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HomeMy WebLinkAboutDRC-2015-006310 - 0901a0688057c01eDiv of Waste Management > and Radiation Control Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc. 225 Union Blvd. Suite 600 SEP 1 1 2015 Lakewood, CO, US, 80228 fM ENERGY FUELS September 10, 2015 Sent VIA E-MAIL AND OVERNIGHT DELIVERY Mr. Scott Anderson Director of Waste Management and Radiation Control State of Utah Department of Environmental Quality 195 North 1950 West P.O. Box 144880 Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4880 Re: Transmittal of findings for pH assessment in Piezometer 3, and Chloroform wells TW4-26, TW4-30 and TW4-32 at the White Mesa Mill (the "Mill") Dear Mr. Anderson: Pursuant to a request from the Division of Waste Management and Radiation Control ("DWMRC"), Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc. ("EFRI") completed an assessment of the pH in the wells and piezometer referenced above. The results of the assessment are included as Attachment 1 to this letter. As noted in Attachment 1, the high pH of Piezometer 3 is likely due to leakage of the cement grout into the filter pack, which is interacting with groundwater. To address this issue EFRI is proposing abandonment of Piezometer 3 and replacement with another piezometer as close as practical to the existing Piezometer 3. Abandonment and replacement activities will be completed in accordance with the current Utah Division of Water Rights requirements. In addition, the replacement piezometer will be installed in accordance with the Mill Groundwater Discharge Permit ("GWDP"), Number UGW370004 requirements. An As-Built Report will be submitted within the time frames specified in the GWDP. The replacement piezometer will be installed within 90 days of EFRI receipt of approval of this report. Please contact me if you have any questions or require any further information. Yours very truly, ENERGY FUELS RESOURCES (USA) INC. Kathy Weinel Quality Assurance Manager David C. Frydenlund Harold R. Roberts David E Turk Scott Bakken Logan Shumway ATTACHMENT 1 Potential Mechanisms: Low pH at TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32; High pH at Piez-3, White Mesa Uranium Mill Background Chloroform monitoring wells TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32 have relatively low pH values (less than 6). Piezometer 3 (Piez-3) has a relatively high pH of nearly 12. Chloroform monitoring wells and piezometers 1 through 3 are typically sampled for field parameters (including pH and electrical conductivity [EC]) and a limited range of constituents that include chloride and nitrate. To help understand the potential causes of the apparently anomalous pH values at TW4-26, TW4-30, TW4-32, and Piez-3, samples collected from these installations during the second quarter of 2015 were analyzed for the larger suite of constituents typical for MW-series wells at the site. Figures 1 and 2 are maps showing pH and EC measurements within the area of the site in which the above installations are located. Table 1 provides analytical results. Lithologic logs for the above installations and selected nearby borings are attached. Common Elements All of the installations having apparently anomalous pH are isolated and surrounded by installations having nearer-neutral pH (Figure 1). At two of the three wells having relatively low pH (TW4-26 and TW4-30), the pH has been relatively constant since installation, indicating that conditions causing the low pH existed prior to well installation (Figure 3). The pH at TW4-32 was also initially low but appears to be dropping, suggesting a contribution from a mechanism activated by well installation. Wells having low pH also have relatively high EC as shown in Figure 2. High pH at Piez-3 The Piez-3 pH is nearly 12. As shown in Table 1, the carbonate concentration is relatively high. The likely cause of the high pH is interaction with the cement grout bore seal (Llopis, 1991; Gascoyne, 2002; Colangelo and Lytwynyshn, 1987; Martin and Chow-Lee, 1989). Piez-3 was constructed for water level monitoring only, and has a relatively small bore diameter (nominally 4 % inches) making placement of an effective bentonite seal above the filter pack difficult. Cement grout installed above the filter pack and bentonite bore seal may have leaked into the filter pack, causing interaction between groundwater and the grout, resulting in the high pH. Low pH at TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32 At the last sampling (second quarter, 2015), the pH values at TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32 were reported as 4.1, 5.2, and 3.3, respectively. As discussed above, each well is surrounded by other wells having nearer-neutral pH indicating localized phenomena. Each well is also cross-gradient from the tailings cells and is separated from the tailings cells by more than one well having near-neutral pH. A white precipitate was noted on the submersible pump used to purge TW4-32 during the recent sampling. Nitrate is present in all three wells. Nitrate occurs at higher concentrations in wells directly upgradient of TW4-30 and TW4-32 (TW4-29 and TW4-28, respectively). Therefore, one source of nitrate to TW4-30 and TW4-32 is perched water upgradient of these wells flowing past the wells. Nitrate concentrations are relatively high at TW4-26 but concentrations upgradient of TW4-26 (at MW-32, TW4-6, and TW4-23) are low to non-detect. Therefore the relatively high nitrate at TW4-26 must originate from a source near TW4-26, at the location of TW4-26 or upgradient of TW4-26, between TW4-26 and MW-32, TW4-6, and TW4-23. In addition to low pH, each well has relatively high EC, sulfate and TDS. There is a negative correlation between sulfate and pH among the three wells; the lowest sulfate occurs at TW4-30 which has the highest pH and the highest sulfate occurs at TW4-32 which has the lowest pH. There is a general negative correlation between pH and sulfate at all MW-series wells (Figure 4). Carbonate and bicarbonate are absent at the two wells having the lowest pH (TW4-26 and TW4-32) suggesting negligible neutralization capacity (Table 1). There is also a strong correlation between sulfate and EC at all MW- series site wells (Figure 5). TW4-26 and TW4-30 lie along this trend line; TW4-32 (and MW-22) do not. The relationship shown in Figure 5 can be used to estimate sulfate at other TW4-series wells. EC increases from 4,248 to 4,397 between TW4-29 and TW4-30; from 1,285 to 7,540 between TW4-28 and TW4-32; and from 3,832 to 6,534 between MW-32 and TW4-26. Using the relationship provided in Figure 5, this implies sulfate increases of approximately 427 mg/L between TW4-29 and TW4-30; approximately 8,900 mg/L between TW4-28 and TW4-32; and approximately 2,650 mg/L between MW-32 and TW4-26. Preliminary geochemical modeling using available data indicates that many mineral species such as gypsum, goethite and hematite may be supersaturated at TW4-32. In addition, a poor charge balance was obtained. These observations, and the position of TW4-32 off the sulfate/EC trend line, are consistent with the white precipitate noted on the pump at TW4-32. One potential cause for the low pH and high sulfate is pyrite degradation releasing acid and sulfate. Pyrite is reported in the lithologic logs of TW4-30 and TW4-32 as well as upgradient wells TW4-28 and TW4-29. Pyrite oxidation at the site is likely to occur in the presence of oxygen or nitrate by the following reactions (HGC, 2014): FeS2 + 33/4C>2 + 3 '/2H20 = Fe(OH)3 + 2S04 2" + 4H+ (reaction 1) 2FeS2 + 6NO3" + 2H20 = 3N2 + 4S04 2" + 2FeOOH + 2H+ (reaction 2) As discussed in HGC (2014) pyrite degradation by oxygen (reaction 1) is most likely to occur where sources of oxygen are present. Oxygen may be introduced dissolved in oxygen-rich recharge such as wildlife pond seepage or via the gas phase in well casings. Transport of dissolved oxygen in groundwater is limited by its relatively low solubility (approximately 9 mg/L). Oxygen transport via well casings is expected to be more substantial. Oxygen introduced through well casings will be transported into the vadose zone in wells having screens extending above the water table such as TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32. Vadose oxygen in contact with the water table represents a substantial source because, on a mass basis, air contains more than 30 times as much oxygen as the same volume of oxygen-saturated water. Periodic purging and sampling activities enhance the mixing of gas-phase oxygen into the groundwater. However, the low pH/high EC conditions were reported at TW4-26, TW4-30, and TW4-32 at the time of installation, indicating that the condition pre-dated well installation and could not have been caused by oxygen transport via the wells; although the apparent downward trend in pH at TW4-32 may in part be related to oxygen transport via the well since installation. In the absence of wells, oxygen transport is expected to be limited and is unlikely to have resulted in the large changes in EC which imply large changes in sulfate (hundreds to thousands of mg/L). Because nitrate is present at all three wells, nitrate degradation of pyrite (reaction 2) is a potential mechanism that could have operated prior to well installation. Assuming negligible neutralization capacity, there is a sufficient decrease in nitrate between TW4- 29 (located directly upgradient of TW4-30) and TW4-30, and between TW4-28 (located directly upgradient of TW4-32) and TW4-32 to account for the measured reductions in pH, but not the changes in EC (reflective of changes in sulfate). As discussed above, the relatively large changes in EC imply large changes in sulfate (hundreds to thousands of mg/L) which would require reductions in nitrate concentrations of similar magnitude or the presence of another oxidant (such as oxygen). Prior to well installation, oxygen transport is likely to have been insufficient to have caused the measured changes. Furthermore, substantial acid release is implied by the changes in EC. As there appears to be insufficient neutralization capacity in the perched groundwater to have buffered pH, especially at TW4-26 and TW4-32, the pHs should be substantially lower than reported. The most likely explanation for the large increases in EC (indicating relatively large increases in sulfate) and relatively small decreases in pH are localized nitrate sources that also have buffering capacity. Soils above the sandstone units hosting the perched water (Dakota Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation) have large neutralization capacities as implied by the strong reactions with acid noted in the lithologic logs. Water infiltrating these soils is likewise expected to have a large neutralization capacity after interacting with the soils. Should this recharge also contain relatively large concentrations of dissolved nitrate, pH would be buffered as the waters percolated through the Dakota Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation and reacted with any pyrite present. Even if the infiltrating waters should have relatively low neutralization capacity, and even though the groundwater analyses suggest negligible neutralization capacity, sufficient residual capacity may exist in the Dakota and Burro Canyon in the form of carbonate minerals. Potential Problems Pyrite was not reported in the lithologic log of TW4-26; however, as discussed in HGC (2012), this is not conclusive, as laboratory analysis detected pyrite in samples from borings that did not have pyrite noted in the logs. In addition, pyrite is noted in boring logs for MW-32, TW4-6, and TW4-23, located upgradient of TW4-26. The pH is relatively high at TW4-27 yet both nitrate and pyrite are present. However, the pyrite in TW4-27 was reported only at the Brushy Basin contact. References Colangelo, R.V. and G.R. Lytwynyshn. 1987. Cement bentonite grout and its effect on water quality samples: a field test of Volclay grout. In Proceedings of the National Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods (p. 345). National Water Well Association, December, 1987. Gascoyne, M. 2002. Influence of grout and cement on groundwater composition. POSIVA Working Report 7. February, 2002 Hydro Geo Chem, Inc. (HGC). 2012. Investigation of Pyrite in the Perched Zone. White Mesa Uranium Mill Site. Blanding, Utah. December 7, 2012. HGC. 2014. Hydrogeology of the White Mesa Uranium Mill, Blanding, Utah. Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc., June 6, 2014. Llopis, J.L. 1991. The effects of well casing material on ground water-quality. EPA Ground-Water Issue 540/4-91/005. October, 1991. Martin, W.H., and C. Chow Lee. Persistent pH and tetrahydrofuran anomalies attributable to well construction. In Proceedings of the Third National Outdoor Action Conference on Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water Monitoring and Geophysical Methods (pp. 201 A/213). National Water Well Association, December, 1989. TABLE 1 Inorganic Constituent Analytical Results TW4-26, TW4-30, TW4-32 and PIEZ-03 Analyte TW4-26 TW4-30 TW4-32 PIEZ-03 Ammonia (as N) 1.16 Arsenic ND Beryllium 16.9 Bicarbonate (as CaC03) ND Cadmium 51.1 Calcium 438 Carbonate (as CaC03) ND Chloride 14.4 Chromium ND Cobalt 215 Copper 11 Fluoride 1.77 Iron 32.9 Lead 2.16 Magnesium 492 Manganese 4,370 Mercury ND Molybdenum ND Nickel 205 Nitrate (as N) 11.3 Potassium 35.4 Selenium 10.9 Silver ND Sodium 696 Sulfate 4,800 Thallium 2 Tin ND Total Dissolved Solids 6,660 Uranium 1.87 Vanadium ND Zinc 606 0.0633 ND 4.4 30.2 15.4 457 ND 40.3 ND 74.8 ND 1.18 ND ND 198 1,350 ND ND 48.8 1.75 14.1 52.9 ND 443 2,870 4.45 ND 4,000 8.18 ND 163 5.09 15.4 98.4 ND 194 436 ND 62.7 ND 2,960 24 ND 24,900 11.3 814 20,700 ND ND 1,850 1.21 2.15 84.4 ND 146 9,010 18.6 ND 10,600 40.4 ND 14,300 0.407 ND ND ND ND 178 105 30.2 ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 1.75 31.1 5.83 ND 58.9 66.7 ND ND 676 ND ND ND Notes: ND = Not Detected TWN •03 O MW-27 TTWN-02 O " -r TWN-04 O r i TW4-25 06;71 m' m ; 'TWN-OI 06.98 TW4-2~T .03.61 ^ TW4-24 TW4-22 o mm JW4-19 TW4?20 + O TW4-37 MW-26 TW4-18 O TW4-05. *!0 ,t' t-. • • TW4-09 O ' *6.2GV 1TW4-10 TW4-03 I O PIEZ-02 © 1 r : J": PJEZ-03 ».*.f TW4-12 O OTW4-28 TW4-32 Wmm o MW-31 •7.08 TW4-02 oe TW4-13 O MW-32 MW-04 TW4-07O* OTW4-08 TW4-01 WTW4-36 «... HW4-04 O TW4-14 O 4£\ MW-25 ^rw3-23 ^06.25 TW4-06 ° TW4-33 O TW4-27 TW4-26 o OTW4-31 TW4-29 OTW4-30 O. TW4^34 O WTW4-35 1000 feet PIEZ-04 EXPLANATION TW4-37 + 6.75 temporary perched monitoring well installed NOTE: MW-4, MW-26, TW4-1, TW4-2, TW4-4, TW4-11, TW4-19, TW4-20, TW4-21 and TW4-37 are chloroform pumping wells March, 2015 showing pH in s.u. TW4-22, TW4-24, TW4-25, and TWN-2 are nitrate pumping wells MW-4 i Z. 7K perched monitoring well showing pH in s.u TW4-5 temporary perched monitoring well O 6.43 showing pH in s.u. PIEZ-3 perched piezometer showing ® 11.95 pH in s.u. TW4-35 temporary perched monitoring well installed ft 6.29 May, 2014 showing pH in s.u. HYDRO GEO CHEM, INC. KRIGED 2nd QUARTER, 2015 pH WHITE MESA SITE (detail map) APPROVED SJS 7/30/15 REFERENCE H:/718000/ TW26_30_32andP3/UpH0615.srf TWN-83 0224S PIEZ-02 0 rrw TWN-04 O 03f r MW-27 fit c2 4 • fl li W4-25 \027< v. TVWflftl R Z 03 T W4-18 Ol i TW4/19 T 22 W4 4?20 O o TW4-05 O 746 37 09 o MW-26 •356Q TW4 ITW4-10 TW4-03 o o 32 TW4-16 O £ T 4-1 : i *** W4 02 MW-31 •2178 TW4 70 STW36 w o » -So V XW4-04 yr >- v/s:! ° / AW4-14 TW4-06 / Wo* O ^4-27 •IW4-23 X S3 S3 "3 OTW4-^1 MW-25 W 26 TW4-29 OTW4-30 O &TW4-35 TW4-34 O 1000 feet PIEZ-04 if - W EXPLANATION i IIH 01 temporary perched monitoring well installed +•4956 March, 2015 showing electrical conductivity NOTE: MW-4, MW-26, TW4-1, TW4-2, TW4-4, TW4-11, TW4-19, TW4-20, TW4-21 and TW4-37 are chloroform pumping wells; in uS/cm TW4-22, TW4-24, TW4-25, and TWN-2 are nitrate pumping wells MW-4 i Zojj perched monitoring well showing * electrical conductivity in uS/cm TW4-5 temporary perched monitoring well O 1492 showing electrical conductivity in uS/cm PIEZ-3 perched piezometer showing 8 2507 electrical conductivity in uS/cm TW4-35 temporary perched monitoring well installed May ft 4431 2014 snow'n9 electrical conductivity in uS/cm HYDRO GEO CHEM, INC. APPROVED SJS KRIGED 2nd QUARTER, 2015 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITES WHITE MESA SITE (detail map) DATE 7/30/15 REFERENCE H:/718000/ TW26 30 32andP3/Uec0615.srf 1 0 H 1 1 40000 40500 41000 —•—TW4-26pH —•—TW4-30 pH —TW4-32 pH H:\718000\TW26_30_32_andP3\Figures_3_4_5.xlsx: F3 pH A 41500 42000 42500 Date HYDRO GEO CHEM, INC. TIME SERIES of pH at MONITORING WELLS TW4-26, TW4-30 and TW4-32 WHITE MESA SITE Approved SJS Date Author 7/31/15 GEM Date File Name Figure 7/30/1 5 Fi9"'«_3_4-5.xls: F3 pH 3 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 O) •p- 5000 CN o tn 4000 3000 2000 1000 o o o o <K o o o>^ o \ o o o MW Series Wells A TW4-26 A TW4-32 • MW-22 A TW4-30 — - Linear (MW Series Wells) pH (s.u.) HYDRO GEO CHEM, INC. SCATTERPLOT of SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS and pH at MONITORING WELLS, SECOND QUARTER 2015 WHITE MESA SITE Approved SJS Date 7/31/15 Author GEM Date 7/30/15 File Name Fiqures 3 i 5.xls SQ4 vs pH Figure H:\718000\TW26_30_32_andP3\Figures_3_4_5.xlsx: F4 S04 vs pH 9000 8000 7000 ^ 6000 u CO ZL ~ 5000 o 3 T3 C o o 4000 ro o o CD UJ 3000 2000 1000 / / 1000 • MW Series Well A TW4-26 A TW4-32 2000 3000 4000 5000 S04 2- (mg/L) 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 # MW-22 A TW4-30 — - Linear (MW Series Well) HYDRO GEO — w CHEM, INC. SCATTERPLOT of ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY and SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS at MONITORING WELLS SECOND QUARTER, 2015, WHITE MESA SITE Approved SJS Dale 7/31/15 Author GEM Date 7/30/15 File Name Figures 3 4 5.x Figure H:\718000\TW26_30_32_andP3\Figures_3_4_5.xlsx: F5 EC vs S04 County fo*? r^kj Slate tSr/)j/ Location Rge. _ o so.o /2S /T.v OS 2a i 22S 27? US US *7S So.c> 6>S-» t>7? 74 6e 72.5 77. r ts* fz.r- f?s • c-ir n rVA, Elev. PASCAL-or, T.O. PROBE T.D. DRILL fed. 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