.
$-/*\,Jl
u.o,
$.e-
Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc.
January 17, 1978
Page Two
We appreciate the opportunity of performing this study for you. If
you have any questions concerning this report or if we can be of furtherservice, please contact us.
Very truly yours,
DAMES & MOORE
Kenneth R. Porter, Ph.D.Project Manager
Ronald E. Versaw
Senior Engineer
KRP:REV:t1g
Enclosure
-1-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION.. 1
PURPOSE AND SCOPE..... ...... ... . t
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS .......... . 3
RETENTION SYSTEM SELECTION ... ... 4
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS... 4
Backfilling Mines.,........ ....... 4
Large Pit.. ..... ..... 4
Conventional Surface Retent,ion.. .... ... 5
Retention Cells ..... 6
PROJECT VICINITY CONDITIONS.... ...... 6
TOPoGMPHY, VEGETATION AND CLIMATE. ............ 6
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY.... .............. 7
Structure........... i
Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed SiEe..... 8
SEISMOLOGY. ".. .... . 9
Seisnic llisrory of Region. ... . ....... .. 9
RelaEionship of Earthquakes to TectonicSEructures .... ...... 10
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY..... .... r 10
Site Drainage. ........ . o .. ... 10
Normal Annual ConCitions... . ....... .... 11
Flood Flows 1i
GROUND T,IATER I]YDROLOGY .. . .. L2
-1 1-
TABLE 0F CONTEIITS (Continued)
Page
Ground Water Regirne . o........ L2
Recharge. .... o..... . o... 12
Ground lJater Depth. .. ........ L2
Ground Water Movement .......... 13
DESIGN OF TAILING RETENTION FACILIfi... 14
GENERAL. .... o..... o...... o...... 14
DESTGN ANALYSES... o. ... .. .. o..... .... 15
Seepage. .. ... ..... ...... 16
Material Properties.... ..................... 16
Seismic Design Criteria. . .... 17
Liquefaction Evaluation. ..........o.... 18
Stability Analyses.......... ... .. ..... . 18
SeEtleoent. ... ..... .,... 2l
Freeboard and Flood Protection.... 2l
Water Balance of Cellso.... ....... 2L
DESIGN RECOMI.{ENDATIONS. .. .. . . .. .. .... 22
Design Section. .. ...... o. ......... 22
Site Preparation.......... . ..... 22
Construction Materials ..... ..... .. 23
Fill Placement......... o ..... ..... 24
CeII Lining........ 25
Radiation Control and Reclamation. 26
Ground Water }lonitoring.... 27
-1 11-
TABLE 0F C0NTENTS (Concluded)
Page
FOT'NDATION DESIG}I RECOMMENDATIONS - UILL FACILITY. .. 27
EARTHWORK .. ... ... 27
Site Preparation. ...... ..........'............. .. 27
Site Grading.. .... ...... .. ... 28
Excavation. ... .... . ..... 28
Compaction Criteria. .......... ! ........ 28
Surface Water Diversion.. .... 29
FOUNDATIONS... . .. 30
Bearing Capacity. ...... r... ....... 30
Settlement. ... ..... ..... ..... 31
Lateral Pressure..... ........ 3l
Frost Protection......... .... 31
REFERENCES.... .. i....... ... 33
APPENDIX A, FIELD EXPLOMTION
APPENDIX B, LABORATORY TEST DATA
Table
J
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
1
2
-1V-
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Comparison of Alternate Disposal Sites .. .... 5
Material Properties Used for Dike Stability
Analyses. .. ... ... ... ... . . r. ... ... .. o. o... o 17
Summary of Stability Analyses .......... 20
Atterberg Lirnits Test Data
Permeability Test Data
Direct Shear Test Data
Chemical Test Data
-1-
REPORT
SITE SELECTIOI{ AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETET.ITION AND MILL FACILITIES
WHITE },IESA URANIW PROJECT
BLANDING, UTAH
FOR ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
This report presents
tion and design study for
facilities near Blanding,
on Plate l, Vicinity Map.
INTRODUCTION
the results of Dames & Iloorets site investiga-
che proposed tailing retention s:/ste$ and rnilL
Utah. Ihe generat location of rhe site is shown
PTIRPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of the study was iwo-fold:
1. To select the glost desirable taiLing retention and miLl siteswith regard to engineering and general environrnenEal :onsiciera-tions.
2. To provide geotechnical and hydrological paraoeters for prelia-inary design of the Eailing retention systeu and rai11. Thesedesign studies provide the information required as parE A of thesupport data for an operating license.
To accomplish these purposes, the scope of work was completed in twc
phases. The first phase, or site select.ion phase, included the following
items:
1.Review of exisEi:rg engineering, topographic an<i geologic datafor lentaEive selection of possible retention sites, followedby preliminary engineering calculations of area/depth require-
ments for each site.
A field reconnaissance of each poEential retention site andEhe ni11 site for a preliurinary assessment of geotechnical
and environmental conditions.
Design of a drilling and sampling prcgram for the retentionareas and Ehe mi11 siie selected as being the most suitablesites based on the preceding oifice and field investigations.
2.
3.
-2-
The second phase, or detailed field exploration and prelininary
design phase, included the fol-lowing items
A subsurface investigation program of the areas defined in the
site selection phase which included; drilling, logging and
sampling of. 28 borings; field permeability measureuents by means
of packer tests in five of those borings; and installation of
five standpipe piezometers.
A surface investigation program which included detailed geologic
mapping of the site area and investigation of potential clay and
sand borrow areas.
A laboratory testing prograu which included moisture and density
determinations, Atterberg limit deterninations, grain size
analyses, consolidation tests, compaction tests, permeability
tests on undisturbed an<i recompacted samples, triaxial coupres-
sion and direct shear tests on undisturbed and recompacted
sanples, and chemical analyses
A program of engineering analysis and preliminary design which
included:
a. Seismology study to derive seisnic design criteria for
use in slope stability, foundation stability and liquefac-
tion potential analyses.
b. Foundation design and site grading criteria for the mi11
area.
c. Layout of the tailing retention system and dike design,
incLuding recommendations for slope angle, crest vidth,
dike height and volumes, freeboard' construction materiais,
compaction criteria, and the calculation of pond caPa-
city-surface area relationships.
d. Estinates of seepage from the tailing areas under various
lined and unlined conditions to evaluate alternatives for
seepage control.
e. Design of the layout and insEallation details for monitor
we1ls.
t. Evaluation of the control of surface runoff.
Design of a final reclamation Program for the tailing
retention facility.
Preparation of this report, which summarizes Dames & Moorers
conclusions and recommendations, Presents aPProPriate con-
struction plans and sections and docunents the supporting field,
laboraEory and engineering data.
1.
2.
3.
4.
c.
5.
-3-REVTSED
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The uranium processing mill and tailing retention facility planned
for construction by Energy Fuels Nuclear, Inc., near Blanding, Utah
will mi11 ore from approximately 100 relatively small mining operations
in the Eour Corners Region. Feed for the milt is presently being stock-
piled at t\,ro buying stations, one locaEed on Ehe pro ject site and the
other located 122 miles away by road near Hanksville, Utah.
The mill is planned to process 2000 tons per day (tpa) of uranium
ore using an acid leach process. The solid wastes (taiting) produced by
the mi11 will be slurried to approximately 50 percent qrater by weight.
This slurry will be transported in a pipeline to the tailing retention
facility. Any excess water which is not permanently enErained in the
tailing will be evapora-ted from the surface of the pond. During the
projected 15-year life of the mil1 approximately 1I million tons of solid
tailing will be produced at a rate of 2000 tpd. Tailing will be per-
manently contained in the tailing retention facility. The objective of
the design of Ehe tailing retention system is to provide permanent safe
containment for the required quantity of tailing with a minimum of impact
on the surrounding environment
Since the natural soils and bedrock at the site are permeable,
some Eype of lining system will be required to control seepage from the
disposal area, Laboratory testing on the soils indicates thaE these
materials respond to compaction with a decrease in permeabiliEy of
approximately one order of magnitude. Regardless of the Eype of seepage
control system used, observation we1ls will be est.ablished at appropriate
locations around the pond perime ter f or monitoring of ground \^rater
quality.
Precipitation and annual evaporation rate must be accounted for in
IdaEer balance calculations. Storm runoff outside the retention facil-
ity area wi11, at most locations, flow naturally 6way from the tailing
retention area. Runoff from the main drainage depressions north of the
mi11 site and tailing retention area must be prevented from flowing
uncontrol 1ed.
The ernanat ion
retention facilitv
and regulations.
of radioaciive sases
nusi be controlleC in
frcn rhe surface oi t:':3
accordance with apclicabi
f-e'l 1 i nt
e:'uies
P.ET:}'ITION SYSTEiI SELECTICN
Prior to Ehe selection of Ehe tailing retention systeu ciatail-ec in
this rePort. several concepts were considered. These includei: using
cailing to backfill Ehe mines from which ore r4-as extracred; burial in a
single large pit; storage behind "conventional" dams or iikes; and
storage in ce1ls construcieci partiaIlT beiow grade.
(see additional shtda, Appendic r, on Alternatitse iailinjs )i-s-
FlrcLs' staff eatrnents. )
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS
Backfil ling Mines
Replacing Ehe tailing in the mines fron which the ore was extracted
\ras considered but this al Eerna,:ive is noE suited to a central rni I 'l .i no
operation whicli services approximately 100 srnal-1, widely distribi:.ted
mines wiih diverse o'*rrerships. The nanagenent of such a p:ocedure;oulC
be I'ery difficuit because tailing could only be backfilled in r,rines r.-hich
rrere depleted and i:loper-arive. Placement of the tailing in an ac tive
mine coulC inierfere with mining operations and could creaEe a radon
exPosure hazatd to miners. Adequate control of the transDorlaii-on,
hanCling and storage of the tailing, and monitoring the effects of Ehe
tailing on the environr.reni'would be virtually impossible. Transporta-
Eion costs for this alternative woul<i be prohibitive.
Laree Pit
TotaI burial of Ehe tailing would require the excavation and
disposal of a volurne of soil and underlying sandsEone bedrock equal tc
the volurne of the tailing. This requiremenE wouLd lead to additicnal
disE.urbance of lanci and -,"-ould be prohibitively expens ive. It u,cul-i also
be ver)'difficulE and expensive to effectively control seepage frca rhe
sidewalls anl boE.ton of Ehe pit. Lloreover, Ehe pit uould place the
tailing closer to the grcund warer than other aI!ern:tives anC a hirh
poEenti.al, fcr gro:.rnd uater corta;iination would resuLi.
L Sustems dated April. L978 ee?inq uith Ene
Revision 1 5-15-78
-3-REVfSED
!$" arrl =l"t'''o
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The uranium processing mil1 and tailing retention facility planned
for construction by Energy Fuels Nuclear, rnc., near Blanding, Utah
will mi11 ore from approximately 100 relatively sma11 mining operations
in Ehe Four Corners Region. Feed for the mill is presently being stock-
piled at two buying stations, one located on the project site and the
other located 122 ".-iles away by road near Hanksville, utah.
The uri11 is planned to process 2000 tons per day (tpa) of uranium
ore using an acid leach process. The solid wastes (tailing) produced by
Ehe mi11 will be slurried to approximately 50 percent water by weight.
This slurry will be transported in a pipeline to the tailing retention
facility. Any excess water which is not permanently entrained in the
tailing will be evaporated from the surface of the pond. During the
projected l5-year life of the mil1 approximately 11 million tons of solid
tailing will be produced ar a rare of 2000 rpd. Tailing will be per-
manently contained in the tailing retention facility. The objective of
the design of the tailing retention system is to provide permanent safe
containment for the required quantity of tailing with a minimum of impact
on the surrounding environment.
Since the natural soils and bedrock at the site are permeable,
some type of lining system will be required to control seepage from the
disposal area. Laboratory tesEing on the soils indicates that these
materials respond to compaction with a decrease in permeability of
approximately one order of magnitude. Regardless of the type of seepage
control system used, observation we1ls will be established at appropriate
locations around the pond perimeter for monitoring of ground water
qua 1 ity.
Precipitation and annual evaporation rate must be accounted for in
I^rater balance calculations. Storm runoff outside the retention facil-
ity area wi11, at most locations, flow naLurally away from the tailing
retention area. Runoff from the main drainage depressions north of Ehe
mi11 site and tailing retention area must be prevented from flowing
unconErol 1ed.
The emanation
reEention fac ility
and regulations.
of radioactive gases
must be controlled in
from the surface of the tailing
accordance with applicable rules
RETENTION SYSTEM SELECTION
Prior to the s ection of the tailing retention ystem detai led in
usingthis report, several ncepts were considered. Th e included:
tailing to backfill rhe ines from which ore was trac ted; burial :-n a
dams or dikes; andsingle large pit; srora behind "convent i.ond7"
storage in ce1ls construcEed artially below gr e.
ALTER IVE CONCE
Backfilling Mines
Replacing the tailing in the from which the ore was extracted
not suited to a central rniIlj.ng
100 smaIl, widely distributed
was considered but this alternative 1 s
!voperation which services approxi/at
mines with diverse olrnerships.
be very difficult because tail
ema gement of such a procedure would
g could ly be backfilled in mines which
were depleted and inoperatiy'e. placemen of the tailing in an active
mine could interfere with/mining operatio and could create a radon
exposure hazard to minf s . Adequa te cont 1 of the transportation,
handling and storage the tailing, and moni oring the effects of the
tailing on the enviyi6nment would be virtual ly ssible. TransporEa-
Eion costs for thiy'alrernarive would be prohibiti e.
Large Pit
ToEal by'ria1 of the tailing would require th\ excavaEion and
disposal ot/a volume of soil and underlying sandsaorr"\pedrock equal to
Ehe volumg/of rhe tailing. Ihis requirement would lead to additional
disturbar{ce of land and would be prohibitively expensive. It would also
be very difficulE and expensive !o effectively control seepage from the
sidewalls and bot.tom of the pit. Moreover, Ehe pit would place the
tailing closer to the ground water than other alternatives and a high
potenEial for gror:nd water contamination would result.
-3-
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The uranium processing mili and tailing retention faci
for consEruction by Energy Fuels I'luclear, Inc., near B1
lity planned
nB, Utah
will uri1l1 ore from approxioraEely 100 relatively sma1l mini operations
in the r Corners Region. Feed for the miLl is presenE being stock-
site and thepiled at
other loca
The mill T planned to process 20C'0 tons p6r day (tpa) of uraniurn
leach process. The solid wq6tes (railing) prodrrced by
slurried to approximaEely percent \.rater by .rreight.
This slurry will \e transported in a pip/line to the tailing reEent,ion
facility. Any exc\ss waier which is y'ot permanently entrained in Ehe
tai-Ling will be evalprateC frorn rhe furface of the pond. Duri.ng the
projected lS-year life \f the mi.1l afproximately 11 million tons of solid
tailing will be produce\ at a ra/.e of 2000 Epd. Tailing will be per-
maaenEly contained in the\tail retention facility. The objecEive of
the design cf the tailing ntion system is to provide permanent safe
containnent for Ehe req'lire/\uantity of tailing with a minimum of impact
on Ehe surrounding envirog6ent
Since the soils bedrock t the site are permeable, a relatively
imperaeable liner wj 1 be required\to concrol seepage from the disposal
area. 0bservatio wel1s will be e\tablished at appropriate locations
around the po
quali ty.
perimeLer to permi\the monitoring of ground waEer
Precip/tation and annual evaporation te must be accounte<i f<>r in
water baUnce calculations. Storm runoif Eside the retention facil-
ity area'wi11, at ulost Locations, flow naEur ly away from the tailing
retention aree. Runoff from the main drainage
mi11 site and tailing retention area musE be
epressions nortl'r of the
eveniedfromflowi.ng
s
Ldore uslng an a
the mil1 will
uncontrolled.
,*Lb,vh'
Ihe emanation
retenti-on faeility
and regulations.
-4-
of radioactive gases
rnust be controlLed in
from the surface of the tailing
accordance with applicable rules
RETENTION SYSTEM SELECTION
Prior to the \election of the tailing retentiodsysteu detailed in
this report, severa\oncepts were considered.ese included: using
tailing to backfill th\nines from which ore extracted; burial in a
singl-e large pit; stora\e behind "conventi6nal'r dams or dikes; and
storage in cells constructe\ partially beloy'grade.
CEPTS
Backfilling Mines
Replacing the tailing in
qras considered buE this alte
from which the ore qras extracted
not suited to a central uilling
100 sma11, widely distributed
the rhine s
tive\ is
G
-S
o
{
J
;
"{- /i
{xt I
N)tss/E
\\ \\c
l
I
\
operation which services roxirnat{y
mines with diverse or.rners ps. The ma genent of such a procedure wouLd
be very difficult becau tailing could ly be baclcfilled in mines which
Irrere depleted and i erative. Placeme of the tailing in an active
s and could create a radonmine could interfe with mining operati
exposure hazard miners. Adequate con o1 of the transportation,
handling and s rage of the tailing, and mon toring the effects of the
tailing on t}/e environment would be virtually Lmpossible. Transporta-
tion costs /for this alternative would be prohibit
Lar ru!_ \\otal burial of the tailing would require lhe excavation and
dirlposal of a volume of soil and underlying sandstone bedrock equal to
e volume of the tailing. Ihis requirement would lead to additional
disturbance of land and would be prohibitively expensive. It would also
be very difficult and expensive to effectively control seepage from the
sidewalls and bottom of the pit. Moreover, Ehe pit would place the
tailing closer to the ground water than other alternatives and a high
potential for ground water contamination would result.
-5-
Conventional Surface Retention
Four conventional retenEion sites were studied.
Ehese are shown on Plate 2, Plct Plan.
The locations of
Two of the conventional alternaEives could be classified as dams,
where the tailing would be conta:ined in a val1ey by means of a dam of
considerable height, while the other two alternatives are essentially
ponds, where the tailing would be containeC over a large area of the
genEly sloping surface of the mesa by dikes of relarively 1ow height.
East Site - This would involve constructing a l20-fooE high dam across
Corral Creek Canyon which is east of the buying staLion, across }lighway
163. The reservoir surface area would be relatively sma11, which is
beneficial for reclamation purposes. I{owever, Ehe drainage area for the
reservoir is large, and flood control would a problern. AIso, sealing the
sEeep canyon walls, which are rnostly sandstone, wo,uld be difficult. The
reservoir surface area, drainage area and maximum dam height for this
and the oLher alternatives discussed in this section are summarized in
Table 1.
TABLE 1
COUPARISON OF' ALTERN-ATE DISPOSAL SITES
West Site - A dam could be consEruct,ed across a mtnor
I,Ihi].9 thi.s site would have
L20
230
80
65
45
tributary of the
the leest portd
Dam
Site
Eas t
West
NorEh
South
Propos ed
Pond System
Surface
Area (acres )
t20
68
2L5
250
70
(each ce11)
Drainage
Area (acres)
3400
850
420
590
70
(each ce11)
Maximum
Dam Height (feet)
IlIestwaier Creek Canyon.
!ll
-6-
surface area and a moderate drainage area, the darn itself would have to
be quite high in order to provide the required storage capacity. Also,
the toe of the dam would be in the flood plain of lleslurater Creek.
Control of seepage into the nearly vertical sandstone canyon wal1s would
be extremely difficult. Also this site would encroach upon a well-
preserved Moqui Indian cliff dwe11ing.
North and South Sites - Both of these would entail the construction
of a single long dike to contain the tailing on the gently sloping mesa
between the Westwater and Corral Creeks. Relatively low dikes and large
pond surface areas would result. For these conditions, seepage would be
expected to travel downwards to the water table in the mesa, some 50 to
100 feet below the ground surface. Because of the close proxirnity of the
north site to the Westwater Creek Canyon, seepage into this drainage
would have a relatively short flow path.
Retention Ce1Is
The scheme finally selected for the tailing retention system will
eomprise three rectangular trenches lined with irnpermeable membranes each
ce1l with a stora.ge capacity of 5 years. Ihis system will be constructed
in 3 stages and could be reclairned in three stages. Other advantages
include; sma1l surface areas, partial burial of the tailing below the
existing ground surface, effectively zero cell seepage and reduced dike
heights. Ihe scheme is described in detail in subsequent sections of
this report and illustrated on Plete 2.
PROJECT VICINITY CONDITIONS
TOPOGRAPHY, VEGETATION AND CLIMATE
The site is located on the genEly rol.Iing, slightly sloping White
Mesa in San Juan County, Utah, approxirnately 6 uriles south of Blanding.
The mesa is comprised of about 29,000 acres and is bounded on the west by
the deeply incised Westwater Creek and Cottonwood htash and on the east by
Corral Creek. The southerly sloping tcpography creates a drop in eleva-
tion across the project site (see Pl,ate 2) of abouE i50 feet, from a
maxinum elevation of approximaEely 5700 feet at the northern end about to
-7-
a minimum eLevation of approximately 5550 feet at.:he southern errd.
Ground surface elevation over the proposed taiiing retenEion and mi11
sites varies by app'roximately 50 feet. 411 creeks anci drainages in the
vicinity of the site are interu'rittent, although a few springs are located
in the canyon walts.
Vegetation consists principally of Pinyon-Juniper woodland along the
rocky slopes of the deeply incised canyons, with Big Sagebrush community
being dominanE on Ehe Ceeper soil and flatter terrain of the mesa.
Typically, teuperatures in the area range from highs near I00"F in
sunmer to lows below zero in winter. Annual precipitat-ion at the siEe
ai/erages about L2 inches and is distributed relatively uniformly. The
average total annual evaporation rate is about 64 inches per year.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Structure
The geologic structure at the project site is simple. Strat.a of the
underlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are nearly horizontal with only
slight undulaEions along the caprock rims of the mesa. Faulting is
absent. In uuch of Ehe area surrounding the projecE site Lhe dips are
less than one degree. Ihe prevailing regional dip is abouE one <iegree to
the south. The low dips and simple structure are in sharp contrast to
the pronounced structural features of the Comb Ridge Monocline Eo the
west and the Abajo ltountains to the north.
Jointing is common in the exposed DakoL,a-tsurro Canyon sandstones
along Ehe mesats rin. Most of the joints are essentially para11e1 to
the cliff faces. Since erosicn of the underlying weaker Brushy Basin
mudstones removes both vertical and lateral support of the sandstone,
large joint blocks coruaonly break away from the cliff leaving joinE
surfaces as the cliff face. Because of this, it is not possible to
detersrine if rhe joinEs influenced Ehe development df canyons and cliffs.
However, from a geonorphologic standpoint, it appears thaE the joints are
related to the compacEion of the underlying strata and, thereiore, are
-8-
sedimentary features rather than tecEonic in origin. What.ever the
original cause, tr{ro sets of j oint atritudes exist in the resistant
sandstones at the project site. These sets range from Nl0-18"E and
N60-85'E and nearly parallel che cliff faces.
Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed Site
The geotechnical conditions of the site were investigated in detail
during September L977. A toEal of 28 borings were drilled and this
information was supplemented by site reconnaissance. The field explora-
tion program is described in detail in Appendix A.
Ttre oi11 site is covered by relativel.y thin reddish-brown silty
fine sand and fine sandy silt soil layer which ranges from 7.5 to 14.5
ft in thickness. Ihese soils are of a loessal origin, but have been
partially reworked by suriace water (probably precipitation runoff). In
general, they are loose at the surface, are medium dense within I to 2
feet, and become more dense with an increase in depth. In plaees, these
materials are slightly to moderaEety cemented with calciuo carbonate.
The tailing retention site is underlain by the same soil types. However,
the thickness of soil in this area ranges from 3 to 17 ft.
In 11 of the 28 borings drilled during the field investigation, a
light gray-bronrn to grayish-green, stiff Eo very-stiff, silty clay was
encountered below the loessal soil materials. It is possible that these
silty clays are highly weathered shales of the Upper Cretaceous I'lancos
Formation. 3.k"= gj: j*j:. *:n_:."j9:_-i":__*-l. t*!_"*:l_ :q_.*S"
thinner lavers could be mudstones and claystones that are known to------.%-_._ffib:*ir1:1"1i5*.:*"33:-::-15*.rj:i'j-:J-":ls*-slsery-
sEone. but the thicker layers tend to indicate that these materials g-ould
--.1--H-:-:---.::-;.'-r,+qa%
-***-*##---d.-be Mancos shale. Regardless of crigin, these materials have undergone
',."*lro-**drgt@substantial weathering and should be classified as soil rather than
rock.
Underlying the loess+_I-..s-q-i..ls and, s.ilry-cleys 11s the pakota"-Sa-o-ds"lone-__---
Formation. This formaEion is composed of a hard to very hard, fine-to
-9-
coarse-grajlne{ sandstone and conglomeratic sandsione. IE is poorly Eo
highly cemented liir.' -;iric"-;;";i;t",
";;;;;;;", ,o*"Eimes with iron
oxides. Losses of drilling fluid during Ehe subsurface investigation
indicate that permeable zones exist within the formation. The conEact
between the Dakota Sandstone and the underlying iower Crelaceous Burro
Canyon Formation is extremely difficulE to detect in a dri1l hole without
continuous coring. Sometimes it may be identified by a thin greenish-
gray mudstone layer beneath the Dakotars basal conglomerate. Where the
sandstones of the Dakota rest on Burro Canyon sandstones, the contact can
hardly be distinguished even in outcrops. From a geoEechnical appraisat,
the physical properties and characeristics of the tvo formations are
nearly identical, even sharing the same joint patterns and ha'ring similar
zones of high permeability.
SEIS}IOLOGY
Seismic History of Region
Because of the regionts late seEElement, the record of earthquake
occurrences in the Colorado Plateau and surrounding regions dates back
only L25 years. DocumenEation of the early evenEs was based solely on
newspaper reports EhaE frequently recorded effecEs only in the more
populated areas which may have been some di-stance from the epicenters.
Not until the late 1950s was a seismograph network developeC to properly
locate and evaluate seismic events in this region (Simon, L972).
From a tectonic standpoint, Ehe project area is within a relatively
stable porEion of the Colorado Plateau. The area is noted for its
scarcity of historical seismic events. In contrast, the border between
the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province and Middle Rocky
Mountain Province (.*hich renges from 155 miles west Eo 239 mLles north-
west of the site) is one of the most active seismic belts in the wesE.ern
United States.
The epicenters of historical earthquakes from 1853 through 1975
withi.r a 200 mile radius of the site are shown on Plate 3, Regional
Epicenter Map. More than 450 evenEs have occurred in the area, of which
at
on
-1 0-
least 45 were damaging; that is, having an intensity of VI or greater
the !,!odifi.ed Mercalli Scale.
Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic Structures
The rnajority of recorded earthquakes in Utah have occurred along
an active belt of seisrnicity that extends from the Gulf of California,
through wesEern Arizona, central Utah, and northward into western British
Colurnbia. The seisrnic belt is possibly a branch of the active rift
system associated with the landward extension of the East Pacific Rise
(Cook and Snith , 1967).
It is significant Eo note that the seisoic belt forms the boundary
zone between the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau-Middle Rocky
Mountain Provinces. Ihis block-faulted zone is about 47 to 62 uiles
wide and fonos a tectonie transition zone between the relatively sirnple
structures of the Colorado Plateau and the complex fault-control-
led structures of the Basin and Range Province.
Another zone of seismic activity is in the vicinity of Dulce, New
Mexico near the Colorado border. ihis zone, which coincides with an
extensive series of Tertiary intrusives, Eay also be related to the
northern end of the Rio Grande Rife. Ihis rift is a series of fault-
controlled structural depressions extending southward from southern
Colorado through central New Mexico and into Mexico.
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
Site Drainage
All project facilities are located on a relatively flat, slightly
sloping mesa on which the surface water drainage patterns are poorly
defined. I{estwater Creek to the west and Corral Creek to the east are
the major drainage channels which define the mesa; however, the southern
end of the projecE drains directly to Cottonwood Wash below its conflu-
ence with Westwater Creek. The rnajority of projeet features will be
constructed witl,in that portion of the mesa which drains to Cottonwood
llash. Corral Creek, on the eastern edge of the mesa, receives runoff
flow from only a sma1l
Drainage, shorvs a plan of
-l 1-
part of the buying sEation. Plate 4, SiEe
Ehe project site drainage.
Normal Annua1 CondiEions
The average annual surface \./ater yield of this region expressed as
depth has been esLimated as 0.5 inches or less. If. all this runoff
occurred in one day, a pond would form against the norLh side of the
northern retention ce1l just slightly larger than the 100 year pond shown
on Plate 4. Such a pond would be approximately two to four feet deep.
This r./ater could eas ily be evaporated in the f ollowing twe lve months,
since the annual evaporation in the project area is about 64 inches.
However, ihe annual runoff, does noE occur in a single day; raEher,
it occurs in several smaller parts Ehroughout the year. Iherefore we
expect EhaE a pond would only rarely form and then for only a fer..r days.
The alternate filling and evaporaEing would limit the pond size Eo less
than one ecre in most years and in dry years, no pond would form at all.
Flood Flows
The drainage of interest is thaE area which contributes Eo flow
across the mi11 site and to the imp,:undment caused by the nort,hern
tailing cell. North of the mi11 the topography caLlses a concentration of
suriace waEer runoff at Ewo points as it enters Ehe fenced area around
the nill and tailing retention sites. These drainages turn \^rest within
the resEricted area and then join to form one drainage which exits the
fenced area along the western perimeter. At Ehe northern fence line the
areas for these drainages are 41 acres and 20 acres for the western and
eastern basins respectively.
Using Ehe results of a precipitation analysis and the rational
formula for flood flows with a SCS (soit Conservation Service) curve
number of 50, the peak flood flows with a recurrence inEerval of 100
years have been computed to be approximately 4l cfs aad 20 cfs for the
western and easEern basins respectively. The probable naxinum precipita-
tion, which wc,u1d occur as a thunderstorm, would produce a peak- flow
-12-
(curve number 85) of
the eastern basin.
GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
about 540 cfs in the western basin and 265 cfs in
Grognd Water Regirne
The project site, located on a flat-top mesa approxiroaEely 2 to
3 miles wide, is partly covered with a thin veneer of loessal soils which
in some places is underlain by the Mancos shale and in other locations by
the Dakota sandstone formation. The Mancos ,is not an aquifer at the
site. Stratigraphically belov the Mancos shale is the Dakota sandstone,
Ehe Burro Canyon formation and the Morrison formation which yield fresh
to slightly saline water to springs and shallow we11s in the project
vicinity. Both the Dakota sandstone an<i the Burro Canyon formation crop
out in Ehe canyon walls and valleys on Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek
near the site. The formations are continuous beneath t.he site, extending
from the outcrops in Corral Creek Canyon east of the site to Ehe Canyon
of Cott.onwood Creek and Westwater Creek west of the site.
Recharge
In the project vicinity, the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon
fornation localIy receive recharge frorn infiltration of rainfall on the
flat-lying mesa.
In the site area, the Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation
are well jointed by a series of sub-paraIlel joint sets trending between
roughly Ni0-18E and N60-85E, These joints provide pathways for the
percolation of rainfall and domvard infiltration of ponded surface
waters on the site. The joints also act as conduits for the local
movement of ground waEer underneath the site.
Ground Water Depth
As shown on the logs of borings in Appendix A attached to this
report Ehe ground water depth is in the range of 50 to 60 feet in the
mill area and 70 to 100 feet in the tailing retenEion area. This waEer
-1 3-
is thought to be a perched table confined to the Dakota sandstone
and Burro Canyon formations.
Ground l^Iater Movement
The uovemenE of groun<i water occurring at shallow depths in t'he
Dakota sandslone and Burro Canyon formation at the project site is
believed Eo be confined tc a very locat area. These formati.ons are
exposed and crop out in the canyon watls of Ehe surface drainages both
east and west of the site. The near surface formations dip one or Ewo
degrees to the south. Thus, water percolating into the near surface
formations of the projecE site, such as the Bu:ro Canyon and Dak,:ca
sandsEone, rvi11 generally rnigrate souEhward downdip. It is probable thar
sLight ground water mounding may occur in the central parE of Ehe mesa aE
the site. Ground \.rater levels may be higher in elevation i.n Ehe center
of the mesa and lower in elevation tc the easL and wesE where some of ihe
shallow depEh ground water drains from the mesa Ehrough springs and seeps
in the canl/ons of West.water, Cottonwood and Corra1 Creeks.
It appears thaE the shallow ground rraEer forming the water table
throughout the project vicinity has a gradient Ecward the souEh-south-
west. The general ground rrater gra<iient appears to be relaEed Eo the
general topographic gradienti i.e., the highest elevaEions are generaily
aE Ehe aort,heasEern edge of the project site near ltighway 163 and the
lowesE elevations are at the property's southwest corner. Base,:l cn the
recorded water leve1s as shown on the boring logs and assuming that the
wat,er tabie is continuous throughout the site, it can be calculeted tha!
the'rrater table gradient under the mi11 site is abcut 0.03, and Ehat
under the tailing retention area is 0.01.
A nunnber of
the geoEechnical
site. The tesrs
various periods
indicate that,
permeab i1 ityt')
"permeability" cests were conducEed in boreholes during
investigation of the rnitl site and tailing reEenEion
useri packers and injection of water uoder pressure fcr
of time. The results of these I'perr,eability" tesEs
in general, the _-LrydI-au1ic ccrrductivity ('rhorizoqtal
o? Ehe foraati.oas below the water table, on the average,
-t4-
ranges between 5 aad 10 feeE per year. However, it should be noted that
some of the packer Eests corrducEed above Ehe water tabLe indicated a much
higher hydraulic conductivity while a few packer tests conducted both
above and below Ehe water table indicated a much lower hydraulic con-
ductivity for selected intervals.
Using the formula
,r=Ki'e
based on Darcy's Law
\J)
!.
(:j
.F
.*Y
q
o
it
Ni
h
o
where:
V = the rate of movement of ground r,rater Ehrough formation
11 = rrperrtreabilityrr; hydraulic conductivity of formation
(measured as 5 to 10 ft/yr)
0 = porosity of formation (assumed as 20 percent)
i = gradient (calculated as 0.03 at rnill site use 0.01 at
tailing retention site)
the average rate of ground water movement through the lrater-saturated
portion of the formation below the water table can be estimated. Ttrus,
based on the recorded values and iaplied assr:mptions, it is estimated
that, on Ehe average, the shallow ground water movement at the uill siie
is approxirnately 0.01 to 0.02 ft per year toward the south-southwest and
the shallow ground water movement at the tailing retention site is
approximately 0.0025 to 0.01 ft per year toward the south-southwest.
DESIGN OF TAILING RETENTION FACILITY
GENER^AL
The tailing retention systen will consist of three individual,
rectangular lined celIs with horizontal bottoms. Ihe celI dikes will be
constructed from materials excavated from within the ce11 interiors. As
a result the bottom of the cel1s will generally be below the existing
ground leveL. The excavated material will also be used for covering the
cel1s during final reclamation. Topsoil will be removed and stockpiled
before commencement of other construction aetivities. The location and
layout of the cell systeu and Lopsoil storage-borrow area are shown on
Piate 2.
- l5-
Each ce1l will have a surface area of approximately 70 acres to meeL
water balance requirenenEs. Ce11 depths of approximately 37 feet will
provide storage capaciEy for approximately 5 years of miIl operation aE a
feed rate of 2000 tpd, and including 5 feet of freeboard for containing
precipiration and.wave action. ConsEruction of. the cel1s will be
staged so that each ce11 wilL be couplet,ed shorEly before the preceding
cel1 is fille<i. This will resulE in a minimum of sire disEurbance and
exposed ceI1 surface area at any one tirne. It is intended to commence
operation with the north c,r11 and then to coostrucL and operate the
rniddle and south cells in trrrn. The elevation versus surface area and
capac:i.ty curves for the north cell is given on Plate 5. The correspond-
ing curves for the middle and souEh cel1s would be similar to the north
ce11 except for different elevations.
The norEh cel1 has been designed to achieve an approximate balance
between excavated material and dike fiIl requirements. The middle and
south ce1ls are designe<i to provide a sufficient excess of excavated
laaterial to enable adequate covering of the adjacenE ce11 during reclama-
tion. The south cel1 will be covered by material borrowed imnediately to
the south unless sufficient material is generaEed in the ce11's con-
struction.
The interior of each ce11 will be consEructed with a horizontal
botton and uniformly sloping sides. This regularity will facilitace Ehe
installation of the iopermeable membrane liner which will be installed in
each ceLl to control seepage. To proEect the liner from damag€r a Layet
of fine sand and silt bedding wiLl be placed over the excavaEed rock
surface prior to installation. Following installation of the 1iner, a
coveriag Layer of fine sand and silE will be installed over the entire
liner surface to proEect the liner from wind loads, abrasion, punctures
and simiiar accidents. Typical sections illustrating lining details are
shown on Plate 6.
Dikes will be constructed with constanE interior and exterior slopes
of 3 (horizontal): 1 (vertical). Considering the fact that the ce11
-16-
lining should prevent significant seepage through the dikes, ttrese slope
angies are conservative from the point of view of dike stability.
The angles are also appropriate for reclamaEion of the exEerior dike
s 1 opes
s lopes.
for facilitating Iiner installation the interior dike
The cel ls Vil1 have
ampleclosed system wi
defined by Regulato Guide
no spillway
freeboard for
3.11.
faciliti
s Eora
since each will be a
of the design storm as
Following paragr
were coupleted in desig
design reeoumendations.
DESIGN ANAIYSES
Seepage
Material Pr rt ies
Ihe
in the
this sectio summarize the analyses r'-hich
Ehe taili reEention facility and detailed
of the materials which will be involved
tailing cells were evaluated by means of
of
ng
ability testing er tests) indicated that the perrue-
kota sandstoney's \enerally in the range of 5 to 10 feet
hat zones of tytgh pe\meability are also present. This
seepage fro{ the tai\ngs cel1s could possibly enter
water. Thfefore, it i\ necessary to line the ce11s.
are no su/tab1e on-site s\i1s which could be used for
. Shaly' formations (predo\inantly from the Jurassic
on) outfrop in va1Iey bottoms\and canyons wal1s around
Ihese qL. not clay-like and pro}'abty would require con-
s:'ng /at high cost to produce a elay-like naterial which
or y' lining. Even if these shales rdere processed, the
iry[Ie ce1l lined with 2 feet of processed shale has been
en 50 and 100 gpm. Therefore, to minimize seepage, the
been designed with a synthetic membrane lining. This
sult in negligible seepageo
ysical properties
struction of the
d$
- 15-
Each cell will have a surface area of approxir.rately 70 acres to meet
water balance requiremenEs. Cell depths of approximately 37 feet will
provide sEorage capacity for approximately 5 years of rnill operaEion at a
feed rate of 2000 tpd, and including 5 feet of freeboard for containing
precipit.ation and rrave action. Construction of the ce11s will be
staged so that each ce11 will be compleEed shortly before Ehe preceding
ce11 is filled. This will result in a minimum of site disturbance and
exposed ce11 surface area at any one time. IE is intended to comrnence
operaEion with the norEh ce11 and then Eo construct, and operate Ehe
middle and south cells in turn. The elevat.ion versus surface area and
capacity curves for the north cell is given on Plate 5. The correspond-
ing curves for the niddle and south ceIls would be similar to the north
ce11 except for different elevations.
The north cell has been designed to achieve an approximate balance
beLween excavated material and dike fill requirements. The middle and
south ce11s are designed Eo provide a sufficient excess of excavated
material to enable adequate covering of the adjacent cel1 during reclama-
tion. The south cell will be covered by material borrowed immediately to
the south unless sufficienE maEerial is generated in the ce11rs con-
struction.
The interior of each ce11 will be constructed with a horizontal
boEEom and uniformly sloping sides. This regularity will facilitate the
inscallation of the imperureable membrane liner which will be insralled in
each cell to conErol seepage. To protect the liner from damag€r a layer
of fine sand and silt bedding will be placed over the excavated rock
surface prior to installation. Following installation of the liner, a
covering layer of fine sand and silt r,ri11 be inst.alled over the entire
liner surface to proEecE the liner fron wind loads, abrasion, puncEures
and similar accidenEs. Typical sections illustraEing Iining details are
shown on Plate 6.
Dikes will be constructed with.consEant interior and exterior slopes
of 3 (horizontal): I (vertical). 'Considering the fact that the cell
-lb- B'isea ' ;
Qt'.tlp{ sfa Ia
1iningshou1dPreventsignificantSeePagethroughthedikes,theses1ope>
angles are conservative from the point of view of dike stability.
The angles are also appropriate for reclamation of the exterior dike
slopes and for facilitating liner installaEion on the interior dike
s lopes .
The cells will have no spillway facilities since each will be a
closed sysEem with ample freeboard for storage of the design storm as
defined by Regulatory Guide 3.11.
Following paragraphs of
were completed in designing
de sign recommendations.
DESIGN ANALYSES
Seepage
Field permeability testing (packer tests) indicated that the perme-
ability of the Dakota sandstone is generally in the range of 5 to 10 feet
Per year and that zones of high permeability are also present. Labora-
tory tests on the natural soils indicated permeabilities ranging from 3.9
to 144 feet per year. These results indicate that seepage from the
tailing ce1ls could possibly enter shallow ground water. Therefore it
will be necessary to use a lining in the cells. Results of the labora-
tory permeability testing on compacted samples of the soil from one
location on the site indicate that some of the soil could be suitable for
use as a comPacted lining. The quantity of on-site material which could
be used as a lining has not been determined and the effect of acidic
tailing effluent on the caliche (calcitic) soils has not been investi-
gated. Shale formations (predominantly from the Jurassic Morrison
formation) outcrop in val1ey bottoms and canyon walls around the site,
and these clay shales could be used for a lining. However these shales
are only slightly weathered and would require considerable effort for
placement and compaction. I4Iith proper compaction, the shales should
provide a relaEively impervious lining.
this section summarize the analyses which
the tailing retenEion facility and detailed
involved
means of
Material Properties
The physical properties of the maEerials which will
in the construction of the tailing cells r^rere evaluated
be
by
field exploraticns and laboratory testing. These are summarized in
Appendices A and B, respectively. The material propercies '^rhich qrere
used in the stability analyses of the dikes are shown on plates 7
and 8, St.abiiity SecLions, and are listed below in Table 2.
TABLE 2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED FOR DIKE STABILITY ANALYSES
Material
3pe.-
In Situ Fine Sand
and Silr (SM/}fi,)
Compacted Find Sand
and silt (stt/i'n)
SaEurated Tailing
In Situ Sandstone
CompacteC Sandstone
In Situ CLay/CLay-
s tone
Bulk Density(Ibs/cu ft)
110
t25
62.4
130
120
130
Frictioa Angle
( degrees )
28
33
0
45
37
20
Cohesion(lbs/sq ft)
0
0
0
10,000
0
3, 000
Seismic Design Criceria
The project site is located in a region known for its scarcity of
recorded seismic event.s. Although the seismic history for this region is
barely 125 years o1d, che epicentral pattern, or fabric, is basically set
and ilPDreciabl.e changes are noE expecEed Eo occur. Mosc of the i-arger
seismie evenEs in the Colorado PI^aEeau have occurred along its margins
rather than in the interior cent.ral region. Basec on Ehe regiont s
seisrnic history, the prcbability of a major damaging earthquake occurring
ai or near Lhe project site iii ver) renote. SEudies by Algermissen and
Perkins (L976) indicate ihat southeastern Utah, including the site, is in
an area where there is a 90 percent probability that a horizonEal accel-
eration of four percent gravily (0.0a e) would not be exceeded within 50
year s .
Minor earthquakes, not associated with any seismic-tectonic irends,
can Presutrably occur randomly at akaost any location. Even if such an
event with an intensity as high as VI should occur at or near the project
site, horizontal ground accelerations probably would noE exceed 0.05 g
and almost certainly would be less than 0.10 g (Trifunac and Brady,
f975). Both of these values are used in stability analyses which folIow.
Liquefaction Evaluation
Liquefaction of a soil mass is typically brought about when a series
of dynamic pulses results in rapid densification of a saturated soil
Eass. This increases pore pressure and reduces shear strengEh, and as a
result, the rnass acts like a fluid. Ttre potential for liquefaction
within a particular soil mass under a given dynamic loading depends on
the exisEence and location of the water table and the gradation and
relative densfty of the soil mass.
ALthough the fine sand and silt sections of the dikes (plate 5)
have a grain size distribution suited to liquefaction, adequate com-
paction and the absenee of saturation in this naterial will miniaize the
possibility of liquefaction. The compacted sandstone portion of the
dikes (plate 6) will be completely drained and the material is too coarse
to experience liquefaction.
Ihe tailing material constitute the only conponent of the tail-
ing retenEion system which can be considered susceptible to liquefac-
tion. Ilowever, as the stability analyses which are described in the next
section illustrate, even if the tailing did liquefy the stability of the
tailing retention systen would not be adversely affected.
Stability Analyses
Merhod of Analyses - The stability of the dike which will be con-
structed to contain the tailing was analyzed using dike sections A-Ar
and B-Bt, as shown on Plates 7 and 8. Section A-Ar can be considered a
critical stability secEion because it is located where the dike height
is greatest. Section B-Br has been analyzed to evaluate the effect of
the claystone layer, which in places underlies the dikes, on the stabil-
ity of the dikes.
- 19-
Ihe Simplified Bishop meEhod, which is based on Ehe assumptions of
limiting equilibrirrm mechanics, was used to ;>erfonn Ehe stability analy-
ses. This is a method of slices which has been shown Eo produce accurate
results over a wide range of coniiEions. The forces acting on each slice
are determined so that Ehe tot,a1 driving forces and resisEing forces
along the assumed failure circle can be calculated. Ttre factor of safety
is then defined in terms of moments about Ehe center of Lhe failure arc
as the Eoment of the shear stresses along the failure surface divided by
the roomeat of the weight of the soil in Ehe failure mass.
To facilitate calculations, a Dames & Moore computer program was
used for the slope stability analyses. In order to account. for the
effect of possible earthquake loadings on Ehe dikes, a pseudo-static
analysis !/as used in which the dynamic loads of Ehe earthqual:e are
replaced by a staEic, horizontal force equal to Lhe producE of the
seismic coefficient and the weight of the soil mass. Seismic coeffi-
cients of 0.05 g and 0.10 g were used to simulate earthquake loading
conditions.
As indicated on the stability secEions, a phreatic surface has
been assuned to occur through Ehe compacted fine sand and silt at the
same 1eve1 as the maximum tailing elevation within the ce11. The
phreatic surface is then assumed to drop rapidly through the compacted
sandsEone to reflect the higher permeability anticipated for this
uaEerial. This phreatic surface is considered to be a reascnable
representation of the water distribution which could occur with an
unlined pond. However, the membrane liner should ensure that no sig-
nificant seepage occursl therefore, the phreaEic surface assumed for ihe
purpose of the analysis is conservaEive.
The tailing has been assigned zero shear strength for analysis
which models the situa:ion in which the tailing have liquefied. This
is considered to be very conservative, parEicularly for low leveI seismic
acti'rity characterisiic of the site areas.
-20-
Results of StabiLity Analyses
stability analyses, as presented on
Table 3, indicate that the dikes are
to stability.
Case A-Ar represents the usual situation, where the dike foundation
consists of fine sand and silt overlying sandstone, while case B-Br
represents the less common situation where a highl,y weathered claystone
lies between Ehe fine sand and silt and the sandstone.
Ihe end of construction condition specified for analysis in Regula-
tory Guide 3.11 (Design, Construction, and Inspection of Embanknent
ReEention Systems For Uranium Mi1ls) has not been considered because
there are no highly inpermeable materials to be used in the construction
in which excess pore water pressures could be sustained for any sig-
nificant length of tine.
No upstream stability analysis has been undertaken on section B-Br
since section A-A' is the higher and, therefore, a tnore critical case.
TABLE 3
SI]MMARY OF STABILITY ANA]"YSES
The results of Dames & Moorets
Plates 7 and 8 and summarized in
conservatively designed with regard
Case
A-Ar Downstream S lope
A-Ar Upstream Slope
Earthquake
Loading (g)
0.00
0. 05
0. 10
0.00
0. 05
0.10
0.00
0. 05
0. 10
Minimum Calculated
Factor of Safety
2.21
1.gg
1 .55
2.05
I .54
r.22
2.35
2.0t
t.74
Minimum Factor of
Safety Required by
Regulatory Guide 3.11
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
B-Br Domstream Slope
-2t-
All factors of safety calcuLated considerably exceed the mrninum
'ralues designated by Reg-.rlatory Guide 3.11. The stability analyses
indicate thaE the stabiiity oi ihe dikes would be adequaie even without
the membrane liner.
Set t lemenE
SeLtlemenEs of Lhe dikes are expect.ed to
These settlements should be elastic and
sEruciion. Therefore, long term seEtlements
Freeboard and Flood Protection
be less than one half inch.
ins t.antaneous during con-
are not expected to occur.
Each ce1l has been designed with a final freeboard of 5 feet aE its
naxinum tailing storage level (USln, L974). ACdiiional freeboard will
exisE at all Eimes other than when the ceil is filled to design capaciE,y.
Since only the precipitaEion wtrich fa1ls directy on the ce11rs surface
can enier it, this freeboar,l is adequate to eccolrmodate the design
storm of approximately 17 inches of rain and still leave ove: three feet
of freeboard for wave action. Therefore, there is no need for a spillway
which would be ineompatible with Ehe objeciive of containment of tailing
and effluent liquids.
Water Balance of CelIs
The surface areas of the cells have been determined based on r,rater
balance requiremenEs and maximum uEilization of the project site.
The 7O-acre surface area in each cell would on average evaporate approx-
irnately 300-acre feet of waEer annualIy. Based on the mi11 processing
2000 Epd, about 540-acre feec per year of water will be discharged into
the cell. Approxinately 170-acre feet per year of water wi.Il be per-
uaneaEly entrained within the voids of the tailing solids. Therefore,
about 370-acre feet per year of excess water will enter the cell.
The excess cf water entering the pond over that lrhich will be
evaporated on average results is a net surplus of approxialately 7O-acre
feet of water annualIy. This will ensure t.hat there is always sufficient
excess water to adeqrrately cover the tailing and reduce radon gas
emissions and dust problems, even in years of unusually
Depending on the actusl rate of buil-dug of surplus
necessary to complete the construction of the uiddle
before their tailing storage capacity is required in
their evaporative capacity.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
Design Section
Based on Dames & Moorer s engineering evaluation of the foundation
and embankment BaEerials and the requireoents of construction and recla-
mation, the dike section shown on Plate 6, Typical Sections, is recon-
mended as being a suitable configuraEion of all dike construction. Ihe
section consists of 3 (horizontal): I (vertical) side slopes for both
interior and exterior slopes. The recommended crest width of 15 feet
will provide access along the crest for vehicular traffic and meet state
crest width requirements. Use of compacted fine sand and silt for the
interior segment of the embankuent and compacted sandstone for the outer
portion is in accordance with good engineering practice, since this will
resutt in a more perneable downstream she11, even though Ehe membrane
liner should result in no significant seepage through the dike. Ttre
exact proportions of fine sand and silt and of sandstone used in con-
struction is not critical. The maximum constructed dike height would
be approximately 45 feet, althougi=at" *"rage dike height would be about
one half that amount as measured from the present ground surface.
f The cell bottors *i1i be -c __q.:_igSh_1ayer ofI
-
t roIled, low carbonate fine sand and sllt to provide a smooth surface for
,) the installgttio-n.9*f;the--Li-ue-r. Following installation of .the 1iner, a 1--=--"'
I t--- a E c: r Jt- lrr a a -ce 11
high evaporation.
water it rnay be
and south ce11s
order to utilize
g5rf. ,inter-ior*,elope-s to .pI.9"!S.9 t '?"g3iff:jl=1l1"-g,i-.{_r-o-g*y:ra*_uunlighr
wave action and equiprnent operations.
Site Preparation
The upper 5 inches
stockpiled for later use
soil at the
revege taiion.
should be stripped and
underlying soil does not
of
for
site
The
have a hi.gh organic content, anci would be suitable for dike construc-
tion. Any vegeLation, roots, debris, perishable or otherwise
objectionable material should be removed from any surface on which the
raised eubankment is placed and.none of this maEerial should be incorpor-
ated in ihe fill nuaterial. This stripping should be performed Eo the
satisfaction of a qualifed soils engineer.
Prior to placing any fill on a stripped soil surface the soil should
be scarified aad conditioned to a depth of at least 8 inches and compac-
ted according Eo the saue criEeria specified for fill materials in a
laEer section.
Construction Materials
Both the fine sand and silt and the sandsEone material excavated
frou within the ce11 shouLd provide suitable materi.als for enbankment
consEruction. How:ver, aoy clay or claystone or cLayey sandstone encoun-
tered in the excavation should not be incorporated into the dikes
because of possibl.y unfavorable shear strength and perueability charac-
teristics. The ciayey maLerials rnay be stockpiled for later use in the
cover over ihe Eop of the tailing.
The fine sand and silt can generally be excavated by dozers and
scrapers without blasting, although some ripping may be required in the
highly calcareous zones. Low carbonaEe fine sand anC si1-t, which gen-
era1.ly occurs within the upper few feet of the surface should be sep-
arately stockpiled for use as bedding uaEerial for che cel1 liner. Tne
lnore calcareous naterial can be used for dike construciion as iE is
excavaEed. No additional breaking down of this material beyond r*hat is
achieved during excavation and compaction should be required.
If soft or unstable materials are encountered d.uring this process
they should be reuroved and replaced with prcper. fi11. In areas where
filt will be placed on excavaEed rock surfaces, the suifaces strould
be saooEhed 60 that no loca1 projections or cavities greater Ehan 3
inches ar'e presert. This snocthing process probably couiC be accorTl-
plished with a heavy dozer or heavy sheepsfoot compacEor.
The sandstone which underlies the fine sand and silt roay in part be
excavated b:', scrapers af ter ripping, but some b lastirrg o,ay also be
required. some crushing of the sandstone may be required to obtain a
satisfactory size distribution. A11 sandstone used for dike construction
should be minus 6 inch.
The construction of the north ce11 will involve the excavation of
approximatery 440,000 cubic yards of fine sand and si1t, and approxi-
rnately 575,000 cubic yar<is of sandstone/claystone. A11 of the fine sand
and silt and approximately 480,000 cubic yards of the sandstone/claystone
will be used in dike construction and bedding and cover placement for the
liner. This should resuLt in a slight excess of excavated material which
may be later used for cover material over the tailings or in the con-
struciion of the next dike, depending on whether it is clayey or not.
The earthwork volumes involved in construction of the rniddle and
southern cells will depend on the amount of cover material which is
required to reduce the radon gas emission frora the previous cell to an
acceptable level. For example, if 5 feet of cover is required, this will
involve the excavation and pl,acement of approximately 700,000 cubic yards
of material in addition to the material required for dike construction
and bedding and cover for the liner. Therefore the final design of these
cei.is cannot be formulated until reclamation plans are finalized.
FiIl Placement
The maEerials placed in the embankments should be earefully eontrol-
led with irispection and testing by a qualified soils engineer. Fine sand
and silt used in the construction of the embankments should be placed in
lifts not exceeding eight inches in loose thickness, and should be
compacted to at least 95 percent of maximum dry density as defined by the
AASHTO* T-99, method of compaction. Adjustments in moisture content of
Ehe on site material may be necessary Eo achieve adequate compaction.
*American Association of State Highway and TransporEation Officials
-25-
For Ehe mL-sE parE it is expecEed that waEer will have to be added tc
achieve saEisfactory compaction results. SheepsfooE rollels or self-
propelled compactors shcuid be suitebLe for this compacEion.
Fine sand and silt placed as bedding material for Ehe membrane line
should be placed in a single lifc and rolled smooth with a drum type
ro1ler. The interior surfaces of the dikes should be finished in a
similar Banner.
Sandstone used in the construction of Ehe embankments should be
screened Eo renolre oversize uaterial and placed in lifts not exceeding
one foot in loose Lhickness. The sandstone should be compacteC by
approximaEely four t.o six passes of a sheepsfooL rotler.
The distribucion of material in the fili should be such that there
are no lenses, pockets or sEreaks of maEerial differing substanuially
fron Ehe surrounding fi11. Fil1 should not be placed on frozen surfaces,
nor should snow, ice, or t-rozen material be incorporaEed into the fi11.
Ce1 1_Lining
In order to ccnErol seepage to the maximum extent practical, nem-
brane liners will be i;rstal1e_d _ on all inierior celi-sg-r-*f,Cces. Such
control of seepage Eay be achieved by Ehe use..o-.f 20 mii. (0!020 iqch)
,. potyvin;r1 chloride (pvc) on the ceIl bottou and 20 mi1 chlorinaEedt/
Jk eorr.thylene (cPE) oa the inr:erior -sid,e 91opes. Th" ;;;;. expensive cru
is recommended on side slopes .becausg it .is stable .;"" ;:;."*J."10 ,3
long periods of direct s,rrrfiint. Althougtr all liner maEerials will have
a I fr:oi thick soil cover, the use of CPE on side slopes should protect
againsi the possibility of liner deterioration should wind or operational
proce<iures tenporarily remove the soil cover. If the soil cover is ever
reuoved, it sho':ld be replaced as soon as feasible.
Since membrane liners can be danaged and their effecEiveness
diminished by irnproper handLing and installation, careful installation
procedures.rrill be necessary. Therefore, the liner should be installed
-25-
under the supervision of a suitably qualified engineer. The surface on
which the tiner is layed should be snocth afd. free frcrn any projections
which could Puncture the lining. the strength of all splices, seams and
joints, and the physical characteristics of the materials used should
meet the specifications of the fabricator. Furthermore, it is recom-
mended that the Pvc/cPE bond be fabricated in the factory rather than on
site. Ttris would make it possible to bond only like materials in the
fie 1d.
Radiation Control and Reclamation
Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines call for keeping radon gas
emission from the reclaimed tailing reteniion area to twice background.
Norma1ly, a soil cover comprised of on-site soil is used for this pur-
Pose. The Ehickness of the soil cover depends on the ability of the
soils to inhibit radon gas emanaEion. clayey soils are generalLy the
most effective and require the least thickness, while gravelly soils
would be leasE effective.
For this project a mixture of on-site fine-grained sand and silt and
sandstone is planned to be used for the soil cover. Ihe required thick-
ness of this cover is calculated to be approximately 9 feet. The
maEerial to cover the first cell will be obtained from the excavation for
the second pond and a sirnilar sequence will be used to cover the second
pcnd. Material to cover the third ceil will come from either stockpiling
rnaterial during the construction of the third ceII or from a borrow area
imrediately south of the third cell or both of these.
Following placement of the 9-foot rayer of cover uaterial, tfie
entire surf ace will be topdressed with about 5 inches of previoc't y
stockpiled topsoil and revegetaied. Ihe borroh, area will be graded to
blend in with adjacent topography, covered with about G inches of top-
soil, and revegetated.
-27-
Ground Water Monitoring
The tentative design of a pre-operational ground nater monitoring
program consisis of 3 or uore cbservation/monitoring we1ls Eo be
installed at location predominantiy down gradient from the mil1 site and
tailing reEention site (Plate 2).
In general, the monitor wells should be constructed of.4- or 6-inch
Ciameter PVC plastic casing (as shown on Plate 9) to a depth beloro the
lowest expected waEer IeveI. Ihe lower portion of the well should be
screened with either PVC plastic well screen or si.ainless steel screen.
The top of the screened portion of the well should be higher Ehan the
highest expected water 1eve1. The annular space beEween the borehole
wal1 and Ehe casing should be fi1led with clean, inert, natural stone
filter material for the enEire screened interval. The remainder of
the annular space, above a 5-foot bentonite seal on top of the filter,
should be grouted or backfilled with a mixEure of the drill cuttings and
grout or benEoniEe. A concrete seal should be placed around the expclsed
PVC casing at the ground surface to prevent surface rrater from entering
the borehole around the casing. For further protection a sLeel casing
with a large cap and lock should be placed around the PVC plastic casing
and should be seaLed in the cement seal.
FOUNDATION DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS - I'IILL FACILITY
In this section of the report, prelin:.nary earthwork and foundaEj.on
<iesign recommendaEions are provided for the mi11 facility. These recom-
mendations are based cn the findings cf the field investigatic,n in the
proposed mj.11 site area.
EARTIIWORK
Site Preparation
Prior to Ehe
grasses and other
Although Ehere is
should be rernoved
construction of any foundations aE the mi11 site, all
vegetation should be removed from the foundation araa.
no highi.y organic topsoil, the upper 6 inches of soil
and stockpiled for later use in revegetation.
",f{
$r 1
Site Grading
Site grading nay require
siIt, although no cut slopes
Excavating all cut slopes at
flatter should ensure stable
-28-
minor cut slopes within the fine sand and
are expected Eo exceed 10 feet in height.
an angle of 3 horizontal to I vertical or
slopes while naking revegeEation feasible.
Slopes in fill areas should also be 3 horizontal to I vertical or
flatter. Fine sand and silt excavated frou the ground surface in the
vicinity of the nill site should provide an adequate filL material when
properly compacted. The soil or rock surface upon which fill is placed
should be prepared in the same manner as prescribed for the tailing ceIl
construction.
The uri1l site should be graded so that lrater flows alray from the
roill structures and to enable the collection of any spills from the rnill
circuit for pumping to the tailing retention systern or back into the
ni11 circuit.
Excavation
ExcavaEions for foundations on other facilities around the mi11 area
may be constructed with unsupported vertical side slopes up to a maximuu
depth of 4 feet.
Excavations deeper than 4 feeE should be shored if the side slopes
are vertical. Unsupported excavations deeper than 4 feet should be
constructed with side slopes of I horizontal to 1 vertical or flatter.
Conpaction Criteria
A11 structural filL should be placed in lifts not exceeding 8 inches
in loose thickness. Each Lift in strucEural foundation areas should be
compacted to a density of at least 95 percent of the maximum dry density
as determined by the AASHTO T-99 meEhod of compaction prior to placing
successive lifts. A compacted dry density of 90 percent MSHTO T-99
maximum dry density should be adequaEe for fill areas which will not
support structural foundations.
-, o-
Fi1l should not be placed on a frozen surface, nor should snorir, ice,
or frozen material be incorporated into the fi11. The fill should be
placed aE or near its optimum moisture ccntent, and shculd be inspected
and approved by a qualified soils engineer during placement.
Surface Water Diversion
The probable maximum precipitation as a thunderstorm would produce a
peak flow (curve number 85) of about 540 cfs in the rrestern basin and 265
cfs in the eastern basin. These are nearly instantaneous flows and they
could cause a substantial auount of danage if they occurred and were not
controlled. Therefore, flood control dikes which will be high enough to
collecE and store the probable maximuu flood volume should be const.ructed
just ncrth of the mill site. fnese dikes would be 10 Eo 15 feet high.
An 8-inch diaureter corrugated metal cutvert pipe should be constructed
under these dikes to a1low a slow release of the stored flood waters.
Each of these pipes would have a discharge of about 6 cfs under maximum
conditions. This rrater would then be collected in a sualI ditch which
would conduct the flows safely to Ehe western perimeter of the mill site.
It would then flow in the natural drainages and iurpound upstream of the
tailing retention system (p1ate 4).
Overland flood flows from the ni11 site together with flows from the
other parts of Ehe drainage area shown on Plate 4 wi1!. collect along
the perimeter of the tailing ce11s. The tailing ce1ls will have E"{o
areas of impoundment; the first, along the northern edge where the
contributing drainage area is 221 acres and Ehe second, along the eastern
edge where the contribuEing drainage area is 35 acres. The volune of
storage created norEh of the tailing cel1s is large enough Eo contain
even the probable maximum fiood (Pl'lF) without the retease of waEer and
without subraerging project facilities. The maxiaum pond depth along the
northern tailing cell resulEing from the PMF would be about 13 feet.
Thus any radioactive solids accidentally released during a f1ood, or
any other Eime, wor-rld be washed into the impoundment. This would prevent
Eheir getting into I^Iest\rater Creek.
-3 0-
FOUNDATIONS
Raari no Canqe i l'rz9Cql!:rx ,Jc;aL!LY
Based on our field and laboratory investigations, it appears thaE
foundations for the mi11 facilities can be satisfactorily established on
naturaL soil or on fill consisting of properly compacted fine sand and
silt. Conventional spread and continuous-wa11 foundations should ade-
quately support Bost of the ui11 facilities, although mat foundations may
be required for some heavy mi11 equipment.
For spread and continuous-wa11 foundations established on natural
soil or compacted filL, an allowabIe net bearing pressure of 3600 pounds
per square foot may be used for design purposes. A minirnum foundation
width of I foot is recommended. Exterior foundations should be estab-
lished at least 3 feet below adjacenr final grade for confinement and/or
frost protection purposes. Interior foundations not subjected to the
full effects of frost may be found at a depth of 18 inches.
Mat foundations established on on-site material can be designed
using an allowable net bearing pressure of 3600 pounds per square foot
provided that the loading is static. MaE foundations shoul-d be estab-
lished at least 18 inches or 3 feet below adjacent final grade depending
upon whether they are interior or exEerior, respectively.
Separate design criteria are required for mat foundations supporting
vibrating equiprnent such as crushers and ball nilIs. Of particular
concern is t-he upper few feet of the soil, since this is the zorle in
which vibratory compaction forces will be greatest, and below this depth
cal.careous cementation generally increases. Mat foundations for vibra-
ting equipment should be excavated down to the cemented cal-iche zone and
backfill.ed with compacted, well-graded sand and gravel. It is estimated
that approximately 4 feet of excavation below grade wouLd be required for
this type of foundation. The allowable net bearing pressure for this
Eype of fc'undation should be taken as 3500 pounds per square foot,
-3 1-
SetElement
Settlements of structures founded on in situ soil or compacted fill
and designed for the recomrnended marimum bearing pressure are expected to
be minor. Settlements of spread and continuous wall foundations are not
expected to exceed 1/4 inch, whiie settlements of mat foundations should
not exceed ll2 inch.
Lateral Pressure
LaEeral movements of foundations can be resisEed by passive soil
pressure and frictional resisEan-ce between the base of the foundation and
the underlying soil. The passive lateral earth pressure may be calcula-
ted by assuroing Ehat the soil against the foundation is a fluid with a
unii weight of 300 pounds per cubic foot. Where foundations are not
poured neat against in situ soil, backfill againsE the foundation should
consist of on-site soil and shouid be compacted to at ieasE 95 percent of
AASHTO T-99 maximum dry density. The upper l foot of soil should be
aeglected when making Ehe passive pressure calculation. A friction
coefficienE of 0.35 between the base of the foundation and the underlying
soil may be used for calculating laEeral load resisEance. Passive soil
resistance and fricEional resistance should be cornbined cnly afier one or
Ehe other has been reduced by 50 Dercent.
The acEive force
that the soil against
pounds per cubic foot.
Frost Protection
exerted on a wa11 may be calculate<i by assumi-ng
the foundation is a fluid with a unit 'reight of 40
A11 waLer lines should be placed aE least 3
adjacent ground surface to prevent freezing.
should also be placed 3 feet below lowest adjacent
Cenent Type
Sulfate analyses on four soil samples taken from boreholes within
the proposed roi1l area indicate consistently low conLents of soluble
sulfates. The maximum concentration of sotuble sulfaEes in any saurple is
f eeE below Ehe lowesE ) ,{,*,t*,
Exterior f oundaEions )'){,ll,,tI !;l/r" 'I
'{rgrade. t ir"' "
-32-
0.078 percent, which is rated as giving a negligible degree of sulfate
attack. Therefore, in accordance with tI.S. Bureau of Reclamation
Guidelines (1966), the use of special sulfate resistant cement should not
be necessary.
The following are attached and complete this report:
Re ferences
Plate I Vicinity Map
Plate 2 Plot Plan (in Map Pocket)Plate 3 Regional Epicenter Map
Plate 4 Site Drainage
Plate 5 Area - Capacity Curves for
I.IorEh Pond
Plate 6 Typical Sections
Plate 7 Stability Section A-At
Plate 8 Stability Section B-Br
Plate 9 Sketch of Typical Ground l{ater
Monitoring I{e11
Appendix A,
Appendix B
Field Exploration
Laboratory Test Data
Respectively subrnitted
DMES & MOORE
Larry K. Davidson
Partner
Ronald E. Versaw
uen]-or Eng].neer
LKD: REV: GM: t 1g
-33-
REFERENCES
Alge'rmissen, S.T., and Perkins, D.M. , I976, A probabilistic estimate
of maximum acceleration in rock in the contiguous United StaEes:
U.S. Geol. Survey 0pen File Report 76-416, 45 P.
Cook, K.L., and Smith, R.B. , 1967, Seisrnicity in uEah, 1850 through
June 1965: Seismol. Soc. America 8u11., v" 57, no.4, P.689-718.
Simon, R.B., 1972, Seismicity :n Geologic Atlas of the Rccky Mountain
Region, Rocky l{ound.ain Assoc. Geolc'gists, Denrrerr Co1o., p. 4B-5 1.
Trifunac, M.D., and Brady, A.G., 1975, 0n the correlation of sei-smic
intensity scales with the peaks of recorded sErong ground motion,
Seisuol. Soc. America 8u11., V. 65, no. 1, p' L39-I62.
Bureau of Reclamation, 1966, ConcreLe Manual, Dept,. of Ehe Inter-
ior, p.12.
Bureau of Reclamation, 1974, Design of srnall dams, p. 274.U.S"
P1JTE I
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BASIN
Ioqiit*l'/r Ili-r/'/ ^Al.
w1l ,t7;"^ 1t ('^\r<.\l)
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LEGEND KEY TO EARTHOUAKE EPICENTERS
SVMBOL MOOIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY
,- UNCLASSIFIED FAULT v.t
. THRI'ST FAUI T: vIIru saw rEETH oN ,PTHRowN stoE
,.,,,.. NORMAL FAULT:
HACHURES oN DowNrHRowN srDE , REGIONAL TECTONIC MAp
-l-- arurrcrrNAl Axrs lv oR LEss oR N0rNrENsrrY GrvEN sHowlNG HlsToRlc EARTHQUAKE
* DOME NUMBER REFERS TO MULTIPLE
EvENrs rN saME LocAnoN. EPICENTERS WITHIN 200-M]LE
l|':l;+'r".r:' LARGEST EvENr RADlus oF THE PRoJEcr slrE
References: Cook and Smith,1967; Hadsell,l968;'Simon,l972; Coffman and von Hake,l973a,1973b,1974.and 1975; Coffman and Stover,1976; Gjardina,1977; N0AA,1977. Tectonicbase after Cohee ET AL, 1962.
SCALE
25 0 ?5 50 75 rOO
-
MILES DAMES E H(O(ORE
PLATE 3
CELL STORAGE CAPACITY (TONS X 106)
012345
5,626[ I I I | 135
30
5 ,620
;
Lll
trj
5
a(,z
I 5,610
F
LLo
0_oF
zo
HF
t]JJtll
25
F
Lll?O trl
5
IF
0-IJo
15 JJ
UJo
10
5,6OO
5 , 591
CELL SURFACE AREA ( ACRES )
KEY:
STORAGE CAPACITY
SURFACE AREA
I RII.GT PT GITY
CURUES TllR X|IRTII GEILo rraaEa
//
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
//t
so 55 60 65 70 75
PI-ATE 5
CEMENT SEAL
GROUT
LAND SURFACE
+'ALLUVIAL SAND A SiILT.
LOOSELY CEMENTED
SANDSTONES & SHALES
ANNULAR SPACE
BACKFILLED WITH
BENTONITE AND
DRILL CUTTINGS
MITURE OR CEMENT
GROUT (FROM
BENTONITE OR
GROUT SEAL
IGHEST EXPECTED WATER LEVET
ANTICIPATED SEASONAL
FLUCTUATIONS +-
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL
8-INCH STEEL PROTECTOR PIPE
EMBEDDED IN CEMENT GROUT
(5 FEET LONG V/ITH HINGED
CAP & LOCK)
Z FEET PROJECTION ABOVE
LAND SURFACE
4 OR 6INCH DIAMETER
PVC CASING (SCHEDULE 40 TO I2O,
DEPENDING ON FINISH ED DEPTHAND EXPANSIVE SOIL/ROCK
CONDITIONS)
WELL
EN TR ALIZE R
BENTONITE OR CEi/ENT GROUT
SEAL IN ANNULAR SPACE
( 5 FEET MINIMUM THICKNESS)
PVC OR STAINLESS STEEL WELL
SCREEN OPPOS]TE WATER TABLE
( TOP OF SCREEN ABOVE HIGHEST
EXPECTED WATER LEVEL AND
BOTTOM OF SCREEN BELOW
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL}
WELL SORTED, CLEAN,FILTER PACK OF ROUNDED,
OUARTZ SAND
PVC CAP ON BASE
OF CASING
SIGTGII OT TYPIGAI GR()UilII WATER iIllTII(lRIilG WE[[
(FOR VUATER TABLE OR PERCHED GROUND WATER)
DANI' C T(o(DII
fr*,
o rAl-a"[aol
PLATE 9
APPEI'IDIX A
FIELD EXPLORATION
GEoLoGr$-REtoNNAISSANCE IDuring the site selection phase of the invesEigation, { brief
geologic reconnaissance visit was conducted at each of the .-lq?S-1!ie,
alrernare tailings disposal areas. These areas are shown "" (1.1":_"__ ).)r:the text of this reporE. During this geologic reconnaissance, f-eneral
geologic, topographic, and environmental considerations for each of Ehe
four sites were studied. This information was useci to help select the
most suitable tailing retention site.
A more detailed geologic reconnaissance was carried out aE ttre site
after the proposed locaEion of the railing retenEion facility had been
selected. The purpose of this reconnaissance, vhich was conducted by an
experienced engineering geologist, YrIas to ideotify Ehe general geologic
conditions aL the site, including the relationships of the geologic
units, the locaEions of springs, and the general occurren€es of potenEial
borrow sources for Ehe pond construction.
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
Subsurface condiEions at the site area were invest,igated by dril-
1ing, sampling, and logg.ing a total o! 28 borings which ranged ia depth
from 6.5 feet to 132.4 feet. 0f these borings, 23 rvere augered to
bedrock to enable soil sanpling and the esiinaEion of ttre Ehickness of
the soil cover. The remaining 5 borings were drilled through bedrock Eo
below the water table, with conEinuous in sicu perrneability testing where
possible and selective coring in bedrock. Standpipes were installed in
each of the cored holes to enable monitoring of the water table leve1.
Four shallow borings and one deep hole were drilled within Ehe porposed
mi11 site" Ten shallow borings and one deep hole \rere drilLed in the
imrnediate vicinity of the proposed tailing retention facility. The
remaining holes were located around the perimeters of and within the
North and South alternative sites. The locations of all borings are
shown on Plate 2, PloE P1an, ic the texE of Ehis report.
}' vr
tt}s
The field exploration program was conducted and supervised by an
experienced Dames and lloore soils engineer. Tne borings were advanced
using a truck mounted CME 55 rotary drilling rig using 4 inch diameter,
continuous-flight augers in soil and a tricone bit in the bedrock.
Relatively undisturbed soil samples were obtained using a Dames &
Moore soil sampler Type U, as shown on Plate A-1. Disturbed soil samples
were recovered from the Standard Penetration Test sampler. Selective
diamond coring in the bedrock vas achieved using a 5 foot long NX double
tube core barrel with a split inner tube.
The soils encountered in the borings were classified by visual and
textural examination in the fie1d, and a complete log for each boring was
maintaine<i. Field classifications \rere supplemented and verified by
inspection and testing in the Dames & Moore laboratory. A graphical
representation of Ehe soils encountered in the borings is presented on
Plates A-3 through A-11, Log of Borings. Along with written descriptions
of the soi1s, data on in situ moisture content and density, type of
sample obtained, blow counts, and ground water levets are presented on
the logs. The terminology used to describe the soils encountered in the
borings is shown on Plate A-2, Unified SoiL Classification System and
Graphic Log Symbols.
A geotechnical 1og was maintained for all rock core recovered
during drilling. The following items were logged:
Rock type and description of rock material
Core run and percent recovery
Descripton of rock defects, such as bedding plane breaks andjoints
Rock quality designation (nQO: the RQD is a modified core
recovery percentage in which only the pieces of sound core over
4 inches long are counted as recovery)
Degree of alteration or weathering
Relative strength of the rock
1)
2)
3)
5)
5)
4)
The core 1og for each cored hole is presented as the continuation of
Ehe soil log for Ehe same hole. Information on bedrock between Ehe cored
section was developed from drill response and int.erpolaEion frorn avail-
able core.
Single packer field permeability tesEs were performed on the
bedrock to provide in situ permeability data. Permeability was measured
over the ful1 length of the bedrock where field conditions permitted.
Results of Ehe permeability tests are presented on the boring logs.
The following plates are attached and complete this Appendix:
Plate A-1 Soil Sampler Type U
Plate A-2 Unified Soil Classification Sysrem and
Graphic Log Symbols
Plate A-3 through A-11 Log of Borings
DRIYING OR PUSHING
ilECHANISTT
SOIL SAMPLER TYPE U
FOR SOILS DIFFICULT TO RETAIN IN SATIPLER
cHECr VALVES
NEOPRENE GASKET
VALVE CAGE
NOTEr.HE D EITE[3Iox'CN
BE IXIIOOUCED BETTEEX
'XEAO. AXO .sPLIT AARRELi ALTERNATE ATTACHMENTS
SPLIT BARREL(?o FACtLtYaTE PExOvaLOF CORE S^IPL E)
CORE.R ETAINER
RINGS
Q-r/2'O.O.8Y liLOXC,
SPLIT BARR
LOCXING
RING
COR E.RETAININGoEvtcE
SPLIT .
F ERRULECORE.RETAINING
- oEvtcE, tETAlf,El nlxc
RETAIXEI PLATES
(IxTERCX XOE BLE UITH
OTHER TYPES)
THIN.WALL ED
SAIIPLING TUBE
DATI' C MC'OTI
(rxlERcHAxGEAlLE
LExGTXS)
PLATE A-I
ilAJOR DtVtStONS GRAPH
9YHaOL
LETTER
sYM80L TYflCAL OESCRIPTIONS
COA RSE
GRAINEO
SOILS
IOiE tHAN 30 o/6
of lAi€lrlL rs
Lli0Et Th^t to.
200 slEvE !rZE
GRAVEL
AND
GRAV E LLY
S OILS
roiE tiAN 30of coltsE riAc-ror iElaM!or m. a srEvf
CLEAN GRAVELS
(LITILI OI NO
lrtE3t
il,i:1,GW
t€Lr - GiA0€o GtAvtLs, GiavELslNo rrxTUF€s, LrrTLt 0tro tttas
f,::q:7:4.:l:! :f::.r:t
ii,i"r:t GP
POOaTY-Gr 0€0 GlAVfls. cRAVEL
sato trrtuRES, Ltrrlf oP
iRAVELS W.lrH FINESrPPitcrlsrt r&ulTof arrts)
,tli'f,f,GM
srLtY GRAVTL S. GFIVEL - SANO.
siLl rrtlui€s
ii;;!;!GC cLat€Y Grav€Ls, GeavEL.slNo
cLlY urxTUits
SAND
ANO
SANOY
sotLs
rotc TXAN soo/.or co^rst firc.roN ellltlgto. a srEvc
CLEAN(LITTLt OI
ft i:s
SANO
xo
SW ItLL - GiaoE0 5at0s, GnAvttL
sAros, L rtrLt ot lo rrNEs
SP POOFtT - GaAOtO SAtDS. GiAvEILY
s^i0s, LrrrL€ oa ro fitts
SANDS WITH FNES SM srLlY Sllos. 5Ar0'srLT lrxturfs
Ot ftiE!)!:,".;','.";'...1; ,^ "t, , 't1)^i.:,:)SC CL AY€Y SAIDS. SAiO'CLAY IIIIUFES
F INE
GRAINED
SOILS
rcFf rx^r 60
OF I TEFIAL IT
l!!!ll! rH^N f,o
200 srEvE slz[
SILTS LrOUro LlrrlANo L(t! rx^i !o
CLAYS
I
I
I lillii
ML
rtoicrirc srLT3 AN0 vfiY tlNlslNos, Roct flout, stlrY olctAYEY frta 3atos oi cLAYtYsr!rs trTr sLrGtsI 2LAslrcrtY
7%CL
rNoio^rrc cLlYs of tol ro rforutPLASltCrrY, SlAVft!Y CLAYS,
sANOr CLAYS, SrLTY CL^YS, LEAiCL YS
rtiiijitil
OL oicrNrc srLTs lro oiGltlc
SrLrY CLI'S Of lol PL^StlC'I
SILTS LIOUID L'IITANo qi€^r€R rxAi 30
CLAYS
MH rNonGA(rc srlrs, $cActous oaollto9^cEous rrN€ 3^r0 0aSILIY SOILS
CH
rtotc^ltc cLAYs ot xr0N
PLlSrlcrTr, FAr cLAYs
OH
OIGAf,IC CLAYS OF ITDIUI TO HIGN
PLTSTTCtY, ORGAiTC SLTS
HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS PT PEAT, rUrU3. SWAIP SOtl S
urTi xrGi qiGArlc corrtrTs
trOTE: DUAL SYMEOLS ARE USED TO INDICATT AOROLITLIN' SOIL CLASSITICATIOtrS'
SOIL CLASSIFICATION CHART
GRAPHIC LOG SYMBOLS FOR ROCK
U]{IFIEII S(III CLASSIFIGATI(}}I SYSTEM
A1{II GRIPHIC t(lc SYMB(ITS
EATI' 8 I(DoBT
SDS SANOSTON€SLN SILTSTONE
CLS CLAYSTONE
11 Y""..
ooooo-oo CGL CONGLOMERATE
PTATE 4.2
BORING NO. IEL.5629.O FT.
BORING NO. 5
EL. 5632.9 FT.
6.03-118
20-
F 5.1?-107
UG
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUI'l DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH C\L-CITE STRINGERS
LIGHT BROWN, SILTY CLAY, HA!i..(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE)
MEDIUM BROWN, VERY FINE-GRAINED
SANDSTONE; INIERL"AYERED i{ELL-
CEMENTED AND THIN, POORLY-
CEMENTED BANDS
HOIE COI4PLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
FUuG
z- 10-FAUo
15
FUUGz --- lu-FGU6
FEu(
=EF4uo
D
E
D
E
F'
F
NA
20
-BORING NO. 2EL.5634.3 FT.
!5!
BORING NO. 4EL. 5623.2 FT.
RED.BROWN FIIIE SAND AND S]LT,
MEDIUM DENStr
GMDING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-CITE STRINGERS
GREEN-BROWN SILTY CLAY (WEATIJERED
CLAYSTONE), HARD
GREENISH-BROWII, FlNE-GRAINED SAND-
STONE; lNTERLAYERED WELL CEIIJNTCD
AND POORLY-CET4ENTED BANDS
BORING NO. 6EL. 5633.5 FT.
903-I08 I 10
20_
RED-BROM FINE SAND AND S]LT.,
t{EDIUI'l DENSE
GMDES CALCAREOUS WITB CAL-CITE STRINGERS AND OCCASIOA"AL
ZONES OF MASSIVE CALCITE CE-
MENTATION
5.6
LIGHT BROWN TO GREEN CLAY(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE), HARD
OFF-WHITE SANDSTONE, VI]RY WELL
CEIlENTLD
HOLE COMPLETtrD 9/I8l?7
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
HOLE COMPLE'.TED 9 / 1-0 /'l'1
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTEUD
RED-BROWN EINE SAND AND SIL],
MED]UM DENSE
GMDING CALCAREOUS WITH (A],-
CI?I] STR]NGERS
GRtrEN I.INE-GRAINED SANDSTONE; IN-
TERLAYERI]D WELL CEMENTED ATJD
POORLY-CEIIENTED BANDS
HOLL, COMPLETED 9 / l0 /'7',7
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTIiRED
LOG OF
NOTE: ELEVATIONS PROVIDED By ENERGY rUELS NUCLEAR, INC.
il*i'o*"rr" DE.TGNATT'N -- ,ERCENTA.E oF coRE REC''ERED rNLENCTHS GRTATER THN 4 INCHES
BORINGS
KEY
INDICA?ES DEPTH AT I,dHICH UNDISTURBED SAflPLE WAS EX-
TRACTED USING DNES E MOORE SAMPLER
INDICATES DEPTH AT WHICH DTSTURBED SA}IPLE WAS EXTRACTED
USTNG DAMES & MOORE SAMPLER
INDT(ATES SAI1PLE ATTEMPT WITH NO RECOVERY
INDICATES DEPTH AT WHICH D]STURBED SAMPLE T"IAS EXTRACTEDUSING STANDARD PENETUTION TEST SAMPLER
FIELD MOISTURE EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OP THE DRYWEIGHT OF SOIL
DRY DENSITY EXPRESSED IN LBS/CU FT
BLOWS/FT OF PENETMTION'USING A ]40-LB HAMTIERDROPPlNG 30 INCHES
INDICATES NC CORE RUN
PERCENT OF CORE RECOVERY
RoD*
INDICATES PACI(ER TEST SECTION
PERMNABILITY },TEASURID BY SINGLE PACXER TEST IN TTIYR
NOT APPLICABLE (USED FOR ROD IN CLAYS OR MECHANICALLYFRACTURED ZONES)
DATES E llloIORE
A-BlC
EC
trc
NC
B
c
z
-FL.E1o
RED-BROWN FI}JE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCART]OUS WITH CAL-ClTE STRINGERS
GREEN TO BROWN, FIIJE-GRAINED SAND.STONE, LAYERED IIEDIUI1 TO WELL CE-
MENTED WITH LITTLE POORLY CEMENTED
A-3PLATE
BORING NO. 3EL.5634.4 FT.
MATCH LINE
7.6C-r007.0*-los I 35
RED-BROWN, FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH MINOR
CALCITE STRINGERS
5
N13 LIGHT GUY, FINE.GRAINED SAND-
STONE, POORLY CEMENTED IN PARTS
15.1r-113I64 BROWN SILTY CLAY (WEATHEMD CINY-
STONE) , HARD
.13(,
DARK GRAY, FIiIJJ GRAINED, SILI'Y
SANDSTONE WITH YELLOW BAi{DS MOSTLY
WELL CEMENTED JUT WITH SOME THIN,
SOET, CLAYEY BANDS
I s6B
IT
LIGUT GMY, MEDIUM GMINED, WELL
CEI4trNTED SANDSTONE WITH ORANGELIMONITE STAINED BANDS
FuUE
z--_- r15-Feuo
FUUL
4qo-FLuo
2.4
I
I
I
LIGHT BROWN TO PALE GMY, FINE TO
MEDI UI{-GiIAI NET) SANDSTONE
INTERLAYtrRED E,ANDS OF SANDY, GREENCLAYSTONE AND PALD BROIJN SANDSTONE
DRILLING IND]CAIES UNPMCTURED,
WELL CEI{ENIED S}.NDSTONE
L]GHT TO MJDIUM GREEI']-BRO!,iN,
MEDIUM TO COARSE-GRAINED SAND-
STONE
12s]-
I
I
I
WELL CEI'IENTLD
GROUND WATER LEVT]L 56.8 FTtt / 4 /'7'7
CONGLOMERATE IN LIGHT GRAY, FINE
SAND MATRIX FROM 62.4 TO 63 FT
GRADES TtrROUGH I'HITE SILTSTONE
TO A GREEN CLAYSTONI)
YELLOW, I,IEDIUI4-GMINED SANDSTONE
DRILLII{G INDICATES GENERALLY
WELL-CEI,IENTED SANDSTONE !,lITH
MTNOR CONGLOMERATE BANDS
HOLE COMPLETED 9/14/11
I45-
MATCH LINE
DAMES 9 }IOIORE
LOG OF BORINGS
PLATE A-4
BORING NO. 7EL.5656.9 FT.
RED-BROT{N FINE SAND AND SILT,
MED]UTI DENSE
GBDING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRINGERS AND OCCASIONAL ZONES
OP MSSIVE CALCITE CEMENTATION
PALE tsROWN, FINE GMINED, WEATHERED
SANDSIONE, GMD]NG HARDER
DARK BROVIN TO DARK GRAY, FINE TO
I,IEDlTJ!; GRAINED, WEATHERED SANDSTOJE,GUDES HARDER AND TAN COLORED
INTERBEDDED HARD AI{D VERY HARD,LIGHT GRAY SANDSTONE
HOLS COMPLE"ED 9/18/77
NO GROUND WATCR ENCOUNTERED
BORING NO. 8EL.'5668.4 FT.
s4/86"
50/N 6"
50/o 2\"
RED.BROWN TINE SAND AND SILT,
DENSE
GUDING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-CITE STRINGERS
GRADING TO MASSIVE CALCITECEI{ENTATION
GREEN, }IEDIUM TO COARSE GRAINED,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE
DARK GMY, SILTY CLAYSTONE,
WEAAHERED WITH YELLOW-ORANGE IRONSTAINING, GEI.IERALLY VERY DRY
GUDES TO VERY HARD
DARK GMY, T.IEDIUM-GRAINED SANDS"ONE,RDLATMLY Ui{Ci,i,iEh-1'ID
OFF-WHITE, MSDIUM_GruINED SANDSTONL,l{ELL CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/l9/77NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
FuuG
z.^
-FEE6
I5
10
FUEIz-.
-F4uo
20
25
0
Fu5@E
=EFGU r^
)0./r.93-103 I 11',
9-t /N 10"
20_
85/
6. ?s-106 I 1o;
BORING NO. IOEL.5690.9 FT.
BORING NO. IIEL. 5677.8 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SIL1,
DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-ClTE STRINGERS
GRADING VERY CALCAREOUS AND
VERY DENSE
YELLOI.T TO GREEN, FIIJI TO MEDIUM
GRAINED, WEATHERED SANDSTONE
GRADING IIARD, GREEN, MEDIUI{ TO
COA.qSE-CRATNED SANDSTONE
HOLE COT,IPLETED 9/l9/ ,- 7NO GROUND IIATER EIICOUNTERED
BORING NO. I3EL. 5602.4 FT.
50/a4\"
50/s 4!,'
L5
-BORING NO. 14EL.5597.5 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAilD AND SILT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-ClTE STRINGERS AND SOI!,IE ZONES
OF MSSIVE CALCITE CEMENTATION
LIGHT BROWN, TINE GMINED,
WEATHERED SAIIDSTONE
GRADING WELL CEMEiITED
HOLE COMPLETED 9 / t8 / 7'7NO GROUND TVATER ENCOUNTT]RED
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIU},I DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-CITE STRINGERS
LIGHT GMY TO OFE-WHITE, MEDIUMTO COARSE-GRAINED SANDSTONE, VERYWELL CEI'IENTED
COLOR GRADES TO YELLOW-TAN
RED.BROWN PINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
PALE GREEN, MEDIU}I-GUINED SANDSTONtr
I]ECOMES VERY I{ELL-CEMENTED
HOLE COT4PLETED 9 / 18/ 7 7
NO GROUND I,IATER ENCOUNTERED
3.23--tr5 a12FUuL
;FGUo
5
LOG OF BORINGS
HOLE COMPLETED 9/18/77NO GROUND }IATER ENCOUNTERED
DAmESi e UOtoRE
PLATE A-5
BORING NO. 9EL. 5679.3 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILI'
MOTT'LED OFF-WHII'L AND GREEN,
wEATilllRED SILTY CLATSTOT'IE
OFF-WHITE TO CRf,EN, CLAYLY,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE
GRADES EARDER TO GREEN SATJDSTONE
GREEN, FINE TO MEDIIJM-GRAINED,
WEATHERED, CLAYEY SANDSTONE
MATCH LINE
GRAY-BROWN, lltrDIUI{ GRAINED, I'IODER-ATELY To POORLY-CEI,IENTED SANDSTONE,HIGHLY FMCTURED BY DISXING PERPEN-
DICULAR TO CORE AXIS
GROUND WATER LEVEL 99.8 F'|, 11./4/77
MEDIUTl GRAY, CT,AYEY SlLTSTONN
BI,ACX, HlGHLY WI]ATHI,RED, SOTT,
LAMINa\1'ED CLAYSTONII WITH OUNGL
LlMONITE-STAINED LA} ERS
MEDIUI.,I BROM, FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
SANDSTONE, VARIES FROM MODERATELY
CEMENTED TO VERY POORLY-CEMENTED
tsEEEIo 5
=-FEEo
110
PALE GREEN, MEDIUM GRAINLD, HARD,SILICIFIED SANDSTONI,
PALE GREEI{, SANDY CLAYSTONIi FROM107.7 TO 108.2 FT
DARK GREEN, WDIUM GRAINED, CLAYEYSANDSTONE, MODEMTELY HARD WITH MINORINCLUSIONS OF DARK BROWN, ANGULAR
GRAVEL-SlZED CIIERT
F-^u 4UuE
=-FAw4t6
I',IEDIUM-GMINED SA}IDSTONE, llODEMlILY
CEI1EJNTED, WITH IIION STAINING ALOI{G
HORIZON'IAL FRACTURE
BANDED, LIGHT TC MEDIUM GREEII SILT-
STONE, CLAYEY AND SOFT IN PART
DARK GMY TO BLACK, dEDIUM GU]iIEI),
WELL CEMENTED, CARBONACEOUS SANDSTONN
WITH SO}IE SOFT, BLACK, CLAYEY tsANDS
OCCASIONAL THIN, CARBONACEOUS
BAI{DS CCNT]NUE
HOLE COT4PLEAED 9 /2'7 / 1 1
1:15
-
93
56
VERY WELL CEMENTED, LIGdT GRAY TO OFF.
WHITE, MEDIUT4-GRAINED SANDSTOI{E
POORLY-CEMENTED PEBBLE CONGLOi{ERATE
1N BROWN , SAIIDY BTRIX, SO}ITJ UNCE}ILNTED
SANDY BANDS
MODEMTELY-CEI"IENTED TO POORLY-CEMT]NTED
SANDSTONE
GRADAS IVELL CEMLNTED
MATCH LINE
DAttEs e lroroRG
LOG OF BORINGS
PLATE A-6
BORING NO. 12
EL. 5648.1 FT.
s4 /86"
RED-BROWN F]NE SAND AND SILT,
DENSE
GUDING CALCAREOUS WITH THIII
LAYERS OF VERY CALCAREOUS
I1ATERI AL
GROUND WATER LLVEL 81.3 FT, II/4/'11
CIRCULATION LOST, STILL APPEARS
WELL CEMENTED
6.
88/2r-104 I 4"
50N 2,,
GREEN AND YELLOW, F]i{E TO MEDIU}I'GMINED,'{TAT}If,RED SAIIDSTONE
GREEN, P]NE GM]NED, CLAYEY,
WEATHERED SANDSTONL WITH YELLOW
AND RED IiION STAINING
BECOMES LESS CEMENTED
SOME CIRCULATION REGAINED BUTSTILL LARGE WATER LOSSES
BECOIES LESS CLI-YEY, MOSI
CIRCULATION LOSI
I00
F
L
=EFG
Brro
115
120
1-25
r30
19.2 lilELL-CEMtr!',lTED SANDSTONE
35
FEuG
2.-
-F4uo
45
50
55
60
65
1A
'75
80
VERY LIGHT BROWN TO GMY, I'IEDIUM-GMINED SANJSTONE WITH SO}IE OUNGESTAINING; MODEMTELY TO WELL
CEI4ENTED AT TOP, BECOMES PooiiLf-
CEMENTED AT 35 ET
GENEULLY MODEMTELY-CE}IENTED
SAIIDSTONE
WELL.CEME}JTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CiMI]NTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CL).lE}ITI'D SANDSTOTiE
WELL-CEMCi{TED SANDSTONE
POORLY-Cli'lENTED, POSSIBLY CONGLOIl-EUTE OR FRACTURED SANDSTONE
MODEM?ELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CEI,IENTED SANDSTONE
WELL-CEMDNTED SAI{DSTONE
0.9
MODERATELY-CEMLNTED SANDSTOITE
WEI,L CEIIENTED HOLE COMPLE IED 9 / 29 /'7'7
CLS\SDS*".r".,, sANLrv cLAYsroNri wTrH
SOI4E R,]D IRON STAINIIIG, SOFI'
GREEN, FINE GRAINED, MODER-
ATELY.CEMENTED SANDSTONE
I35
-
INTERNYERED SANDSTONE AND SAi{DY
CLAYSTOiJL BORING NO. 15
EL. 5600.7 FT.
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE, APPAR-
ENTLY WITH OCCASIONAL TIGCTUREU
ZONES
0
F'U5UI
=
FEu loo_-
le:
RED.BROWN TINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GMDING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRINGERS
GREEN, IdEATHERED CLAYSTONE
GREEN, FINE TO MEDIUI4-GMINED
SANDSTONE
GRADES
'JELL
CEMENTED
fioLE COMPLETED 9/t7/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
LIGHT BROWN, MEDIUM.GRAINED SAND.
STONE, MODERATELY CE}IENTED, GMDING
WELL CEMENTED
BORINGS
DAmES e iio(oPE
LOG OF
PLATE A-7
BORING NO. 16
EL. 5597.5 FT.
BORING NO. I7EL. 5582.0 FT.
6.3S-104
RED-BROr'IN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADlNG CALCAREOUS IiITII CAL-CITE STRINGERS
GRADES DENSE
PALE GREEi{ TO WHITE, FINE TO
COARSE-GMINED SAI{DSTOi{E, ALTIR-
NATIIIG WEIL-CEIIENTED AND POORLY-
CE}IENTED BANDS
BECO}IES COI{TINUOUSLY WELL-
CEIIENTED
iloLE COMPLETED 9/10/77JO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
5.5*-105 ! 76
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-CITE STRINGERS AND INCLUSIONS
GREEN, FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
SANDSTONE, INllTALLY WEATHERED,
GRADING WELL CEMI]NTED
LAYERED POORLY-CEMENTED ANDWELL-CEMENTED, POSSIBLY SOME CLAY-
STONE LAYERS
LAYERED WELL-CEMENTED AND VERY
WELL-CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLEIED 9 / l'7 / ',7 ',7
NO GROUND WATER EIiCOUNTERED
L5
-BORING NO. 2I
EL. 5584.5 FT.
":!{
I5
-BORING NO. 22EL.5585.3 FT.
.7 3/12.53-1181101
60/
s0/
E 4',
2\-
FUEEz -^-FcU6
15
UUL
=tFGua
BORING NO. 18EL.5608.5 FT.
93/Ir1.
50Es"
50DO,
BORING NO. 20EL.5570.4 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,MtrDIUII DENSE
GBDING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL.CITE STRINCERS
OFF-!,IIIITE, POORLY CEMENTED,
TNEATHERED SANDSTONE WIT}I LAYERS
OF WEATHERED CLAYSTONE
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUI4 DENSE
GREEN CLAY wIrH SOME GYPSUI,I
CRYSTALS, (WEATHERED CLAYSTONE}
STIFF TO VERY STIFF
GREEN, FINE GMINED, WEATHERED
SANDSTONE
BECOMES WEI,t-CEI4EIITED
HOLE COMPLETED 9 / l7 /'7',7
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
RED-BRO}IN PI]IE SAND AND S]LT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-ClTE S"RINGERS
GRADES CLAYIER
L]GI]T BROWN TO OPT-WHITE, SILTY
CLAY
GREI]II, FIIJL GRAIiIDD, iIEATHditED
SANDSTONE WITH HIGH CLAY CONTENT,
POORLY-CDMENTED
BECOMES WELL.CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9 / l'7 / 7'1
NO GROUND WATDR ENCOUNTERED
GREIN, WEATHERED CLAYSTONE WITH
OMNGE IRON STAINING
HOLE COMPLDTED 9/L1/11
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
t0-
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO },IEDIUM DENSL
LIGHT BROWN, FINE TO MED]UM-
GRAINED SANDSTONE, GRADING WELL-
CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/I7/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
LOG OF BORINGS
DAmES e lr(rroEG
PLATE A-8
BORING NO. I9EL. 5600.3 FT.
93/12.4s-92 I 11"
RED_BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
I{EDIUM DENSE
GMDING CALCAREOUS WTIH
CALCITE STRlNGERS
GRADES VARY CALCAREOUS AND
VERY DENSE
BECOI4ES VERY LOOSE, POSSTBLY
WITIT VOIJS
BECOMES DENSE
UODERATELY WELL-CEMENTED CONGLOMERATE
OR FMCTURED SAIIDSTONE, GMDING BETTER
CEMENTED
GUDING LESS CEMENTED
VERY POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
MODEMf ELY-CEI'IENTED CLAYSTONE
POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE WITH
MINOR HARD LENSLS
MODERATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
GRADES LESS CEMENTED
APPEARS CLAYEY
MODERATELY.CEMENTED SANDSTONE
N 8s/
GREEN, EINE TO MEDIU}I.GMINED
SANDSTONE, ,,,DATHLmD, WITH SOME
ORANGE AND YELLOW IRON STA]NII.IG
GMY-GREEN, FINE TO MEDIUM GMIIJLD,WEATHERED, CLAYEY SANDSTONL WITI1'
ORANGE AND YELLOW IRON STAINI}.JG
BECOMES LESS WEATHERED WITH LESSCLAY, PRTDOIvlINANTLY GRAY WITHOMNGE IRON SIAIIiING, MODERATELY
CEMEN?ED, MED1UM GMINED
50/4\"
FUUEz- ---FLUa
i
I
I
987t
I
I z. o
I
I
GROUND WATER LEVEL 110 FT, tL/4/11
POORLY-CENII'NTED SANDSTONE WITH
OCCASIONAL BANDS OF GRAVEL OR
CONGLOI.lEM"D
VERY WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
VERY POORLY_CEMENTED SANDSTONE
VERY WELL-CEI4ENTED SANDSTONE
35
FuuE
z- 40-FEUo
II
I
I
BROWN-YELLO!', COARSE-GMINI,D SANDSTONE
FINE GRAVEL CONGLOMERATE WITH CONSID-
ERABLE COARSE-GMINED SAND AND CAL-
CARECUS UTRIX
BROWN TO YELLOW, COARSE-GRAINCD SAND-
STONE WITH CONSIDERABLE I{EAR HORI_
ZONTAL FRACTURING AND SOME ORANGBIRON STAINING, MODEMTELY CEMENTED
I
I
I
| 943
45
BECOMES LESS CEMENTED AND CLAYEY
HOLE COMPLETED 9/25/77
130
-
WATER RBTURN COMPLETELY LOST
LIGHT GUY, MtrDIUM TO COARSE-GMINED
SANDSTONE; HIGHLY TRACTURED ALONG
HORIZONTAL BEDDING, CONSIDERABLE
LIMONTTE STAINING ALONG BEDDINGTIiACTURES; MODERATELY CEMENTED TO
UNCEMENTED, CORE LOSSES ASSUMED
DUE TO WASHING AWAY OF UNCEMENTED
ZONES
LIMITED WATER RETURN
BECOI,IES VERY UNCEMLNTED, WAI'I;R
RETURN I,OST
HOLE LOST AT 72 PT, HOLE 19A
DRILLED 15 ET SOUTH OF HOLE T9;
NO WATER RETURN OBTAINED, NO
SAI'IPLING POSSIBLE; HOLE LOGGED
FROM DRILLING PROGRESS
VDRY WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE (72 FT)
MODERATELY-CDMENTED SANDSTONE (73 FT}
DAMEIS 8 llO{ORE
LOG OF BORINGS
PLATE A-9
BORING NO. 23EL. 5555.9 FT.
BORING NO. 27
EL.5555.O FT.
FUUE2 -^- 1U-FcUo
RID-tsROWN EINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MED]UM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-CITE STRINGERS
GMDES MEDIUTl-GFAJNED
MOTTLED COLORS FROM RED TO,/HITE AND YELLOW
YELLOW TO LIGHT BROWN, MEDIUM TOCOARSE-GMTNED SAND (WEATHERED
SANDSTOND )
0
FE@L
z-5!FGUo
RED-BRO}iN F1NE SAND AND S]LT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GMDING C:LCAREOUS I{ITH CALCITE
STRINGERS
GREENISH, FI.IE TO I4EDIUM-GMINED
SANDSTONE, VDRY WELL-CETIENTED
HOLE COMPLETND 9/l7/11
NO GROUND WATER EI\COUNTERED
GREEN TO WHITE MOTTLED CLAY(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE)
OFF-WHITE TO YELLOT,I BROI"IN, I,EDIUM
TO COARSE-GRAINED, POORLY CEIiIENTEDSANDSTONE, GUDES WELL CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/10,/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
BORING NO. 29EL. 5655.O FT. (APPROXJ
20-
BORING NO. 24
EL.5573.4 FT
FuuEz-5-FLuo
RtrD-BROWN FIIiE SAi.]D AND SILT,
LOOSE
GMDES I{EDIUM DENSE
GMDlNG CALCAREOUS
WHITE TO SLIGUTLY TAN SANDSTONE
BECOMES WELL-CEMI]IiTED
HOLE COT4PLETDD 9 / 30 /'7'7NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED10
-
FU5EI
=!F!u 106
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND S]LT,LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GMDING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRTI{GERS
OFF-WHITE, F'1NE GMINED, WEATHERED
SANDSTONE, GRADBS WELL-CEMBNTID
OFF-WHITE, FINE TO MEDIUI{ GRAII{ED,
},lODEMTELY T{ELL-CE}lENTED SANDSTOl{E
LIGITT BROi'N, FIIJE TO MED]U}l GMINED,I'ELL.CEI4Ei{TED SANDSTONE
'\lOLt COMPLE IED 9 / t7 / 7 7
NO GROUND I,iATER ENCOUNTERED
BORING NO. 26EL. 5578.3 FT.
10 _
RED-BROW}J I]NE SAND AND SILT,LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS iIITH CALCIT[
STR I NGERS
OFF-WHITE, FlNE TO iqEDIUM-GUINED
SANDSTONE , WEATHERED, GMDING I^]ELL-
CE}IE1{TtrD
VERY WELL CEMEI{TIiD
HaLE COMPLETED 9/17/71NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTI]RED
DAttES e ltooRE
LOG OF BORINGS
PLATE A-10
BORING NO. 28EL.5547.6 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MLDIUM DENSE
GMDING C'ILCARLOUS WITH
CALCITE STRIL'IGERS
GMDES LIGHT BROWN AND VERY DENSL
BECOMES LOOSE
ATCH LINE
GRAVEL AND PEBBLE CONGLOI4ERATE W]THSANDY MATRIX IN PLACES UNCDMENTED
LIGHT GMY TO OFF-WHITE, FINE TO}IEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE, WELL
CEME}ITED
GEI{ERALLY LIGHT GMY SANDSTONE WITH
OCCASIONAL AANDS OE BROTVN, CLAYIER
SANDSTONE
GRADES DARXER GMY
LIGHT GMY, WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
BECOTIES VURY DENSE
ORANGE TO YELI,OW, TIEDIUM TO FIN'
GRAINED, SILTY SAIJD (WEA?IIERED
SANDSTONE )
LIGH? GRE;NISH_GRAY, PINE TO
MEDiUM-GRAINID SAI\DSTONE WITH
SOME GMVEL TO PEBBLE-S]ZDD IN-
CLLSIONS; SOiltr MINOR LIMONlTE
STLINING; E&ICTURLS TIORIZONTAL
100
FUIO 5uE
=-F4
rt5
120
725
130
LIGHT GMY, MEDIUM GRAINED, WELL-
CEI1ENTED SAiIDSTONE; FRACTURESGE)JEMLLY NtrAR 1JORI ZONTAL
F0uG
z _-
-FcUo
I
LIGHT GREtrIi, FIIIE-GRAINED SAND.
STONE WITII LAYI,RS OF GREEN CLAY-
STOIiE UP TO 4 INCHES THICK
MEDTUM TO LIGTIT BROWN, i.lEDIU}l TO
COARSE GM]NED, WLLL-CEMENTED SAND-
STONE, IRON STAINlNG EVIDENT AT
CONTACT WITH OVERLYING FITILR-
GMINED SANDSTONE
HOLE COT4PLETED 9 / 2t / 1'7
135 --
CIRCULATION LOST
LIGHT GRAY, MEDIUTl TO COARSE-
GMINED SANDSTONE WITH SECTIO.TS OE
VERY POORLY-CE!,IENTED SANDSTONE
]NTERLAYERED, POORLY-CE}IENTED AND
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTOIE AND COI{-
GT.OMEM?E
CASING INSTALLED TO 74 FT
GROUND I{ATER LEVEL 75.? F'T,
MATCH LINE
DAMES 8 MOONE
LOG OF BORINGS
PLATE A-1 1
APPENDIX B
LABORATORY TEST DATA
GEIi-ERAL
RepresenEative soil samples ob Eained from the borings l{rere sub-
jected to various laboratory tesLs to aid in their identification and
to study their engineering properties. Ttre laboraLory EesEs included
moisture and density determinat.ions, Atterberg limits <ieEerminaEions,
grain-size analyses, compaction tests, permeability tests, consolidation
tests, direct and triaxial- shear strengEh Eests, and chemical analyses.
MOISTURE AND DENSITY TESTS
Moisture and density tests were performed on selected, relatively-
undisturbed soil samples to define Ehe in situ moisture conteat and
densiry of the soits; to aid in classifying the soils; and to help
correlaEe oEher Eest data. The restrits of the moisLure and density tests
are presented on the left side of the boring logs on Plates A-3 through
A-11.
ATTERBERG LIMITS
Atterberg iimits were measured on several soil samples from bulk
samples of potential borrow sources. These tests provide information
regarding the plasEicity of the clayey and silty soiLs. The results of
the AEterberg lirnits tests are presented in Table B-1, Atterberg Linits
Test Daia.
GMIN-SIZE DETERMINATIONS
Grain-size determination tests were performed on represenEative
soil sauples from the vicinity of the proposed tailing retention area and
from potential bor:row sources for clay and sand. The purpose of these
tests rras Eo enable accurate classification of the samples. Ilydrometer
tests were used to deterrnine the grain-size distribution of material in
the silt and clay size range for some of the samples. The results of lhe
grain-size deEerminations are presented on Plates B-I through B-4,
Gradation Curves.
TASLE B-1
ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST DATA
Sampl e
Locat ion
Depth(ft)Liquid
Lirnit Limit
Pl as tic Plas t ic ity
Index Classification
L-C Ranch
L-C Ranch
Co Etonwood
Canyon
US 47 and Utah
262
0
0
0
143.0
228.5
72.4
45. I
18.0
34.6
22.4
18.7
125.0
193.9
50.0
26.4
CH
CH*
CH
CL
* Obtained using Blenderized Method
COMPACTION TESTS
Compaction tests were performed on a bulk sample of naterial
obtained adjacent to borehole 19. This material is rePresentative of the
fine sand and silt which may be used in the construction of parts of the
dikes and as bedding and cover material for the cell liners. Ihe purpose
of the compaction tests lras to provide the compaction criteria for this
material. Once the compaction tests were completeC, several recompacted
samples were prepared in the laboratory to simulate the as-constructed
condition of the dike. These samples were subjected to permeability and
strength testing so that this information could be used in our analysis
of the stability and seepage characteristics of the dikes.
Ihe compaction tesEs were performed in accordance with the AASTHO
T-99 method of compaction. The results of the compaction tests are
presented on Plate B-5, Courpaction Test Data'
PER}MABILITY TESTS
Permeability tests were performed on relatively undisEurbed samples
and on recompacted soil samples. Samples used for recompaction were from
a bulk sample Eaken adjacent to borehole 19, and were compacted to
approximately 95 percent of AASHTO T-99 maximum dry density. The tests
vrere performed in aceordance wi.th the method described on Plate 8-6,
Method of Perforrning Percolation Tests. The resuits of the permeability
lesEs are presented in Table B-2, Perneahility TesE Data.
CONSOLIDATION TESTS
Consolidation tests rrere perforned on two relatively undisturbed
samples of silcy fine sand and one sample of weathered claystone, all
from borings in the mill area. The purpose of these tests was to evalu-
ate the compressibility of the on-siEe soils. The tests were performed
in accordance with the rnethod described on Plate B-7, Method of Perform-
ing Consolidation Tests. The ccnsolidation test results are preseuted on
Plate B-8, Consolidation Test Data.
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST DATA
DIR.ECT SHEAR TESTS
Direct shear tests were performed on four relatively undisturbed
samples of fine sand and silt obteined frona boriags in the miIl area to
decerroine strength characteristics of the in situ aeolian sand and silt.
The tests were run with varying confining pressures, wiEh Ehe samples
being saturated prior to tesEing. The tesEs were performed in accordance
with the procedure described in Plate B-9, Method of Performing Direct
Shear Friction Tests. The results of the direct shear tests are presen-
ted in Table B-3.
TABLE B-3
DIRECT SHEAR TEST DATA
Boring
Number
Depth
( ft)
Dry
Dens ity(pcf)
Confining
Pressure(psf)
Peak
Shear SErength(psf)
I
3
2
5
5
4
9-t/2
5
I 17.8
107.3
109.4
97 .3
1000
2000
4000
6000
925
I 600
2325
3 680
TABLE B-2
PERMEABILITY TEST DATA
Boring
Number
Depth(ft)Soil
Classification
Surcharge
Pres sure(psf)Permeability (k)
( ftlvr) (cm/sec )
6
7
10
l2
l6
t7
t9
22
Recompacted
Recompacted
Recompac ted
9
4-rl2
4
9
4-Ll2
4-rl2
4
4
I
1
I
sM/l.rl.
SM/ML
sr{/ML
SM/ML
SM/UL
SM/ML
SM/ML
ML
ML
ML
ML
11 .6
10.3
t2.4
144
21.6
92.8
70. I
3.9
0.35
0. 56
0. r9
_(l.2xl0 '
-5l.0xl0 -
1 .2x10 ''
-tI .4x10
Z.lxl} "
9.0x10-5
6.8x10-5
_A3.8x10 "
_13.4x10 '
-15.4x10 '
l.8xl0-7
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests with pore pres-
sure measurements (TX-CU/pp) were performed on relatively undisturbed and
recompacted samples of silty fine sand. Ihe recompacted samples \rere
conpacted to approximately 95 percent of MSHT0 T-99 maximum dry deasity.
the tests were performed to determine the sErength parameters of these
materials, and the results $rere used in our stability analyses. The
tests rrrere run with varying confining pressures to sinulate the pressures
which would be exerted on the soils by the dikes. The samples rrere
consolidated at the assigned confining pressure and saturated prior to
te sting.
The tests were performed in accordance with the procedure described
on Plate B-10, Ilethods of Perforniag llnconfined Compression and Triaxial
Compression Tests. Ihe results of the triaxial compression tests are
presented on Plates B-11 and B-Lz.
CHEMICAL ANALYSE}
Chenical analyses qrere performed on soil samples from the proposed
mi11 site to determine the percentage of soluble sulfates contained in
the soi1. Soluble sulfate content is required for determining the
appropriate cement Eype required for foundations and all other concrete
structures - at or below grade. The results of these tests are presented
in Table B-4, Cheuical Test Data.
TABLE B-4
CHEMICAL TEST DATA
Boring
Number
Depth
( f t)
Percent
Magnes ium
as
MgSOO
Percent
Sodiun
AS
NaSOO
Perceni
Ca tc ium
AS
CaS0.4
Percent
Total
So 1ub 1e
Sol i<is
PII
I
2
4
5
4.5
4
4
4.5
0.013
0.010
0.012
0. 009
0.042
0.032
0.018
0.020
0.032
0.068
0.055
0.029
0.382 7 .650.112 7.900.090 7.690.088 7.63
The following plates are attached and complete this appendix:
Plate B-1. Gradation Curves
Plate B-2 Gradation Curves
Plate B-3 Gradation Curves
Plate B-4 Gradation Curves
Plate B-5 Compaction Test Data
Plate B-5 Method of Performing Percolation Tests
Plate B-7 Method of Performing Consolidation Tests
Plate B-8 Consolidation Test Data
Plate B-9 Method of Performing Direct Shear Friction Tests
Plate B-I0 Methods of Performing Unconfined Compression andTriaxial Compression TesEs
Plate B-11 Triaxial Compression Tests
Plate B-12 Multi Phase Triaxial Compression Tests
F-9
'o
G
2tr
z
e
4
6RAII{ SIZE IIi YILLITETERS
DAUES e m(OOnE
GRAIil SIZE II{ I'ILLIMETERS
coBaLas SILT Oi CLAY
-Lqc41o!,J_DEPTH cLASStFtCATtOtt tt tP
u.s. sTAxoAio stEvE stzE
GRAIi' SIZE IN XILLITETERS
u.s. sTAr{oaRD srEvE srzE
COBBLES SILI OR CLAY
LOCATION.OEPTH LL PI PI
rllsr I srLr . FriE !.xD
GRADATION CURVES
PLATE B-1
U.S. STA'{DARD SIEVE SIZE
GRAIII SIZE II{ TILLIUETERS
coaELEs srLl 0i cLAt
LOCATION OE PIII CLASSIFICATION I NAT W(ll PI pt
sx/r! I rriE 3^ro a srrr I
u.s. sTAxoARo stEvE srzE
io
i}
o
G
a
F2
c
u.s. sr^noARo srEvE srz€
Fi0:
@
t
z
2
G
A
DAMES E U|oloRE
GRAII{ SIZE IN TILLIUETERS
GRAIil SIZE ITi TILLIMETERS
GRADATION CURVES
PLATE B-2
u.s. siai{oaRo srEvE slzE
GRAIN SIZE IN UILLIMETERS
cooS!E5 SILT OR CIAY
.-LgqAngry DEPTH cLASSTFTCATTOil XAI U(tl PI
cL | :tfi_Y _c-11Y,!t.t!1 a-McE oF
u.s. sTA'aoABo stEvE srzE
u.s. sTAxoARo srEvE srzE
GRAIX SIZE II{ TILLIMETERS
DAmES g iltotoEE
LOCATION OEFIh cLASStFtCATtOt{LL PL PI
c{l:[lrc-1.r.-1ll-.-lf:ctqr
GRADATION CURVES
PLATE B-3
U.S. STA}IDARD SIEVE SIZE
GRAII{ SIZE II{ IILLIT€TERS
F!0]
@
d
=
Fz
E
c
DAUES E M('ORE
GRADATION CURVES
PLATE 8.4
SAMPLE NO. l9A DEPTH l'-2r ELEVATION 5600l
SOILI]NE SANDL SILT (ML./SM)
LOCATTON BLANpTNG. IJTAH
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT 14 PERCENT
MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY-]IG-PCE
METHOD OF COMPACTION- AASHTO T:99
I{OISTURE GONTENT IN T OF ORY WEIGHT
5to1520 25
t50
r40
Flr t30
jo
\oo
=- tzo
F
U'zlrlct
i troo
roo
90
Dlrra a ro(olr
-,\
-
\
COMPACTION TEST DATA
PLATE 8.5
The quantity and the velocity
of flow of water which wil] es-
cape throu€h all earth structure
or percol-ate thror]gh soil are
dependent upon the perrneability
of the earth structr.r-re or soi1.
The penneability of soil has
often been calcul.rted by empir-
ical formulas but is best de-
termined by laboratory tests,
especially in the case ol com-
pacted soils.
A one-inch l-engttr of the
core sanple is sealed in the
percolation apparatus, placed
under a conlining load, or sur-
charge pressure, and subjected
to the pressure of a known head
of water. The percolation rate
is computed from r.he measure-
ments of the volume of water
which flows through the sample
in a series of time intervals.
These rates are usually ex-
pressed as the velocity of flow
in feet per year under a hy-
drauli.c gradient of one and at
METT,IOD OF PERFORMING PERCOLATION TESTS
APPAXATUS FOR PERFORMING
Shows tests in progress on eight
PERCOLATIONS TESTS
samp les s imultaneously.
a ternperature of'20 degrees Centigrade. The rate so expressed mqy
the sa.1re s.:11 by employing established physical Iaws. Generally,
the beginning of the test and gradually approaches eqrrilibrilun as
D-rring the performance of the lest, continuous readings of the
micrometer dial gauges. 'he amourit of cornpression or expansion,
of the sample, is a valuable indication of the co.rpression of the
the expansion of the soil as saturatiori takes place.
be adjusted for any set of condir,ions involving
the percolation rate varies over a wide range at
the test progresses.
deflection of the sample are taken by means of
expressed as a percentage of the original length
soil which wil.l occur und.er the action of load or
Dlrla! roorr
PLATE B-6
Meruon Or PrRronNllNc Cor{soLrDATIoN TEsrs
ColisollnarloN TESTS ARE eERFoRMED To EVALUATE THE voLUr\,tE cHANGES oF soILS SUBJECTEI)
,I'O INCREASED LOADS. TIME.CONSOLIDATION AND PRESSURE.CONSOLIDATION CURVES MAY BE PLOT.
TED FROM THE DATA OBTAINED IN THE TESTS. ENGINEERING ANAI-YSES BASED ON THESE CURVES
PERMIT ESTIMATES TO BE MADE OF THE PROBABLE IvIAGNITUDE AND RATE OF SETTLEMENT OF THE
TESTED SOILS UNDER APPLIED LOADS.
ERcH sRupLE IS TESTED vITHIN BRASS RINGS T\x/o AND oNE-
HALF INCHES IN DIAMETER AND ONE INCH IN LENGTH. LTNDIS-
TURBED SAMPLES OF IN.PLACE SOILS ARE TESTED IN RINGS
TAKEN FROM TIIE SAMPUNG DEVICE IN WHICH THE SAMPLES
U/ERE OBTAINED. LOOSE SAMPLES OF SOILS TO BE USED IN
CCNSTRUCTING EARTH FILLS ARE COMPACTED IN RINGS TO
PREDETE RMINED CONDITIONS AND TESTED.
iN TpsTTNc, THE SAMPLE IS RIGIDLY CONFINED LATERALLY
BY THE BRASS RING. AXIAL LOADS ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE
ENDS OF THE SAMPLE BY POROUS DISKS. THE DISKS ALI-OW
DEAD LOAD-P}IEUMATIC
CO}ISOL I DOMETER
DRAINAGE OF THE LOADED SAMPLE. THE AXIAL COMPRESSION OR EXPANSION OF T}{E SAMPLE IS
MEASLIRED BY A MICROMETER DIAL INDICATOR AT APPROPRIATE TIME INTERVALS AFTER EACH
LOAD INCREMENT IS APPLIED. EACH LOAD IS ORDINARILY TWICE THE PRECEDING LOAD. THE IN-
CREMENTS ARE SELECTED TO OBTAIN CONSOLIDATION DATA REPRESENTING THE FIELD LOADING
CONDITIONS FOR WHICH THE TEST IS BEING PERFORMED. EACH LOAD INGREMENT IS ALLOWED TO
ACT OVER AN INTERVAL OF TIME DEPENDENT ON THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF THE SOIL IN THE
FIELD.
DIXI' C TO(oII
PLATE B-7
PRESSURE IN LBS./SQ. FT.
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BORING SOIL TYPE MOISTURE CONTENT
IN PERCENT
DRY DENSITY
IN LBS./CU. FT.SYMBOL
NO.)L7tr BEFORE AF E BEFORE AF ER
3
3
4
4t
l4l
4t
(SM) SILTY FINE SAND
(CD WEATHERED CLAYSTONE
(SM SILTY FINE SAND
7,6
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G(IIIS(IIIDIII(IT TEST IIATI
PLATE 8.8
Meruoo Op Psnronuwc Dtnecr SHpen axo FntcrroN Trsrs
DTnTcT SHEAR TESTS ARE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE
THE SHEARING STRENGTHS OF SOILS. FRICTION TESTS
ARE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE FRICTIONAL RE.
SISTANCES BETVEEN SOILS AND VARIOUS OTHER MATE.
RIAI-S SUCH AS VOOD, STEEL,'OR CONCRETE. THE TESTS
ARE PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY TO SIMULATE
ANTICIPATE D FIEt.D CONDITIONS.
EACH SAMPLE IS TESTED WITHIN THREE BRASS RINGS,
TVO AND ONE.HALF INCHES lN DIAMETER AND ONE INCH
IN LENGTH. TINDISTURBED SAMPLES OF IN.PLACE SOILS
ARE TESTED IN RINGS TAKEN FROM THE SAMPLING
DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS WTH
ETECIRONIC RECORDER
DEVICE IN WHICH THE SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED. LOOSE SAMPLES OF SOILS TO BE USED IN CON-
STRI.'CTING EARTH FII-LS ARE COMPACTED IN RINGS TO PREDETERMINED CONDITIONS AND TESTED.
Drnrcr SHEan Tesrs
A trmpp-rtrcrr LENGTH oF THE sAMpLE rs TESTED IN DIRECT DoUBLE sHEAR. A coNSTANT pRES-
SURE, APPROPRIATE TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE PROBLEM FOR W}IICH THE TEST IS BEING PER-
FORMED, IS APPLIED NORMAL TO THE ENDS OF THE SAMPLE THROUGH POROUS STONES. A ST{EARING
FAILURE OF THE SAMPLE IS CAUSED BY MOVING THE CENTER RING IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE AXIS OF THE SAMPI,E. TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT OF THE OUTER RINGS IS PREVENTED.
TnT SgeaRING FAILURE MAY BE ACCoMPLISHED BY APPLYING To TI{E CENTER RING EITHER A
CONSTANT RATE OF I-OAD, A CONSTANT RATE OF DEFLECTION, OR INCREMENTS OF LOAD OR DE.
FLECTION. IN EAC}{ CASE, THE SHEARING LOAD AND THE DEFLECTIONS IN BOTH THE AXIAL AND
TRANSVERSE DIRECTIONS ARE RECORDED AND PLOTTED. THE SHEARTNG STRENG'TH OF THE SOIL
IS DETERMINED FROM THE RESULTING LOAD-DEFLECTION CURVES.
Fnrctlol Tesrs
IN oRoTR To DETERN,INE THE FRICTIoNAL RESISTANCE BETvEEN solL AND THE SURFACES oF VARIoUS
MATERIALS, THE CENTER RING OF SOIL IN THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST IS REPLACED BY A DISK OF THE
MATERIAL TO tsE TESTED. THE TEST IS THEN PERFORMED IN THE SAME MANNER AS THE DIRECT
SHEAR TEST BY FORCING THE DISK OF MATERIAL FROM THE SOIL SURFACES.
DATI'C TID(DII
PLATE B-9
MarHoos or PEnroRvn'Jc UNcoNF'tNe o CoN{pnrssroN aNo TRInxtaI- CoNlpnrssIor.{ Tgsts
TUT SHpanING STRENGTHS oF SoILS ARE DETERMINED
FROM THE RESULTS OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS. IN TRIAXIAL COMPRES.
SION TESTS TLIE TEST METHOD AND THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE CONFINING PRESSURE ARE CHOSEN TO SIIVIULATE
ANTICIPATED FIELD CONDITIONS.
UNcoNrtue D coMpRESSIoN AND TRIAxTAL coMpRESSroN
TESTS ARE PERFORMED ON UNDISTURBED OR REMOLDED
SAMPLES OF SOIL APPROXIMATELY SIX INCHES IN LENGTH
AND TWO AND ONE-HALF INCHES IN DIAMETER. THE TESTSARE RI.N EITHER STRAIN-CONTROLLED OR STRESS.
CONTROLLED. IN A STRAIN.CONTROLLED TEST THE
SAMPLE IS SUBJECTED TO A CONSTANT RATE OF DEFLEC.
TION AND THE RESULTING. STRESSES ARE RECORDED. IN
A STRESS.CONTROLLED TEST THE SAMPLE IS SUtsJECTED
TO EQUAL INCREMENTS OF LOAD WITH EACH INCREMENT
BEING MAINTAINED UNTIL AN EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION
Y/ITH RESPECT TO STRAIN IS ACHIEVED.
yrELD, pEAK, oR ULTTMATE STRESSES ARE DETERMTNED TRIAXIAL C0MPRESSl0ll TEST Ut{lT
FROM THE STRESS.STRAIN PLOT FOR EACH SAMPLE AND
THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES ARE EVALUATED. THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES ARE PLOTTED ON A MOHR'S
CIRCLE DIAGRAM TO DETERMINE THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF THE SOIL TYPE BEING TESTED.
UNCOUNWTD COMPRESSION TESTS CAN BE PERFoRMED ONLY oN SAMPLES wITH SUFFICIENT CoHE.
SION SO THAT TTIE SOIL WILL STAND AS AN UNSUPPORTED CYLINDER. THESE TESTS MAY BE RUN AT
NATT]RAL MOISTURE CONTENT OR ON ARTIFICIALLY SATURATED SOILS.
IN A TRIaXIAL CoMPRESSION TEST THE SAMPLE IS ENCASED IN A RUBBER MEMBRANE, PLACED IN A
TEST CHAMBER, AND SUBJECTED TO A CONFINING PRESSURE THROUGTIOUT THE DURATION OF THE
TEST. NORMALLY, THIS CONFINING PRESSURE IS IVIAINTAINED AT A CONSTANT LEVEL, ALTHOUGH FOR
SPECIAL TESTS IT MAY BE VARIED IN RELATION TO T}IE ITIEASURED STRESSES. TRIAXIAL COMPRES.
SION TESTS MAY BE RUN ON SOILS AT FIELD MOISTURE CONTENT OR ON ARTIFICIALLY SATURATED
SAMPI-ES. THE TESTS ARE PERFORNIED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOVING WAYS:
UNcoNsoLtn,ttgo-uNnnantro: TIIE coNFINING pRESSURE IS IMposED oN THE sAMpLE
AT THE START OF THE TEST. NO DRAINAGE IS PERITIITTED AND TTIE STRESSES WHICH
ARE MEASURED REPRESENT THE SUM OF T}IE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES AND PORE
WATER PRESSURES.
Cottsol-loarro-uuon,,ttnro: THE sAMpLE IS ALLowED To CoNSoLIDATE FULLy uNDER
TTIE APPLIED CONFINING PRESSURE PRIOR TO THE START OF THE TEST. THE VOLUME
CTIANGE IS DETERNIINED BY NIEASURING TTIE WATER AND,/OR AIR EXPELLED DURING
CONSOLIDATION. NO DRAINAGE IS PERMITTED DURING TI]E TEST AND THE STRESSES
WHICH ARE NIEASURED ARE T}IE SAME AS FOR THE UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TEST.
DN,q.TNTN: THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES IN A SAMPLE MAY BE MEASURED BY PER-
FORMING A DRAINED, OR SLOW, TEST. IN THIS TEST THE SAMPLE IS FULLY SATURATED
AND CONSOLIDATED PRIOR TO THE START OF THE TEST. DURING THE TEST, DRAINAGE
IS PERI\'IITTED AND T}{E TEST IS PERFORMED AT A SLOW ENOUGH RATE TO PREVENT
THE BUILDUP OF PORE WATER PRESSURES. THE RESULTING STRESSES WHICH ARE MEAS-
URED REPRESENT ONLY THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES. THESE TESTS ARE USUALLY
PERFORMED ON SAMPLES OF GENERALLY NON.COHESIVE SOILS, ALTHOUGH THE TEST
PROCEDURE IS APPLICABLE TO CO}IESIVE SOILS IF A SUFFICIENTLY SLOW TEST RATE
IS USED.
AN ILTSRNATE MEANS oF oBTAINING THE DATA RESULTING FRoM THE DRAINED TEST IS To PER.
FORM AN UNDRAINED TEST IN W}IICH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT IS USED TO MEASURE THE PORE VATER
PRESSURES. THE DIFFERENCES BET\I/EEN T}IE TOTAL STRESSES AND THE PORE WATER PRESSURES
MEASURED ARE THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES.
DITI' G T(DOII
PLATE B-1O
'Lriltrs , 2
OF PllF r -PONDS-I -^
SUA-BASltl AREA I r.l oc?.t I \\ ir
\
suB-aasrx AREA rxcLuDrl{o
AREA AEHII{O FLOOO CONTROLO|KES 221 ocr..
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DRAINAGE
\
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K\i \,r..-- oanors rxorcATE FLorOF SUiFACE RUI{OFF
SCALE
rooo
TAIN DRAIT{AGE
BASIil BOUI{DARY
AREA = 206 oc.rt
,7'
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ANSTEC
APERTURE
CARD
Also Available on
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PLATE 4
SITE
5I MINIMUM FREEBOARD
5630
5620
56rO
5600
s590
5580
5570
DIKE CREST le-- 15' --1
FINAL TAILING ELEVATION 5622I
F
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20 MIL CPE CELL LINER IN FINE SAND AND SILT
SAND
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20 MIL PVCCELL LINER
MINIMUM ROLLED SANDSILT LINER BEDDING
TYPICAL SECTION C-CI THROUGH NORTH CELL DIKE
ANSTEC
APERTURE
CARD
Also Available onAperture Card
C r57oOululIl:l5 l-s6ootrlslul;i Lssoo
CREST ELEVATION CREST ELEVATION 5627'l T ELEVATION 5627'
CREST ELEVATION MAXIMUM TAII I vATtoN 56021 MAXIMUM T ATI
CELL BOTTOM ELEVATION 5570I CELL BOTTOM ELEVATION 5579I CELL
o
BOTTOM ELEVATION 559I'
200
APPROXIMATE EXISTING
GROUND SURFACE
NOTES:
ALL DIKE SLoPES 3(HoRIzoNTAL) : I(VERTICLE)
SEE PLATE 2 FOR LOCATION OF SECTIONS
TYPICAL SECTION D_DI THROUGH CELL SYSTEM
TYPICAL SECTIONS
ANCHOR TRENCH
FOR CELL LINER
COMPACTED SANDSTONECOMPACTED FINE
SAND AND SILT
SCALE IN FEET
SCALE IN FEET
rEos/7ozl?- Oh::-"
-5750
-5740
-5730
-5720
-57t0
-5700
- 5690
-5680
-5670
-5660
-5650
-5620
-561o
-5600
-5590
-5580
- 5570
-5560
-5550
-5540
FACTORS OF SAFETY
UPSTREAM SLOPE
STATIC CONDITION
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =0.059
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg
FS= 2.O5
FS = 1.54
FS= 1.22
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
STATIC CONDITION FS=2.21
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.O59 FS=1.89
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.IOg FS=I.65
FuJuJlJ-
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SATURATED TAILINGS
6 =62.4 PCF
d =Ooc =0PSF COMPACTED FINE
AND SILT
SAND
, = 125 PCFI =33"c =O PSF
IN SITU FINE SAND
AND SILT 6 =llO PCF g=?8o c= O PSF
)C NOTE: PHREATIC SURFACE USED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS APPROXIMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF CELLS WERE UNLINED. SINCE CELLS
WILL BE LINED, NO PHREATIC SURFACE SHOULD EVER DEVELOP.
IN SITU SANDSTONE
B = l3O PCFl=45"c = IQOOO PSF 20020
-
FEET Tsos)
STABILITY SECTION A-A
COMPACTED SANDSTONE
d= l2O PCF
d =37"c=OPSF
ASSUMED PHREATIC SURFACEX
- 5720
- 57tO
- 5700
_ 5690
- 5680
- 5670
- 5660
- 5650
- 5640
- 5630
- 5620
- 56tO
- 56CO
- 5590
- 5580
- 5570
- 5560
- 5550
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
STATIC CONDITION FS=2.35
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.O5g FS=2.O1
EARTHQUAKE LOADING = O.lOg FS = [74 Apgsl,5s=r CARD
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ASSUMED PHREATTc suRrRce*
SATURATED TAILINGS
6 = 62.4 pCFz=d
c=OPSF
ir.r stru cLAYsroNE r=l3O PCF g=2O" c=30OO PSf
* ruotr: PHREATTC suRFAcE usED tN srABtLtTi cALcuLATtoNS AppRoxlMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF CELLS WERE UNLINED. SINCE CELLS
WILL BE LINED, NO PHREATIC SURFACE SHOULD EVER DEVELOP.
IN SITU SANDSTONE
d = l3O PCFg= 45o
c = IOOOO PSF
?tost?ozG?- 06
STABILITY SECTION B.B'
20
ttamlSamoonr
PLATE 8
COMPACTED SANDSTONE
d= l2O PCF
d=37oSAND AND SILT
d = 125 PCF
AS"UFINESANDN@
FE ET
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
ON SILTY FINE SAND GOMPACTED TO 95%
OF AASHTO T-99 MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY
EFFECTIVE STRESS
TOTAL STRESS ANSTEC
APERTUHE
CARD
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NORMAL STRESS, KSF
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?soe/7026?- 07
TR IAX IAL COMPRESSION TEST REPORT
rYPE oF rESr f,?4oWPt'r',?r;"/4?R1559*fl€if '
TYPE MATERIAL cc),vtpAcreo coR€
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICATION R€oD/s f/ ' ,BRotlr, cc 4 /€ r 9, t--
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(INCHES /MINUTE)
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MULTI PHASE TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
ON SILTY FINE SAND AT NATURAL DENSITY
E FFEC TIVE STRE SS
TOTAL STRESS
ANSTEC
APERTURE
CARD
Also Available onAperture CardlJ-
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TR IAX IAL COMPRESSION TEST REPORT
TYPE OF TEST 1A -CU -DP
TYPE MATERIAL Br., s,it \ F. SeruA
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
cLASSrFrcArroru SM /mL
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