DERR-2024-009137

Utah
Underground Storage Tank (UST)
UST Tester
Recertification Guide
November 2008
Overview of the Federal UST Program I Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) I US EPA Page 1 of 2
http://www.epa.gov/swerustl/overvlew .htm
Last updated on Thursday, January 10th, 2008.
Underground Storage Tanks
You are here: EPA Horne OSWER Underground Storage Tanks Overview of the Federal UST Program
Overview of the Federal UST Program
What's an UST?
An underground storage tank system (UST) is a tank and any underground piping connected to the tank
that has at least 10 percent of its combined volume underground. The federal UST regulations apply
only to underground tanks and piping storing either petroleum or certain hazardous substances .
.
When the UST program began, there were approximately 2.1 million regulated tanks in the U.S. Today
there are far fewer since many substandard UST systems have been closed. For the most current
statistics available, see the Corrective Action Measures archive. Nearly all USTs at these sites contain
petroleum. These sites include marketers who sell gasoline to the public (such as service stations and
convenience stores) and nonmarketers who use tanks solely for their own needs {such as fleet service
operators and local governments). EPA estimates about 25,000 tanks hold hazardous substances
covered by the UST regulations.
Why be concerned about USTs?
Until the mid-1980s, most USTs were made of bare steel, which is likely to corrode over time and allow
UST contents to leak into the environment. Faulty installation or inadequate operating and maintenance
procedures also can cause USTs to release their contents into the environment.
The greatest potential hazard from a leaking UST is that the petroleum or other hazardous substance
can seep into the soil and contaminate groundwater, the source of drinking water for nearly half of all
Americans. A leaking UST can present other health and environmental risks, including the potential for
fire and explosion.
How have Congress and EPA responded to concerns about USTs?
In 1984, Congress responded to the increasing threat to groundwater posed by leaking USTs by adding
Subtitle I to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act {RCRA). Subtitle I required EPA to develop a
comprehensive regulatory program for USTs storing petroleum or certain hazardous substances.
Congress directed EPA to publish regulations that would require owners and operators of new tanks and
tanks already in the ground to prevent, detect, and clean up releases. At the same time, Congress
banned the installation of unprotected steel tanks and piping beginning in 1985.
In 1986, Congress amended Subtitle I of RCRA and created the Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Trust Fund, which is to be used for two purposes:
1. To oversee cleanups by responsible parties.
2. To pay for cleanups at sites where the owner or operator is unknown, unwilling, or unable to
respond, or which require emergency action.
http://www.epa.gov/swerustl/overview .htm 8/18/2008
Overview of the Federal UST Program I Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST) I US EPA Page 2 of 2
The 1986 amendments also established financial responsibility requirements. Congress directed EPA to
publish regulations that would require UST owners and operators to demonstrate they are financially
capable of cleaning up releases and compensating third parties for resulting damages.
Do all tanks have to meet federal EPA regulations?
The following USTs do not need to meet federal requirements for USTs:
"" Farm and residential tanks of 1,100 gallons or less capacity holding motor fuel used for
noncommercial purposes;
" Tanks storing heating oil used on the premises where it is stored;
• Tanks on or above the floor of underground areas, such as basements or tunnels;
• Septic tanks and systems for collecting storm water and wastewater;
" Flow-through process tanks;
• Tanks of 110 gallons or less capacity; and
• Emergency spill and overfill tanks.
Some state/local regulatory authorities, however, may include these tank types--be sure you check with
these authorities.
What are the federal requirements for USTs?
In 1988, EPA issued UST regulations divided into three sections: technical requirements, financial
responsibility requirements, and state program approval objectives (as described below).
Technical requirements for USTs
EPA's technical regulations for USTs are designed to reduce the chance of releases from USTs, detect
leaks and spills when they do occur, and secure a prompt cleanup. UST owners and operators are
responsible for reporting and cleaning up any releases. (See "Preventing Releases", "Detecting
.Releases", and "Cleaning Up Releases.") OUST produced a 36-page booklet called "Musts For USTs" that
clearly presents the UST regulatory requirements.
Financial responsibility regulations for USTs
The financial responsibility regulations designed to ensure that, in the event of a leak or spill, an owner
or operator will have the resources to pay for costs associated with cleaning up releases and
compensating third parties. (See "Financial Responsibility.'~) OUST produced a 16-page booklet called
"Dollars And Sense" that clearly presents these regulatory requirements.
State program approval objectives
EPA recognizes that, because of the large size and great diversity of the regulated community, state and
local governments are in the best position to oversee USTs. Subtitle I of RCRA allows state UST
programs approved by EPA to operate in lieu of the federal program, and EPA's state program approval
regulations set standards for state programs to meet. (See "State Program Approval (SPA)" for more
information.) States may have more stringent regulations than the federal requirements. If you are
interested in requirements for USTs, contact your state UST program for information on state
requirements.
http://www.epa.gov/swerustl/overview .htm 8/18/2008
R311-203-5. UST Testing Requirements.
(a) Tank tightness testing. The testing method must be able to test the
UST system at the maximum level that could contain regulated substances.
Tanks with overfill prevention devices that prevent product from entering the
upper portion of the tank may be tested at the maximum level allowed by the
overfill device.
(b) Automatic line leak detector testing. Line leak detectors shall be
tested annually for functionality according to 40 CFR 280.44(a) and R311-
200-l(b)(4). An equivalent test may be approved by the Executive Secretary.
The test shall simulate a leak and provide a determination based on the test
whether the leak detector functions properly and meets the requirements of 40
CFR 280.44(a). If a sump sensor is used as an automatic line leak detector, the
sensor shall be located as close as is practical to the lowest portion of the
sump.
( c) Containment sump testing. When a sump sensor is used as a leak
detector, the secondary containment sump shall be tested for tightness annually
according to the manufacturer's guidelines or standards, or by another method
approved by the Executive Secretary.
( d) Cathodic protection testing. Cathodic protection tests shall meet the
inspection criteria outlined in 40 CFR 280.31(b)(2), or other criteria approved
by the Executive Secretary. The tester who performs the test shall provide the
following information: location of at least three test points per tank, test
results in volts or millivolts, pass/fail determination for each tank, line, flex
connector, or other UST system component tested, the criteria by which the
pass/fail determination is made, and a site plat showing locations of test points.
A re-test of any cathodic protection system is required within six months of
any below-grade work that may harm the integrity of the system.
( e) UST testers performing tank and line tightness testing shall include
the following as part of the test report: pass/fail determination for each tank or
line tested, the measured leak rate, the test duration, the product level for tank
tests, the pressure used for pressure tests, the type of test, and the test
equipment used.
Line Tightness Testing (for piping only)
Description This method uses a periodic fine tightness test to determine if your piping
Of Release is leaking. Tightness testing can be performed by either a trained
Detection professional or by using a permanently installed electronic system
(sometimes connected to an automatic tank gauging svstem).
□ Make sure your line tightness testing or permanently installed
Have electronic system is certified for the types of piping and stored
Certification contents on which the release detection system is used. Most tightness
For Your test methods and release detection equipment have been tested and
Release certified by a third party to verify that the equipment or services meet
Detection specific performance requirements set by regulatory agencies. If you don't
Method have certified performance claims, have the tightness tester or equipment
manufacturer provide them to you.
□ If line tightness testing is used for pressurized piping, the test must be
conducted at least annually.
□ If line tightness testing is used for suction piping, the test must be
conducted at least every three years. Safe suction piping as described at
the bottom of page 3 may not need release detection testing.
0 This tightness testing must be conducted by a professional trained in
performing line tightness testing or by using a permanently installed
Perform
electronic system.
These □ See Section 3 of this manual if your piping fails the tightness test or if
O&M the electronic system indicates a leak.
Actions □ Periodically have a qualified UST contractor, such as the vendor who
installed your release detection system, service all the system
components according to the manufacturers' service instructions.
Components can wear out and must be checked periodically. Many vendors
recommend or require this maintenance activity at least annually.
0 Make sure employees who run, monitor, or maintain the release
detection system know exactly what they have to do and to whom to
report problems. Develop and maintain regular training programs for all
employees.
□ Keep results of your release detection system tests for at least 1 year.
Your monitoring equipment may provide printouts that can be used as
records. Unless you are recording actual release detection results at least
every 30 days and maintaining records for at least 1 year, you are not doing
Keep leak detection right.
These □ If you use a permanently installed electronic system, keep all records
O&M of calibration, maintenance, and repair of your equipment for at least 1
Records year.
□ Keep all performance claims supplied by the installer, vendor, or
manufacturer for at least 5 years. These records include the certification
of your leak detection equipment described above.
Operating And Maintaining UST Systems 19
Straight Talk on Tanks
Leak Detection For Underground Piping
Will you be in compliance?
When installed and operated according to the manufacturer's specifications,
the leak detection methods discussed here meet the federal regulatory
requirements for the life of underground piping systems. Your UST may have
suction or pressurized piping, which are discussed below.
What are the regulatory requirements for suction piping?
■ No leak detection is required if the suction piping has (1) enough slope so
that the product in the pipe can drain back into the tank when suction is
released and (2) has only one check valve, which is as close as possible
beneath the pump in the dispensing unit. If a suction line is to be
considered exempt based on these design elements, there must be some
way to check that the line was actually installed according to these plans.
■ If a suction line does not meet all of the design criteria noted above, one of
the following leak detection methods must be used:
► A line tightness test at least every 3 years; or
► Monthly interstitial monitoring;.or
► Monthly vapor monitoring (including tracer compound analysis); or
► Monthly groundwater monitoring; or
► Monthly statistical inventory reconciliation; or
► Other monthly monitoring that meets performance standards.
The line tightness test must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1
gallon per hour at 1.5 times normal operating pressure with certain probabilities
of detection and of false alarm.
Interstitial monitoring, vapor monitoring (including tracer compound c:,1nalysis),
groundwater monitoring, and statistical inventory reconciliation have the same
regulatory requirements for piping as they do for tanks. See the earlier sections
of this booklet on those methods.
22
What are the regulatory requirements for pressurized piping?
Each pressurized piping run must have one leak detection method from each
set below:
An automatic line leak detector:
► Automatic flow restrictor; or
► Automatic flow shutoff; or
► Continuous alarm system.
And one other method:
► Annual line tightness test; or
► Monthly interstitial monitoring; or
► Monthly vapor monitoring (including tracer compound analysis); or
► Monthly groundwater monitoring; or
► Monthly statistical inventory reconciliation; or
► Other monthly monitoring that meets performance standards.
■ The automatic line leak detector (LLD) must be designed to detect a leak at
least as small as 3 gallons per hour at a line pressure of 10 pounds per
square inch within 1 hour by shutting off the product flow, restricting the
product flow, or triggering an audible or visual alarm.
■ The line tightness test must be able to detect a leak at least as small as 0.1
gallon per hour when the line pressure is 1.5 times its normal operating
pressure. The test must be conducted each year. If the test is performed at
pressures lower than 1.5 times operating pressure, the leak rate to be
detected must be correspondingly lower.
• Automatic LLDs and line tightness tests must also be able to meet the
federal regulatory requirements regarding probabilities of detection and
false alarm.
■ Interstitial monitoring, vapor monitoring (including tracer compound
analysis), groundwater monitoring, and statistical inventory reconciliation
have the same regulatory requirements for piping as they do for tanks. See
the earlier sections of this booklet on those methods.
How do the leak detection methods work?
Automatic line leak detectors (LLDs}
■ Flow restrictors and flow shutoffs can monitor the pressure within the line in
a variety of ways: whether the pressure decreases over time; how long it
takes for a line to reach operating pressure; and combinations of increases
and decreases in pressure.
Straight Talk on Tanks
Find out if there are
state or local
requirements on
the use of leak
detection methods
for piping that
differ from those
described here.
23
Straight Talk on Tanks
• If a suspected leak is detected, a flow restrictor keeps the product flow
through the line well below the usual flow rate. If a suspected leak is
detected, a flow shutoff completely cuts off product flow in the line or shuts
down the pump.
• A continuous alarm system constantly monitors line conditions and
immediately triggers an audible or visual alarm if a leak is suspected.
Automated internal, vapor, or interstitial line monitoring systems can also be
set up to operate continuously and sound an alarm, flash a signal on the
console, or even ring a telephone in a manager's office when a leak is
suspected.
• Both automatic flow restrictors and shutoffs are permanently installed
directly into the pipe or the pump housing.
• Vapor, interstitial, or other monitoring systems can be installed to shut off
flow, restrict flow, or trigger an alarm whenever a leak is detected. If it
meets the applicable standards, such a setup meets the monthly monitoring
requirement as well as the LLD requirement.
Line tightness testing
• The line is taken out of service and pressurized, usually above the normal
operating pressure. A drop in pressure over time, usually an hour or more,
suggests a possible leak.
• Suction lines are not pressurized very much during a tightness test (about 7
to 15 pounds per square inch).
• Most line tightness tests are performed by a testing company. You just
observe the test.
• Some tank tightness test methods can be performed to include a tightness
test of the connected piping.
• For most line tightness tests, no permanent equipment is installed.
■ In the event of trapped vapor pockets, it may not be possible to conduct a
valid line tightness test. There is no way to tell definitely before the test
begins if this will be a problem, but long complicated piping runs with many
risers and dead ends are more likely to have vapor pockets.
■ Some permanently installed electronic systems (which often include ATGS)
can meet the requirements of monthly monitoring or a line tightness test.
24
Secondary containment with interstitial monitoring
• A barrier is placed between the piping and the environment. Double-walled
piping or a leakproof liner in the piping trench can be used.
• A monitor is placed between the piping and the barrier to sense a leak if it
occurs. Monitors range from a simple stick that can be put in a sump to see
if a liquid is present, to continuous automated systems that monitor for the
presence of liquid product or vapors.
■ Proper installation of secondary containment is the most important and the
most difficult aspect of this leak detection method. Trained and experienced
installers are necessary.
• See the section on secondary containment for additional information.
Secondary containment for piping is similar to that for tanks.
Vapor (including tracer compound analysis) or groundwater monitoring
• Vapor monitoring detects product that leaks into the soil and evaporates.
• Tracer compound analysis uses a tracer chemical to determine if there is a
hole in the line.
• Groundwater monitoring checks for leaked product floating on the
groundwater near the piping.
• A site assessment must be used to determine monitoring well placement
and spacing.
■ UST systems using vapor (including tracer compound analysis) or
groundwater monitoring for the tanks are well suited to use the same
monitoring method for the piping.
• See the earlier sections on vapor (including tracer compound analysis) and
groundwater monitoring. Use of these methods with piping is similar to that
for tanks.
Straight Talk on Tanks 25
THE UTAH PETROLEUM STORAGE TANK FUND
UST testers should be prepared to answer questions from owners or
operators concerning the PST Fund.
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE
A Utah Certificate of Compliance is required for USTs receiving
petroleum products. However, in order to receive a Certificate of
Compliance it is necessary to have the UST tightness tested. This is a
paradox for tightness tests which require fuel in the UST. To resolve this, the
DERR issues a "One time fuel drop letter "(sample included) for the
purpose of receiving fuel for the tank tightness test.
USTs which have a valid Certificate of Compliance when a release
occurs are covered for up to $1,000,000 for environmental cleanup from the
Utah Petroleum Storage Tank (PST) Fund. Participation in the PST Fund is
required at all facilities beginning July 1, 1991. Any UST without a
Certificate of Compliance is in compliance with Utah law ,and therefore,
subject to penalties (See Section R311-208).
If petroleum is placed into an UST without a Certificate of
Compliance (or one time fuel drop letter), owners, operators, and
distributors are subject up to a $500 penalty per occurrence.
Date ____ _
RE: UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS LOCATED AT
__________ , UTAH; FACILITY ID#: __
Dear M:
According to the provisions of the Utah Underground Storage T
Section 19-6-412, all owners and operators of petroleum undersffillm'il
Compliance by July 1, 1991. Any petroleum distributor w.n~i=u"
of Compliance will be subject to a civil penalty of $5
e Annotated UCA ,
m.nIYmust have a Certificate of
--.:,-.,.--t does not have a Certificate
•-•--16, UCA).
The Division of Environmental Response and Re ,,.,...,"'" ..... ,,.) has received your request to receive one
delivery of fuel to test your tanks at the above M:t'l!~ 1ty. This letter is NOT a Certificate of
Compliance but allows you to obtain peUICl)l~tnli.J> U9\..l'lx-.Jli::.sting your tanks.
This letter applies to fuel being ~~-------on _____ . A Certificate of
Compliance cannot be issued for t...,.....,,.,;.....,.. ,11t"'-.,.~n1rC!. If after our review, your tanks are found not to be
in substantial compliance 'th fede alJil~U~ru es and regulations, a certificate cannot be issued.
_____ at {801) 536-4100.
KPG/DEM/
cc: ________ Health Department
________ DEQ Engineer
Sincerely,
Kent P. Gray, Executive Secretary {UST)
Solid and Hazardous Waste Control Board
WHAT IS REQUIRED?
The Utah Underground Storage Tank (UST) Act requires that owners and
operators of regulated petroleum USTs qualify their tanks for and receive a
Certificate of Compliance, and keep the tanks in substantial compliance with all
UST rules and regulations. It is a violation of the UST Act to operate these USTs
without a certificate. New tanks must have a certificate before being put into
operation. Fines may be assessed if product or other regulated substance is
delivered to or placed into an UST that does not have a Certificate of
Compliance. (Certificate of Compliance Packet -pdf)
HOW DO I GET A CERTIFICATE?
To qualify for and receive a Certificate of Compliance, complete the following
steps:
• Submit a completed Application tor Certificate of Compliance and declare
whether you will participate in the Utah Petroleum Storage Tank Trust Fund
(PST Fund) or demonstrate financial responsibility tor your USTs by another
allowable mechanism. You must nieet all requirements tor coverage under
your chosen mechanism before you operate the USTs.
• Pay the Registration Fee of $100 per tank for USTs participating in the
PST Fund, or $200 per tank for USTs using another allowable financial
responsibility mechanism.
• Conduct a tank and line tightness test and submit a complete copy of the
results (including field notes, measured leak rate, and other technical data).
The tightness tests must be performed by a Utah certified UST Tester. To
receive fuel for the test, you must contact the Division of Environmental
Response and Remediation {DERR) at [phone] for authorization of a
one-time delivery. The DERR will need to know the date of delivery and the
name of the company that will deliver the fuel.
• Submit a completed Previous Pollution Incidents form to indicate whether
you have had any petroleum releases at the facility. If you participate in the
PST Fund, failure to report previous releases could void your coverage.
Payment of clean-up costs for previous releases is your responsibility.
• Submit a facility site plat or as-built drawing that shows the tank
excavation, buildings, tanks, product lines, vent lines, cathodic protection
systems, tank leak detection systems and product line leak detection
systems. The site plat is required under Section R311-203-3(e) of the Utah
UST rules.
If you choose to participate in the PST Fund you must:
• Check the box on the Application for Certificate of Compliance to indicate
participation in the PST Fund and indicate the financial responsibility
mechanism you will use to pay the cleanup costs not covered by the Fund.
• Pay the PST Fund fee. Pay $50 per tank for USTs installed at new
facilities. If a new UST is installed at a facility with existing USTs, pay the
rate assessed to the existing USTs for the current fiscal year, either $50 or
$150 per tank. If the new UST is a replacement for a previously-existing
UST, the current year PST Fund fee paid for the original tank is applied to
the new UST.
If you choose to demonstrate financial responsibility by another
mechanism you must:
Submit documentation for the mechanism you will use. The documents must
conform to the format and wording specified in 40 CFR 280 subpart H. The state
UST rules (R311-206-5} have additional requirements. The mechanism must be
approved by the DERR before the Certificate of Compliance can be issued. The
documentation should be submitted several weeks in advance of the time the
tanks will go into service to allow for the approval process. If the mechanism has
already been approved for other tanks, submit an updated list of tanks covered
by the mechanism to show the new ones.
Pay the process fee of $420 for the mechanism to be used. If the mechanism has
already been approved for other tanks, no process fee is due if the fee for the
current year has already been paid.
For additional information on financial responsibility, please refer to
Demonstrating Financial Responsibility.
Submit the forms and other required information to:
Division of Environmental Response and Remediation
168 North 1950 West
PO Box 144840
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4840
If you have questions, please contact the DERR UST Section at [phone].
Forms and additional information are available on the Utah DERR web site at
www.undergroundtanks.utah.gov.
Obtaining a Certificate of Compliance
WHAT IS REQUIRED?
The Utah Underground Storage Tank (UST) Act requires that
owners and operators of regulated petroleum US Ts qualify their
tanks for and receive a Certificate of Compliance, and keep the
tanks in substantial compliance with all UST rules and
regulations. It is a violation of the UST Act to operate these
USTs without a certificate. New tanks must have a certificate
before being put into operation. Fines may be assessed if
product or other regulated substance is delivered to or placed into
an UST that does not have a Certificate of Compliance.
HOW DO I GET A CERTIFICATE?
To qualify for and receive a Certificate of Compliance, complete
the following steps:
1. Register the USTs using Notification for Underground
Storage Tanks, EPA Form 7530-1. The tank owner and the
certified installer must sign the form to certify a proper
installation.
2. Submit a completed Application for Certificate of
Compliance and declare whether you will participate in the Utah
Petroleum Storage Tank Trust Fund (PST Fund) or demonstrate
financial responsibility for your USTs by another allowable
mechanism. You must meet all requirements for coverage under
your chosen mechanism before you operate the USTs.
3. Pay the Registration Fee of $100 per tank for USTs
participating in the PST Fund, or $200 per tank for USTs using
another allowable financial responsibility mechanism.
4. Conduct a tank and line tightness test and submit a
complete copy of the results (including field notes, measured
leak rate, and other technical data). The tightness tests must be
performed by a Utah certified UST Tester. To receive fuel for
the test, you must contact the Division of Environmental
Response and Remediation (DERR) at [phone] for
authorization ()fa one-time delivery. The DERR will need to
know the date of delivery and the name of the company that will
deliver the fuel.
5. Submit a completed Previous Pollution Incidents form to
indicate whether you have had any petroleum releases at the
facility. If you participate in the PST Fund, failure to report
previous releases could void your coverage. Payment of clean-
up costs for previous releases is your responsibility.
6. Submit a facility site plat or as-built drawing that shows the
tank excavation, buildings, tanks, product lines, vent lines,
cathodic protection systems, tank leak detection systems and
product line leak detection systems. The site plat is required
under Section R31 l-203-3(e) of the Utah UST rules.
If you choose to participate in the PST Fund you must:
• Check the box on the Application for Certificate of
Compliance to indicate participation in the PST Fund and
indicate the financial responsibility mechanism you will use
to pay the cleanup costs not covered by the Fund.
• Pay the PST Fund fee. Pay $50 per tank for USTs installed
at new facilities. If a new UST is installed at a facility with
existing USTs, pay the rate assessed to the existing US Ts for
the current fiscal year, either $50 or $150 per tank. If the
new UST is a replacement for a previously-existing UST, the
current year PST Fund fee paid for the original tank is
applied to the new UST.
If you choose to demonstrate financial responsibility by
another mechanism you must:
• Submit documentation for the mechanism you will use. The
documents must conform to the format and wording specified
in 40 CFR 280 subpart H. The state UST rules (R3 l l-206-5)
have additional requirements. The mechanism must be
approved by the DERR before the Certificate of Compliance
can be issued. The documentation should be submitted
several weeks in advance of the time the tanks will go into
service to allow for the approval process. If the mechanism
has already been approved for other tanks, submit an updated
list of tanks covered by the mechanism to show the new ones.
• Pay the process fee of $420 for the mechanism to be used. If
the mechanism has already been approved for other tanks, no
process fee is due if the fee for the current year has already
been paid.
For additional information on financial responsibility, please
refer to Demonstrating Financial Responsibility on the following
page.
Submit the forms and other required information to:
Division of Environmental Response and Remediation
168 North 1950 West
PO Box 144840
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4840
If you have questions, please contact the DERR UST Section at
(80 I) 536-4100. Forms and additional information are available
on the Utah DERR web site at www.undergroundtanks.utah.gov.
12/05
Demonstrating Financial Responsibility
WHAT IS FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY?
State and Federal underground storage tank (UST) regulations
require that owners and operators of regulated petroleum USTs
demonstrate financial responsibility to show they can pay the
costs of cleanups and third-party claims for leaks from USTs.
The amount of financial responsibility you must have depends on
the type of business you operate, the yearly throughput of each
facility, and the number of tanks you own. The following table
shows the amounts required:
WHO
PETROLEUM
MARKETER
PETROLEUM
NON-
MARKETER
PETROLEUM
NON-
MARKETER
THROUGHPUT
OFFACllJTY
ANY
THROUGHPUT
10,000GALLONS
OR LESS
MONTHLY
MORE THAN
10,000
GALLONS
MONTHLY
PER
OCCURRENCE AGGREGATE
COVERAGE COVERAGE
REQUIRED REQUIRED
$1,000,000 $1,000,000 IF
YOUOWNJOO I
OR FEWER I
TANKS I
$500,000 I
OR I
I
$2,000,000 IF I
$1,000,000
YOUOWN
MORE THAN
IOOTANKS
• . Marketing facilities (service stations, truck stops, etc.) must
have $1 million of "per occurrence'' coverage. This is the
amount that must be available to pay the costs of one
petroleum release. Non-marketing facilities must have the
same amount of per occurrence coverage unless they have a
monthly throughput of 10,000 gallons or less. In this case,
the per occurrence coverage amount is $500,000.
• UST owner/operators must also have coverage for an annual
aggregate amount. This is the amount that you must have to
cover all leaks that might occur in one year. The amount of
aggregate coverage depends on the number of tanks you
have: $1 million if you have 100 or fewer tanks, $2 million if
you have more than 100 tanks.
HOW TO SHOW FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Owner/operators of regulated petroleum USTs in Utah may show
financial responsibility by participating in the Utah Petroleum
Storage Tank Trust Fund (PST Fund) or by using one of the
other mechanisms allowed by the Federal UST regulations (40
CFR 280, subpart H).
Demonstrating financial responsibility is one requirement for
receiving a Certificate of Compliance. If you use a mechanism
other than the PST Fund, you must meet all requirements for the
mechanism before you receive a certificate.
Petroleum Storage Tank Trust Fund
The PST Fund pays most of the cleanup costs of covered releases
up to the limits set by the federal UST regulations. The
responsible party pays the first $10,000 (in some cases $25,000)
of eligible cleanup costs and the Fund pays the remaining
eligible costs up to the limits set by the Federal regulations. Any
costs over these limits must be paid by the responsible party.
UST owner/operators who participate in the Fund pay an annual
Petroleum Storage Tank Fund fee based on the yearly throughput
for each facility and a per-gallon surcharge on petroleum
products sold in the state.
Other Financial Responsibility Mechanisms
For those who do not participate in the Fund, the Federal UST
regulations allow several options for demonstrating financial
responsibility. Each one is described in detail in 40 CFR 280,
subpart H. The state UST rules (R311-206-5) have additional
requirements. Some of the allowed mechanisms are:
Self-insurance. If your firm has a tangible net worth of at least
$10 million, you can show financial responsibility by passing
one of two financial tests.
Insurance coverage. Insurance may be available from a private
insurer or a risk retention group.
Guarantee. You may secure a guarantee, for the coverage
amount from another finn with whom you have a substantial
business relationship. The provider of the guarantee must pass a
financial test.
Letter of credit. A letter of credit is a contract involving you,
an issuer (usually a bank), and a third party (such as the
implementing agency) that obligates the issuer to help you
demonstrate your financial responsibility.
Trust fund. You may set up a fully-funded trust fund
administered by a third party to show financial responsibility.
If you show financial responsibility by one of the allowable
alternative mechanisms, you must pay a yearly processing fee
and submit documentation of your mechanism each year.
The mechanism you choose must cover costs of both corrective
action and third-party liability, and must provide coverage up to
the Federal limits.
Keep In Mind:
• If you use another financial responsibility mechanism, then
later decide to participate in the PST Fund, you will be
required to perform a tank and line tightness test and a site
assessment (including soil and/or groundwater samples)
before the tanks can participate in the PST Fund, as specified
in the Utah UST Act, UCA 19-6-428.
• If you choose to participate in the PST Fund, all tanks located
at the same facility, including above-ground tanks and
unregulated USTs, may be required to participate.
If you have questions, please contact the DERR UST Section at
[phone]. Forms and additional information are available
on the Utah DERR web site at www.undergroundtanks.utah.gov.
!2/05
Facility ID -----
This letter, or an equivalent, must be signed and submitted as a requirement for receiving a
Certificate of Compliance.
To: Mr. Brad T Johnson
Executive Secretary (UST)
Utah Solid & Hazardous Waste Control Board
Dear Mr. Johnson:
As required by paragraph 19-6-413 of the Utah Underground Storage Tank Act, I have performed a
tank and line tightness test on each tank at my facility. Based on this test, there has not been a release
of petroleum. Additionally, based on "customary business inventory practices standards" I am not
aware of any release of petroleum from my tanks.
Signature of owner/operator
Or, if a release is known to have occurred at this facility:
I have had the following releases of petroleum ( detailed below; also indicate the actions you have
taken to clean up the release):
Signature of owner/operator
Failure to report previous releases could invalidate your Certificate of Compliance.
ppiforml205
Facility ID# ________ _
UST Owner Information UST Facility Information
Owner Name: Facility Name:
Address: Address:
Citv: I State: I Zip: Citv: I State: UT I Zip:
Contact: I Phone: Contact: I Phone:
DESCRIPTION OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Tank#
Date Installed
Caoacitv
Substance Stored
TA NK/L INETI G HTNE TE T Indicate Pass or Fail for each tank an pro uct me teste . nc u e coov o test. ss s d d r d I 1 d f
Tank#
Tank Test
Line Test
TYPE OF FACILITY
D Marketing facility, or non-marketer with facility average monthly throughput greater than 10,000 gallons.
D Non-marketer with facility average monthly throughput less than 10,000 gallons.
COMPLIANCE WITH UST REGULATIONS
D All Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) at this facility have been registered.
D All UST registration fees and Petroleum Storage Tank Fund Fees have been paid.
Are your USTs currently in compliance with all Federal, State, and Local UST regulations?
D Yes D No If "No" describe items of non-compliance:
PREVIOUS POLLUTION INCIDENTS
Complete the Previous Pollution Incidents form to indicate whether a pollution incident has occurred at the facility.
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY MECHANISM DECLARATION ( check one only)
D I choose to participate in the Petroleum Storage Tank (PST) Trust Fund.
• Indicate the number of above-ground and non-regulated underground tanks at the facility:
• Indicate the financial responsibility mechanism to be used for cleanup costs not covered by the Fund.
Above-ground tanks and non-regulated USTs at the facility may be required to participate in the Fund.
D I choose another Financial Responsibility mechanism for the USTs at this facility.
• Indicate the financial responsibility mechanism to be used:
• (For self-insurance or guarantee) Indicate your company's fiscal year end date:
• (For Insurance) Indicate the date the policy is renewed each year:
The Certificate of Compliance cannot be issued until all documents have been submitted and the mechanism has been
approved. If the mechanism has already been approved for other tanks, submit an amended list of covered tanks.
I certify under penalty of law that the above representations made by me are true and correct.
Owner/operator Signature Date Signed -----------------CofCapp 1205
UST SAFETY
Nothing is more important than safety on the job site!!! Safety of the work crew
should be the primary concern for UST Testers.
MONITORING EQUIPMENT
The use of environmental monitoring equipment is essential to safety at UST
sites. Many UST accidents could have been prevented if UST testers were trained and
accurately used environmental monitoring equipment.
Review: Health and Safety Training (EPA).
AMERADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW
DANGER!
MSDS No. 9950
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE -EYE AND MUCOUS MEMBRANE IRRITANT
• EFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -HARMFUL OR FATAL IF ~ SWALLOWED -ASPIRATION HAZARD
High fire hazard. Keep away from heat, spark, open flame, and other ignition
sources.
NFPA 704 (Section 16)
If ingested, do NOT induce vomiting, as this may cause chemical pneumonia (fluid in the lungs}. Contact
may cause eye, skin and mucous membrane irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Avoid
prolonged breathing of vapors or mists. Inhalation may cause irritation, anesthetic effects (dizziness,
nausea, headache, intoxication), and respiratory system effects.
Long-term exposure may cause effects to specific organs, such as to the liver, kidneys, blood, nervous
system, and skin. Contains benzene, which can cause blood disease, including anemia and leukemia.
11. CHEMICAL PRODUCT and COMPANY INFORMATION (rev. Jan-04)
Amerada Hess Corporation
1 Hess Plaza
Woodbridge, NJ 07095-0961
EMERGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER (24 hrs):
COMPANY CONTACT (business hours):
MSDS Internet Website
CHEMTREC [phone]
Corporate Safety [phone]
www.hess.com/about/environ.html
SYNONYMS: Hess Conventional (Oxygenated and Non-oxygenated} Gasoline; Reformulated Gasoline
(RFG}; Reformulated Gasoline Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (RBOB}; Unleaded
Motor or Automotive Gasoline
See Section 16 for abbreviations and acronyms.
12. COMPOSITION and INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS* (rev. Jan-04)
INGREDIENT NAME (CAS No.)
· Gasoline (86290-81-5)
Benzene (71-43-2)
n-Butane (106-97-8)
Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol} (64-17-5)
Ethyl benzene ( 100-41-4}
n-Hexane (110-54-3)
Methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE} (1634-04-4}
Tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME} (994-05-8)
Toluene (108-88-3)
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (95-63-6)
Xylene, mixed isomers (1330-20-7)
CONCENTRATION PERCENT BY WEIGHT
100
0.1 -4.9 (0.1 -1.3 reformulated gasoline}
<10
0 -10
<3
0.5 to 4
0 to 15.0
0 to 17.2
1 -25
<6
1 -15
A complex blend of petroleum-derived normal and branched-chain alkane, cycloalkane, alkene, and
aromatic hydrocarbons. May contain antioxidant and multifunctional additives. Non-oxygenated
Conventional Gasoline and RBOB do not have oxygenates (Ethanol or MTBE and/or TAME}.
Oxygenated Conventional and Reformulated Gasoline will have oxygenates for octane enhancement or
as legally required.
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 1 of 8
AMERADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
I 3. . HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION (rev. Dec-97)
EYES
Moderate irritant. Contact with liquid or vapor may cause irritation.
SKIN
Practically non-toxic if absorbed following acute (single) exposure. May cause skin irritation with
prolonged or repeated contact. Liquid may be absorbed through the skin in toxic amounts if large areas of
skin are exposed repeatedly.
INGESTION
The major health threat of ingestion occurs from the danger of aspiration (breathing) of liquid drops into
the lungs, particularly from vomiting. Aspiration may result in chemical pneumonia (fluid in the lungs),
severe lung damage, respiratory failure and even death.
Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances, including irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and
central nervous system (brain) effects similar to alcohol intoxication. In severe cases, tremors,
convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory arrest, and death may occur.
INHALATION
Excessive exposure may cause irritations to the nose, throat, lungs and respiratory tract. Central nervous
system (brain) effects may include headache, dizziness, loss of balance and coordination,
unconsciousness, coma, respiratory failure, and death.
WARNING: the burning of any hydrocarbon as a fuel in an area without adequate ventilation may result
in hazardous levels of combustion products, including carbon monoxide, and inadequate oxygen levels,
which may cause unconsciousness, suffocation, and death.
CHRONIC EFFECTS and CARCINOGENICITY
Contains benzene, a regulated human carcinogen. Benzene has the potential to cause anemia and other
blood diseases, including leukemia, after repeated and prolonged exposure. Exposure to light
hydrocarbons in the same boiling range as this product has been associated in animal studies with
systemic toxicity. See also Section 11 -Toxicological Information.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE
Irritation from skin exposure may aggravate existing open wounds, skin disorders, and dermatitis (rash).
Chronic respiratory disease, liver or kidney dysfunction, or pre-existing central nervous system disorders
may be aggravated by exposure. ·
! 4. FIRST AID MEASURES (rev. Dec-97)
In case of contact with eyes, immediately flush with clean, low-pressure water for at least 15 min. Hold
eyelids open to ensure adequate flushing. Seek medical attention.
SKIN
Remove contaminated clothing. Wash contaminated areas thoroughly with soap and water or waterless
hand cleanser. Obtain medical attention if irritation or redness develops.
INGESTION
DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Do not give liquids. Obtain immediate medical attention. If spontaneous
vomiting occurs, lean victim forward to reduce the risk of aspiration. Small amounts of material which
enter the mouth should be rinsed out until the taste is dissipated.
INHALATION
Remove person to fresh air. If person is not breathing, ensure an open airway and provide artificial
respiration. If necessary, provide additional oxygen once breathing is restored if trained to do so. Seek
medical attention immediately.
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 2 of 8
AMER ADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades
I 5. FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES:
FLASH POINT:
AUTOIGNITION TEMPERATURE:
OSHA/NFPA FLAMMABILITY CLASS:
LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT(%):
UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT(%):
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS
(rev. Dec-97)
-45 °F (-43°C)
highly variable; > 530 °F (>280 °C)
1A (flammable liquid)
1.4%
7.6%
MSDS No. 9950
Vapors may be ignited rapidly when exposed to heat, spark, open flame or other source of ignition.
Flowing product may be ignited by self-generated static electricity. When mixed with air and exposed to
an ignition source, flammable vapors can bum in the open or explode in confined spaces. Being heavier
than air, vapors may travel long distances to an ignition source and flash back. Runoff to sewer may
cause fire or explosion hazard.
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
SMALL FIRES: Any extinguisher suitable for Class B fires, dry chemical, CO2, water spray, fire fighting
foam, or Halon.
LARGE FIRES: Water spray, fog or fire fighting foam. Water may be ineffective for fighting the fire, but
may be used to cool fire-exposed containers.
During certain times of the year and/or in certain geographical locations, gasoline may contain MTBE
and/or TAME. Firefighting foam suitable for polar solvents is recommended for fuel with greater than
10% oxygenate concentration -refer to NFPA 11 "Low Expansion Foam -1994 Edition.~
FIRE FIGHTING INSTRUCTIONS
Small fires in the incipient (beginning) stage may typically be extinguished using handheld portable fire
extinguishers and other fire fighting equipment.
Firefighting activities that may result in potential exposure to high heat, smoke or toxic by-products of
combustion should require NIOSH/MSHA-approved pressure-demand self-contained breathing
apparatus with full facepiece and full protective clothing.
Isolate area around container involved in fire. Cool tanks, shells, and containers exposed to fire and
excessive heat with water. For massive fires the use of unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles may
be advantageous to further minimize personnel exposure. Major fires may require withdrawal, allowing
the tank to bum. Large storage tank fires typically require specially trained personnel and equipment to
extinguish the fire, often including the need for properly applied fire fighting foam.
See Section 16 for the NFPA 704 Hazard Rating.
I 6. ACCIDENT AL RELEASE MEASURES (rev. Dec-97)
ACTIVATE FACILITY SPILL CONTINGENCY or EMERGENCY PLAN.
Evacuate nonessential personnel and remove or secure all ignition sources. Consider wind direction; stay
upwind and uphill, if possible. Evaluate the direction of product travel, diking, sewers, etc. to confirm spill
areas. Spills may infiltrate subsurface soil and groundwater; professional assistance may be necessary
to determine the extent of subsurface impact.
Carefully contain and stop the source of the spill, if safe to do so. Protect bodies of water by diking,
absorbents, or absorbent boom, if possible. Do not flush down sewer or drainage systems, unless
system is designed and permitted to handle such material. The use of fire fighting foam may be useful in
certain situations to reduce vapors. The proper use of water spray may effectively disperse product
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 3 of8
AMERA □A HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
vapors or the liquid itself, preventing contact with ignition sources or areas/equipment that require
protection.
Take up with sand or other oil absorbing materials. Carefully shovel, scoop or sweep up into a waste
container for reclamation or disposal -caution, flammable vapors may accumulate in closed containers.
Response and clean-up crews must be properly trained and must utilize proper protective equipment
(see Section 8).
j 7. HANDLING and STORAGE (rev. Dec-97)
HANDLING PRECAUTIONS
******USE ONLY AS A MOTOR FUEL******
******DO NOT SIPHON BY MOUTH******
Handle as a flammable liquid. Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame! Electrical equipment
should be approved for classified area. Bond and ground containers during product transfer to reduce the
possibility of static-initiated fire or explosion.
Special slow load procedures for ."switch loading" must be followed to avoid the static ignition hazard that
can exist when higher flash point material (such as fuel oil) is loaded into tanks previously containing low
flash point products (such as this product}-see API Publication 2003, "Protection Against Ignitions
Arising Out Of Static, Lightning and Stray Currents.
STORAGE PRECAUTIONS
Keep away from flame, sparks, excessive temperatures and open flame. Use approved vented
containers. Keep containers closed and clearly labeled. Empty product containers or vessels may contain
explosive vapors. Do not pressurize, cut, heat, weld or expose such containers to sources of ignition.
Store in a well-ventilated area. This storage area should comply with NFPA 30 "Flammable and
Combustible Liquid Code". Avoid storage near incompatible materials. The cleaning of tanks previously
containing this product should follow API Recommended Practice (RP} 2013 "Cleaning Mobile Tanks In
Flammable and Combustible Liquid Service" and API RP 2015 "Cleaning Petroleum Storage Tanks".
WORK/HYGIENIC PRACTICES
Emergency eye wash capability should be available in the near proximity to operations presenting a
potential splash exposure. Use good personal hygiene practices. Avoid repeated and/or prolonged skin
exposure. Wash hands before eating, drinking, smoking, or using toilet facilities. Do not use as a
cleaning solvent on the skin. Do not use solvents or harsh abrasive skin cleaners for washing this product
from exposed skin areas. Waterless hand cleaners are effective. Promptly remove contaminated
clothing and launder before reuse. Use care when laundering to prevent the formation of flammable
vapors which could ignite via washer or dryer. Consider the need to discard contaminated leather shoes
and gloves.
I 8. EXPOSURE CONTROLS and PERSONAL PROTECTION (rev. Jan-04)
EXPOSURE LIMITS
Component (CAS No.) Exposure Limits
Source TWA STEL Note
(ppm) (p m
.• Gasoline {86290-81-~) . _ •... ___________________ ACGIH ___ 300 _____ 500 __ • ___ A3 ••• _______________________ -------··· ••• ____ _
Benzene (71-43-2) OSHA 1 5 Carcinogen
ACGIH 0.5 2.5 A1, skin
USCG 1 5
· n:Butane (106-97-8) ACGIH 800 2003 NOIC: 1000 ppm (TWA) Aliphatic ---
·--________ •••••••.••.•.... __________________________________ . __ .• _______ ••• __ Hydrocarbon Gases Alkane JC1-C4L ___________ _
Ethyl Alcohol (ethanol) (64-17-5) OSHA 1000
. __ .••. _ ....• ______ . ________ •••••.••. _ ••... ______ ACGIH ___ 1000 ____ -
Ethyl benzene (100-41-4) OSHA 100
.•.•••• ___ •• _ •••••••.••• ____ • _____________ . ______ ACGIH ____ 100 •.• __ 125 ______ A3 •.....••.• _________________________________ •
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page4 of8
AMERADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
Component (CAS No.) Exposure Limits
Source · TWA STEL Note
(ppm) (ppm)
n-Hexane ( 110-54-3) OSHA 500
ACGIH 50 -skin
__ Methyl-tertiary butyl ether [MTBE]_{1634-04-4}__ __ ACGIH ___ 50 ________________ A3 ___________________________________________ _
. _ Tertiary-amyl methyl ether [fAMEl _(994-05-8) . _______________________________ None established _____________________________ _
Toluene (108-88-3) OSHA 200 Ceiling: 300 ppm; Peak: 500 ppm (10 min.)
. ___ ----____ ------__ ------_____ ---___ -----_______ ACGIH ---50 ____ -----------A4(skinL _________ ---------• ----------------__
. -~ ,2,4-Trimeth¥Ibenzene(95-63-6) _______________ ACGIH ___ 25 ______ --_______________________________ · ______________________ _
Xylene, mixed isomers (1330-20-7) OSHA 100
ACGIH 100 150 A4
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
Use adequate ventilation to keep vapor concentrations of this product below occupational exposure and
flammability limits, particularly in confined spaces.
EYE/FACE PROTECTION
Safety glasses or goggles are recommended where there is a possibility of splashing or spraying.
SKIN PROTECTION
Gloves constructed of nitrile or neoprene are recommended. Chemical protective clothing such as that
made of of E.I. DuPont Tychem ®, products or equivalent is recommended based on degree of exposure.
Note: The resistance of specific material may vary from product to product as well as with degree of
exposure. Consult manufacturer specifications for further information.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
A NIOSH-approved air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridges or canister may be permissible
under certain circumstances where airborne concentrations are or may be expected to exceed exposure
limits or for odor or irritation. Protection provided by air-purifying respirators is limited. Refer to OSHA 29
CFR 1910.134, NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic, and the manufacturer for additional guidance on
respiratory protection selection and limitations.
Use a positive pressure, air-supplied respirator if there is a potential for uncontrolled release, exposure
levels are not known, in oxygen-deficient atmospheres, or any other circumstance where an air-purifying
respirator may not provide adequate protection.
I 9. PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (rev. Jan-04)
APPEARANCE
A translucent, straw-colored or light yellow liquid
ODOR
A strong, characteristic aromatic hydrocarbon odor. Oxygenated gasoline with MTBE and/or TAME may
have a sweet, ether-like odor and is detectable at a lower concentration than non-oxygenated gasoline.
ODOR THRESHOLD
Odor Detection
Non-oxygenated gasoline: 0.5 -0.6 ppm
Gasoline with 15% MTBE: 0.2 -0.3 ppm
Gasoline with 15% TAME: 0.1 ppm
BASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Odor Recognition
0.8-1.1 ppm
0.4-0.7 ppm
0.2 ppm
BOILING RANGE: 85 to 437 °F (39 to 200 °C)
VAPOR PRESSURE: 6.4-15 RVP@ 100 °F (38°C) (275-475 mm Hg@68 °F (20 °C)
VAPOR DENSITY (air= 1): AP 3 to 4
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (H 2 0 = 1): 0.70-0.78
EVAPORATION RATE: 10-11 (n-butyl acetate= 1)
PERCENT VOLATILES: 100 %
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 5 of 8
AMERADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
SOLUBILITY (H2O): Non-oxygenated gasoline -negligible(< 0.1%@ 77 °F). Gasoline with 15%
MTBE -slight (0.1 -3% @ 77 °F); ethanol is readily soluble in water
I 10. STABILITY and REACTIVITY (rev. Dec-94)
STABILITY: Stable. Hazardous polymerization will not occur.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID
Avoid high temperatures, open flames, sparks, welding, smoking and other ignition sources
INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS
Keep away from strong oxidizers.
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and non-combusted hydrocarbons (smoke). Contact with nitric and
sulfuric acids will form nitrocresols that can decompose violently.
I 11. TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES (rev. Dec-97}
ACUTE TOXICITY
Acute Dermal LOSO (rabbits): > 5 ml/kg Acute Oral LOSO (rat): 18.75 ml/kg
Primary dermal irritation (rabbits): slightly irritating
Guinea pig sensitization: negative
Draize eye irritation (rabbits): non-irritating
CHRONIC EFFECTS AND CARCINOGENICITY
Carcinogenicity:OSHA: NO IARC: YES -2B NTP: NO ACGIH: YES (A3)
IARC has determined that gasoline and gasoline exhaust are possibly carcinogenic in humans. Inhalation
exposure to completely vaporized unleaded gasoline caused kidney cancers in male rats and liver tumors
in female mice. The U.S. EPA has determined that the male kidney tumors are species-specific and are
irrelevant for human health risk assessment. The significance of the tumors seen in female mice is not
known. Exposure to light hydrocarbons in the same boiling range as this product has been associated in
animal studies with effects to the central and peripheral nervous systems, liver, and kidneys. The
significance of these animal models to predict similar human response to gasoline is uncertain.
This product contains benzene. Human health studies indicate that prolonged and/or repeated
overexposure to benzene may cause damage to the blood-forming system (particularly bone marrow),
and serious blood disorders such as aplastic anemia and leukemia. Benzene is listed as a human
carcinogen by the NTP, IARC, OSHA and ACGIH.
This product may contain methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE ): animal and human health effects studies
indicate that MTBE may cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation, central nervous system
depression and neurotoxicity. MTBE is classified as an animal carcinogen (A3) by the ACGIH.
I 12. ECOLOGICALINFORMATION (rev. Jan-04}
Keep out of sewers, drainage areas and waterways. Report spills and releases, as applicable, under
Federal and State regulations. If released, oxygenates such as ethers and alcohols will be expected to
exhibit fairly high mobility in soil, and therefore may leach into groundwater. The API (www.api.org)
provides a number of useful references addressing petroleum and oxygenate contamination of
groundwater.
I 13. DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS (rev. Dec-97)
Consult federal, state and local waste regulations to determine appropriate disposal options.
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 6 of 8
AMERADA HESS CORPORATION
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
I 14. TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION (rev. Jan-04)
DOT PROPER SHIPPING NAME:
DOT HAZARD CLASS and PACKING GROUP:
DOT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER:
DOT SHIPPING LABEL:
Gasoline
3, PG II
UN 1203
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
I 15. REGULATORY INFORMATION (rev. Jan-04)
U.S. FEDERAL. STATE, and LOCAL REGULATORY INFORMATION
This product and its constituents listed herein are on the EPA TSCA Inventory. Any spill or uncontrolled
release of this product, including any substantial threat of release, may be subject to federal, state and/or
local reporting requirements. This product and/or its constituents may also be subject to other federal,
state, or local regulations; consult those regulations applicable to your facility/operation.
CLEAN WATER ACT {OIL SPILLS}
Any spill or release of this product to "navigable waters" (essentially any surface water, including certain
wetlands) or adjoining shorelines sufficient to cause a visible sheen or deposit of a sludge or emulsion
must be reported immediately to the National Response Center (1-800-424-8802) or, if not practical, the
U.S. Coast Guard with follow-up to the National Response Center, as required by U.S. Federal Law. Also
contact appropriate state and local regulatory agencies as required.
CERCLA SECTION 103 and SARA SECTION 304 (RELEASE TO THE ENVIRONMENT)
The CERCLA definition of hazardous substances contains a "petroleum exclusion" clause which exempts
crude oil, refined, and unrefined petroleum products and any indigenous components of such. However,
other federal reporting requirements (e.g., SARA Section 304 as well as the Clean Water Act if the spill
occurs on navigable waters) may still apply.
SARA SECTION 311/312 -HAZARD CLASSES
ACUTE HEAL TH CHRONIC HEAL TH FIRE SUDDEN RELEASE OF PRESSURE REACTIVE
X X X
SARA SECTION 313 -SUPPI.IER NOTIFICATION
This product contains the following toxic chemicals subject to the reporting requirements of section 313 of
the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) of 1986 and of 40 CFR 372:
INGREDIENT NAME (CAS NUMBER)
Benzene (71-43-2)
Ethyl benzene (100-41-4)
n-Hexane ( 110-54-3)
Methyl-tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) (1634-04-4)
Toluene (1os..aa-3)
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (95-63-6)
Xylene, mixed isomers (1330-20-7)
CONCENTRATION WT. PERCENT
0.1 to 4.9 (0.1 to 1.3 for reformulated gasoline)
<3
0.5to4
Oto 15.0
1 to 15
<6
1 to 15
US EPA guidance documents (www.epa.gov/tri) for reporting Persistent Bioaccumulating Toxics (PBTs)
indicate this product may contain the following deminimis levels of toxic chemicals subject to Section 313
reporting:
INGREDIENT NAME (CAS NUMBER)
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs)
Benzo (g,h,i) perylene (191-24-2)
Lead (7 439-92-1 )
Revision Date: 01/08/04
CONCENTRATION -Parts per million (ppm) by weight
17
2.55
0.079
Page 7 of 8
AMER ADA HESS C □R P □RATl □N
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Gasoline, All Grades MSDS No. 9950
CANADIAN REGULATORY INFORMATION (WHMIS)
Class B, Division 2 (Flammable Liquid)
Class D, Division 2A 0fery toxic by other means) and Class D, Division 2B (Toxic by other means)
I 16. OTHER INFORMATION (rev. Jan-04)
NFPA® HAZARD RATING HEALTH: 1 Slight
FIRE: 3 Serious
REACTIVITY: 0 Minimal
HMIS® HAZARD RATING HEALTH: 1 * Slight
FIRE: 3 Serious
REACTIVITY: 0 Minimal
*CHRONIC
SUPERSEDES MSDS DATED: 12/30/97
ABBREVIATIONS:
AP = Approximately
N/A = Not Applicable
< = Less than > = Greater than
N/D = Not Determined ppm = parts per million
ACRONYMS:
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental
AIHA
ANSI
API
Industrial Hygienists
American Industrial Hygiene Association
American National Standards Institute
[phone]
American Petroleum Institute
[phone]
CERCLA Comprehensive Emergency Response,
DOT
EPA
HMIS
IARC
Compensation, and Liability Act
U.S. Department of Transportation
[General Info: [phone]]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazardous Materials Information System
International Agency For Research On
Cancer
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
[phone]
NIOSH National Institute of Occupational Safety
NOIC
and Health
Notice of Intended Change (proposed
change to ACGIH TLV)
DISCLAIMER OF EXPRESSED AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES
I\ITP
OPA
OSHA
PEL
RCRA
REL
SARA
SCBA
SPCC
STEL
TLV
TSCA
TWA
WEEL
WHMIS
National Toxicology Program
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
U.S. Occupational Safety & Health
Administration
Permissible Exposure Limit (OSHA)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Recommended Exposure Limit (NIOSH)
Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 Title Ill
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Spill Prevention, Control, and
Countermeasures
Short-Term Exposure Limit (generally 15
minutes)
Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH)
Toxic Substances Control Act
Time Weighted Average (8 hr.)
Workplace Environmental Exposure
Level {AIHA)
Workplace Hazardous Materials
Information System (Canada)
Information presented herein has been compiled from sources considered to be dependable, and is accurate and reliable to the best
of our knowledge and belief, but is not guaranteed to be so. Since conditions of use are beyond our control, we make no warranties,
expressed or implied, except those that may be contained in our written contract of sale or acknowledgment.
Vendor assumes no responsibility for injury to vendee or third persons proximately caused by the material if reasonable safety
procedures are not adhered to as stipulated in the data sheet. Additionally, vendor assumes no responsibility for injury to vendee or
third persons proximately caused by abnormal use of the material, even if reasonable safety procedures are followed. Furthermore,
vendee assumes the risk in their use of the material. ·
Revision Date: 01/08/04 Page 8 of 8
OEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
(OS-420)WF .
EP A/910/B-92/001
June 1992
Health and Safety Training
for Underground Storage
Tank Inspectors
EXHIBIT 2-1
ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HANDLING AND TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Some reported accidents involving the Handling and Transfer of Petroleum Products are presented
below. Notice that a large number of accidents occur during closure.·
Explosion in Tank "Deemed Safe" Kills One
Georgia. 1990 ~ A Snellville. Georgia man dies April 17 when a 10,000-gallon underground ga· ine
storage tank explodes at Dry Storage of Georgia. The tank was deemed safe one-half hour ,)re the
explosion occurred. The worker was a five-year employee of Westinghouse Environmental ar.d
Geotechnical Services, a company that specializes in removing underground tanks. This is the third
death in Georgia in less than a year involving a tank closure.
Worker Dies in "Preventable" Accident
Tulsa. 1990 -An underground storage tank explosion kills a worker and blows out the windows in
nearby stores. The explosion occurs when two workers are attempting to cut a fill pipe from an UST
containing a small amount of water and some residual fuel. The metal cutting saw they are using
creates a spark that ignites the gasoline vapors. The ensuing blast blows the 5-f oot end off the tank.
The flying metal disk travels 20 feet and decapitates a co-worker who is returning to the job site from a
convenience store located across the street. A Tulsa Fire Department spokesman characterizes the
incident as "a highly preventable accident.•
Worker Dies from Trauma Following Explosion
Tulsa, 1990 -An explosion in an empty gasoline storage tank kills a worker as he is dismantling it with
an acetylene torch. According to authorities, the steel tank was removed from the ground the week
prior to the explosion and a substance was placed in it to help ventilate fumes. The plumbing
company returned to begin dismantling the tank, assuming it to be free of fumes. The 2,000-gallon
steel tank explodes when the worker, employed by the plumbing contractor, applies an acetylene torch
to it. The end of the tank blows out and propels the worker backwards about 25 feet. where he hits a
building. The man dies, apparently from trauma suffered when thrown by the explosion. In addition, a
building on the property and a truck owned by the plumbing contractor are damaged.
Explosion Crushes Worker
Indianapolis, 1990 -Employees of a company which collects empty fuel tanks and cuts them up into
scrap metal are in the midst of purging vapors and cutting tanks when the accident occurs. A worker
is using an acetylene torch to cut a tank when an adjacent tank explodes. pushing it 6 feet forward
into the one he is working on. The worker is crushed between the tank he is working on and a
wrecker parked nearby. Investigators suspect that the tank that exploded either had not yet been
cleaned or had been cleaned improperly.
48
EXHIBIT 2-1 (con.)
ACCIDENTS INVOLVING HANDLING AND TRANSFER OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Man Kill.-While "Scrapping" Abandoned Underground Storage Tank
A scra~ · and metal dealer is working alone and using an acetylene torch to cut a tank into scrap
when the flame from the torch ignites fumes inside the tank and touches off an explosion. The force
of the blast lifts the 10,000-gallon tank into the air, sending it about 50 feet from its initial spot A tank
end ls blown about 450 feet into a nearby field.
The tank. measuring 20 feet by 1 O feet, was reportedly used for underground storage of residential
heating oil. However, individuals at the accident scene speculated the tank actually contained
gasoline or gasoline residue, and that fumes from the gasoline ignited. The victim's brother said the
worker was experienced in cutting scrap metal and "knew better than to cut up a gas tank."
OHIO -Sandblasting Incident
A man retained to sandblast an underground storage tank dies when he turns on an electric vacuum
cleaner as he prepares to clean sand f ram the tank bottom. A spark from the vacuum cleaner ignites
the vapors inside the tank, causing it to explode. He dies later as a result of the burns suffered in the
blast.
Tank Abandonment Kills Three
While cutting the top off an empty tank at Kerr-McGee's Cotton Valley Refinery, a piece of equipment
apparently ignites vapors inside the tank. The blast kills three men inside the tank; a fourth man left
the tank to get some tools and escaped unharmed.
Explosion Narrowly Avoided
1990 -Two employees breaking out the concrete inside a pump island in order to relocate the product
line. instead of capping the exposed line, stuff a rag in it to keep the dirt and broken concrete out.
While cleaning the island with shovels, a spark ignites the fumes coming through the rag. The rag
immediately catches fire and bums until the employees smother it with dirt.
Tank Worker Dies During Vapor Check
1990 -An Oregon tank worker places a lighted rag down a fill pipe to determine if the tank contains
vapors. It does, and an explosion results, killing the worker.
49
THE FIRE TRIANGLE
Fire is a rapid and persistent chemical reaction
accompanied by the emission of heat and light.
Three primary elements. represented by the
fire triangle, must be present for a fire to burn:
oxygen, fuel. and a source of ignition.
Each side of the fire triangle represents one of
the necessary elements of fire. The center of
the triangle represents the optimal fuel-to-
oxygen ratio with enough heat to ignite the
mixture. If any of the elements are removed,
however, there can be no fire (this is
represented by the corners of the triangle).
For example, if the wood on a campfire is
consumed or removed. the fuel supply is no
longer sufficient to sustain combustion.
A more modern fire triangle would have these
three elements: oxidizer. fuel. and energy
source. Energy can be produced by chemical
reaction, mechanical action or electrical
discharge. All these factors may come into
play· at UST sites.
It is important to understand that it is not the
liquid which bums. Vapors are produced,
which are heated and broken into simpler
compounds (such as methane) which will
readily oxidize. The flame above a solid
material is also the result of the burning of
heated gases. Surface burning may occur
after all the volatile materials are driven off, as
in the case of burning charcoal. Surface
burning also occurs when metals burn.
22
Once started, a fire will continue until the fuel
or oxygen concentration falls below a minimum
value. A fire commonly results from the
combination of some combustible material with
oxygen, but the oxidizer does not have !O be
0 2• The oxygen may be part of a chem1~1
compound such as nitric acid or ammonium_
percholorate. Combustion may _al~ occur. m
some cases. without oxygen being involved; for
example, break fluid can be ignited by chlorine.
Oxidation can occur with any chemical material
that can easily yield oxygen, or a similar
element. Similar compounds include fluorine,
chlorine, and bromine. However, simply
because a compound contains these elements
does not make it a strong oxidizer. Carton
dioxide has two oxygens, but is not an oxidizer.
•
•
..
Flammability range
Ignition temper··+ure
Ffasbpojrit> <
FACTORS IMPORTANT IN COMBUSTION
Combustion is the burning of any substance.
whether gaseous. liquid, or solid.
Flammability i~ 7,'1e ability of a material to
generate a suffa.:1ent concentration of
combustible vapors to be ignited. The
flammable range is the range of vapor-air
mixtures which \A/ill support combustion. It is
bounded by the oper flammable limit (UFL)
or the highest concentration of a product that is
flammable and the lower flammable limit
(LFL) or lowest concentration of a product that
is flammable. Concentrations outside this
rarge that are too vapor-rich or too vapor-poor,
will not ignite.
Combustion and flammability have technical
and regulatory definitions. It is important to
understand this difference. (The technical. or
scientific, definition is given here). The
Department of Transportation has its own
definitions for flammaole and combustible. Any
liquid with a flash point of 100°F or less is
considered flammable. Any liquid with a flash
point greater than 100°F is considered
combustible. This is strictly a regulatory
definition. What's the difference between
material with a flash point of 99°F and one with
a flash point of 102°F?
Ignition temperature is the minimum
temperature to which a substance in air must
be heated in order to initiate, or cause. self-
sustained combustion independent of the
heating element.
Ignition temperature is also referred to as
"auto-ignition temperature." Ignition
temperature is important in many applications,
but not so much for determining fire hazard,
24
strangely enough. For instance, gasoline is
much more of a fire hazard than diesel, yet the
auto-ignition temp of diesel is at least 100°F
less than gasoline!
Flash point is the minimum temperature at
which a substance produces sufficient
flammable vapors to support a flame when an
ignition source is present.
The availability of vapor. not the ignition
temperature, is the key indicator of hazard.
Table 2-1 delineates fire hazard properties of
various flammable liquids. gases, and volatile
solids.
TABLE 2-1
FIRE HAZARD PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
Flash Ignition Flammable
point temperature limits Soecilic Vapor ling
Chemical OF (OC) °F (°C) % by vol. gravity density Ant
Lower Upper (Water-1) (Air=1) {OC)
Benzene 12 928 1.3 7.9 0.9 2.8 176
(-11) (498) (80)
Fuel otl. 150-270 765 1.0
No.6 (66·132) (407)
Gasoline.' -45 536 1.4 7.6 0.8 3-4 100-400
C,H12 to (-43) (280) (38·204)
C,H 2O
Gasoline.' -50 824 1.3 7.1
aviation (-46) (471)
Toluene 40 896 1.2 7.1 0.9 3.1 231
(4) (480) (111)
m•xylene 81 982 1.1 7.0 0.9 3.7 282
(27) (527) (139)
Hazard Identification·
Chemical Water solubility Extinguishing
mellod Health Flammability
Benzene No2 1 2 3
Fuel oil. No. 6 No2 0 2 0
Gasoline.' C,H,2 to C,H 2O No2 1 1 3
Gasoline.' aviation No2 1 3
Toluene No2 1 2 3
m-xytene No2 1 2 3
Fire hazard properties of some flammable liquids, gases and volatile solids (abstracted from NFPA 325M•1984, p. 9-95, 1984).
1 Values may vary for different gasoline grades.
2 Water solubilities are very low.
26
RELATIONSHIP OF FLASH POINT AND
FLAMMABILITY
The relative flammability of a substance is
based on its flash point.
Flash point is defined as the minimum
temperature at which a substance produces
sufficient flammable vapors to ignite when an
ignition source is present. An ignition source
could be the spark from static electricity, an
electrical tool, or a wayward cigarette butt.
Note: In the case of liquids, it is not the liquid
itself that burns, but the vapor above it.
Flash point is the single most important factor
to look at in determining fire hazards. Flash
points are determined by the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA). If the
temperature of a liquid has reached the flash
point, or higher it will be ignited by a spark. if
the fuel/air mixture is right. There is a value
called the "Fire Point.• The "Fire Point• is the
temperature the liquid must reach to generate
enough vapors to sustain a flame. For
practical purposes. however, we are only
concerned with the flash point. If the liquid is
at the flash point. and an ignition source is
present. there will be a fire.
There are two methods of measuring flash
point: open cup (o.c.) and closed cup (c.c.).
The open cup method does not attempt to
contain the vapors as they are generated,
while the closed cup method does. The closed
cup flash point is always lower than the open
cup, since the concentration of vapors are not
lowered by dispersion. This is important to
UST inspectors, who deal with closed
containers and confined areas frequently.
27
Flash points do not apply to solids or gases.
Finally. flash points are variable. Gasolines
are different, and lab tests differ. It is not
uncommon to see flash points differ 10° from
one reference to the next; therefore, -it is
recommended that one allow a generous
margin of safety.
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF
GASOLINE
Gasoline is one of the most dangerous
petroleum products because it readily
generates flammable vapors at atmospheric
temperatures (down to -45~F) and generates
these vapors within an UST. It is this vapor,
not liquid gasoline itself. that burns or explodes
when mixed with air and an ignition source. In
addition. gasoline has a very low flash point
that means even the smallest source of ignition
can cause an explosion.
The concentration of vapors in USTs storing
gasoline is normally too rich to burn, that is,
above the upper flammability limit (UFL).
However, if the temperature of the liquid
gasoline is in the -10°F to -50°F range, the
concentration of vapors will be within the
flammable range.
The National Are Protection Association
(NFPA) developed Standard 704M, a five step
ranking system from 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest),
to identify relative hazard levels. The NFPA
standard addresses three categories:
flammability, health, and reactivity. Gasoline is
rated 3 in the NFPA category for flammability.
An NFPA value of three indicates that gasoline
is a liquid that readily ignites under typical
ambient conditions.
NOTES
29
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERIS11CS OF GASOLINE (con.)
0
1
NFPA Flammability
Will not bum in air when exposed to 1500° tor
five minutes.
Material must be preheated before it
will bum.
2 Materials that must be moderately heated before
ignition can occur. "Liquids with flash points
between 100°-200°F."
3
4
Materials can be ignited under most ambient
conditions.
Materials that rapidly disperse in air and
bum readily.
30
Example
Asbestos
Diesel
Gasoline
Flammable gases
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF
MIDDLE DISTILLATES
Much of the nomenclature in the petroleum
industry is rather vague. For instance. fuel oils
can be classed as middle, heavy, or residual
distillates. Jet fuel may range from kerosene-
like blends, with middle distillate properties, to
blends more like gasoline. a light distillate.
Don't get hung up on the light-middle-heavy-
residual distillate terminology. It is general.
Look at the properties of the fuel or oil of
concern.
Middle distillates are the fractions of crude oil
which possess a moderate boiling point.
These fractions include kerosene, aviation
fuels, diesel fuels and Fuel Oil Nos. 1 and 2,
and have a wide range of flammabilities.
The diesel fuels and fuel oils are relatively
non-flammable. They require limited heating at
ambient temperatures to ignite. Flammability is
expressed in units (percent) by volume of the
material in air. The tower flammability limit
(LFL) for diesel fuel is 1.3 percent. The upper
flammability limit (UFL) is 6 percent.
While diesel is not typically a flash hazard, if
the fuel is spilled on hot concrete or metal, or
stored in direct sunlight, the heat may be
sufficient to make diesel a serious hazard.
Aviation fuels are divided into the kerosene
grades (Jet A, A-1, JP-5, 7 and 8) and the
"wide cut" blends of gasoline and kerosene
(JP-4 and Jet 8). Wide cuts are lighter blends
31
and more closely resemble gasoline. The
kerosene grades are relativelv non-flammable,
but the wide cut blends represent a ·
significantly higher fire hazard.
The vapor space in a tank storing a low vapor
pressure liquid, such as kerosene, contains a
mixture too lean to bum, that is, below the LFL.
The vapor space of UST storing materials such
as JP-4 and Jet B (and other liquids of similar
vapor pressure between 2 and 4 psi} presents
a fire hazard because the vapors are normally
in the flammable range.
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERISTICS
Residual Fuels (Fuel Oil Nos. 4, 5, 6)
Relatively non-flammable
• NFPA = 2
Flash points
•
LFL
UFL
Nos. 4, 5
No.6
Nos.4, 5. 6
Nos.4,5,6
130<>F to 335°F
1 50°F to 270°F
1.0 percent
5.0 percent
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESIDUAL FUELS
Residual fuels (Fuel Oils Nos. 4, 5. and 6) are
defined as the product remaining after the
removal of appreciable quantities ot the more
volatile components of crude oil. They have a
high flash point: ignition will not occur until the
liauid reaches a temoerature of 130 or hiaher.
They are not as dangerous as gasoline,
however. they do pose a threat.
33
NOTES
FLAMMABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF USED
OILS
Used oils in general are relatively non-
flammable, yet they pose special dangers. The
characteristics of used oils are not uniform
because the oils take on additional
characteristics and components during use.
Thus. used oils may contain toxins or other
dangerous products of which an inspector may
not be aware.
For instance. the "other products" (often
solvents) found in used oils can greatly reduce
their flash point. making them much more
flammable. Virgin lubricating oil has a flash
point of 350°F. By comparison, when 1.000
samples of waste oils were tested, 30 percent
of them had a flash point under 140°F.
The components of some used oils, particularly
chlorinated solvents. pose a special
toxicological hazard in a fire because of their
ability to release toxic fumes.
All associated hazards are affected by ambient
conditions. For instance. a used oil may be
difficult to ignite, but if a nearby fire heats the
oil it may ignite and bum fiercely.
NOTES
34
EXPLOSIONS
Explosions are rapid chemical reactions that
produce large quantities of gas and heat. a
shock wave, and noise. Explosivity is
expressed as a percentage of a given material
in a volume of air. The lower explosivity limit
{LEU is the lowest concentration of a product
that is explosive. The upper explosivity limit
(LI El} is the highest concentration of a product
that is explosive.
UEL and LEL, for all intents and purposes, are
the same as UFL and LFL.
Generally, explosions can do serious harm
much more rapidly than toxic exposure.
Explosions and fires are the most immediate
hazard during tank removal or closure
activities. and when release investigation
techniques are performed in a confined space.
Bear in mind that the difference between a fire
and explosion is not a large one. It can simply
be the speed of the reaction. Any material that
can burn, if placed under sufficient heat, and
confined as in a tank, can explode with
tremendous force.
Explosions are not necessarily the result of
combustion. In a closed container (such as an
UST). flammable liquids expand wr , heated.
Gasoline, for example, expands about 0.06
percent in volume for every 10°F increase in
temperature. When the pressure inside the
UST exceeds the designed pressure
resistance. a "pressure release exolosion" can
~-
35
Although not directly related to standard
petroleum products. Boiling Liquid
Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVEs) are
important due to their tremendous destructive
force. BLEVEs occur when compressed
gases. such as LPG, are stored as liquids at
temperatures above their normal boiling points
If the vessel is exposed to a fire. the rapid
buildup of pressure coupled with heat-induced
weakening of the tank sides, results in a
sudden and violent rupture. with the
superheated liquid vaporizing and creating a
fireball.
... ·. ,-,
• ·• ·•·. 6~~nly•1Cplo~of ,cameras
• Remove flash camera batteries, ordo,~•use\
~riot~ke or u~:~Jies,orr <<·•·
<fmmediately change ow.saturated clothing .··.
WORKING NEAR EXPLOSIVE VAPORS OR
IGNITABLE LIQUIDS
If an inspector discovers that vapors or liquids
are presentin a confined structure and a rapid
assessment indicates the potential for an
explosion or fire. the inspector should take
general safety measures at once.
• All persons should be kept away from the
danger area, except those properly trained
and equipped.
• The local fire department should be alerted.
• A trained operator of a combustible gas
indicator should determine the
concentration of vapors present Oxygen
levels must also be monitored.
• Persons in the area should not smoke. start
or use vehicles or equipment with internal
combustion engines, or touch electrical
switches or extension cords.
• Instruments used at UST sites must not
contribute to the potential for an explosion
or fire. Insurance and safety organizations
have developed codes tor testing electrical
devices used in hazardous situations, and
an electrical instrument certified for use in
hazardous locations will indicate this. If an
instrument does not have an approved
rating, it should not be used in a hazardous
or potentially hazardous situation.
37
NOTES
PURGING
Purging is an effective method for controlling
the fuel point of the fire triangle. The goal of
purging a tank is to reduce the flammable
vapors in the tank well below the lower
explosive limit. Purging or ventilating the tank
dilutes the tank's flammable vapors with air,
reducing the mixture of fuel and oxygen.
An eductor-type air mover, typically driven by
compressed a draws vapors out of the tank
and forces fresn air into the tank. The fill
(drop) tube should remain in place to ensure
proper ventilation of the tank bottom.
Discharge vapors should be dispersed 12 feet
from the tank in order to ensure that flammable
vapors are being vented effectively into the
upper atmosphere.
Most petroleum products have a flammable
range of 1 to 1 O percent by volume in air, the
amount of fuel vapor necessary to become
flammable in the presence of oxygen and an
ignition source. Below a fuel vapor level of 1
percent (the lower explosive limits or LEL), the
mixture of fuel and oxygen is too small to
support combustion.
Purging should not be undertaken on hot
humid. or still days because the still air will not
disperse the flammable vapors. In order to
maintain safe conditions, site work should be
put off for a day.
Purging is a temporary procedure. Product
trapped in bottom sludge and wall scale
regenerates flammable vapors inside the tank.
Therefore, when purging, lower the flammable
38
concentration to 20 percent of the accepted
LEL value of the mixture. The tank should be
constantly monitored to ens. ·· that LEL value
does not exceed 20 percent.
Use a Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI) to
measure the reduction in the concentration of
flammable vapors during purging. Periodically
test the percentage LEL inside the tank. in the
excavation. and any other below grade areas.
CAUTION: In air purging, with plenty of
oxygen present, the concentration of vapors in
the tank begin in the flammable range, or may
go from too rich through the flammable range
before a safe concentration is achieved. It is
especially important to ensure all ignition
sources have been removed from the area
before beginning this process.
• Controls. "oxygen~ pointotfire triangle
• Displaces oxygen· withinert. 9as
• · f:leduces oxygen below the ·combustion l~et ·.·•
••••·•···•··••·••· ·•·••••gmon•·inerting•materia~:.··•dry••lce•.(<l}~~~ess~nitrog~··•··•·•
••·•··· ····••c•···· ...•• 1ure···procedure's effectiveness.wnh•••!~:~•••ler•··
INERTING
lnerting controls the oxygen element of the fire
triangle. lnerting reduces the concentration of
oxygen needed to support combustion (below
12 to 14 percent oxygen by volume) by
replacing the oxygen with an inert gas.
Common inerting materials include dry ice
(CO2) and compressed nitrogen. During the
inerting process. gases should be introduced
under low pressure in order to avoid producing
static electricity. CO2 is best applied in solid.
dry ice form, rather than as a compressed gas.
It is important to recoonize that the inert gas
does not "neutralize" the flammable vapors in
the tank: it simply displaces the oxygen. To
measure the effectiveness of the inerting
procedure, test the air inside the tank with an
oxygen indicator. Eight percent or less oxygen
by volume is a safe and acceptable level.
NOTES
40
IGNITION SOURCES
The Ignition Source is the easiest point of the
fire triangle to control.
There are many possible sources of ignition
during handling and transfer of petroleum
products. These sources include static
electricity, sparks generated by tools.
monitoring equipment and engines in the area,
lit cigarettes, or even electrical appliances and
lightning. Any one of these ignition sources is
enough to complete the fire triangle.
NOTES
41
SPARK GENERATION
Sparks can be generated at an UST site by
static electricity, striking metal on metal. such
as a hammer on the tank. or striking metal on
rock, as when digging with a backhoe. Sparks
are also created by the ignition of electrical or
combustion engines and pumps, use of non-
intrinsically safe monitoring instruments. and
lightning. Precautions need to be taken to
eliminate the possibility of these activities
causing fire and explosions.
NOTES
42
STATIC ELECTRICITY SOURCES
The primary manifestation of static electricity is
the discharge or sparking of accumulated
charges. Under the right conditions, these
sparks can be the ignition source for a fire or
explosion. Sparks can also be self-generated
by humans or created through induction.
The static charge resulting from flowing liquids
is of primary importance during the transfer of
petroleum products. Static electricity is
generated by the separation of like and unlike
bodies. When liquid flows, charging occurs
because absorbed ions are separated from
free ions that are carried into the body of the
liquid by turbulence. For example, static
results from liquid dropping into a tank during
product deliveries. liquid flowing through a
hose when product is pumped from the tank, or
compressed gas or air being released into the
tank atmosphere.
During product transfer, static electricity can be
generated by the flow of fuel through small
holes into the tank. The movement of the fuel
against the pipe also generates a static charge.
Furthermore. static electricity can be generated
by the settling of rust or sludge particles.
Motorized equipment used during tank
installation. testing, and closure may generate
static electricity. In order to minimize such risk
personnel should ground au equipment during
operation.
NOTES
43
REDUCING STA TIC ELECTRICJTY AND SPARKING -·
Two effective methods
Bonding
• equalizes static electricity
• creates conductive connection between two entities (such as UST and lank truck}(!
Grounding
• diverts static electricity into earth
• eliminates static buildup
REDUCING STA TIC ELECTRICITY AND
SPARKING
Bonding and grounding are effective methods
to reduce the potential for electrostatic charge
generation and sparking, and the subsequent
chance of fires and explosions.
Bonding entails running a conductive line from
one metal object to another. This equalizes
static electricity by creating a conductive
connection between two objects. reducing the
likelihood of sparks jumping from metal to
metal. Cargo tanks should be electrically
bonded to the fill stem. piping, or steel loading
rack. Also, all metal pans of the fill pipe
assembly should form a continuous electrically
conductive path downstream from the point of
bond connection.
Bonding insures that individual components of
a system do not build up charges. In essence,
you slow down the charge buildup by
distributing rt over a bigger area. However, the
entire bonded svstem will eventually build a
significant charge. Bonded systems should
also be grounded.
Grounding entaiis running a conductive line
from a metal object to the ground. This will
dissipate any charge on the outside surface of
the tank by having it flow into the ground.
NOTES
44
.·.·.·.·.·.· .· ... ·.·.·.•·-:••·.· .. •:•:-.• ..
FIRE"ANDIEXPLOSIDN P()TENTIAt.i
. . ..
Potential greatest when handiing or·transferringproduct
:• :":·: .. :<.:·_:(:::-.:
Explosion · n occur during pressure
Spilled product orva~ /•·••·•-•.
.•:•:•:•:•.•:-:;:·:
lnstal lation/Upgrades
Release Investigation
leak Detection Testing
Installation of Monitoring
Wells/Sampling
Presence of feaking productorvapors .
:\/:Hit/·::
Drilling ·into buried.utility tiri~ <•-
FIRE AND EXPLOSION POTENTIAL
Assuming an UST is well-maintained. the
greatest fire and explosive hazard occurs
during the transfer of the oroduct to or from
storage and during the cleaning and removal of
USTs.
Although petroleum products have been
handled and transferred safely for decades,
UST inspectors should not believe that this
transfer is risk-and hazard-free.
The transfer of flammable and explosive
products (liquids and vapors) may occur during
tank testing or repair. tank upgrades, tank
closure or removal, tank re-filling or corrective
actions. UST inspectors should be aware of
the risks associated with these activities.
Due to the danger of violent rupture. use
extreme caution when pertormina pipe and
tank testing during tank ir;:;rallation. Do not
pressure-test any piping or tanks that contain
flammable or combustible liquids. Do not
exceed internal tank pressures of 5 pounds
psig during pressure testing. Install a pressure
relief valve at 6 pounds psig. Use a pressure
gauge with a range of 1 O to 15 psig, and test
45
NOTES
both the inner and outer shells of double-wall
tanks. Outer wall should be filled by bleeding
off pressure from the inner tank. Do not
pressurize directly. Avoid standing near
endcaps of an UST. The endcaps are the
most vulnerable to explosion.
Whether a tank is to be removed from the
ground. or closed in place. product trapped in
the sludge at the bottom of the tank. absorbed
in the tank walls. or trapped under the scale is
a continuous source of vapor regeneration.
Cleaning the tank will decrease the amount of
vapor regeneration.
To make it sate for handling. after the tank is
purged or inerted the sludge can be washed to
one end of the tank and pumped out while the
tank is still in the excavation. If the scale is
stubbornly caked on, the contractor may have
to enter the tank for manual cleaning. Make
sure appropriate safety procedures are
followed (see Confined Space Entry in Section
3), and a continuous stream of fresh air is
introduced into the tank. Make sure the
contractor blocks the tank to prevent any
movement. If tank sludge contains sufficient
lead or other substances to be considered a
hazardous waste, it must be handled and
disposed of consistent with the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
Subtitle C requirements.
Tanks should be removed from the site as
promptly as possible after purging or inerting
procedures have been completed, preferably
the same day. If the tank remains on-site
overnight or longer, additional vapor may be
46
regenerated from any liquid. sludge, or wall
scale remaining in the tank. Regardless of
when they are removed, tanks should be
checked with an explosimeter to ensure that 20
percent of the lower explosivity limit (LEL) is
not exceeded.
If a leak has occurred, contaminated soil and
free product will also generate vapors-outside
of the tank. An explosimeter should be used to
check explosive levels in the excavation as
well as in the tank itself.
• Gasoline vapors disptace oxygen in confined spaces.
• O><Y9en is consumed through oxidation (rusting}.
• inertgas is pumped into tank;
• Other gasses displace oxygen in sewers, manholes, .and tunnels,•.
CAUSES OF OXYGEN DEPLETION
Oxygen content in the air may decrease due to
biological decay. oxidation (rusting).
combustion or displacement by other gases.
such as methane. hydrogen sulfide. and
carbon monoxide.
It is critical to keep in mind that even when
oxygen concentration is deficient for human
well-being, there may be enough oxygen to
oxidize a combustion or explosion. For
example. a 16 percent oxygen concentration
could be sufficient for a fire or explosion. while
being too low for humans to comfortably
breathe.
Eleven percent 0 2 is considered the theoretical
lower limit for a fire. However, a reaction with
a strong oxidizer could result in a flame in the
total absence of oxygen.
NOTES
53
HAZARD AREAS FOR OXYGEN DEPLETION
Oxygen depletion can occur in any confined
space. especially those typically encountered
by UST inspectors. Tanks and dug-out
trenches are potentially oxygen deficient:
basements and sewers are other areas where
oxygen may be depleted. Old USTs are
particularly susceptible to oxygen depletion
through oxidation.
Inspectors should always be alert to situations
that could create oxygen depletion. and should
never enter into such situations without first
measuring the oxygen level.
EPA considers the minimum level of oxygen for
a safe entry to be 19.5 percent. Below this
entry into an oxygen-depleted area is
absolutely necessary. inspectors must enter
with an air supplying respirator. Air purifying
respirators are not permitted in atmospheres
containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen.
NOTES
54
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF OXYGEN
DEPLETION
Oxygen depletion produces a range of
physiological effects that worsen as oxygen
content is lowered or exposure time is
increased. Generally, there are no detrimental
effects above a 21 percent concentration
oxygen in air, which is the general
concentration of oxygen in air at sea level (it
could be more or less in other geographical
areas). Below this concentration. however.
potential life threatening situations exist.
The first signs of depletion occur when oxygen
concentration is between 16 percent and 21
percent. With this level of oxygen, a person·s
respiration and heartbeat accelerate. Also,
attention and coordination begin to be
impaired. Lower concentrations of oxygen can
cause rapid fatigue, heart damage, nausea,
unconsciousness and death. See Figure 2-1
for an oxygen scale illustrating the
physiological effects of depletion.
Many times, 0 2 depletion occurs in a very
seductive fashion. The victim may simply
become sleepy, and suddenly see nothing
wrong with closing the eyes for a short nap,
from which he does not wake. The impairment
of judgement is drastic. but insidious. After all.
it is hard to be alert to symptoms that involve
loss of alertness. Plan ahead and use your
55
instrumentation.
When on-site. UST inspectors should be alert
to the symptoms outlined in the page above. If
they exoerience any of these symptoms in a
confined space. they should immediately leave
the area and seek medical attention if
necessary.
Asphyxiation is most likely to occur in low-lying
areas where heavier-than-air vapors
accumulate. An exception to this is methane.
or natural gas. which is slightly lighter than air.
and may rise to higher levels. Methane is a
simple asphyxiant. having no true toxic effect.
but it is extremely flammable.
FIGURE 2-1
SUMMARY OF THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN DEPLETION
21%
19.5%,
16%
14%
6%
Oxygen Scale
Minimum for safe entry to confined space
Impaired judgement and breathing
Faulty judgement and rapid fatigue
Difficult breathing: death in minutes
57
NOTES
58
EXPOSURE ROUTES\
• Inhalation
• .. Skin Absorption
• · l ngc,stion ·
EXPOSURE ROUTES
There are a number of general symptoms
which result from toxic exposure to most of the
compounds found at petroleum UST sites.
These symptoms include irritation of the eyes.
mucous membrane and respiratory tract as
well as depression or excitation of the central
nervous system:
Petroleum products generally enter the body
through inhalation of vapors. absorption (skin
or eye contact), or ingestion. Of these three
routes, inhalation is the quickest and most
efficient route into the body. The adverse
affects of inhalation of toxins can be almost
instantaneous because the lungs quickly
transfer the toxin into the bloodstream. The
toxic effect will be proportional to the
concentration of the toxin, its toxicity, and the
individual's sensitivity to the toxin.
The symptoms of inhalation can be vague.
Headaches, nausea. dizziness. insomnia, and
tremors should not be overlooked.
Exposure via ingestion of contaminated water
is generally limited, as petroleum in water can
be detected by most people in levels as low as
1 ppm.
Visual and olfactory clues as well as site safety
screening instruments should be used to
assess exposure l:lazards. Visual cues include
seeing stained soils, vapors, or iridescence in
water.
Vapors from petroleum products can be
smelled when they are at levels far below
those considered toxic to humans. However.
UST inspectors should not rely solely on their
senses to detect toxic levels of vapors.
113
. .
particularly since noses become desensitized
to some odors after prolonged exposure.
Olfactory sensitivity also decreases with age.
Table 2-8 summarizes the various types_of
petroleum products and their exposure
potentials, exposure target organs and acute .
and chronic symptoms. Each of these areas 1s
discussed in detail throughout this section.
/:/\(;::::-.
Acute ;~ur&<•·•·•······
• ••·•j~~-~!~t1tit1➔ev~1· •.. exposure
····•·····••~~i~~,.:J~1, .. ,rnn,;diate ··•chr~~~'.:~l)l f ), ·•·••••·•········ .
• •· •·•••••·•·,~ng~te;~; i!t~1~v~·•·~xposure
• ·····••:•~ffects·.mai•.rA~•··years to 1app1ea1'..::.r (
TYPES OF EXPOSURE
An inspector can face either chronic or acute
exposure at a site. Chronic is defined as
long-term, low-level exposure, while acute is
defined as short-term. high-level exposure.
Both are dangerous and have immediate and
long-term health implications. UST-associated
work can also expose workers to multiple
chemicals which may have synergistic effects.
This means that the effect of two chemicals
together may be greater than the sum of their
separate effects. All exposures should be kept
as low as reasonably achievable.
Many materials stored in UST s are very
common, and many have very low acute
toxicity. However, the exposures of the UST
inspector are more frequent, of longer duration,
and higher than those of the average person.
It is this repeated, low-level exposure that is so
dangerous, as effects may not be seen for
many years. Avoiding unnecessary exposure
now can help you enjoy your later years,
instead of combatting a chronic illness.
Most exposure can be elimir,ated if
common clues, such as strong odors and
instrument readings, are heeded.
NOTES
115
ACTIVITIES HAVINGTOXIC EXPOSURE POTENTIAL.-.-•
Release ·investigations/corrective actions
• petroleum product and vapors
• H~ in sewers
• asbestos and termnicides in basements
In-place 1ank. closure
• vapors; product, and sludges
Tank/pipe repair/removal
• product and vapors
• "coating" chemicals and petroleum
Leak detection testing
p~~ and vapors
GENERAL.SYMPTOMS OF TOXIC/EXPOSURE·•••·-
--• ., . ;;;i@tmirti~!t;
. . r,,~\o[ .. ves.a .. ..,ous membranes; and ~at""' ..,..,..,,•~t_l_l_i_'._i_:_1_i_i_1.,_1_
1
_._l_,
1
_:_•_:_1_,_,:.:_:.'_!_,,:_
1
_i_i_:_,_:_
1
_._
1
;;: ;il■lt=rows~m:!':!:f i! .. kln. tremors \ .. · • ·
·····•···• •• •. ciij:~ii~ ~in upon contact
117
TOXICITY OF GASOLINE CONSTITUENTS
All petroleum products share the characteristic
of causing central nervous system depression.
The early symptoms of acute over-exposure
can include dizziness. drowsiness, impaired
coordination, nausea. euphoria, convulsions,
coma, and death, in high enough doses.
The primary route of exposure for these
products is inhalation. If the products are
ingested, do not induce vomiting, since the
product may be aspirated into the lung easily.
Activated charcoal. followed by "stomach
pumping: is the preferred treatment.
Skin contact is not typically an immediate
hazard. Prolonged contact will cause burning
and blistering. Repeated exposures to skin will
result in defatting and possible dermatitis.
ALKANES
Hexane may be the most toxic member of the
alkanes. lt comprises 11 to 13 percent of
gasoline by weight. Acute exposure to
hexane occurs primarily through inhalation.
Vertigo, headaches and nausea are the first
symptoms of exposure to be noticed. At high
concentrations. central nervous system (CNS)
depression results in a narcosis-like state.
118
Pre-narcotic symptoms occur at vapor
concentrations of 1,500 to 2,500 ppm as the
central nervous system is depressed. Skin
contact primarily causes fat removal and
irritation. Hexane also irritates the eyes and
mucous membranes with even a fairly short-
term exposure. for example. 880 ppm for 15
minutes.
Chronic exposure to hexane vapors causes
nerve damage. The first clinical sign of nerve
damage is a feeling of numbness in the toes
and fingers. Further exposure leads to
increased numbness in the extremities and to
loss of muscular stretching reflexes. Paralysis
develops with varying degrees of impaired
grasping and walking. In the most severe
cases nerve conductivity is neutralized and
cranial nerve involvement· is also observed and
may require several years to recover. In mild
or moderate cases, recovery begins six to 12
months after exposure ceases.
Octane. if it is taken into the lungs, may cause
rapid death due to cardiac arrest, respiratory
paralysis, and asphyxia. It has a narcotic
potency similar to heptane. Prolonged skin
contact results in a blistering and burning
effect.
TOXICITY OF AROMATICS
It is almost impossible to assign a fuel
product's acute effects to any given
component. since they all have similar actions.
Worrying about air concentrations of specific
components is not practical. We typically look
at total organics.
Benzene is found at concentrations up to 4
percent by weight in gasoline. Older gasolines
may contain as much as 13 to 15 percent
benzene. Acute exposure wil! · !:press the
central nervous system (CNS) aitlJ may cause
acute narcot1c reactions. The lowest observed
threshold for acute exoosures is 25 ppm.
Headaches, lassitude and dizziness may
become increasingly evident at exposures
between 50-250 ppm. Concentrations of 3,000
to 7,500 ppm may result in toxic signs within
the hour. Depending on the concentrations
and duration of exposure 1 these effects range
from mild symptoms such as headaches and
light-headedness to more severe effects such
as convulsions. respiratory paralysis. and
death. Skin absorption is not considered to be
as important a route of entry as inhalation or
ingestion because skin absorption is extremely
low, with the highest absorption through the
palm. Direct contact with the liquid may cause
redness and dermatitis.
NOTES
120
TOXICITY: AROMATICS {con.)
Benzene is a known carcinogen. Chronic
exoosure to benzene has been linked to
ieukemia and irreversible chromosome
damage. At the early stages. reversible
leukemia. anemia. or .··· ·'9crease in the olood
piatelet count may occc.. Continued exposure
leads to severe bone marrow damage. which
results in a deficiency of all cellular elements of
the blood. The direct, life-threatening
consequence of this is an increased
susceptibility to infection and hemorrhaging.
The lowest air levels of benzene capable of
producing these effects are in the ranae of 40
to 50 ppm. Effects of hiah exposure levels
!>100 ppm) mav persist for many years after
exoosure has been discontinued. The most
imoortant effect resulting from chronic benzene
exposure is its·hematotoxicity, the targets
bemg the cells of the bone marrow. UST
workers may be exposed to as much -;;-10
ppm in t~1eir everydav activities.
Toluene is found in concentrations of up to 4
to 7 percent in gasoline. The primary hazard
of acute inhalation exposure is CNS
depression. Reaction times will begin to be
impaired after exposures ot "0 minutes at 300
ppm. Toluene will also ca. :: eye irritation.
and prolonged or repeated skin contact may
cause dermatitis. As cc:!".~ntrations increase.
symptoms can include: cular fatigue.
confusion. tingling skin, euphoria. headache,
dizziness. lacrimation, dilated pupils, eye
irrrtation. nausea, insomnia. nervousness. and
impaired reaction time. Occupational exposure
to toluene has been linked to a higher reported
incidence of menstrual disorders. Children
born to these women may experience more
frequent fetal asphyxia and be underweight.
Xylenes are found in concentrations of 6 to 8
percent in gasoline. Short-term inhalation
exposures are associated with narcotic effects
on the central nervous system, and high
concentrations may lead to CNS depression.
Both liquids and vapors are irritating to the
skin. eyes, and mucous membranes. Skin
absorption of xylenes occurs readily and
xylenes can also be transferred across the
placenta. Incomplete brain development has
been reported in the fetuses
121
NOTES
of mothers e~posed to xylene. Chronic, high-
level human inhalation exposure results
primarily in CNS effects, lack of coordination
nausea_. vomiting, and abdominal pain. Ther~
are variable _effects on the liver, kidneys, and
gastro-intestinal tract. Chronic effects of
xylenes resemble the acute effects but are
more severe. They include headache
ir:11ability, fatigue. digestive and sleep'
disorder~. CNS excitation followed by
depression. tremors, apprehension, impaired
memory, weakness, vertigo, and anorexia.
Xylenes are skin irritants and prolonged
contact may cause formation of blisters.
Ethyl benzene is known to be toxic to the liver
and kidney~. It will irritate the skin, eyes, and
upper respiratory tract. Inhalation of small
amount~ ma~ exacerbate the symptoms of
obstructive airway diseases and cause
exten~ive fluid buildup and hemorrhaging of
lung tissue. Although a tolerance to the eye
a~d respiratory effects may develop after a few
minutes, C~S effects will usually begin at this
stage, leading to CNS depression.
•
•
TOXICITY OF ADDITIVES
Gasoline often contains substances that have
been added to improve the fuel's performance
· properties. Gasoline additives of general
concern for leaded gasolines are tetramethyl
lead (TML) and tetraethyl lead (TEL). as well
as ethylene dibromide (EDB) and ethylene
dichloride (EOG). Both TML and TEL are used
as anti-knock agents; EDB and EDC are used
to prevent lead deposition. These compounds
are present in low concentrations in gasoline
(relative to benzene, toluene, and xylene). but
they are quite toxic.
TML and TEL can be absorbed through the
skin. ingested. or inhaled. TEL intoxication is
caused by inhalation or absorption through the
skin. Acute intoxication can occur through
absorption of a sufficient quantity of TEL either
through brief exposure at a very high rate ( 100
mg/m2 for 1 hour) or for prolonged periods at
lower concentrations. Exposure can cause
acute intoxication. liver and thymus damage,
and possibly death from a combination of
depression of the central nervous system.
respiratory irritation, and bronchiolar
obstruction.
Most severe exposure to TEL and TML have
resulted from sniffing gasoline. Some victims
have shown the symptoms listed as well as
fluid buildup in the brain. resulting in sweiling
and increased intracranial pressure.
123
NOTES
The signs and symptoms of exposure are often
vague and easily missed. The onset of
symptoms may even be delaved uo to 8 -days
after exposure and incjude weakness,
fatigue. headache. nausea. vomiting, diarrhea.
anorexia. insomnia. and weight loss.
Symptoms peculiar to TEL exposure are the
sensation of hairs in the mouth and the feeling
of insects crawling on the body.
As intoxication worsens, there is confusion,
delirium, manic excitement. and catatonia.
Nightmares, anxiety, and anorexia are also
seen. Loss of consciousness and death may
follow after several days. Severe intoxication
causes recurrent or continuous episodes of
disorientation and intense hyperactivity which
may rapidly convert to convulsions that may
terminate in coma or death. TEL is likely to
have adverse effects on human reproduction
and embryonic development.
TOXICITY OF MIDDLE DISTILLATES
The middle distillates include kerosene,
aviation fuels, diesel fuels. and Fuel Oil Nos. 1
and 2. They are referred to as the middle
distillates because of the similarity in their
degree of volatility during the distillation
process. They can be taken into the body by
ingestion, absorption, or inhalation.
Kerosene has the least amount of aromatic
hydrocarbons of the middle distillate fuels, with
benzenes, indanes, and naphthalenes being
the major aromatic components. Kerosene
and related hydrocarbons are irritating to the
skin and mucous membranes. and skin
absorption may be significant.
Jet and aviation fuels are mixtures of distillate
hydrocarbons that vary in composition from
those similar to motor gasoline to kerosene-
based fuels used in commercial aircraft. Jet
fuels contain additives such as anti-oxidants,
metal deactivators, and de-icing agents.
Diesel fuels contain high amounts of
naphthalenes, acenaphthalenes,
phenanthrenes, and anthracenes. Dermal
exposure to diesel oil is toxic to the kidneys.
Generally, No. 2 fuel oil (heating oil) contains a
higher volume percentage of benzenes and
naphthalenes compared to kerosene and
diesel fuels.
127
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons {PAHs)
are present in higher concentrations in middle
distillate fuels than in gasoline, but less than in
the residual fuels. Specific PAHs detected in
the middle distillates include naphthalene.
benzo(a)anthracene. and benzo(a)pyrene.
Benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene are
known to be very carcinogenic {cancer-
causing). PAHs have been shown to cause
cytotoxicity in rapidly proliferating cells
throughout the body, apparently inhibiting DNA
repair. Cytotoxicity causes changes in the
cytoplasm of the cell. The vascular system.
lymphoid system. and testes are frequently
noted as targets of P AHs.
No information about the carcinogenicity of
middle distillates in humans is available.
However. several members of the middle
distillate family, in particular Fuel Oil No. 2 and
diesel, have been shown to be weak to
moderate carcinogens in animals.
Teratogenic compounds affect fetal
development. No teratogenic effects have
been observed in animal tests using kerosene.
diesel fuel, and Fuel Oil No. 2.
The chief systemic reaction to the middle
distillates is depression of the central nervous
system. Effects of exposure are expected to
resemble those of kerosene, that is. low oral.
moderate dermal. and high inhalation hazard.
Symptoms include irritation to the skin and
mucous membranes as well as headaches and
nausea.
GASOLINE ADDITIVES: ACUTE EXPOSURE
Acute exposure to gasoline additives is a
serious health threat. In general. brief
exposure to additives (100 mg/m3 for 1 hour)
can cause acute intoxication and depress the
central nervous system. Symptoms include
insomnia, confusion. headaches. and tremors,
and may be delayed for up to 8 days.
Specifically, both EDB and EDC are highly
toxic and identified as carcinogenic, although
EDC has a much lower potency.
Acute exposure also causes vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal pain and, in some cases, lung
damage. The vapor is irritating to the eyes
and mucous membranes and may cause liver.
kidney, and lung damage, including delayed
pulmonary lesions. The liquid form is highly
irritable to the skin. causing redness and
blistering. Death has occurred following
ingestion of 4.5 ml. Recent studies by NIOSH
have shown adverse reproductive effects in
men.
·:_.:::-:-:,1f.: .. -
) ti
:;;;;,,;~'li~i?aiilt:'
GASOLINE ADDITIVES: CHRONIC
EXPOSURE
Chronic exposure to additives has equally
serious health effects. In general, chronic
human exposure is associated with adverse
effects on the central nervous system.
peripheral nerves, kidneys, and vascular
system. Adverse effects are also likely on the
human reproductive system and embryonic
development.
Symptoms of chronic exposure include weight
loss. anemia. emotional instability, and toxic
psychosis. Recovery may take months to
years, and 25 to 30 percent of cases never
recover.
MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUELS: SYMPTOMS
OF ACUTE EXPOSURE
, Acute exposure to m :,die distillate fuels can
lead to headaches. nausea. mental contusion.
and irritation of the respiratorv system. rurther
exposure can cause hemoiytic anemia and
cardiovascular disturbances: in some extreme
cases, loss of consciousness can occur. The
compounds in the middle distillate fuels that
are most likely to be of toxicological concern
are non-carcinogenic P AHs. such as
naphthalene; the carcinogenic PAHs. benzo(a)-
anthracene and ben:: .:i(a)-pyrene: and cresols
and phenols.
Ingestion or inhalation of naphthalene
produces nausea, vomiting and disorientation.
It is irritating to the sk;. and eyes and may
cause cataracts. Benzo(a)-anthracene and
benzo(a)-pyrene have 'Jeen detected in Fuel
Oil No. 2 and have been classified as probable
human carcinogens.
Cresols are highly irritating to the skin. mucous
membranes and eyes. They can impair liver
and kidney function and cause central nervous
system and cardiovascular disturbances.
Phenol is toxic to the liver and kidneys.
Several of the components of gasoline are also
found in the middle distillate fuels. For
example. toluene, xylenes, and ethylbenzene
are found in the middle distillates, although in
much lower concentrations than in gasoiine.
Octane on the other hand, is present at much
higher concentrations in aviation fuels than in
motor gasoline. Additionally, a number of other
substances may be found in the middle
fractions of petroleum derivatives. These are
129
not covered in this course due to their numbers
and complexity. These include col'TJ)Onents of
jet fuel as well as jet and diesel fuel additives,
such as Dodecane, Methylcyclopentane, N,N•
Dimethylformamide. Manganese Compounds,
peroxides, and Alkyl Nitrate and Nitrate/Nitro
and Nitroso compounds.
MIDDLE DISTILLATE FUELS: IMPACTS OF
CHRONIC EXPOSURE
Chronic exposure to middle distillate fuels
causes neurological effects. One study of
aircraft workers consistently exposed to
aviation fuel found that a majority experienced
recurrent symptoms such as dizziness.
headaches, and nausea. Feelings of
suffocation, coughs, and palpitations were also
prevalent. Inhalation of high concentrations of
these vapors can lead to an acute and often
fatal bronchopneumonia.
NOTES
131
TOXICITY OF RESIDUAL FUEL OILS
Fuel Oils Nos. 4, 5, and 6 are commonly
referred to as the residual fuels. They are very
viscous and have low water solubilities.
Residual fuels are blends of predominately
high molecular weight compounds and tend to
have a higher concentration of PAHs than
gasoline and middle distillates. These fuels
often contain blending agents including cracked
bunker fuel and catalytically cracked clarified
oil. Both of these blending agents have been
classified as animal carcinogens. Catalytically
cracked clarified oil is recognized.as one of the
most carcinogenic materials in a petroleum
refinery. Acute oral effects of exposure to Fuel
Oil No. 6 in animals include lethargy,
congestion of liver and kidneys, and intestinal
irritation. The heaw metals arsenic. lead. and
zinc have been detected in samples of Fuel Oil
Nos. 4 and 6.
TOXICITY OF USED OILS
Used oils are the byproduct of using oil as a
lubricant. Through this use. the oils pick up a
number of substances, such as lead.
chromium. cadmium, and chlorinated solvents
which are hazardous to human health.
Analysis also indicates that PCBs contaminate
18 percent of used oils.
Automotive used oils tend to have a higher
concentration of heavy metals. while industrial
used oils tend to have a higher concentration
of chlorinated solvents and PCBs.
No differences in the concentration of aromatic
solvents or PAHs were found.
. : . . .·· ....
may inciudelead, chromium, cadmium, ci110r1inatecfs:,1Vlents
PCBs detected in 18 percent oLanalyses
Automotive used oils: higher concentrations of heavy metals
• lndustrial used oils:. higher concentration ofchlorinated solvents and PCBs
• No difference in. concentration of aromatic solvents. or PAHs
I UA.l\;11 T: u:::.cu VIL.i:>
Heavy metals typically found in used oil include:
• Lead
Pre-1980 stock up
1980s stock 100
• Barium
• Cadmium
• Chromium
• Arsenic
• Zinc
Other contaminants include:
20,000 ppm
1,200 ppm
50 to 500 ppm (4,000 pp~)
2 to 10 ppm
3 to 30 ppm
5 to 25 ppm
100 to 1,220 ppm
• Toluene and xylene 500 to 10.000 ppm
• Benzene 100 to 300 ppm
• Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)anthracene 50 to 1,000 ppm
• Naphthalene 1 00 to 1,400 ppm
Chlorinated solvents commonly detected in used oil include:
• Dichlorodifluoromethane
• Trichlorotrifluoroethane
• 1 , 1 , 1-T richloroethane
• Trichloroethylene <1 to 40,000 ppm
• T etrachloroethylene
<1 to 2.200 ppm
<20 to 550,000 ppm
<1 to 110,000 ppm
<1 to 32,000 ppm
Tahlc 2-1 (con.)
Sl IMl\1ARY < >F TOXILOGICAI, EFFECTS
Exposure Exposure Target Symptoms:
Potential Pathway Organs
Acute Chronic
Xylenas 6-8% of Gasoline (by Ingestion Central neivous system, Narcotic effects on the central Central neivous system
weight) Inhalation skin, liver, kidneys, nervous system, CNS excitation followed by
Absorption gastrointestinal tract, eyes, depression at high depression, tremors,
Placental transfer nose, throat, mucous concentration apprehension, irritability,
membranes, placenta Irritation of the skin, eyes, impaired memory,
nose, throat, and mucous incoordination, fatigue,
membranes dizziness, headache,
Impaired reaction time, anorexia, sleep disorders
manuaf coordination, and Variable effects on liver and
body balance kidneys, irritant effects on
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal gastrointestinal trace,
pain, loss of appetite abdominal pain, nausea,
Placental transfer has digestive dis9rders
resulted in incomplete fetal Prolonged skin contact may
brain development cause formation of vesiclP!l
Elhylbenzene Ingestion Liver, kidney, skin, eyes, Irritates the skin, eyes, and Known lo be toxic to liver and
Inhalation upper respiratory tract, lung upper respiratory tract kidneys
Absorption tissue, and central nervous Inhalation of small amounts Depresses central nervous
syslem causes extensive edema and system
hemorrhage of lung tissues Irritation and damage to lung
Skin contact may yield tissue may exacerbate the
inftamation systems of other obstructive
Eye irritation and lacrimation airway diseases
are immediate and severe at
2000 ppm, accompanied by
moderate nasal irritation •·
tolerance develops after
several minutes; CNS effects
begin at roughly six minutes
A\ 5000 ppm irritalion lo
eyes, nose and throat is
intolerable
T rimethylbenzenes NA Ingestion Central neivous system, Nervousness, tension, Unknown
Inhalation lungs, blood anxiety, asthmatic bronchitis,
Absorption hypochromic anemia, and
impacts on blood coagulation
'} ... _ .~ 2-3
SUMMARY OF TOXILOGICAL EFFECTS
Exposure Exposure Target Symptoms:
Potential Pathway Organs
Acute Chronic
Motor Gasoline I 54.5~-of U.:::.. ,gestion lungs, Intestinal organs, low Exposure; drowsiness, Kidney Damage
Petroleum Mar1<et Inhalation Kidneys vertigo, vomiting. Probable human carcinogen
Absorption High Exposure:
Unconsciousness,
hemormaging of lungs and
intestines, death
Mitkllo D1st1!1ata Fuels r 32.7% of U.S. Ingestion Central Nervous System, Headache, nausea, mental Nourolog1cal offocts, broncho·
Petroleum Markel Inhalation Mucous membranes, skin, conlusion, irritation of pneumonia, toxic effect 111 cells,
Absorption eyes, liver kidneys respiratory tract, skin and homolopoilic system. lymphoid
mucous membranes. system, and testes. Probable
Hemolytic anemia, human carcinogen
cardiovascular distumances
Residual Oil Fuels I 11.?% of U.S. Ingestion Liver, Kidneys, intestines Oral eflects of No. 6 luel oil in NIA
Petroleum Market Inhalation animals include lethargy,
Absorption congestion of liver and
kidneys, and intestinal
irritation.
Constituents: 4% of Gasoline (by Ingestion Central nervous system, low Exposure: demmlitis, Benzene is a known human
AROMATICS-weight) Inhalation skin, kidneys, bone marrow headache, light headedness. carcinogen.
Benzene Absorption High Exposure: dizziness, Anemia, leukemia, and
nausea, vomiting, decrease in blood packet
convulsions, respiratory count. Severe bone marrow
paralysis, death damage resulting in deficiency
of all cellular elements of the
blood, increased susceptibility
lo infection and hemormagic
conditions.
Irreversible chromosome
damage
;Toluene ~ 7% of Gasoline (by Ingestion Central nervous system, Muscular fatigue, confusion, Dennilitus
weight) Inhalation eyes, skin tingling skin, euphoria, Higher reported incidence of
Absorption headache, dizziness, menstrual disorders, low
lacrimination, dilated pupils, birthweight and fetal asphyl<ia.
eye irritation, nausea, Incomplete fetal brain
insomnia, nervousness, development due to placental
impaired reaction time transfer.
ADDITIVES·
Telmelhyl &
Totramett1yl lead
Ethylene Dibromide &
Ethylene Dichloride
:r ri-ortho-cresyl
Phosphate (TOCP)
Exposure
Potential
Exposure
Pathway
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
Ingestion
Inhalation
Absorption
'fr',lc 2-3 (con.)
SUMMARY ( lF TOXILOGICAL EFFECTS
Target
Organs
Central nervous system,
peripheral nerves, liver,
kidney, thymus, human
reproductive system, and
hematopoietic system
Central nervous system,
liver, kidneys, lungs, eyes,
mucous membranes, skin,
human reproductive system
Spinal cord, peripheral
nervous system
Symptoms:
Acute
Weakness, lahgue.
headache, apllor, tremors,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
anorexia, weight loss,
insomnia. irritability, delirium
Peculiar sensation of hair in
the moulh, feeling of insects
on skin
Progressive vegetative
disturbances: hypotonia,
hypothermia, and
bradycardia
Higher intoxication:
ronlusion, delirium, manic
excitement, and catatonia
Inhalation exposure causes
vomiting, diarrhea,
abdominal pain, delayed
lung damage and CNS
depression
Vapor is irritating to eyes and
mucous membranes
liquid forms are highly
irritating lo skin resulting in
marked erythema and
vesiculation
Ingestion has led lo death
Exposure may result in lung,
liver, and kidney damage
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
and abdominal pain
Chronic
loss of consciousness and
death may follow after
several days
Severe intoxication: recurrent
or continuous episodes of
disorientation and intensive
hyperactivity, rapidly
roverting to convulsions.
terminating in coma or death
Death may occur from a
rombinalion of CNS
depression, respiratory
irritation, and bronchiolar
obstruction
TEL Is likely to adversely
affect human reproduction
and embryonic development
EDB and EOC are highly to,cic
Both EDB and EDC are
identified as carcinogens,
although EDC has a much
lower potency
Exposura causes liver and
kidney damage and olten
results in delayed pulmonary
lesions
Recent studies by NIOSH
have shown adverse male
ieproductive effects
Acute symptoms followed by
a latent period of 3 to 30
days of muscle soreness,
numbness of ingers, calf
muscles, and IP•·· !' ,Jress-
ing to loot and wrisl uiop
Recovery may take months to
years; 20·25% of cases
never recover
Tahle . ., (con.)
SUMMARY OF TOXILOGICAL EFFECTS
Expo:;o, Exposure Target Symptoms:
Potential Pathway Organs
Acute Chronic
ALKANES & ALKENES
Hexane 11-13% of gasoline Ingestion Central nervous system, Initially dizziness, headaches, Nerve damage, initially as
(by weight) Inhalation skin, eyes, mucous nausea numbness in the extremeties.
Absorption membrances, (kidneys?) Pre-narcotic symptoms occur increasing lo loss of
al vapor concentrations of muscular stretching reflexes.
1500 to 2500 ppm eventual paralysis in varying
CNS depression yields a degrees. with neutralized
narcosis-like state at high nerve conductivity and cranial
concentrations nerve involvement in most
Skin, eye. and mucous severe cases
membrane irritation observed Recovery begins 6-12 months
al fairly 880 ppm for 15 alter exposure ceases in
minutes mild/moderate cases; severe
cases may require several
years lo recover
Octane I Ingestion Central nervous system, Direct aspiration into th, Although narcotic effects can
Inhalation lungs, respiratory system, lungs may cause rapid death be expected from octane
Absorption skin due to cardiac arrest, exposure, the CNS ellects
respiratory paralysis, and observed with heptane are
asphyxia not found with octane
Narcotic potency similar to Prolonged dermal exposure
heptane results in blistering and
burning effects
lsopentane NA Ingestion Central nervous system Exhilaration, dizziness, Repeated or prolonged skin
lnhalallon skin, eyes headache. n11usoa, contact will dry and delat skin
Absorption confusion, inability lo do fine resulting in irritation and
work, persistent taste of dermatitus
gasoline, loss of
consciousness in extreme
cases
Inhalation of up to 500 ppm
appears to have no effect in
humans, higher
concentrations cause
irritation lo skin and eyes
SAFETY PLAN PREPARATION
UST investigations require that all operations
be planned ahead of time in order to keep
problems to a minimum. Anticioatina and
preventing potential accidents is the best wav
to protect workers and the oubhc from injurv.
The major aspect of planning for any
hazardous field activity is the development and
implementation of a comprehensive safety plan
that considers each specific phase of an
operation. This plan identifies all potential
hazards, and specifies methods to control
these hazards: prescribes work practice.
engineering controls and PPE; and defines
areas of responsibility.
The plan describes the organizational structure
for site operations (most appropriate for use at
state-lead cleanup sites) and plans for
coordination with existing response
organizations including the iocal fire marshal.
police, ambulance, and emergency care facility.
The plan should be prepared by an individual
knowledgeable in health and safety and at a
minimum, reviewed and approved by personnel
knowledgeable in industrial hygiene and health
and safety.
SAFETY PLAN PURPOSE
The purpose of a safety plan is to provide
guidelines and procedures required to ~ssure
the health and safety of those personnel
working at sites. While it may be impossible to
eliminate all risks associated with site work, the
goal is to provide state-of.the-art precautionary
and responsive measures aimed at assuring
the use of proper occupational health and
safety procedures for the protection of on-site
personnel, the general public, and the
environment.
A written safety plan basically outlines the
steps workers should follow when on-site, and
eliminates the uncertainties of memory by
providing a checklist for inspectors to use when
preparing to go on site. Sample checklists are
provided in the appendix.
• ~i,••·lystemaoo ·auentia~•li•••~ih••:t.saiitefl.·
Speo~;•••procedur&S••tO protJ~i~~••.~SOM~,~~raJ public,·•and··eri~~g~~···• •
Elimi~ates memory uncertainti~s; ;ovil:s ch~kfist foeon-sne activity
SAFETY PLAN HAZARD ASSESSMENT
The most difficult and critical aspect of the
safety plan is assessing all possible potential
hazards that may arise. If possible, the plan
should identify all of the potential hazards and
describe methods to control them.
Safety is defined as the practical certainty that
harm will not occur. A safety plan based on
reliable information will reduce the measure of
risk by preventing, or at least, minimizing
human exposure to hazards. Note that
exposure consists of human contact with a
hazard. A hazard is defined as any
substance. situation, or condition that is
capable of doing harm to human health,
property and/or the environment. Note that
this definition does not say that the hazards will
do harm. but merely that is has the capability
to do so.
The activities required to accurately assess
risks and determine their acceptability can be
divided into three interacting elements:
• Recognition: Identifying the substances,
situations or conditions that may be
hazardous and the characteristics that
determine the degree of hazard.
• Evaluation: Comparing the potential impact
of the nsk to acceptable levels ot impact or
risk.
158
SAFETY PLAN HAZARD ASSESSMENT
• Control: Instituting methods to eliminate or
reduce the impact of the potential hazards.
The risk associated with a potential hazard is
defined as the probability of harm to human
health, property or the environment. Inspectors
need to plan for effective control of both
physical and health hazards often encountered
at UST facilities. Inspectors are strongly
encouraged to use site-specific checklists to
ensure control of potential hazards.
While on-site. hazardous conditions may be in
a continuous state of flux {particularly vapor-
related hazards). As new monitoring results
become available, inspectors should evaluate
the relative risk on-site and if necessary, make
adjustments in work practices or PPE.
SAFETY PLAN CONTENTS
The safety plan is intended to:
• Provide a systematic consideration of health
and safety issuf in the preparation and
execution of s .vork and enhance the
ability of team embers to use their best
professional judgement in reducing hazards.
• Describe potential hazards and specify
applicable guidelines, standards. and
regulations, and appropriate emergency
responses to such hazards.
• Prescribe work practices. engineering
controls, and personal protection to protect
team members.
• Prescribe monitoring equipment to detect
and measure potential exposures to
hazardous substances.
• Prescribe guidance for changing work
practices and personal protection levels in
response to changing site conditions.
• Provide a list of emergency contacts,
A sample safety plan is provided in the
appendix for your information.
NOTES
157
HANDLING EMERGENCIES
The site specific checklists in the safety plan
should identify all nearby emergency services.
including fire and rescue services. hospitals.
ambulances. medivacs, police departments.
public health departments, explosives expens.
and hazardous materials response teams.
The checklists should also include a list of
emergency equipment available on-site. At a
minimum, the checklists should include the
following:
• A list of emergency service organizations
that may be needed. Arrangements for
using emergency organizations should be
made prior to the initiation of site activities.
Evaluate their capability to handle the sort
of emergencies that might occur.
• A list of emergency equipment. This list
should include emergency equipment
available on site, as well as transportation,
tire fighting and equipment to mitigate
emergencies, for example, booms and
sort>ents.
• A list of utility company contacts, such as
power, electrical, gas, and telephone.
NOTES
160
SITE HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN FOR UNDERGROUND
STORAGE TANK INSPECTIONS
The following is a generic site health and safety plan for underground storage tank inspections. As
indicated throughout the plan, selected sections should only be filled out by people with techflical
expertise in health and safety issues. In addition, State organizations using this plan should set up
a system to ensure that: ( 1) the plan is used properly and (2) staff follow proper safety procedures.
PART I
Part I (Sections I-IV) should be completed by the UST inspector prior to the site visit.
SECTION I. GENERAL SITE INFORMATION
SITE NAME AND ADDRESS:
CONTACT PERSON AND PHONE NUMBER:
SITE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER:
PROPOSED DATE(S) OF SITE WORK:
SECTION II. DESCRIPTION OF INSPECTION ACTIVITY
PLIRPOSE OF ACTIVITY:
New Tank Installation
Tank Closure
Tank/Pipe Removal
Tank/Pipe Disposal
Petroleum Release Investigation
Tank/Pipe Repair
Leak Detection Testing
Installation of Monitor Wells/Sampling
1
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
PROVIDE A BRIEF NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED INSPECTION AC1lVITIES:
SECTION Ill. SPECIFIC SITE INFORMATION
SPECIFIC TANK SYSTEM INFORMATION:
Age/Sizf apacity of Tanks and Piping:
Contents of Tank:
Other (Specify):
TYPE OF SITE
CHECK ALL APPROPRIATE:
_Active
_Inactive
_Industrial facility
_Gas station
RELEASE HISTORY
_TSDF
_R & D Facility
_Military base
Other (Specify)
No evidence of leaks soil contamination ( )
Suspected or known leaks and soil contamination ( )
Known groundwater contamination ( )
2
BACKGROUND AND DESCRIPTION OF ANY PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS OR INCIDENCE:
BACKGROUND INFORMA11ON STATUS: ( ) COMPLETE ( ) INCOMPLETE
SECTION IV. POTENTIAL HEALTH AND SAFETY HAZARDS
ANTICIPATED PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF CONCERN: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY AND DESCRIBE)
_ Heat (high ambient temp.)
Cold
Noise
_ Oxygen depletion
_Asphyxiation
Excavation
_Cave-ins
_Falls, trips, slipping
_ Handling and transfer of petroleum
products
_Fire
_Explosions
Heavy equipment
-_Physical injury and trauma resulting
from moving machinery
General construction
-_Physical injury and trauma
Electrical Hazards
Confined space entry
-_Explosions
-~her (Specify)
3
ANTICIPATED BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS: (UST BELOW}
Snakes
_Insects
_Rodents
NARRATIVE:
_Poisonous plants
_Other
(Provide all information which could impact Health and Safety -e.g., power lines,
integrity of dikes, terrain, etc.)
AN..,CIPATEO CHEMICAL HAZARDS: (UST BELOW ALL CHEMICALS PRESENT ON SITE; ATTACH
MF 'ERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS-MSOS)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4
PART II
Section V should only be completed by persons with technical expertise In health and safety.
SECTION V. EVALUATION OF POTEN11AL HAZARDS
Chemical
CHEMICALS OF CONCERN ·
Highest
Observable PELJ
Concentration (media) TL V
5
Symptoms/
Effects of
Acute Exposure
PART Ill
Sections VI and VII shouid be completed by the UST Inspector prior to the site vis•
SECTION VI. METHODS TO CONTROL POTENTIAL HEALTH ANO SAFETY HAZ/ i
MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION: (NOTE: MONITORING INSTRUMENTS MUS. ..: USED FOR
ALL OPERATIONS UNLESS APPROPRIATE RATIONALE OR RESTRICTIONS ARE PROVIDED).
__ Organic Vapor Analyzer
__ Photoionization Detector
_ Combustible Gas Indicator (CGI)
_Oxygen Meter
_Hydrogen Sulfide Meter
__ Detector Tubes (specify)
__ Other, specify (toxic gas, air sampling pumps, etc.)
IF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS ARE NOT USED, SPECIFY RATIONALE OR JUSTIFICATION OR
ACTIVITY/AREA RESTRICTIONS.
ACTION LEVELS (breathing zone):
Combustible Gas Indicator
o -10% LEL No E Jlosion Hazard
1 o -25% LEL Potential Explosion Hazard; Notify Site Health and Safety Officer
>25% LEL Explosion Hazard; Interrupt Task/Evacuate
6
ACTION LEVELS (breathing zone): continued
Oxygen Meter
Oxygen Normal <21.0% 02
<21.0% 02
<19.5% 02
Oxygen Deficient; Notify Site Health and Safety Officer_
Oxygen Deficient; Interrupt Task/Evacuate
PhotoioniZatlon Specify:
Detector
( ) 11.7 ev
( ) 10.2 ev
( ) 9.8 ev
Type:
Flame Ionization
Detector
Type:
Detector Tubes
Type
Type
Type
Specify:
Specify:
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: List all applicable items
Minimum personal protective equipment:
1. Hardhat
2. Safety glasses/goggles
3. Steel toed/shank shoes or boots
4. Flame retardant coveralls
5. Hearing protection (muffs or ear plugs)
Is additional PPE required? YES/ NO
7
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT cominued
Check all additional necessary items:
_ Uncoated tyvek coveralls
_ Saranex tyvek coveralls
Rubber boots
Overboots
_ Surgical (inner) gloves
_ Butyl/neoprene/viton/nitrile outer gloves
VII. EMERGENCY INFORMATION
Emergency Contact:
Fire/Rescue:
Ambulance:
Police:
Hazardous Waste Material Response Units
Heatth and Safety Director:
Poison Control Center:
On-site medical facility (clinic):
Facility health and safety officer:
Name:
Phone number.
Hospital Name and Address:
Directions to hospital (include a map):
PART IV
SECTION Viii. PLAN APPROVAL
Plan prepared by:
Plan approved by:
Plan approved by:
_Full face respirators
type of cartridge: _
_SCBA / SAR
_ELSAs
_Other (specify):
YES/ NO
YES/ NO
8
(Date)
(Date)
(Date)