DERR-2025-003249

Groundwater, Soil, Soil Vapor
Sampling and Analysis Plan
Airport West VCP
(Former North Temple Landfill)
Salt Lake City, Utah

April 26, 2025

Prepared for:

Ninigret Management
1700 South 4650 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84104

Prepared by:

Stantec Consulting Services, Inc.
2890 East Cottonwood Parkway, Suite 300
Salt Lake City, Utah 84121-7283

Stantec Project No. 203724582

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Table of Contents
1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................. 1
2 OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND PURPOSE OF THE INVESTIGATION .................................................. 2
2.1 VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM ............................................................................................. 2
2.2 DERR REVIEW COMMENTS – CHARACTERIZATION DATA ...................................................... 2
2.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Workplan ............................................................................................ 2
2.2.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan ............................................................................................... 2
2.2.3 Groundwater Samples ............................................................................................................. 2
2.2.4 DERR Split Samples ............................................................................................................... 2
2.2.5 Deep Site Wells ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.3 DERR Communications and Discussions ........................................................................................ 2
2.3.1 Offsite Wells ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.3.2 PFAS ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.3.3 Standard Operating Procedures.............................................................................................. 3
3 Field Data and QA/QC Samples ............................................................................................................ 3
3.1 NEW PERMANENT WELLS (6 WELLS) ......................................................................................... 3
3.1.1 Groundwater samples ............................................................................................................. 3
3.1.2 Soil Samples ............................................................................................................................ 3
3.2 NEW TEMPORARY WELLS ............................................................................................................ 3
3.2.1 Groundwater Samples ............................................................................................................. 3
3.3 EXISTING WELLS ........................................................................................................................... 4
3.3.1 Groundwater Samples ............................................................................................................. 4
3.4 NEW SOIL VAPOR WELLS ............................................................................................................. 4
3.4.1 Air Samples ............................................................................................................................. 4
3.5 FIELD DATA TO BE COLLECTED .................................................................................................. 4
3.5.1 Health and Safety Monitoring .................................................................................................. 4
3.5.2 New groundwater monitoring wells ......................................................................................... 4
3.5.3 Groundwater sampling ............................................................................................................ 5
3.5.4 Soil vapor sampling ................................................................................................................. 5
3.5.5 Investigation derived waste ..................................................................................................... 6
3.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL ............................................................................... 6
3.6.1 UDERR Split Samples ............................................................................................................. 6
3.6.2 Duplicate QC Samples ............................................................................................................ 6
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3.6.3 Equipment Blanks ................................................................................................................... 6
3.6.4 Trip Blanks ............................................................................................................................... 6
3.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE (PARCCS PARAMETERS) ...................................................................... 6
4 Laboratory Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 7
4.1 LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS ...................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Analytical Methods for both soil and groundwater sample analysis ........................................ 7
4.1.2 Analytical Methods for selected soil sample analysis ............................................................. 7
4.1.3 Analytical methods for soil vapor sample analysis .................................................................. 7
4.2 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY RESULTS ........................................................................................ 7
5 PROJECT SCREENING LEVELS ......................................................................................................... 7
6 PROJECT DELIVERABLE .................................................................................................................... 8
7 SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................................................... 9
7.1 SAP/QAPP ....................................................................................................................................... 9
7.2 WORK PLAN/MOBILIZATION ......................................................................................................... 9
7.3 FIELD WORK ................................................................................................................................... 9
7.4 LABORATORY ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 9
7.5 DATA MANAGEMENT QA/QC ........................................................................................................ 9
7.6 DRAFT REPORT ............................................................................................................................. 9
7.7 UDERR REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 9
ENCLOSURES
FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURE 2A Project Site and Sampling Location Map
TABLE Airport West Site Investigation 2025 GW Network and Downgradient Table for
the GW/SS/SV Sample Matrix sample analytes
APPENDICES
Quality Assurance Project Plan Dated July 29, 2022 and reference as provided under separate
cover as part of the December 2022 Phase 1 Remedial Action Plan
Standard Operating Procedures
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1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The Airport West Voluntary Cleanup Site encompasses the former North Temple Landfill (NTL) and is
described as approximately 769.85 acres bounded by North Temple Frontage Road on the south, 700
North on the north, 7400 West on the west and approximately 6200 West on the east.
This current Groundwater Monitoring Investigation is proposed to include roughly 0.5 square miles of off-
site area to the northwest and east of the NTL, in the general downgradient direction of groundwater. Also
to be included Are new GW and soil vapor wells along the north Site boundary and offsite north of 700
North Road..
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Dating back to 1977, the most comprehensive investigations of the sixteen groundwater investigations to
date at the NTL occurred in 2015 to 2019 and included eighty-two groundwater monitoring well locations.
These investigations include four offsite downgradient wells up to 100 feet to the north, and thirty-six offsite
monitoring wells 200, 500, 700 and 900 feet to the west.
There is reported detections of arsenic exceeding the EPA drinking water maximum contaminant level
(MCL) in two of the four downgradient offsite wells to the north and in sixteen of the thirty-six downgradient
wells to the west (200 to 900 feet).
There are detections of three different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exceeding investigation
screening levels along the northern offsite boundary wells. The detection of 1,4-dioxane occurred in two of
the four wells along the northern boundary. The detection 1,1 DCA and vinyl chloride exceeded the
screening levels in single wells along the northern boundary. Vinyl chloride is the only VOC exceeding the
investigation screening levels which has an EPA drinking water MCL. There is an exceedance of the
investigation screening level in one of the four wells of the semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) 1,1-
Biphenyl along the northern boundary. There is no EPA drinking water MCL for 1,1-Biphenyl. Other than
these exceedances described here, there were no other metals, VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides, herbicides,
total petroleum hydrocarbons identified exceeding the investigation PSLs in the downgradient offsite wells
along the northern boundary.
In the thirty-six downgradient (200 to 900 feet offsite) well locations to the west of the NTL there are four
VOCs exceeding investigation screening levels (1,4 dioxane in seventeen wells, 1,1-DCA, in three wells,
and benzene and vinyl chloride in a single well). The VOCs 1,4 dioxane and 1,1 DCA were both detected
exceeding the screening levels in the most downgradient wells at 900 feet west. Neither 1,4-dioxane nor
1,1-DCA have an EPA drinking water MCL. The VOCs benzene and vinyl chloride were both detected
exceeding the MCL at 200 feet to the west. There are two detections of total petroleum hydrocarbon diesel
range organics (TPH-DRO) exceeding the Utah Division of Environmental Response and Remediation
(DERR) initial screening levels (ISLs) downgradient at 200 feet west. There is no data for TPH-DRO further
downgradient to the west. For the detections of 1,4-dioxane 900 feet offsite to the northwest, the highest
levels (71 to 72 parts per billion, ppb) are two orders of magnitude over the screening level of 0.46 ppb.
There is a single detection of three orders of magnitude (102 ppb) at 500 ft in the downgradient wells west
of the NTL exceeding the screening level. Other than these exceedances described here, there were no
other metals, VOCs, SVOCs, pesticides, herbicides, total petroleum hydrocarbons identified exceeding the
investigation screening levels in the downgradient wells west of the NTL.
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2 OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND PURPOSE OF THE
INVESTIGATION

2.1 VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM
The requirements of the VCP include providing an environmental assessment (EA) of the project. A Site
Characterization Study was submitted to address this requirement. The goal of the ongoing
characterization is to provide UDERR with the basis for review and approval of a Remedial Action Plan
(RAP) to remediate the impacts identified by potential releases from the former landfill.
2.2 DERR REVIEW COMMENTS – CHARACTERIZATION DATA
To evaluate the extent and level of potential releases to the groundwater from the former MSW, DERR has
requested groundwater monitoring data be collected and provided.

2.2.1 Sampling and Analysis Workplan
This Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) is provided for detailing an investigation approach and sampling
scheme to address the sampling and analysis on the requested groundwater monitoring. The SAP identifies
proposed sample locations, procedures, and analytical methods based on historical site operations and
results of previous characterization investigations. In addition, the SAP discusses the screening levels to
be used to evaluate the data.
2.2.2 Quality Assurance Project Plan
The approved QAPP dated July 29, 2022 as referenced in the December 2022 approved Phase 1 RAP and
will be followed for this investigation study.
2.2.3 Groundwater Samples
Groundwater samples will include existing groundwater monitoring network wells located around the NTL
boundary; existing groundwater monitoring investigation wells for the Phase 1 Remedial Action area; new
groundwater monitoring locations downgradient to the west and north
2.2.4 DERR Split Samples
Duplicate samples will be collected as part of the QAQC procedures. DERR may also request split samples
collected to be analyzed at a laboratory of their choice.
2.2.5 Deep Site Wells
Seven of the existing nested shallow/deep well pairs NTL-P1 through NTL-P7 will be sampled.
2.3 DERR Communications and Discussions
Discussions were held with DERR to clarify and address the proposed groundwater monitoring of the
downgradient locations; the existing well network wells; and the specific analysis to be conducted. Versions
of the attached Proposed Groundwater Monitoring sampling locations map and the proposed analysis were
provided to DERR for their comment and review.
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2.3.1 Offsite Wells
The proposed locations of off-site groundwater monitoring well locations were submitted for DERR review.
Discussions were held to address follow up DERR for proposed additional off-site well locations. The
discussions included third party landowners in efforts to obtain access and agreements for collecting
analytical groundwater data on private property. The wells identified in Figure P-10/14/24 include the
agreed upon well locations proposed for the downgradient locations.
2.3.2 PFAS
The DERR has requested PFAS compounds be analyzed by the Draft EPA Method 1633 going forward.
EPA’s Office of Water, in partnership with the Department of Defense’s (DoD) Strategic Environmental
Research and Development Program, has published multiple drafts of Method 1633, a method to test for
40 PFAS compounds in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, soil, biosolids, sediment, landfill leachate,
and fish tissue.
2.3.3 Standard Operating Procedures
The requested SAP and QAPP includes Stantec’s Field Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) related to
the new well installation, well development, soil boring core logging, low flow groundwater sampling, soil
sampling, field PID soil vapor monitoring, soil vapor sampling, equipment decontamination, quality control
samples, sample handling and custody control and field documentation.
3 Field Data and QA/QC Samples
See the attached Airport West Site Investigation 2025 GW Network and Downgradient Table for the
GW/SS/SV Sample Matrix sample analytes.
3.1 NEW PERMANENT WELLS (6 WELLS)
3.1.1 Groundwater samples
• (3) new wells, P (22-24) – three downgradient Site wells along the north boundary of the landfill.
These three wells are spaced between the existing wells on the north boundary to provide
increased coverage across the northern boundary.
• (3) new wells, P (19-21) – two downgradient Site well along the western boundary of the landfill.
These three wells are replacement wells for the northwest corner; western boundary and 200 foot
downgradient well from the western boundary.
3.1.2 Soil Samples
• (6) new wells P (19-24) - new well soil core samples from the new permanent wells.
3.2 NEW TEMPORARY WELLS
3.2.1 Groundwater Samples
• (18) New temporary wells P (1-18) off-site west of 7400 West downgradient from the west side of
the NTL.
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• (10) New temporary wells P (25-32, 41-42) off-site north of 700 North along the north side of the
NTL.
3.3 EXISTING WELLS
3.3.1 Groundwater Samples
• (11) existing wells NTL(P7S,P7D,GW10-11,GP63,65,66,69) and GW-RR(13W,18W,19W)
perimeter Site wells and Phase 1 Area well within the eastern area of the NTL.
• (1) existing well NTL-GW09 located off-site 100 feet upgradient to the southeast.
• (8) existing wells NTL(P3S,P3D,P4S,P4D,P5S,P5D,P6S,P6D) - perimeter downgradient Site wells
along the northwestern boundary of the NTL.
• (5) existing wells NTL(P1S,P1D,P2S,P2D,GW12) - perimeter downgradient Site wells along the
southwestern boundary of the NTL.
• (3) existing wells E-GW(19-21) – downgradient wells off-site 200 feet to the west of the
southwestern boundary.
3.4 NEW SOIL VAPOR WELLS
3.4.1 Air Samples
• (8) new vapor wells PSV (33-40) along the northern boundary, north of 700 North.
• (3) new vapor wells PSV (43-45) along the eastern upgradient boundary of the Dura-Line building
downgradient from the western boundary of the NTL.
3.5 FIELD DATA TO BE COLLECTED
3.5.1 Health and Safety Monitoring
During activities which may expose workers to contaminated soil, groundwater or waste, monitoring data
will be collected to support health and safety decisions for worker personal protective equipment (PPE).
This data includes volatile organic compound vapor levels in the atmosphere directly in the area of sampling
using a PID meter. During exposure to waste, additional gas compounds will be monitored. These include
toxic (hydrogen sulfide) and combustible gases (methane), oxygen deficiency/enrichment, and carbon
dioxide.
3.5.2 New groundwater monitoring wells
During the installation of the proposed new groundwater monitoring wells the following data will be
documented.
• Well location coordinates.
• Well construction details (diameter, screen interval, depth, filter pack, bentonite).
• Depth to groundwater (static and during draw down).
• Well development data (volume removed and recovery water levels).
• Soil Boring log classification identification.
• Field Photoionization Detection (PID) levels (2.5 ft intervals).
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• Soil sample collection (depth, identification, chain of custody, date, time, analysis, sample
shipment)
• Photo of competed well installation.
• Investigation derived waste (IDW) handling.
3.5.3 Groundwater sampling
• Water quality parameters (pH, turbidity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, color, odor, sheen)
• Sample depth (initial, final).
• Volume removed.
• Sample method (low flow method).
• Sample identification (type, container and preservative).
• Date and time.
• Sampler name.
• Weather.
• Deviations from SAP.
• Quality control samples (agency splits, trip blanks, equipment blanks, duplicates).
• Completed chain of custody
• Daily sampling report (name, notes, visitors, sample shipment, etc.).
• Sample coordinates.
• Photo of Well.
• Condition and security of well.
3.5.4 Soil vapor sampling
• Sample depth (tubing length below top of well head casing).
• Volume removed.
• Sample method (vacuum pressure, start and stop values).
• Sample identification (type, container and preservative).
• Date and time.
• Sampler name.
• Weather.
• Deviations from SAP.
• Quality control samples (agency splits, trip blanks, equipment blanks, duplicates).
• Completed chain of custody
• Daily sampling report (name, notes, visitors, sample shipment, etc.).
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• Sample coordinates.
• Photo of Well.
• Condition and security of well.
3.5.5 Investigation derived waste
During sampling activities, PID data will be collected as discussed above for worker safety air monitoring,
soil pre-identification sampling and field quantification of IDW for proper handing and disposal. New wells
are located outside of the buried waste footprint and typically will remain on site. The PID data will be used
to identify any material requiring containerization for off-site disposal.
3.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE QUALITY CONTROL
3.6.1 UDERR Split Samples
For a total of 66 sample sets being collected, Stantec has assumed UDERR may request samples be split
for duplicate analysis at a different analytical laboratory than the project laboratory. This lab will be also
State of Utah certified for the requested analysis.
3.6.2 Duplicate QC Samples
For a total of 66 sample sets ranging across 3 different unique sample media and locations, a total of 7
duplicate samples will be collected. A proposed distribution of these 7 samples across the various types
and locations are shown on Airport West Site Investigation 2025 GW Network and Downgradient Table for
the GW/SS/SV Sample Matrix sample analytes.
3.6.3 Equipment Blanks
Equipment blanks (EBs) are collected following sample where equipment was decontaminated and re-used
at a separate sample location. The EBs are generally collected on periodic basis following the sample
activities. For a projected 3-week sampling effort there are 7 EBs.
3.6.4 Trip Blanks
Trip blanks (TBs) are collected during sampling of aqueous samples for VOC analysis. The TBs are
collected on per sample batch collected and stored in a single shipping container, typically an ice cooler.
For the anticipated number of containers necessary for storage of VOC samples throughout the sampling
duration, a total of 16 TBs is proposed.
3.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE (PARCCS PARAMETERS)
The SAP/QAPP and Summary Report will include a discussion on the QA/QC data collected and the data
quality objectives to meet the quality assurance parameters for precision, accuracy, representativeness,
completeness, comparability, and sensitivity.
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4 Laboratory Analysis
4.1 LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS
All laboratory analytical methods are identified in the attached Airport West Site Investigation 2025 GW
Network and Downgradient Table for the GW/SS/SV Sample Matrix sample analytes. The project
laboratory, PACE National, is certified by the State of Utah to perform the selected methods.
4.1.1 Analytical Methods for both soil and groundwater sample analysis
RCRA 8 Metals (ICP) by Method 6020B/6010D/7470A (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, Ag)
Metals (ICP) by Method 6020B/6010D (Sb, Be, Cu, Hi, Tl, Zn)
Hexavalent Chromium by Method SM3500Cr-2011
Volatile Organic Compounds (GC) by Method 8015D/GRO (TPH (GC/FID) Low Fraction)
Volatile Organic Compounds (GC/MS) by Method 8260C Full Scan
Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (GC/MS) by Method 8270 SIM (1,4 Dioxane)
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (GC) by Method 8270D/SIM (Full List plus PAH SIM)
Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (GC) by Method 8015 (TPH (GC/FID) High Fraction)
Wet Chemistry by Method 1664A (Oil & Grease - Hexane Extraction)
Total Dissolve Solids by Method 160.1
4.1.2 Analytical Methods for selected soil sample analysis
Total Solids by Method 2540 G-2011 (Total Solids)
Mercury by Method 7471A (Hg)
4.1.3 Analytical methods for soil vapor sample analysis
Toxic Organics by Method TO-15
Methane by Method ASTM D-1946 (Sh) CH4 only
4.2 ANALYTICAL LABORATORY RESULTS
The DERR has requested all laboratory analytical data be reported to the analytical method detection limit
(MDL). These levels are below the laboratory analytical reporting limit (RL) and the PSL. Data reported
below the RL and above the MDL does not meet the method’s quantitative quality control limits and is
therefore reported as “estimated”. These results as considered qualitative and are suspect. The PSL are
based on regulatory levels and are in most all cases higher than the laboratory RL.
5 PROJECT SCREENING LEVELS
The Project Screening Levels (PSLs) are the EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), EPA Regional
Screening Level (RSL), and State of Utah LUST Initial Screening Levels (ISLs).
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6 PROJECT DELIVERABLE
Following submittal and approval of the Site Characterization SAP and completion of the field sampling and
laboratory analysis a Summary Data Results Report (SDRR) will be submitted.
Key Components to be Included, at a minimum, in the SSCR:

• Site Location and Description
• Project Background
• Geology/Hydrogeology/Well Logs
• Objectives, Purpose and Scope of Investigation
• Environmental Media Sampled and Rationale
• Field Data Collected and QA/QC Samples
• Sampling, Handling and Decontamination Procedures
• Laboratory Analytical Methods
• Screening Levels
• Summary of Analytical Results for all Media
• Quality Assurance Discussion (PARCCS Parameters)
• Deviations from Site Characterization Workplan
• Management of Investigation Derived Waste
• Conclusions from Investigation/Noted Data Gaps
• Project Status- Additional Assessment or Remedial Action Plan
• References

Figures:

• Overview Site Figure(s) Including all Boundaries and Major Features
• Groundwater Flow Map
• Sampling Locations
• Exceedances of Screening Levels in Environmental Media Maps

Tables:

• Analytical Data (for Each Media with Corresponding Lab Qualifiers)

Additional Information:

• Laboratory Data Packages including Case Narratives
• Field Documentation (e.g., Boring Logs, Well Development, Calibration, Water Levels,
• Sample Forms, Photo Logs)
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7 SCHEDULE
It is anticipated the Groundwater Monitoring and SDRR will require an estimated 2 months for receipt of
UDERR acceptance of the Characterization data.
7.1 SAP/QAPP
The work preparing the SAP/QAPP has been ongoing throughout the development of the characterization
scope and planning. Significant to this development has been the working communications with UDERR
on key issues including off-site monitoring location, QAPP data quality objectives, project screening levels,
and analytical parameters and methods. These documents are in draft form and can be finalized for
UDERR review.
During this agency review period, mobilization activities including well permits, scheduling, equipment
procurement and access confirmation can be obtained.
7.2 WORK PLAN/MOBILIZATION
The pre-mobilization setup and utility clearance is anticipated to require 4 working days.
7.3 FIELD WORK
The Field work is anticipated to require 3.5 weeks. This will include a number of activities occurring
simultaneously. There are the 5 major activities. These include new well installation and development,
new off-site well sampling, existing off-site well sampling, site well sampling, and soil vapor sampling.
Based on a April 21, 2025 quote from Direct Push Services LLC, It is assumed that new well installation
will be completed within two (2) week.
7.4 LABORATORY ANALYSIS
The laboratory analytical data reports can require between 10 to 30 business days from receipt at the
project laboratory, depending on the specific analysis. Method 1633 for PFAS analysis can take at least
30 business days. Shipment and delivery are expected to require 2 days.
7.5 DATA MANAGEMENT QA/QC
Data quality review and compilation will require 3 weeks.
7.6 DRAFT REPORT
A draft report with information listed in the previous Project Deliverable section, including figures and tables,
with internal technical reviews will require 4 weeks.
7.7 UDERR REVIEW
Agency review of the draft Summary Report is between 30 and 45 days. It is anticipated that during these
45 days, there will be communications and meetings to discuss any major concerns or data gaps to address
and respond during this review period.

NTL-GW-02
EGW-19
EGW-20
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NTL-P8-S
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NTL-GW-12
NTL-GW-09
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FORMER NORTH TEMPLE LANDFILL
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0 4,000 Feet
LINE OF EQUAL GROUNDWATER ELEVATION,
DASHED WHERE INFERRED; DATUM IS
NAVD88 (October 2019)
LEGEND
NTL-PZ & NTL-GW WELL LOCATION
PROPOSED NEW / EXISTING GROUNDWATER
WELL SAMPLE LOCATIONS
28
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PROPOSED NEW WELL LOCATION
PROPOSED TEMPORARY PIEZOMETER GW SAMPLE
PROPOSED TEMPORARY SOIL VAPOR
SAMPLE LOCATION APPROXIMATE CITY RIGHT OF WAY
NTL-GP GEOPROBE & GW WELL LOCATION
EGW WELL LOCATION
AIRPORT WEST
SITE INVESTIGATION 2025
GW Network and Downgradient
GW, SS, SV
4/25/2025 10:01 AM
Area ID MEDIA INSTALL DAYLIGHT TDS Trip
Blank TO-15 Methane 6 Ltr Summa Flow
controller
EPA
160.1
SW
8260 TO-15
ASTM
D1946 8 hr
Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Water Soil Air Air
east NTL-P7S GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-P7D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GW09 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GW10 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GW11 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east GW-RR13W GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east GW-RR18W GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east GW-RR19W GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GP63 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GP65 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GP66 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east NTL-GP69 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P22 GW/SS NEW well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P23 GW/SS NEW well 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
east P24 GW/SS NEW well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P25 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P26 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P27 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P28 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P29 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P30 GW Temp well 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3
east P31 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P32 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east vaccum summa SV Temp well 1 1
east PV33 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV34 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV35 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV36 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV37 SV Temp well 1 2 2 2 2
east PV38 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV39 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east PV40 SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
east P41 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
east P42 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P3S GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P3D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P4S GW Existing Well 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
northwest NTL-P4D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P5S GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P5D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P6S GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest NTL-P6D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P19 GW/SS NEW well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P20 GW/SS NEW well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P21 GW/SS NEW well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest PV43 (P-12)SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
northwest PV44 (P-13)SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
Location ID
RCRA 8
Dissolved
SW6010/
SW7470
Cr6
SW7196
Selected ICP-MS
Metals (up to 6) *
Dissolved
SW6020
PFAS VOCs SVOCs
EPA1633 SW8260 SW8270
1,4-dioxane
SIM PAH SIM TPH GRO TPH DRO HEM O&G
SW8270 SIM SW8270C SIM SW8015 SW8015 EPA 1664
Airport West VCP ESI April 2025 Scope sv.xlsx PACE
AIRPORT WEST
SITE INVESTIGATION 2025
GW Network and Downgradient
GW, SS, SV
4/25/2025 10:01 AM
northwest PV45 (P-14)SV Temp well 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P1 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P2 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P3 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P4 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P5 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P6 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P7 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P9 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P12 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P13 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P14 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P15 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P16 GW Temp well 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
northwest P17 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
northwest P18 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest NTL-P1S GW Existing Well 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
southwest NTL-P1D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest NTL-P2S GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest NTL-P2D GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest NTL-GW12 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest E-GW19 GW Existing Well 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
southwest E-GW20 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest E-GW21 GW Existing Well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest P8 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest P10 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
southwest P11 GW Temp well 1 1 1 1 1 1
66 32 73 7 73 7 73 7 73 58 7 73 7 16 58 7 73 7 58 7 4 4 58 7 58 7 12 12 13 13 872
Additional Samples:
QC - DUP/Rinsate
Trip
* Selected ICP-MS Metals (up to 6)(Sb,Be,Cu,Hi,Tl,Zn)
Dissolved metals - Field Filtered
GW groundwater
SS soil sample
SV soil vapor
P#proposed GW
PV#proposed SV
P#S nested shallow well
P#D nested deep well
NTL North Temple Landfill
RR railraoad grade (previously proposed)
GP geoprobe
E-GW#Epperson (former property owner)
Airport West VCP ESI April 2025 Scope sv.xlsx PACE
Project Name:Project Number:
Project Manager:Date:
Field Personnel:Weather:
Monitoring Location ID:Location Description:
Inital Water Level (mBTOC): Total Depth (mBTOC): Height of Water (m) = Total depth (mbrp) - initial water level (mbrp) =m
Well Diameter (inches): x 0.0127 = Well Radius (m): One Well Volume =3.14 * well radius (m) * well radius (m) * height of water (m) * 1000 =litres
(for 1.25" diameter well, 1 m of water = 0.8 L, for 2" diameter well, 1 m of water = 2 L)
SAMPLING METHOD: □ Low-Flow (Peristaltic Pump) □ Watterra Manual □ Watterra Hydrolift □ Submersible Pump (Model ___________________ ) □ Bailer □ Other _____________________________________
Time Intake Depth
(mBTOC)
Total Volume
Removed
(L)
Water Level
after volume
removed
(mBTOC)
Temperature
(oC)
Specific
Conductance
(µS/cm or
mS/cm)
Conductivity
(µS/cm or
mS/cm)
pH
(Std. Units)
Oxid./Red.
Potential [ORP]
(mV)
Turbidity
(NTU)
DO meter
reading (mg/L)
Note: Titration prefered
for WRM projects
Stablization based on: +/- 3% +/- 3% +/- 0.2 +/- 20 mV +/- 10%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Dissolved Oxygen Titration Analysis: DO Bottle #: Time of Sample Collection: Number of Bottles:
Sample Identification: Which bottles were field filtered?:
General Comments / Well Recovery (low, medium, high) / Well Conditions
Quality Control:This form is complete (__) & legible (__).
check (__)Signatures:
(field personnel)(date)
Signatures:
(project manager)(date)
circle appropriate units
Comments
ESFF2.08 - WELL DEVELOPMENT / PURGING
the greater of
+/- 10% or 0.2 mg/L
Page ____ of ____
\\Cd1004-f01\01609\resource\field forms\Kitchener_Standard\Excel_Originals\ESFF2.08 (Well Development - Purging).xlsx
ESFF2.08
Revision 13 (Nov2019)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 1 of 15
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines standard procedures for borehole drilling and collecting soil samples below
depths of 1.5 m. Boreholes are typically used to investigate the geology, obtain soil data, and facilitate
the installation of monitoring wells for the subsequent recovery of groundwater samples. This method
gives descriptions of equipment and field methods necessary to supervise drilling programs and
collect and classify soil samples. Refer to SOP ES2.04 – Environmental Rock Coring and
Classification for drilling in bedrock and SOP ES3.01 Monitoring Well Installation,
ES3.02 Production/Test Well Installation, and ES3.04 Borehole/Monitoring Well Abandonment for
borehole completion.
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm RMS1 and RMS2 forms and other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in, updated and
followed. Review applicable Safe Work Practices (SWPs) as required. Confirm field staff has the
necessary training to complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Identify and obtain required permits for activities such as working in a roadway or working near a water
body.
• A road-occupancy permit, including a traffic-control plan and traffic-control subcontractor, is
usually needed on a road allowance.
• No subsurface work is to be completed without underground locates regardless of the area in
which the work is being completed.
• Depending on jurisdiction, waste-generator registration, for off-site disposal of contaminated or
suspect soil generated during drilling, may be needed.
Discuss program purpose and scope of work with the project manager; review proposal and all
proposed borehole locations. If available, review site photographs, field records, borehole or test pit
logs, cross sections, and data from previous subsurface investigations to determine expected soil
types and site conditions. Determine approximate ground surface elevation for comparison to
expected subsurface stratigraphy and installation depths.
2.3 BOREHOLE LAYOUT AND PROGRAM DETAILS
Obtain all necessary public and private utility locate information prior to confirming final borehole
locations (refer to SWP 213).
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 2 of 15
Carefully mark planned borehole locations on a site plan or map. If precise positioning of the borehole
locations is required to permit accurate delineation of subsurface conditions, GPS coordinates can be
determined and loaded into a GPS unit of sufficient accuracy to locate the points, or sampling
locations can be determined relative to known reference points. Alternatively, arrangements can be
made to survey the subsurface soil sampling locations. See SOP ES3.05 Surveying for instructions
on elevation surveying. If structures are present on the site, 1m x 1m reference grids can be added to
site plans so field staff can line up their sample locations in the field, relative to the structures.
If the boreholes cannot be surveyed immediately, a stake should be placed in the ground at the
borehole location for subsequent surveying. Boreholes that will not be surveyed should be located
relative to a known reference point(s) using a tape and the location plotted on the site plan or map.
The surface elevation of the boreholes may be determined using survey methods (preferred method)
or obtained from a detailed contour plan of the area. Sample depths and the total borehole depths
should be related to this known surface elevation. A GPS measurement may be required for remote
and/or large sites.
2.4 FLOWING BOREHOLES
Deep boreholes located in low-lying areas can produce groundwater discharge that, if left
uncontrolled, could result in loss of the upper bentonite seal, local land erosion, property damage or
local aquifer depressurization. Some jurisdictions require that abandoned flowing boreholes be
properly plugged to prevent artesian discharge. In such situations, it may be necessary to grout the
borehole from bottom to top, place a packer seal above the water source, or abandon the hole with
alternating layers of silica sand and bentonite. Before commencing drilling, discuss with the Project
Manager if this may be a concern and what measures should be taken if flowing boreholes are
encountered.
2.5 SOIL SAMPLING
The Project Manager should determine sample analysis and preservation requirements before the
start of the program, along with the need for, and the type of, QA/QC samples that will be collected.
Sample naming conventions will be determined by the Project Manager in accordance with SOP
ES4.02 Sample Naming Protocol.
2.6 EXCESS SOIL STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
The Project Manager must determine methods for addressing excess soil generated during borehole
drilling, in consultation with the client and/or property owner, before starting the program. If required,
this plan could include storing the excess soil on polyethylene sheeting, in drums or used as backfill
(pending Provincial requirements). Any offsite transportation and disposal must be conducted in
accordance with provincial and federal legislation.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 3 of 15
2.7 DRILLING DISCHARGE
A plan to address the discharge of drilling fluids generated as part of the drilling program must be
determined by the project manager, in consultation with the Client and/or property owner, prior to
commencing the drilling program. If required, this plan could include storing the excess drilling fluids
in drums (pending Provincial requirements). Any offsite transportation and disposal must be
conducted in accordance with provincial and federal legislation. For sites where contamination is not a
concern the drilling fluid could usually be allowed to infiltrate on site.
2.8 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.8.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable HSE Forms
• All necessary permits
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Site plan with proposed borehole locations
• Any other relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
• Completed Utility Clearance Forms (SWP 213)
2.8.2 Consumables
• Waterproof permanent markers
• Laboratory-prepared/supplied sample bottles
• Survey stakes and/or spray paint
• Clean cooler and ice
• Laboratory chain-of-custody forms
• De-ionized water
• Phosphate-free detergent
• Paper towels or Kimwipes
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 4 of 15
• Garbage bags
• Plastic soil sample collection bags (Ziploc or equivalent)
• Latex or Nitrile gloves
o (Note: If potential contaminants of concern include VOC, BTEX or other light petroleum
hydrocarbons, Nitrile gloves must be used).
2.8.3 Non-Consumables
Confirm all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ESFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations, and fill in and submit a Technical Recovery Form to confirm equipment costs are
appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task includes:
• Battery-operated water level meter
• Photoionization Detector (PID, e.g. MiniRAE) and/or Organic Vapour Meter (OVM, e.g. RKI Eagle)
• Camera (or camera-equipped smart phone)
• Weighted measuring tape and/or measuring wheel
• Survey equipment
• Traffic control equipment (e.g., traffic cones, caution tape etc.)
• GPS unit
• Field Tablet
• Laminated “Field Guide for Soil and Stratigraphic Analysis”
• Stainless steel hand sampling tools (e.g., trowel)
• Two pails (for washing and rinsing sampling equipment)
• Calculator
• Scrub brush / wash tools
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 5 of 15
3 FIELD PROCEDURES
3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
The following QA/QC procedures apply to borehole drilling and sample collection:
• To reduce the potential for cross-contamination, decontaminate non-dedicated equipment shall be
decontaminated before use and between samples, in accordance with SOP ES4.08 Equipment
Decontamination.
• All monitoring equipment (e.g., meters) should be calibrated in accordance with the
manufacturers’ instructions.
• Daily review and discussion of field forms with the Project Manager or Project Hydrogeologist.
Sign off on field forms once reviewed for completeness.
• Confirm collection of field duplicates, trip blanks, field blanks, and rinsate samples per project
requirements.
• Review of completed borehole logs and comparison with provincial water well record (if
applicable) to confirm consistency.
3.2 BOREHOLE DRILLING METHODS
The borehole drilling methodology that will be used will be determined by the Project Manager. The
following are the typical methodologies used, and information about which field staff should be aware.
3.2.1 Solid-Stem Auger Drilling
• Used to advance borings through overburden; not suitable in competent bedrock.
• Sampling soil using this method is not ideal because of formation disturbance.
• Augers must be removed from the borehole to permit access of a sampling device; therefore, the
formation must be stable (e.g., silt or clay), or it may collapse. It is difficult to collect representative
soil samples using solid stem augers when the borehole is subject to sloughing.
• This method can be used to install groundwater monitoring wells provided the saturated zone is
comprised of fine-textured and stable soils. If the saturated zone is comprised of coarse-textured
soils, the soils below the water table will likely collapse to the level of the water table as the augers
are withdrawn.
• If auger refusal is encountered as the result of bedrock or boulders, the only way to absolutely
distinguish between the bedrock and boulders is by coring.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 6 of 15
3.2.2 Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling
• Used to advance borings through overburden; not suitable in competent bedrock.
• Provides a temporary casing in the borehole through which well pipes, sand-back backfill,
bentonite seals, or more elaborate sampling equipment or instrumentation can be installed;
therefore, preferable to solid-stem for installing wells.
• Each auger is typically 1.52 m (5 ft.) long and has a 108 mm (4.25 in.) ID and a 210 mm (8.25 in.)
OD. The augers are connected together with bolts and are generally not water-tight.
• When advancing the augers, a cylindrical steel center plug is attached to drill rods, lowered inside
the augers, and positioned at the tip of the lead auger. The center plug is held in the same relative
position as the lead auger by advancing the drill rods along with the augers.
• The center plug is removed from the boring as required to permit soil sampling and reinstalled
after sampling has been completed.
• Soil sampling is often completed using a split-barrel sampler, also referred to as a split spoon
sampler. This sampling technique also provides standard penetration test (SPT) data. SPT
involves driving a standard split-barrel sampler into the ground at the bottom of the borehole by
blows from a slide hammer with a standard weight and falling distance. The split-barrel is driven
150 mm (6 inches) into the ground and the number of blows needed for the tube to penetrate each
150 mm interval up to a depth of 450 mm (18 inches) is recorded. The sum of the number of
blows required for the second and third 150 mm of penetration is reported as SPT blow count
value (commonly termed N-Value).
• Split-barrel samplers range in length from 0.46 m (1.5 ft.) to 0.76 m (2.5 ft.) and are typically 35
mm (1 3/8 in.) inside diameter (ID). Unless otherwise indicated by the Project Manager, split-barrel
samples should be obtained at 0.76 m (2.5 ft.) depth intervals. If using a 0.61 m (2 ft) long
sampler, 0.15 m (6 in.) of soil from each interval would remain unsampled.
• Alternatively, the center plug is not required when CME™ continuous samplers are used. The
continuous sampler consists of a 1.52 m (5 ft.) long core-barrel sampler that is inserted through
the annulus of the hollow stem augers. The sampler does not rotate with the augers. The open
end of the sampler extends a short but adjustable distance beyond the auger head.
• Unlike the split-barrel sampler, the continuous sample is collected as the augers are advanced.
After the augers and sampler have been advanced the desired depth, the loaded sampler is
removed from the auger and replaced with an empty sampler. A continuous sampler is preferred
to the split-barrel sampler when standard penetration test data are not required because of sample
continuity and a greater sample volume is obtained.
• The CMETM continuous sampler is best suited to cohesive soils; however, relatively undisturbed
samples of sand and non-cohesive deposits can sometimes be collected with this sampling
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 7 of 15
system. Adjustment of the distance the continuous sampler extends beyond the auger head may
assist in sample recovery in non-cohesive soils.
• Sampling often completed using a split-spoon (also known as split barrel) sampler. This also
allows for the collection of standard penetration test (SPT) data.
• Thin-walled tubes or Shelby tubes can also be used for sampling.
• If poor sample recovery is experienced in non-cohesive soils, a plastic or stainless steel sand trap
may improve recovery.
• If heaving sands (sands under hydrostatic pressure) are encountered, potable water, if available,
can be pumped down the augers to maintain a positive pressure head within the auger column.
• If auger refusal is encountered as the result of bedrock or boulders, the only way to absolutely
distinguish between the bedrock and boulders is by coring.
• With most conventional drilling rigs (e.g. CME 75), drilling with augers is generally limited to
depths of less than 46 m (150 ft.).
3.2.3 Direct Push
3.2.3.1 Geoprobe
• Uses a hydraulically powered percussion machine to install different types of sampling devices in
unconsolidated materials.
• Sampling devices to collect soil, soil gas or groundwater can be installed.
• Soil recovery is generally good; use of casing facilitates well installation.
• Typical depths that can be achieved using this system are 10 m below ground surface (BGS) to 15
m BGS.
• Typically, a 19 mm ID monitoring well may be installed through the casing; however, 32 mm ID
well materials may be installed through the open borehole.
3.2.3.2 Pionjar
• Uses a portable pneumatic hammer to advance a 0.76 m split-spoon sampler through overburden.
• A 32 mm ID monitoring well may be installed in the borehole annulus. Some contractors can
overdrill the borehole using portable hollow stem augers to allow a 50 mm ID monitoring well to be
installed.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 8 of 15
3.2.3.3 Sonic Drilling
• Refers to slow rotary action and high frequency resonance down the drill stem or casing to the
cutting bit.
• Generally produces undisturbed samples (102 mm ID core is standard); excellent for establishing
detailed stratigraphy.
• Can be used in cobbly/boulder material, where augers would encounter refusal.
• As with hollow-stem, use of casing allows for well installation in formations that would otherwise
collapse.
• Usually requires that water be brought to site, or on-site water supply used, to reduce drilling
friction.
3.2.4 Mud Rotary Drilling
• Mud rotary drilling allows increased drilling speeds and the ability to reach greater depths in most
formations. Can be used in consolidated or unconsolidated formations.
• Suitable for deep boreholes in overburden with cobbles or boulders, in formations where sands
under hydrostatic pressure tend to heave upward, and in bedrock
• Borings are drilled using a truck-mounted drilling rig equipped with a system for circulating fluids
(water or drilling fluids).
• Aqueous drilling fluids (drilling mud) prepared using specially manufactured products and water.
The purpose of drilling mud is to cool and lubricate the bit, stabilize the borehole wall, limit the
inflow of formation water, and remove drill cuttings.
• The borehole is advanced by rotating a bit (typically a tri-cone roller bit) attached to a drill rod
through drill casing. HW sized casing (102 mm ID) is typically used with a 95 mm OD tri-cone bit
when a 51 mm ID monitoring well is to be installed. Tri-cone bits are appropriate for use in
consolidated formations. A drag bit is frequently used in unconsolidated formations.
• Drill cuttings are removed by water circulation. Water is injected inside the drill rods, down through
the bit and out through the annulus and up to the surface. Unless there is loss to the formation,
cuttings and drill water return to the surface outside of the drill rods within the borehole annulus.
• Typically, a mud pit is used to collect the return water and feed to fluid circulation system. It is
possible to collect samples using a sieve as the return water discharges from the borehole;
however, the samples are not representative of actual conditions since a significant portion of the
fines are lost and the coarser fractions are broken down by the bit.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 9 of 15
• Lithological changes are recognized by description of the samples returned in the drilling fluid. The
depth of the changes may be identified by changes in hardness and changes in the rate of
advancement of the drilling.
• Collection of in-situ, relatively undisturbed samples is possible using a split-spoon sampling device
adapted to the drill rods or a wire-line; sampling slows drilling progress significantly; without split-
spoon equipment, use of mud rotary for soil characterization not recommended.
• Suitable for deep boreholes in overburden with cobbles or boulders, in formations where sands
under hydrostatic pressure tend to heave upward, and in bedrock.
• The use of circulated water or drilling mud should be considered with respect to its applicability for
environmental projects. Generally, the volume of water or drilling mud introduced to the
subsurface and not recovered (fluid loss) should be removed prior to groundwater sampling. The
reason for this is that fluids, drilling mud in particular, may alter the water quality of the formation.
Fluid loss can be calculated by recording the initial volume of water in the mud pit and subtracting
the volume of water remaining in the mud pit upon completion of drilling. Another means to verify
that all of the circulated drilling fluid has been recovered is to spike the drilling fluids with a known
concentration (above background) of an inert tracer chemical. Tracer concentrations can be
monitored during well development until background concentrations (indicative of a return to
natural formation conditions) are achieved.
• The use of mud rotary drilling adjacent to production or residential wells is not recommended due
to the possibility of the migration of drilling fluids through the aquifer.
3.2.5 Air Rotary Drilling
• Direct air rotary drilling is similar to mud rotary drilling except that the circulation medium is air
rather than water or drilling mud. In this method, a large compressor is used to supply air through
the drill rods to the drill bit.
• Direct air rotary drilling incorporating a casing driver (hammer) permits drilling in unstable
overburden. Borehole is fully stabilized during drilling.
• Also, can be used in hard dense material (basal till, cobbles, boulders, bedrock).
• Cuttings are blown out through the top of the borehole and can be collected; however, these
cuttings are generally not representative of in-situ conditions.
• Air rotary drilling in overburden is difficult due to the high potential for the hole caving in.
Therefore, air rotary drilling is most appropriate for consolidated or semi-consolidated materials
unless casing is used to prevent borehole collapse.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 10 of 15
• Advantages of air rotary methods include: high penetration rates; not affected by cold weather; no
plugging of aquifer with drilling fluids; estimates of formation water yield can be obtained during
drilling; better identification of drill cuttings.
3.2.5.1 Direct Air Rotary with Down-the Hole Air Hammer
• Uses a pneumatic drill (hammer) operated at the bottom of the drill rods. Compressed air drives
the hammer to provide a percussion effect and simultaneously removes the cuttings.
• Produces disturbed samples; not recommended when analyzing for volatiles.
3.2.5.2 Reverse Circulation
• Adaptation of the direct rotary (liquid or air) drilling method using a dual walled casing.
• Circulating medium (air, water, or mud) is pumped down between the outer casing and inner drill
pipe, out through the drill bit and back up the inside of the inner drill pipe.
• Fluid loss can be minimized; however, samples are highly disturbed; not recommended when
analyzing for volatiles.
3.3 BOREHOLE DRILLING SUPERVISION
Stantec field investigators engaged in supervising borehole drilling operations should:
1. Complete the top section of ESFF2.02 Daily Activity Record, ESFF2.09 Sample Collection Record
and ESFF2.23 Headspace Measurements, as required.
2. Check in with property owner / client (if present) upon arrival at the site to discuss testing
locations, schedule and work program. Accommodate the needs of the client / property owner as
much as possible. Communicate any potential problems to the Project Manager as soon as
possible.
3. Locate the boreholes according to the Project Manager’s instructions after ensuring that the
specified locations are within the subject property boundaries; can be drilled safely; and are clear
of overhead and underground utilities or other structures (refer to SWP 213 and SWP 406).
4. Confirm the driller and helper are using appropriate personal protective equipment. As a
minimum, the Stantec field investigator should request Level D protective equipment.
5. Record sample ID number and sample location on a site plan and on applicable field forms.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 11 of 15
6. Complete ESFF2.18 Overburden Log. Keep track of borehole ID and location using GPS
instrument.
7. Use a consistent, systematic borehole naming system as directed by the Project Manager. Care
should be taken to use unique borehole names, especially when completing supplemental
investigations (e.g., avoid having two boreholes named BH1 on site).
8. Record all relevant observations / events related to drilling such as loss of equipment down-hole
or volume of fluid added to the borehole, together with date and times.
9. Specify to driller appropriate sample depths and type and borehole completion depths.
10. Put on a clean pair of latex or Nitrile gloves (depending on the type of contaminant).
11. Once the sample has been obtained, the soil must be removed from the sampling device. Take
care not to contaminate the sample through contact with either equipment or tools that have not
been decontaminated, or with ungloved hands.
• If sampling directly from the auger, carefully remove the soil from the auger, trimming about
1.0 cm from all sides of the sample prior to logging and storing.
• If using a split spoon, place the split spoon on a flat surface and open the split spoon, taking
care to disturb the sample as little as possible. Measure and record the soil recovery.
Remove the soil from the upper end of the split spoon (most likely slough) and log the sample
as described below.
• If using a thin-walled tube or Shelby tube, measure and record the true soil recovery. Place
the Shelby tube on a flat surface and carefully cut open the tube, taking care to disturb the
sample as little as possible. Remove the soil from the upper end of the tube (most likely
slough) and log the sample as described below. Alternatively, the tube ends can be trimmed
and sealed, e.g. double bagged and taped (if less than 24 hours to extrusion is anticipated) for
transport to the laboratory.
12. Identify, label, package and handle samples as described in SOP ES4.02 Sample Naming
Protocol.
13. Log and classify soils according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS; ASTM 2488).
14. Fill the appropriate (lab-provided) containers with representative soil. As far as possible, confirm
there is no headspace between the top of the soil and the inside of the lid, especially when
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 12 of 15
sampling for volatiles. Put remaining soil in plastic bag and/or core box if retaining remaining
sample.
15. Label the soil sample containers with the following information:
• Project number
• Location
• Date (year/month/day/time)
• Borehole number (e.g., BH101, BH102, etc.)
• Depth (metres)
• Sample number
• Field investigator responsible for sampling
• If using core boxes or PVC splits, top and bottom should be marked
16. Store samples in a cooler at a maximum temperature of 10ºC, and preferably at a minimum
temperature of 4ºC, except where otherwise required for testing.
17. Complete (including signing and dating) the laboratory-provided Chain of Custody form. As this is
a legal document, it must be complete and accurate.
18. Upon completion of the borehole, check bottom depth with a tape measure before the augers are
removed and check initial water level in the open borehole with a water level meter. Record these
observations on the ESFF2.21 Borehole/Monitoring Well/Drive-Point/Test Pit Completion Details.
3.4 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs should be taken of site conditions before any work is conducted and again just prior to
leaving the site to confirm the site was left in an appropriate state. The requirement for other
photographs will be determined by the Project Manager. If required, all significant geological and/or
contaminant related features exposed at the sampling location should be photographed, with a scale
included in the photographs to indicate dimension. After field work is completed, requirements like
labelling and organization of photographs including things such as project number, sample name and
the date of the photograph, indexing and use of ESFF2.26 Photograph Log, will be determined by the
Project Manager.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 13 of 15
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the project manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project file. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned hard
copy notes in the server project file. If the local server is not automatically backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy of data in another location.
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name, project number and task number(s)
• Field investigator's name
• Borehole number
• Date and time of soil sample collection
• Sample numbers, locations, and depths
• Sampling method(s)
• Observations at the sampling site
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that could affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures Location,
description, and log of photographs
• References for all maps and photographs
• Information concerning sampling or scheduling changes, and any change orders
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 14 of 15
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions List of field equipment used
• Signature (dated) of personnel responsible for observations
4.3 BOREHOLE RECORDS
Borehole records will be completed by the field investigator for each borehole completed. The
borehole records will include the following information:
• Client
• Site Location
• Job and task numbers
• Borehole number
• Datum
• Field investigator
• Driller and company affiliation
• Borehole drilling equipment, method, and diameter
• Date started and completed (month/day/year)
• Completion depth
• Samples collected for laboratory analysis by depth of sample below surface, sample type, number
and sample interval will be recorded
• Field screening results for soil headspace vapor measurements
• Origin of the lithologies (e.g., fill, glacial till, glacial outwash or alluvium, etc.), as well as
descriptions of stratigraphy (lithology, grain size, sorting, texture, structure, bedding, colour,
moisture content)
• Contaminant observations, if applicable (e.g., soil staining, presence of product, noticeable
odours)
• Observations of any groundwater seepage into the borehole
• Borehole backfilling details (if monitoring well is not installed)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: ENVIRONMENTAL BOREHOLE
DRILLING AND SOIL SAMPLING
SOP ES2.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 11, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Hydrogeology, Site Investigation

Page 15 of 15
• Any other pertinent information
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES2.04 – Environmental Rock Coring and Classification
• SOP ES3.01 – Monitoring Well Installation
• SOP ES3.02 – Production/Test Well Installation
• SOP ES3.04 – Borehole/Monitoring Well Abandonment
• SOP ES2.01 – Environmental Surface Soil Sampling
• SOP ES3.05 – Surveying
• SOP ES4.08 – Equipment Decontamination
• SOP ES4.02 – Sample Naming Protocol
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.07 – Field Instrument Calibration
• ESFF2.16 – Underground Utility Locate Request
• ESFF2.18 – Overburden Log
• ESFF2.21 – Borehole - Monitoring Well - Drive Point - Test Pit Completion Details
• ESFF2.22 – Elevation Survey
• ESFF2.23 – Headspace Measurements
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
• ESFF2.35 – Working Alone

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 1 of 17
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines the standard operating procedures for installing and sampling sub-slab and soil
vapour probes.
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm RMS1 and RMS2 forms and all other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in, updated
and followed. For sub-slab sampling, consider if the basement or crawl space could act as a confined
space. Review applicable SWPs as required. Confirm field staff has the necessary training to
complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Discuss the purpose of the soil vapour program and the scope of work with the Project Manager or
designate. Review the proposal and all proposed sampling locations.
If available, review site photos, field records, borehole logs/monitoring well records, and cross sections
from previous on-site or nearby subsurface investigations to identify expected soil types, water levels,
and site conditions.
Identify and obtain any required permits for activities such as working in a roadway or working near a
water body.
2.3 SAMPLING LOCATION LAYOUT AND PROGRAM DETAILS
Obtain all necessary public and private utility locate information prior to confirming sampling locations
(refer to SWP 213).
Carefully mark planned sampling locations on a site plan or map. GPS coordinates can be determined
and loaded into a GPS unit of sufficient accuracy to locate the points, or sampling locations can be
determined relative to known reference points. Alternatively, arrangements can be made to survey the
sampling locations. See SOP ES3.05 Surveying for instructions on elevation surveying. If structures
are present on the site, 1m x 1m reference grids can be added to site plans so field staff can line up
their sample locations in the field, relative to the structures.
Confirm specific details of the soil vapour program design with the Project Manager, including:
• Target depths of soil vapour probes
• Drilling method and equilibrium times
• Presence of any treatment systems
• Sample collection method (canister or sorbent tube)

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 2 of 17
• Target sample volume, sample duration, and flow rate (may differ by probe location and design)
• Parameters for sample analysis
• Quality control sample requirements, which may include: duplicates, trip blanks, field blanks, batch
or individual sample container certification (for canisters)
Sample naming conventions will be determined by the Project Manager in accordance with SOP
ES4.02 Sample Naming Protocol.
2.4 EXCESS SOIL STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
The methods to be used to address any excess soil generated as part of the field program must be
determined by the Project Manager, in consultation with the Client and/or property owner, prior to
commencing the program. If required, this plan could include storing the excess soil on polyethylene
sheeting, in drums or used as backfill (pending Provincial requirements). Any offsite transportation
and disposal must be conducted in accordance with provincial and federal legislation.
2.5 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.5.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable H&S Forms
• All necessary permits
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Site plan with proposed sampling locations
• Any relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
2.5.2 Consumables
• Distilled water
• Paper towels or Kimwipes
• Garbage bags
• Latex or nitrile gloves
• 4-mil plastic sheeting
• ¼-inch diameter Teflon or Nylaflow tubing (not silicone, rubber or tygone)

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 3 of 17
• Stainless steel probes or vapour implants, if being used
• #3 Sand
• Bentonite Chips
• Portland cement or non-VOC caulking material
• Three-way stopcock valves
• SummaTM canisters and flow valves 1 or sorbent tubes
• Helium
2.5.3 Non-consumables
Confirm all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ESFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations and fill in and submit the Technical Recovery Form to confirm equipment costs are
appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task is
identified below:
• Decontamination equipment (brush, deionized water in spray or squirt bottle)
• Traffic control equipment, if needed
• GPS
• Two pails; one with wash water/ detergent (phosphate free) and one for rinsing
• Survey equipment
• Work gloves
• Camera
• Helium shroud
• Tape measure

1 Call the laboratory and discuss the type and volume of SummaTM canister required, detection limits, flow controllers
and quality control procedures and samples with the laboratory. If you are collecting a sample from a substantially
different altitude than the laboratory, or under extreme weather conditions, discuss the potential implications with
the laboratory. The controllers may need to be adjusted for altitude and temperature, and there can be flow rate
drift if the temperature of the controller is allowed to vary significantly.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 4 of 17
• Broom, dustpan or hand vacuum
• Rotary hammer drill and appropriate bits (typically 1” and ½-¾”)
• Photoionization detector (PID) or other air monitoring instrumentation as required by the Health
and Safety Plan
• Calibrated air sampling pump
3 FIELD PROCEDURES
3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
• Before any sampling begins, non-dedicated equipment shall be decontaminated in accordance
with SOP ES4.08 Equipment Decontamination.
• If dedicated equipment is used, it should be wrapped in polyethylene prior to use.
• Use nitrile gloves to handle probe and sampling materials.
• Re-use of vapour tubing is not allowed.
3.2 SUB-SLAB PROBE INSTALLATION
3.2.1 Permanent Sub-slab Vapour Probe Installation
The following steps should be taken when installing permanent sub-slab vapour probes:
1. Locate subslab samples to minimize disturbance and damage to existing flooring.
2. Drill or core a 100 millimetre (mm) diameter hole in the slab to a depth of approximately 50 mm
with a hand held corer. Gasoline powered drills should be avoided. Collect concrete dust during
drilling using a shop vac.
3. Drill a second smaller hole centered in the first 100 mm hole with a Hefty Hammer or equivalent
drill (¾” barrel). The drill must pass through the entire depth of the concrete slab.
4. Clear the hole of cuttings and debris. This may require a hammer and chisel to break out the
piece of core out of the hole.
5. If the sample will be collected within 24 hours of installation, the hole should be temporarily sealed
(e.g., using a rubber stopper or plastic wrap; or placing a crumbled a latex or nitrile glove,
crumpled and wedged into the hole) after drilling the hole and before installation of the probe to
minimize disturbance to the sub-slab vapour concentrations.
6. Mix non-shrink concrete grout to proper consistency for later use.
7. Clean all brass fittings with methyl hydrate and allow to dry (approximately 1 minute).

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 5 of 17
8. Place Teflon® tape on threads of brass flash plug.
9. Thread flush plug into brass bushing by hand and then with a ½” drive ratchet until snug.
10. Coat external threads of brass bushing with the grout.
11. Insert PVC pipe into brass bushing. Set brass bushing centered over the ¾” diameter inner hole.
12. Grout bushing into slab while holding it in place. Confirm grout does not plug the ¾” inner hole.
13. The flush plug should not extrude above the floor surface.
14. Close the valve to the probe and wait for the concrete to harden before taking a sample. Wait
times of 30 minutes (Cal EPA 2005) to 1 hour (Health Canada 2008) have been recommended,
provided hole has not stayed open for any appreciable time. Alternatively, a longer wait time may
be needed to allow soil vapour concentrations to return to equilibrium (e.g., 24 hours).
15. Prior to sample collection, conduct leak testing to confirm the absence of unacceptable leaks (see
Section 3.6 below).
16. Take picture of final installation(s) and record location(s) with relation to building features with
sufficient detail to be transferred to a drawing. Document the well construction in daily field notes.
17. Clean up any mess made during the installation process before leaving the building.
3.2.2 Temporary Sub-slab Vapour Probe Installation
The following steps should be taken when installing temporary sub-slab vapour probes:
1. Drill or core a 25 to 50 mm diameter hole through the entire depth of the concrete slab.
2. Clear the hole of cuttings and debris. This may require a hammer and chisel to break out the
piece of core out of the hole.
3. If the sample will be collected within 24 hours of installation, the hole should be temporarily sealed
(e.g., using a rubber stopper or plastic wrap; or placing a crumbled a latex or nitrile glove,
crumpled and wedged into the hole) after drilling the hole and before installation of the probe to
minimize disturbance to the sub-slab vapour concentrations.
4. Prepare granular bentonite for later use.
5. Use shop vac to remove sufficient material beneath the concrete slab to allow for installation of
implant.
6. Prepare sampling point by attaching tubing to vapour implant.
7. Place sampling point inside the hole.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 6 of 17
8. Add silica sand around the tip and grout the rest of the borehole annulus (granular bentonite) into
slab while holding the tubing in place.
9. Hydrate the bentonite seal until good seal is obtained (hydrating the bentonite prior to the
installation may also help).
10. Due to the disturbance of the soil material beneath the concrete slab, wait 24 hours after
installation prior to collecting a sample to allow sub-slab vapour concentrations to return to
equilibrium.
11. Prior to sample collection, conduct leak testing to confirm the absence of unacceptable leaks (see
Section 3.6 below).
12. Take picture of final installation(s) and record location(s) with relation to building features with
sufficient detail to be transferred to a drawing. Document the well construction in daily field notes.
13. Clean up any mess made during the installation process before leaving the building.
3.3 SOIL VAPOUR PROBE INSTALLATION
Both auger drilling and direct-push can be used to advance a borehole for a permanent vapour well.
Alternately, temporary sampling points can be installed by driving a rod with the implant inside and
then withdrawing the rod, though this latter technique has limitations.
When using direct push technology, use larger size rods to allow for the proper installation of filter
pack and seal. Do not allow the borehole to collapse around the probe.
3.3.1 Permanent Soil Vapour Wells
A borehole diameter of 25 mm or smaller will reduce purge volumes and reduce potential for short
circuiting; 12.5mm (1/2 inch) to 19mm (3/4) inch diameter pipe is recommended.
1. Be aware that direct push rods can cause contaminants to smear along the borehole, particularly
in fine-grained soil, which will make obtaining a representative sample difficult.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 7 of 17
2. Use short screens (0.1 to 0.3 m length), which
may consist of No. 10 to No. 40 slot pipe or
stainless-steel probe
3. Riser pipe segments should be flush threaded;
no glue should be used.
4. Place a filter pack comprised of coarse sand
or fine gravel around the screen and extend
the filter pack to 5 to 10 cm above the top of
the screen.
5. Use a tamping rod and weighted tape to
confirm position of the filter pack and seal.
6. Install a granular bentonite seal placed in
several lifts that are a few cm thick and
hydrate with distilled water (municipal water
may emit volatiles). A minimum seal thickness
of 0.3 m is recommended.
7. Seal the remainder of the borehole annulus to
near ground surface with a thick bentonite slurry.
8. For permanent probes, fill top two inches of borehole with cement grout.
9. Place an air-tight valve or stopcock at surface of probe to prevent atmospheric air from entering
the probe.
10. Protect probe using a well cover or similar protective casing.
3.3.2 Sampling Through Rods/Driven Probes
This technique is best suited to coarse-grained soil. In fine-grained soil, there is a risk of smearing
contamination along the borehole and short-circuiting.
Bentonite Slurry
Hydrated Bentonite Pellets
Sand Pack
Probe Tip or Screen
¾” dia. PVC
0.3 m
0.05 to 0.1 m
0.1 to 0.3 m
0.05 m
Figure 3-1 Permanent Soil Vapour Well
Construction Schematic

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 8 of 17
1. A pilot hole would be required when dealing with asphalt or
concrete surfaces. Keep the rods vertical during installation.
They are typically driven into the ground using a handheld electric
hammer (typical maximum depth 3m to 4.6m) or a hydraulic ram
(typical maximum depth 9m).
2. Some rods are driven with the probes inside, in other cases the
probe has to be installed through the rod after it is driven into the
ground. Typical probe implant length is 0.15 to 0.3m, while the
diameter is commonly 12.5 mm (1/2 inch).
3. Avoid lateral movement of the rod once it is installed, as this will
create space for ambient air to enter the subsurface.
4. Use narrow flexible inert tubing to connect the implant to the
ground surface, typically 6mm (1/4 inch) diameter.
5. Coupling should be SwagelokTM compression fittings, barbed
fittings, or threaded fittings wrapped in Teflon® tape. Fittings
should be air-tight. If barbed fittings are used, push tubing over a
minimum of three barbs.
6. Place an air-tight valve or stopcock at surface of probe to
prevent atmospheric air from entering the probe.
3.4 SOIL VAPOUR PROBE DEVELOPMENT
When auger drilling or air rotary drilling are used to drill the borehole, development of the probe should
consist of the removal of one well volume (auger drilling) to several well volumes (air rotary). Mud
drilling should not be used when soil vapour probes are being installed.
Close the probe valve and allow the soil vapour concentrations around the probe to equilibrate prior to
sampling. Recommended wait times are:
• Driven probes -15 minutes
• Direct push borehole – 1 day
• Auger drilling – several days
• Air rotary drilling – several weeks
Prior to sample collection, conduct leak testing to confirm the absence of unacceptable leaks.
Take photograph of final installation(s) and record location(s) with relation to site features with
sufficient detail to be transferred to a drawing. Document the well construction.
Figure 3-2 Schematic of Sampling
through Rods/Driven Probes

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 9 of 17
3.5 FLOW AND VACUUM CHECK
For low permeability soils, confirm the proposed sampling flow rate is appropriate by completing a test
of flow rate and vacuum once the seals have set.
1. Connect a vacuum gauge to the top of the soil vapour probe using ¼” tubing.
2. Connect a flow-meter equipped with rotameter to the vacuum gauge, then connect the vacuum
pump to the rotameter.
3. Using the pump, withdraw soil gas at the proposed sampling rate (typically 20 to 100 mL/min).
4. Measure the vacuum at the desired flow rate for 2 to 3 minutes.
5. Vacuum levels less than 10 inches of water column (in. wc) are acceptable; vacuums over 10 in.
wc are not acceptable and indicate that flow rate, and possibly sampling technique, will have to be
modified.
6. If vacuum is much higher than expected, given the soil type, the probe may be plugged or
submerged below the capillary fringe.
When low flow conditions exist, an alternate procedure for sample collection, using a Summa®
canister, may include collection of a smaller aliquot of soil gas followed by a period of time for the
vacuum to dissipate. The process is repeated until approximately 800 mL of soil gas is collected in the
1-L Summa® canister.
Allow the vacuum generated during performance testing to dissipate before collecting a soil vapour
sample for analysis. This may take a few minutes to hours.
3.6 LEAK TESTING
A shut-in test may be used to check the tightness of all connections, fittings and other parts associated
with the sampling equipment. A tracer test is used to check the tightness of the probe construction as
well as the above-ground sampling equipment.
3.6.1 Shut-in Test
1. Assemble the equipment
2. Evacuate lines to a measured vacuum of 100 in wc. using a gas-tight syringe or sampling pump.
If a pump is used, close the valve and turn off the pump.
3. If constant vacuum pressure is maintained for 1 minute, it is alright to proceed. If there is
observable loss of vacuum, fitting will be retightened and the test repeated. Record results on
ESFF2.39 Leak Testing and Performance Testing of Soil Vapour Probes.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 10 of 17
3.6.2 Tracer Test
1. Construct a sampling enclosure (shroud) - typically an inverted bucket with sampling ports - of
sufficient size to cover the surface seal of the vapour well.
2. Connect a valve on the shroud to the valve from the vapour sample probe. Connect the other end
to an air sampling pump.

Figure 3-3 Schematic of Tracer Test Set Up
3. Connect the helium gas source to one of the valves on the shroud and fill the enclosure to at least
80% helium, measured with a helium detector. Rapid depletion of helium indicates that there is an
inadequate seal between the shroud and ground surface. Corrective measures are recommended
to avoid using a large quantity of helium trying to maintain the 80% helium concentration. If a
plastic sheet is used, it should not cover the well-head.
4. The concentration of helium in the evacuated air can be determined by attaching the helium
detector to the outlet tubing of the air sampling pump, or by pumping air into a tedlar bag and then
inserting the helium probe inside the bag.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 11 of 17
5. A helium percentage leakage of <1% is generally acceptable; a helium percentage of >10% is not.
The acceptability of leakage rates between 1 and 10% depends on the project-specific data quality
objectives and applicable regulatory guidance.
6. Check the oxygen concentration in the evacuated air, as high oxygen concentrations (greater than
20%) in evacuated air may indicate short circuiting.
3.7 PURGING
Leak testing and purging can be performed simultaneously. The space that needs to be purged
includes:
• empty space of tubing and probe (tube radius2*π*full length of tubing)
• void space of the sand pack (borehole radius2*π*depth of sandpack)
If purge volume is anticipated to be less than 50 mL, purging may be performed using a gas-tight
syringe.
The flow rate during purging will be approximately equivalent to the flow rate during sampling (typically
between 20 and 200 mL/min). Record purge data on ESFF2.40 Purging of Soil Vapour Probes.
3.8 COLLECTING SAMPLES USING SORBENT TUBES
The following steps should be taken when collecting vapour samples using sorbent tubes:
1. Be aware of the potential for saturation of sorbent media (“breakthrough”). If higher
concentrations are anticipated, consider collecting two samples over different sampling durations,
particularly if the sample is being collected in a remote area.
2. Collect the shorter duration sample first to minimize equilibration time between the first and
second sample, then collect the second, longer duration sample.
3. Analyze the longer duration sample; place the shorter duration sample on reserve with the
laboratory and analyze only if the breakthrough of the longer sample duration occurs. Since the
holding time for sorbent tubes is 14 days, also be aware of scheduling constraints.
4. When the samples are ready to be collected, cut off the ends of the sorbent tube using a clean
glass cutter wearing nitrile gloves. Cut the glass such that a 2 to 3 mm opening is created. Follow
proper health and safety protocols while cutting glass. Coated stainless steel sorbent tubes are
also available, in which case the caps simply need to be removed.
5. Connect the sorbent tube in-line between the probe and the pump (the sorbent tube should be
upstream of the pump).
6. Use flexible tubing to create an air-tight seal on the tube. Keep the flexible tubing short to avoid
sorption effects.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 12 of 17
7. Since sorbent tubes typically have a front and back section, connect them in the correct direction
(often the tubes have an airflow direction arrow).
8. Keep the tube vertical during sampling.
9. If using more than one type of sorbent tube in parallel, be sure that the sampling tubes are in the
correct location, as each side of the splitter is calibrated separately to the tube being used.
10. Once the sorbent tubes have been connected to the probe, open the valves of the sampling train
and turn on the pump.
a. Record the exact start time and stop time of the sample collection, and the pump identifier
number for each sorbent tube.
b. Record the final vacuum on the probe.
11. After sampling is complete, stop the pump and close the valves. Wearing nitrile gloves,
disconnect the sorbent tubes and place an air-tight cap on each end of the sampling tube. Label
the sample in accordance with direction provided by the Project Manager (labels should be kept
as small as possible since glues include VOCs) and place it in a protective case to prevent
breakage during shipping.
12. Hold time for sorbent tubes are typically 14 days.
13. For sorbent tubes, cool storage (4.0 °C) in sealed containers is recommended. Sorbent tubes
should be stored in a sealed plastic container containing a bed of activated carbon to minimize the
potential for adsorption of ambient VOCs.
14. All vapour samples should be transported in separate containers from soil and groundwater
samples and separate from pumps. Samples should be submitted to the analytical laboratory
undersigned chain-of-custody. Confirm that the laboratory will report the results in units of µg/m3.
15. Clean equipment at the end of the sampling event.
16. Turn pumps in for post-calibration. Calibration (pre and post) must be documented and kept in the
project file.
3.9 COLLECTING SAMPLE USING SUMMATM CANNISTERS
The following steps should be taken when collecting vapour samples using Summa canisters:
1. Prior to sampling, check the canister vacuum by attaching a vacuum gauge (usually supplied by
the laboratory) to the top of the canister 2. Prior to connecting the gauge, double check that the

2 Some laboratories provide a gauge that is attached to the flow controller. In this case, the sample collection begins
at the same time as the vacuum is checked. Be sure to attach the SummaTM canister to the vapour probe prior to
checking the vacuum. To check the vacuum, open the control knob and record the vacuum.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 13 of 17
control knob on the side of the canister is fully
closed. Using a wrench, remove the valve cap
on the top of the canister, and attach the
gauge. When attached correctly, it should not
be possible to turn the gauge assembly (follow
the laboratory instructions for tightening). After
taking the reading, close the control knob
tightly, and disconnect the gauge.
2. The canister vacuum should be between 25
and 29 inches Hg (be aware that gauges
supplied by laboratories are typically of low
accuracy, +/- inches Hg). If the vacuum is less
than 25 inches Hg, do not use.
3. After checking the vacuum, attach the
particulate filter and flow controller (unless it is
attached to the vacuum gauge), also using a
wrench. When attached correctly, it should not
be possible to turn the flow controller assembly.
4. When ready to sample, connect the SummaTM canister to the probe using airtight fittings. Open
the control knob on the side of the canister to begin sample collection and record the start time of
the sample collection.
5. After sampling is complete, check
the vacuum again. There should
be a residual vacuum left in the
canister that ideally is between 4
and 6 inches Hg. While the smaller
residual vacuums are acceptable,
there should be a residual vacuum
left in the canister.
6. Do not write on the SummaTM
canister; note the sample ID and
the canister serial number in field
notes and on chain-of-custody
forms. Place canisters within
secure packaging received from the
laboratory. Do not place canister in
a chilled cooler for transport since
volatiles may condense from the
vapour phase at lower
temperatures. Do not subject
samples to excessive heat.
Figure 3-4 Soil Vapour Sampling Schematic
Figure 3-5 Soil Vapour Sampling Schematic Diagram - DUPLICATE
Sampling

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 14 of 17
7. Canisters will be shipped via next-day air. Samples will be transported under chain-of-custody
protocol (including noting the final canister vacuums and serial numbers of the canisters and flow
controllers). Pre-field planning will prevent sample shipments from arriving at the laboratory
during weekends.
8. The vacuum should be measured upon receipt by the laboratory.
9. Hold time for SummaTM canister are typically between 14 and 30 days.
3.10 DECOMMISSIONING OF VAPOUR PROBES
3.10.1 Sub-slab Vapour Probes
Following the completion of the sub-slab sampling program, the probe hole should be sealed by filling
the probe hole with non-shrinking cement grout or other appropriate material in order to prevent soil
vapour from entering the building.
3.10.2 Soil Vapour Probes
Any applicable federal/provincial requirements for well decommissioning should be followed. In the
absence of regulatory guidance, the following general procedure may be used:
• Remove casing (or tubing) and cap. If it cannot be pulled out of the ground, cut it off 0.6m below
the ground surface.
• Fill the remaining casing (or hole if the casing has been removed) to 0.6m below the ground
surface with bentonite pellets or chips while tamping to prevent bridging of the chips or bentonite.
Confirm that the bentonite is saturated to provide and effective seal.
• Fill the remainder of the casing (or hole if the casing has been removed) with silica sand or
overburden material to the surface.
• If a hole was drilled in concrete, patch it with concrete grout.
3.11 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Take photographs of site conditions before any work is conducted and again just prior to leaving the
site to confirm the site was left in an appropriate state. The requirement for other photographs will be
determined by the Project Manager. After field work is completed, the project manager will determine
requirements like labelling and organization of photographs including things such as project number,
sample name and the date of the photograph, indexing and use of ESFF2.26 Photograph Log.

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 15 of 17
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the project manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project directory. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned
hard copy notes in the server project directory. If the local server is not backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy in another location (e.g., computer hard disk).
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name
• Field investigator's name
• Date and time of sample collection, type of probe sampled
• Sample number, location, and depth (note SummaTM canister and flow controller identifier)
• Purging method
• Flow rate, sampling rate
• Leak testing
• Start and end vacuum readings
• Helium measurements in shroud at start, 15 minutes, and or end of sampling
• Observations at the site
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that may affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions (including indoor and outdoor temperature)
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures.
• Location, description, and log of photographs

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 16 of 17
• References for all maps and photographs
• Information concerning sampling or scheduling changes, and any change orders
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions
• Signature and date by personnel responsible for observations
• Field equipment used
Where feasible, obtain temperature, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction and precipitation
data from three days prior to sampling up to the end of sampling.
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES2.01– Surface Soil Sampling
• SOP ES3.05 – Surveying
• SOP ES4.08 – Equipment Decontamination
• SOP ES4.02 – Sample Naming Protocol
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.07 – Field Instrument Calibration
• ESFF2.16 – Underground Utility Locate Request
• ESFF2.22 – Elevation Survey
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
• ESFF2.35 – Working Alone
• ESFF2.38 – Building Inspection and Occupant Survey
• ESFF2.39 – Leak Testing and Performance Testing of Soil Vapour Probes
• ESFF2.40 – Purging of Soil Vapour Probes
• ESFF2.41 – Pump Calibration (Vapour)
• ESFF2.42 – Soil Vapour / Indoor Air Sample Collection (Sorbent Tubes)

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: SOIL VAPOUR SAMPLING
SOP ES2.05
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 17 of 17
• ESFF2.43 – Soil Vapour / Indoor Air Sample Collection (Summa Canisters)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 1 of 11
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines the standard procedures for installing monitoring wells.
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm that RMS1 and RMS2 forms and all other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in,
updated and followed. Review applicable SWPs as required. Confirm that field staff have the
necessary training to complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Identify and obtain any required permits for activities such as working in a roadway or working near a
water body. For example, some jurisdictions may require a licensed well contractor, and/or a waste
generator registration for disposal of soil generated during borehole drilling activities.
Discuss the purpose of the monitoring well installation program and scope of work with the Project
Manager and review the proposal and all proposed monitoring well construction details.
If available, review site photos, field records, logs and cross sections from
previous on-site or nearby subsurface investigations to determine expected
water levels.
2.3 MONITORING WELL LAYOUT AND PROGRAM DETAILS
The locations of the monitoring wells will be determined based on the
locations of the boreholes (see SOP ES2.03 Environmental Borehole Drilling
and Soil Sampling and/or SOP ES2.04 Environmental Rock Coring and
Classification). The Project Manager should determine monitoring well
construction details (diameter, screen length, screen depth, sand pack
location, bentonite seal location, surface completion, etc.), prior to the
commencement of the field program. These monitoring well components are
illustrated on Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1 Schematic of Monitoring
Well
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 2 of 11
2.4 MONITORING WELL COMPONENTS
The following provides an overview of the components of a monitoring well. Details regarding each
component will be confirmed by the Project Manager.
2.4.1 Well Casings/Standpipes
The well casing will consist of new material and of a diameter as specified by the Project Manager.
For PVC well casing, only threaded, flush-joint, material will be used. Schedule 40 PVC is suitable for
depths less than 50 m. For depths greater than 50 m, Schedule 80 PVC well casing is recommended.
Heat-welded joints and/or gaskets or solvent based couplings are not to be used. The tops of all well
casings will be fitted with threaded plugs or J-caps, as per site requirements. Venting should be
provided to allow the wells to equilibrate with the atmosphere, unless they are interior monitoring wells
with potential vapour risks.
2.4.2 Well Screens
Well screen slot-size, length and placement are important design variables that should be discussed
with the Project Manager and/or Project Hydrogeologist before selecting a design; some
considerations affecting design are:
• The slot-size of the well screen should be determined based on anticipated drilling conditions and
needs to be confirmed prior to arrival on-site. Typically a 10 slot well screen is sufficient for most
monitoring purposes. For finer grained formations, the grain size of the sand pack can be
selected to try to reduce the turbidity of the well and migration of formation material during
sampling.
• Well design and spatial placement should not present a significant pathway for the vertical
migration of chemicals (i.e., should not install long well screens across multiple aquifer units).
• For comparability of water elevations, well screens should be in the same geologic unit.
• For determination of vertical hydraulic gradients, nested or clustered well screens should be
placed at a single location.
• Well screens intersecting the water table should account for seasonal fluctuations in water
elevations.
• Wells with water columns less than 1 m in length are more difficult to sample.
• Well screen placement should consider the texture of soil samples collected.
• The total borehole depth and static water level should be confirmed using the weighted tape
measure and water level meter prior to designing the well.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 3 of 11
Well screens will consist of new threaded PVC (or other material specified by the Project Manager)
with factory machined slots. The screen slot size will generally be No. 10 slot or as specified by the
Project Manager. The screen length of the monitoring wells will typically be 1.5 or 3.0 m, unless
otherwise required by the Project Manager. All screen bottoms will be fitted with a PVC flush or slip
cap.
2.4.3 Sand Pack
The grain size of the sand pack and type are important design variables that should be discussed with
the Project Manager and/or Project Hydrogeologist while planning the monitoring well installation. The
sand pack material for the monitoring wells will generally consist of silica sand or equivalent. The
primary filter pack material should consist of clean, rounded, sand (typically coarse-grained). The size
of the filter pack material should be selected based on the texture of the formation in which the well is
screened and the slot size of the well screen (see table below for general guidelines). The filter sands
should have a maximum of 2 percent passing through the screen slots. In addition, the filter sands
should be primarily siliceous in composition with less than 5 percent calcareous particles.
The sand pack should extend a minimum of 0.3 m above the top of the screened internal.
Typical Unconsolidated Aquifer
Material
Ideal Sand Pack
(effective size)
Medium to Coarse Sand No. 03
(1.6 to 2.0 mm)
Fine to Medium Sand No. 02
(1.0 to 1.5 mm)
Fine Sand No. 01
(0.8 to 1.2 mm)
Silt to Fine Sand and
heterogeneous material that
includes silt and/or clay
lenses/layers
No. 00
(0.4 to 0.5 mm)
Notes:
• General guidelines only, construction details for each individual well should be determined with the
Project Manager.
• All sand packs are applicable for a No. 10 slot screen. If using a different slot screen consult with
the Project Manager regarding appropriate sand pack size.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 4 of 11
2.4.4 Annular Seal
An annular seal shall be installed above the sand pack in the monitoring wells. The seal will consist of
a layer of commercially available bentonite pellets or chips that is approximately 0.3 m to 0.5 m thick
as measured immediately after placement, without allowance for swelling. Bentonite slurry seals will
be used when bentonite pellets or chips cannot be placed in the annulus (deeper wells) and the slurry
should have a thick batter-like consistency. Slurry seals will be emplaced using the tremie method
above the sand pack and will have a maximum placement thickness of 1.5 m. If bentonite pellets or
chips are used, about 4 litres of water (of known chemistry) per 0.3 m of pellets or chips will be added
as needed to initiate hydration of the bentonite if no water is present in the well at time of installation.
2.4.5 Cement/Bentonite Grout
The annular space between the PVC well casing and the boring wall will be grouted from the top of the
bentonite seal. The grout mixture will consist of high-yield bentonite grout in proportions specified by
the Project Manager. The grout will be prepared in an above-ground rigid container by first thoroughly
mixing the high-yield bentonite with water and then, if appropriate, mixing in cement. Typically cement
is not used to seal PVC wells due to the heat released during curing.
Grout will be placed in the well annulus with a tremie pipe. The grout will be pumped through the pipe
which will be pulled up incrementally until the required depth has been reached. All grout will be
pumped into place. Manual placement of grout will not be permitted.
2.4.6 Backfill
The use of drill cuttings to backfill boreholes or the annular space between well casing and the
borehole wall is generally not allowed and should be discussed with the Project Manager. It should
also be noted that some jurisdictions prohibit the use of cuttings as backfill.
2.4.7 Surface Seal
The surface seal will depend upon whether a flush or above ground completion is required. The type
of completion will be specified by the Project Manager. Note that in some jurisdictions flush mounted
wells are not allowed.
For either type of well casing installation, following the placement of the backfill, the boring diameter of
the upper 0.4 m may be filled with concrete. The concrete will consist of a cement and sand mix.
2.4.7.1 Ground Surface (Flush) Completion
During placement of the concrete surface seal, a water tight maintenance hole shall be imbedded in
the concrete. Maintenance holes installed on paved surfaces will be completed flush, while those
installed on unpaved areas will be completed with a slight mound above the ground surface. A locking
water-tight security plug (i.e., J-plug) will be installed on top of the PVC riser. A metal well tag or label
identifying the well will be placed inside the flush maintenance holes by the licensed well contractor or
by Stantec field staff.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 5 of 11
2.4.7.2 Above Ground Completion
A protective steel casing with a lockable steel cap shall be installed over the monitoring well casing
that projects above the ground surface. The protective casing will be placed about 0.5 m below the
ground surface, leaving about 0.7 m above ground (with well casing having been cut to a length to
take this in=to account). Additional measures may need to be taken to stop casing settlement or frost
heaving. In some locations, it may be necessary to install bollards to protect the integrity of the
monitoring well. If required, at least three steel or concrete bollards will be installed around the wells
with above-ground completions. The bollards will be located radially from the well casing at a distance
of approximately 1.0 m. They will be founded approximately 0.75 m BGS and extend a minimum of
0.5 m above the ground surface. In areas of high vegetation, the protective casings will be flagged.
The top of the standpipe should be a maximum of 0.1 m below the top of the steel casing to allow for
water level measurements.
2.5 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.5.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable HSE Forms
• All necessary permits and approvals
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Site plan with relevant site features, ground surface elevation and proposed monitoring well
locations.
• Any relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
2.5.2 Consumables
• Well Materials (PVC pipe, caps;/plugs, sand, bentonite, protective casing, concrete)*
• Distilled water
• Paper towels or Kimwipes
• Latex or nitrile gloves
• Padlock
*Materials usually supplied by drilling contractor
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 6 of 11
2.5.3 Non-consumables
Confirm all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ERFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations and fill in and submit the Technical Recovery Form to confirm that equipment costs
are appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task is
identified below:
• Camera
• GPS
• Computer
• Weighted measuring tape and/or measuring wheel
• Battery-operated water level meter
• Survey gear
• Traffic control equipment including safety cones/ribbon etc.
• Photoionization Detector (e.g., MiniRAE)
• Combustible Vapor Analyzer (GastechtorTM or RKI Eagle)
• Waterproof permanent marker
• Hacksaw and / or down-hole well cutter
• Calculator
3 FIELD PROCEDURES
3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
1. Before any monitoring well installation begins, non-dedicated equipment shall be decontaminated
in accordance with SOP ES4.08 Equipment Decontamination.
2. If dedicated equipment is used, it should come in polyethylene wrap prior to use.
3. Daily review and discussion of field forms with the Project Manager or Project Hydrogeologist.
4. Sign off on all field forms once reviewed for completeness.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 7 of 11
5. Review of completed borehole logs and comparison with Water Well Record to confirm
consistency.
3.2 MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION
Borehole completion shall be undertaken in accordance with applicable local, state / provincial and/or
federal requirements. Upon completion of boreholes the following steps should be taken when
installing monitoring wells:
1. Complete top section of ESFF2.21 Borehole - Monitoring Well - Drive-Point - Test Pit Completion
Details.
2. Keep track of borehole ID and location using GPS instrument.
3. Measure depth of completed boring using a weighted tape.
4. It is assumed that well materials arrive at the site in an uncontaminated condition and protected
with factory-wrapping. All personnel that handle the well casing will wear a new clean pair of latex
or nitrile gloves.
5. Measure each joint of casing, screen, and end cap to the nearest 0.01 m.
6. Assemble screen and casing as it is lowered into the boring. Attach stainless steel centralizers if
required (as per instructions from the Project Manager) for deep wells.
7. Lower screen and casing into hole, until the assembly is about 0.15 m above the bottom of the
boring. In borings drilled to the surface of the bedrock, the end cap will be set at the bedrock
surface.
8. Record level of top of casing and screened interval. Adjust screen interval by raising assembly to
desired interval, if necessary, otherwise add 0.15 m of sand to raise the bottom of the boring to the
base of the end cap.
9. Calculate and record the volume of the sand pack, bentonite seal, and backfill and/or grout
required for existing boring conditions.
10. Begin adding filter pack sand around the annulus of the casing in 1.5 m increments. Repeated
depth soundings shall be taken during placement to monitor the level of the sand. A tremie pipe
should be used for deeper well installations.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 8 of 11
11. Allow sufficient time for the filter sand to settle through the water column outside the casing (if
present) before measuring the sand level.
12. Extend the filter pack sand to about 0.3 m to 0.5 m above the top of the well screen, or as directed
by the Project Manager.
13. Temporary casing or hollow stem augers should be removed as the filter pack is placed. Care
should be exercised to avoid bridging the filter sands inside of the casing or augers. Bridging can
be limited by plumbing the top of the filter pack frequently using a weighted tape measure as the
casing or augers are slowly raised. The casing or augers should not be withdrawn faster than the
filter pack is installed.
14. Following sand filter pack placement, install a 0.3 m to 0.5 m thick bentonite seal on top of the
sand filter. Slowly add the bentonite pellets or chips to avoid bridging. The completed bentonite
seal shall be allowed to hydrate for approximately 10 minutes.
15. If the bentonite seal is above the water table, add water to hydrate (4 L per 0.3 m of pellets).
16. Add a 0.3 m thick layer of sand to facilitate identifying the top of the bentonite seal.
17. Backfill the annular space using a combination of bentonite pellets or bentonite grout as the
augers are pulled. Repeated depth soundings shall be taken to monitor the level of backfilling and
detect possible bridging. The final level of backfilling should be approximately 1.0 m below ground
surface.
18. After the backfilling, the surface seal will be installed using concrete or bentonite pellets.
19. Following the installation of the monitoring well, the elevation of the ground surface and top of well
casing (i.e., PVC pipe, not the protective casing), shall be surveyed and a survey mark installed on
the well casing to indicate the reference point of the well for future water level monitoring.
20. Where required by regulations, a well tag or identification plate will be installed on the completed
well by the drilling contractor.
Tips:
• PVC cements, solvents or lubricants shall not be used in the construction of wells.
• For deeper wells (e.g., 20 m or more), a stainless steel centralizer may be attached to the
lowermost length of riser pipe to position the well in the center of the borehole; however, the
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 9 of 11
weighted measuring tape can get caught on the centralizer when plumbing the top of the filter
pack material and for this reason, centralizers tend not to be used.
• Well materials are lowered through the hollow stem augers or drill rods/casings, which are left in
place to prevent the borehole from collapsing.
• A finer-textured, secondary filter pack, 0.15 m to 0.30 m thick, may be installed above the primary
filter pack if the bentonite seal will be installed using a bentonite slurry (as opposed to granular
chips or pellets).
3.3 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs should be taken of site conditions before any work is conducted and again just prior to
leaving the site to confirm the site was left in an appropriate state. The requirement for other
photographs will be determined by the Project Manager. After field work is completed, requirements
like labelling and organization of photographs including things such as project number, sample name
and the date of the photograph, indexing and use of ESFF2.26 Photograph Log, will be determined by
the Project Manager.
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the Project Manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project directory. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned
hard copy notes in the server project directory. If the local server is not backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy in another location (e.g., computer hard disk).
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name, project number and task number(s)
• Field investigator's name
• Monitoring Well number
• Datum
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 10 of 11
• Driller and company affiliation
• Drilling equipment and method
• Date started and completed (month/day/year)
• Completion Depth
• Borehole diameter
• The type and amount of well materials used, depths of placement, confirmatory measurements,
and well stick-up should be documented on ESFF2.21 Borehole - Monitoring Well - Drive Point -
Test Pit Completion Details
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that may affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures.
• Location, description, and log of photographs
• References for all maps and photographs
• Information concerning installation changes or scheduling modification, and any change orders
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions
• Signature and date by personnel responsible for observations
• Field equipment used
• Review of Water Well Record provided by drillers to confirm it is consistent with details collected in
the field
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES2.03 – Environmental Borehole Drilling and Soil Sampling
• SOP ES2.04 – Environmental Rock Coring and Classification
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
INSTALLATION
SOP ES3.01
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 14, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 11 of 11
• SOP ES3.03– Monitoring Well Development
• SOP ES3.04– Borehole/Monitoring Well Abandonment
• SOP ES3.01 – Monitoring Well Installation
• SOP ES3.05 – Surveying
• SOP ES4.08 – Equipment Decontamination
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.07 – Field Instrument Calibration
• ESFF2.21 – Borehole - Monitoring Well - Drive Point - Test Pit Completion Details
• ESFF2.23 – Headspace Measurement
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

1 of 9
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines the standard operating procedures for monitoring well development.
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm that RMS1 and RMS2 forms and all other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in,
updated and followed. Review applicable SWPs as required. Confirm field staff has the necessary
training to complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Identify and obtain any required permits for activities such as working in a roadway or working near a
water body. For example, some jurisdictions may require a licensed well contractor, and/or a waste
generator registration for disposal of water generated during monitoring well development activities.
Discuss the purpose of the monitoring well development program and scope of work with the Project
Manager. Review the proposal and all proposed monitoring well locations.
Review monitoring well construction details, and if available (e.g., when wells are being redeveloped),
review field records from previous sampling rounds to determine expected well yield, static water level,
presence/absence of free phase product, etc. The Project Manager should determine the
development protocols (volume of groundwater to be removed, disposal methodology, etc.).
2.3 DEVELOPMENT WATER STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
The methods to be used to address development water removed from the monitoring well must be
determined by the Project Manager, in consultation with the Client and/or property owner, and in
consideration of any permit/license conditions, prior to commencing the program. If required, this plan
could include storing the water in 45 gallon drums for testing and/or later off-site disposal, or discharge
to surface. If separate phase liquid (LNAPL or DNAPL) is present or if impacts are known, the purge
water must be contained for subsequent disposal. If there is LNAPL or DNAPL present in the well or
within the purged water, a sample of water should not be collected for laboratory analysis unless the
purpose is for product characterization. If water quality is not impacted (consistent with background
water quality at the site) and if turbidity and/or sediment are low, water could be discharged to a
permeable surface prior to infiltration. If well development is anticipated to generate significant
quantities of water, provisions for erosion and sediment control should be considered to prevent
mobilization of sediments and subsequent transport into receiving waterbodies. Discuss with the
Project Manager the required handling of purge water for the given site conditions.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

2 of 9
2.4 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.4.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable HSE Forms
• All necessary permits and approvals
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Site plan with relevant monitoring well locations
• Any relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
2.4.2 Consumables
• Delrin™ or stainless steel Waterra™ foot valves
• Polyethylene tubing
• Polyethylene or Teflon bailer, nylon rope
• Distilled water
• Paper towels or Kimwipes
• Latex or nitrile gloves
• Waterproof permanent markers
• Decontamination supplies
2.4.3 Non-consumables
Confirm that all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ESFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm that you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations and fill in and submit the Technical Recovery Form to confirm that equipment costs
are appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task is
identified below:
• Camera
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

3 of 9
• GPS
• Computer
• Traffic control equipment including safety cones/ribbon etc.
• Flow-through cell
• pH meter
• Eh meter
• Specific conductance meter
• Turbidity meter
• Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) meter
• Water level meter
• Thermometer (non-mercury)
• Interface probe
• Graduated bucket
• Calculator
• Mechanical purging equipment
3 FIELD PROCEDURES
3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
The following QA/QC procedures apply to well development.
• All monitoring equipment (e.g., meters) should be calibrated in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
• To reduce the potential for cross-contamination, non-dedicated equipment shall be
decontaminated in accordance with SOP ES4.08 Equipment Decontamination.
• If dedicated equipment is used, it should be wrapped in polyethylene prior to use.
• Sign off on all field forms once reviewed for completeness.
• Daily review and discussion of field forms with the Project Manager or Project Hydrogeologist.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

4 of 9
3.2 MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT
3.2.1 Calculation of Development Volume
The following steps should be taken to calculate the development volume (casing volume) for each
well, to be used in subsequent sections:
1. Measure the depth to water in the well from a fixed measuring point. Make sure that this
measuring point is marked on the well casing.
2. Measure the total depth of the well from the same measuring point.
3. Calculate the height of water in the well casing by subtracting the depth to water from depth to the
base of the well.
Calculate the number of litres of water corresponding to one casing volume by using the diameter,
total depth, and a measurement of the static water level in the well using the formula shown on
ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging. For a 50 mm (2 inch) diameter well one casing volume is
equivalent to the height of water in the well multiplied by a factor of 2 L/m.
3.2.2 Development
The following steps should be taken to develop each well:
1. Complete top section of ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging.
2. Confirm monitoring well number.
3. Complete a monitoring well inspection and document on ESFF2.03 Well Condition Inspection.
4. Before development begins, a small volume of groundwater from the surface of the groundwater
table should be recovered and inspected for free hydrocarbon product sheens and the possible
presence of hydrocarbon odors. If there are no LNAPLs present, the presence of DNAPLs should
be investigated by lowering a bailer to the bottom of the well. These observations should be
recorded. If there are other potential contaminants, this should have been noted by the Project
Manager and appropriate inspection should be carried out by the field personnel. The Project
Manager should indicate what criteria are to be used for determining the discharge point of the
development water. If there is any free hydrocarbon product (LNAPL and/or DNAPL), the well
should not be developed.
5. Measure and record initial water quality parameters (Eh, pH, specific conductance, ORP,
temperature, and turbidity). Check field values to verify that they are within expected ranges for
the given site. Should anomalous measurements be identified, contact the Project Manager to
discuss procedures for disposal of the purged water.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

5 of 9
6. Development should take place across the entire screened interval in the monitoring well and
should continue for 10 well volumes until the water removed from the well is as clear of sediment
as is practical or until the well is dry. Refer to Section 3.2.1 above for calculation of well volume.
7. If water was added to the borehole during drilling, at least 3 times the volume of water added will
be removed, in addition to the 10 well volumes. If the well does not provide sufficient yield to
remove 10 well volumes, it should be pumped dry and allowed to recover 3 times.
8. In addition, development should continue until the water removed from the well is as clear of
sediment as is practical and three consecutive readings within 10% of pH/electrical conductivity
(EC) is achieved.
9. Measure and record the water quality parameters following the removal of each well volume. If
there is sufficient flow, the Project Manager may require field parameters to be measured using a
flow-through cell.
10. The results of all field measurements of water quality parameters, observations of physical
appearance of the purged water, volume removed, pumping rate and pump intake location are
recorded on ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging.
11. The site should be cleared of all debris and waste generated during purging prior to leaving.
Tips:
• Automated pumps such as a Waterra™ Hydrolift II, a Grundfos Redi-Flo 2, a Whale submersible
pump or a Masterflex peristaltic pump can facilitate developing and purging activities and, in the
case of the Hydrolift II or the peristaltic pumps, may permit sampling.
• Mechanical purging methods should be considered with deeper monitoring wells that have a low
static water level to avoid the potential for a repetitive stress injury due to the heavy weight of
water within the WatterraTM tubing.
• Pump placement within the well is dependent on well yield. Proper pump placement allows proper
well development. Initially, the pump is placed at the bottom of the well screen. In wells that can
yield water at rates exceeding about 4 Lpm (1 gpm), the pump is slowly raised through the column
of water in the well such that the pump is located at the top of the water column after
approximately two casing volumes have been removed. In wells that can yield water at rates less
than about 2 Lpm (0.5 gpm), the pump is placed at the bottom of the well during development and
the water level is drawn down in the well as development proceeds.
• Surge blocks enhance well development by creating a piston-like action that alternately forces
water to flow out of the well (downstroke) and into the well (upstroke). Water forced out of the well
effectively backwashes the formation and loosens bridges in the formation or filter pack. Water
pulled into the well dislodges fine-grained material in the filter pack, which can be then be purged
from the well.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

6 of 9
• Surge blocks should be sized to be within 6 mm of the inside diameter of the well casing because
anything much smaller than the casing diameter would not create a good piston-like action.
• If surging is performed within the screen, care should be taken to avoid “sandlocking” the surge
block. Sandlocking occurs when the fine-grained material accumulates around the surge block
preventing further movement of the equipment.
• It is recommended that surging begin above the well screen (depending upon the water level
within the well) with gentle surging movement. As development proceeds, the surge block can be
gradually lowered into the screened interval and the surging movement can be increased. If initial
development is too vigorous, the well could collapse due to the creation of a significant pressure
differential. Similarly, surging should not be attempted if the screened interval is completely
plugged or if the well is dry.
• Bailers are not the preferred method for well development because their use can be time
consuming and labour intensive; however, their use may be appropriate under certain conditions.
Bailers are generally used when a well is not expected to yield much water or if the column of
water inside the well is less than about 0.6 m. In both cases, there would likely be insufficient
water to permit water to fill and discharge from the tubing.
• If flow appears to decrease while pumping with the Waterra™, the foot valve may be clogged with
silt. The following procedure can be used to restore the foot valve:
− Pull tubing out of the monitoring well and either place it on a clean tarp or into a plastic
garbage bag. Do not allow tubing to contact the ground surface to avoid contamination
− Remove foot valve and tap to remove silt
− Reinstall Waterra™ tubing into the monitoring well
• If the head of water in the tubing is decreasing, there may be a foreign object caught in the foot
valve that is preventing it from closing. Follow the procedure described above to attempt to
remove the obstruction.
• If the tubing drops into the monitoring well below the top of the casing, several methods exist to
attempt to retrieve the tubing, as follows:
− Gently push end of water level tape into the tubing - there should be enough friction to pull the
tubing up enough to reach with your hand
− If the top of the tubing is greater than 0.1 m below the top of the casing, use a bent wire coat
hanger to fish the tubing
− If the top of the tubing is greater than 1 m below the top of the casing attach an appropriate
length of tubing to a wood dowel to extend the reach, or
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

7 of 9
− If the top of the tubing is greater than 5 m below the top of the casing, try to attach a die tap
instrument to an appropriate length of tubing. Attempt to screw die tap into top of tubing.
• If the tubing has been folded over and has dropped into the monitoring well below the top of the
casing, a piece of stiff wire (such as a coat hanger) with one end bent into a hook, can be used to
“fish” the tubing out of the well.
3.3 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs should be taken of site conditions before any work is conducted and again just prior to
leaving the site to confirm the site was left in an appropriate state. The requirement for other
photographs will be determined by the Project Manager.
After field work is completed, requirements like labelling and organization of photographs including
things such as project number, sample name and the date of the photograph, indexing and use of
ESFF2.26 Photograph Log, will be determined by the Project Manager.
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the Project Manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project directory. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned
hard copy notes in the server project directory. If the local server is not backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy in another location (e.g., computer hard disk).
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name, project number and task number(s)
• Field investigator's name
• Monitoring Well number
• Well condition
• Depth to groundwater, depth of monitoring well
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

8 of 9
• Calculated well volume
• LNAPL and DNAPL observations
• Initial groundwater field chemistry (pH, Eh, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, ORP,
temperature, turbidity)
• Number of well volumes removed, and removal methodology
• Groundwater field chemistry during removal
• Description of physical appearance of development water removed from the well
• How development water was disposed (i.e. allowed to naturally infiltrate surrounding vegetation,
collected in drums, etc.)
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that may affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures.
• Location, description, and log of photographs
• References for all maps and photographs
• Information concerning sampling or scheduling changes, and any change orders
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions
• Signature and date by personnel responsible for observations
• Field equipment used
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES4.01 – Monitoring Well Fluid Level Measurements
• SOP ES4.08 – Equipment Decontamination
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: MONITORING WELL
DEVELOPMENT
SOP ES3.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

9 of 9
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.03 – Well Condition Inspection
• ESFF2.04 – Water Levels
• ESFF2.05 – Monitoring Water / Product Levels and Vapour Concentrations
• ESFF2.07 – Field Instrument Calibration
• ESFF2.08 – Well Development / Purging
• ESFF2.24 – Drum Tracking
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
• ESFF2.35 – Working Alone
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 1 of 14
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines the standard procedures for collecting groundwater samples from monitoring
wells.
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm that RMS1 and RMS2 forms and all other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in,
updated and followed. Review applicable SWPs as required. Confirm that field staff has the
necessary training to complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Identify and obtain any required permits for activities such as working in a roadway or working near a
water body.
Discuss the purpose of the groundwater sampling program and scope of work with the Project
Manager and review all proposed sampling locations.
If available, review site photos, field records, monitoring well records for well construction details.
If available, review field records from previous sampling rounds to determine expected static water
level, expected purge volume, and presence/absence of free phase product, etc.
2.3 GROUNDWATER SAMPLING LAYOUT AND PROGRAM DETAILS
The proposed groundwater sampling locations (monitoring wells) should be marked on a site plan or
map. GPS coordinates can be determined and loaded into a GPS unit of sufficient accuracy to locate
the monitoring wells, or sampling locations can be determined relative to known reference points
(locations should have been determined in accordance with SOP ES3.01Monitoring Well Installation,
during well construction).
The Project Manager should determine parameters for sample analysis and sample preservation prior
to the commencement of the sampling program along with the need for, and the type of, QA/QC
samples that will be collected at a site. Sample naming convention will be determined by the Project
Manager in accordance with the SOP ES4.02 Sample Naming Protocol.
Coordinate with the laboratory to understand the sample hold times, required preservatives, sample
filtration requirements, and sample drop off locations.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 2 of 14
2.4 PURGE WATER STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
The methods to be used to address purge water removed from the monitoring well must be
determined by the Project Manager, in consultation with the Client and/or property owner, and in
consideration of any permit/license conditions, prior to commencing the program. If required, this plan
could include storing the water in 45 gallon drums for testing and/or later off-site disposal, or discharge
to surface. If separate phase liquid (LNAPL or DNAPL) is present or if impacts known, the purge
water must be contained for subsequent disposal. If there is LNAPL or DNAPL present in the well or
within the purged water, a sample should not be collected for laboratory analysis unless the purpose is
for product characterization.
2.5 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.5.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable HSE Forms
• All necessary permits and approvals
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Site plan with relevant site features and monitoring well locations.
• Any relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
• Chain of custody form
2.5.2 Consumables
• Delrin™ or stainless steel Waterra™ foot valves;
• Polyethylene tubing
• Polyethylene or Teflon bailer, nylon rope
• Clean tarp or plastic sheeting
• In line filters
• Calibration solutions
• Distilled water
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 3 of 14
• Paper towels or Kimwipes
• Laboratory-supplied sample containers
• Laboratory-supplied preservatives, where applicable
• Ice
• Field forms (refer to Section 5.2)
• Chain of Custody form(s)
2.5.3 Non-consumables
Confirm that all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ERFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm that you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations and fill in and submit the Technical Recovery Form to confirm that equipment costs
are appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task is
identified below:
• Camera
• GPS
• Computer
• Flow-through cell
• pH meter
• Specific conductance meter
• Redox potential (Eh) meter
• Turbidity meter
• Dissolved oxygen kit, including bottles and reagents
• Thermometer (non-mercury)
• Battery-operated water level meter and/or interface meter
• Keys and tools to access wells, as necessary
• Graduated bucket (e.g., 20 L pail)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 4 of 14
• Waterproof permanent marker
• Cooler(s)
3 FIELD PROCEDURES
3.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
The following QA/QC procedures apply to groundwater sampling:
• To reduce the potential for cross-contamination, non-dedicated equipment shall be
decontaminated in accordance with SOP ES4.08 - Equipment Decontamination
• To reduce the potential for cross-contamination, nitrile gloves should be changed at each new
sampling location.
• All meters shall be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions
• QA/QC samples will be collected during groundwater sampling. Field QA/QC samples are
designed to help identify potential sources of external sample contamination and evaluate
potential error introduced by sample collection and handling. The need for and type of QA/QC
samples will be determined by the Project Manager. QA/QC samples will be assigned an
identification number, stored in an iced cooler, and shipped to the laboratory with the other
samples
• QA/QC samples may consist of one or more of the following (other QA/QC samples may be
required on a project-specific basis):
o A trip blank is a bottle of laboratory supplied organic-free water that is brought to the field,
never opened and shipped back to the laboratory with the other samples. One trip blank
should be sent with each cooler containing water samples to be analyzed for parameters
determined by Project Manager
o A field blank is a laboratory supplied sample bottle that is filled with laboratory supplied
organic free water. This bottle is brought to each well and opened and closed to simulate
sampling. One field blank should be sent with each cooler containing water samples to be
analyzed for parameters determined by Project Manager
o A duplicate sample will be collected at the same time as the initial sample. The initial sample
bottles for a particular parameter or set of parameters will be filled first, followed by the
duplicate sample bottles for the same parameter(s), and so on until all necessary sample
bottles for both the initial sample and the duplicate sample have been filled
• Duplicate samples should be named in accordance with the SOP ES4.02 Sample Naming
Protocol.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 5 of 14
• Duplicates should be preferentially selected from impacted locations rather than “clean” locations.
This will allow meaningful evaluations of data precision to be conducted
• Typical collection frequency for field duplicates is: <5 samples = 0; 5-10 samples = 1; and greater
than >10 samples = 10%.
• Sign off on all field forms once reviewed for completeness.
• Daily review and discussion of field forms with the Project Manager or Project Hydrogeologist.
3.2 MONITORING WELL PURGING
The following steps should be taken to purge each well:
1. Complete top section of ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging.
2. Confirm monitoring well number.
3. Complete a monitoring well inspection and document on ESFF2.03 Well Condition Inspection.
4. Measure headspace vapor in the monitoring well using an organic vapor analyzer.
5. Measure and record initial water level in accordance with SOP ES4.01 Monitoring Well Fluid Level
Measurement.
6. Determine the presence or absence of LNAPL and DNAPL (if suspected) using a battery operated
interface meter in accordance with SOP ES4.01 Monitoring Well Fluid Level Measurement. A
disposable bailer can be used to assess the presence or absence of LNAPL or DNAPL. A bailer
with a double check valve or equivalent is necessary to assess the presence of DNAPL at the
base of the monitoring well.
7. Measure the total depth of the well.
8. Calculate the volume of water contained in the well by using the diameter, total depth, and a
measurement of the static water level in the well using the formula shown on ESFF2.08 Well
Development / Purging.
9. Measure and record initial water quality parameters (Eh, pH, specific conductance, temperature
and turbidity).
10. Purging should be conducted until 3 to 5 well volumes are purged from the well. In a properly
developed well, the water quality parameters of three successive readings are within ±0.1 pH
units, ±3% for specific conductance, ±10 mV for ORP, and ±10% for turbidity and DO. Ideally, the
well will not be purged below the top of the screened interval; however, given that many wells are
screened across the water table to facilitate monitoring of LNAPL, the static water levels may not
be above the top of the screened interval. In this case, the wells would preferably not be purged
dry to avoid aeration of the sample or the potential loss of volatile compounds.
11. Purging should be halted if the water level drops below the midpoint of the well screen. If a well is
pumped to the well screen midpoint or dry, then the following actions are recommended based on
the well response:
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 6 of 14
a. if a well pumps to midpoint of the screen or dry during purging and the water level
recovers to static conditions within about 1 hour, then purging should be conducted until
the water quality parameters stabilize to within ± 10 percent of the last measurement
(typically 3 - 5 casing volumes)
b. if a well pumps to midpoint of the screen or dry during purging and the water level
recovers to within about 80% of the static condition in less than 8 hours, the well should
be evacuated again at least once before sampling is performed
c. if the water level does not recover after 24 hours, samples will be collected the next day or
once the well recovers sufficiently to permit sampling
12. Measure and record the water quality parameters following the removal of each casing volume. If
there is sufficient flow, the Project Manager may require pH and Eh to be measured using the
flow-through cell.
13. The results of all field measurements of water quality parameters, observations of physical
appearance of the purged water, volume removed, pumping rate and pump intake location are
recorded on ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging.
14. The site should be cleared of all debris and waste generated during purging prior to leaving.
Tips:
• A purging rate that minimizes drawdown should be used since excessive drawdown distorts
natural groundwater flow and could potentially cause migration of contaminants into a well that
were not originally present at that screened interval.
• Try to avoid drawing the water level below the top of the screened interval to limit the introduction
of air, soil gas, and bacteria.
• If a bailer is used, make an effort not to drop the bailer into the well as this will cause degassing of
the water upon impact.
• If the natural flow of water through the filter pack is not deemed sufficient to keep the filter pack
flushed, then the volume of water to be purged may need to include the water stored in the filter
pack.
• In deep wells where large volumes of water would need to be purged, low flow or micro-purging
methods should be considered.
3.3 GROUNDWATER SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.3.1 Inertial Lift Pump
1. Complete top section of ESFF 2.09 Sample Collection Record for COC Preparation and SIF
Check.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 7 of 14
2. If sampling does not immediately follow purging, measure and record initial water quality
parameters (Eh, pH, specific conductance, temperature and turbidity).
3. If the well has been pumped to midpoint of the screen or dry prior to sampling, at the time of
sampling, water from the top of the column should be removed until approximately 1 m of water
remains above the midpoint of the well screen (if possible). The sample should be collected at
this point.
4. Sampling should progress from the well that is expected to be least contaminated to the well that
is expected to be most contaminated to minimize the potential for cross-contamination. Unless a
sample is to be collected for product characterization, a sample should not be collected from wells
that contain LNAPL or DNAPL.
5. Collect samples as soon as possible after the well has been purged to reduce the potential for
degassing of the formation water.
6. Groundwater samples are collected by direct transfer, without agitation, from the pumping system
to the appropriate pre-labeled containers (the use of bailers is addressed in the tips below).
7. Samples should be collected and placed into containers according to the volatility of the target
analytes. The preferred collection order for some of the common groundwater analytes is as
follows:
a. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and toxic organic compounds (TOX), including
bezene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) and Petroleum Hydrocarbon (PHC)
Fraction 1 (F1)
b. Dissolved gases and TOC
c. Extractable organics (e.g., PHC F2)
d. Semi VOCs (SVOCs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PHC F3
e. Phenols
f. PHC F4
g. Bacteria and microscopic particulates
h. General chemistry (major cations and anions)
i. Nutrients
j. Metals and cyanide
8. Samples collected for analysis of dissolved metals should be field filtered using a 0.45 micron
cellulose-acetate filter. Some in-line filters are equipped with barbs that fit directly into standard
13 mm (½ in.) diameter polyethylene tubing. If the filter is not so equipped, a short length of 9.5
mm (⅜ in.) diameter tubing is required. If there is a sufficient volume of water available, the filter
can be conditioned by pumping about 1 L of water through the filter prior to filling the sample
bottles.
9. Field filtration is preferable if dissolved metals are to be measured. In this event, it is
recommended that two sets of samples for general chemistry be collected (one filtered and one
unfiltered). This should be discussed with the Project Manager.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 8 of 14
10. Samples collected for analysis of organic constituents should not be field filtered.
11. The procedure for the collection of field duplicates is discussed in Section 3.1.
12. Measure and record the water quality field parameters following sample collection. If a field
replicate is to be collected, then the water quality parameters should be measured and recorded
after the collection of the field replicate as well. If there is sufficient flow, the Project Manager may
require pH and Eh to be measured using the flow-through cell
13. A sample for DO titration may also be collected for each groundwater sample collected (including
field replicates). Preservation of the DO sample(s) should be completed in the field using the
azide modification of the Winkler method (APHA, 2006).
14. The Chain-of-Custody form should be completed in full, including the appropriate Stantec or client
PO or quotation number.
15. The site should be cleared of all debris and waste generated during sampling prior to leaving.
16. Applicable Transportation of Dangerous Goods paperwork shall be completed prior to sample
transport, if necessary.
Tips
• There are two common procedures by which to collect samples for the analysis of VOCs while
reducing the potential for losses due to volatilization:
o Hold the tubing upright and oscillate slowly until the water discharges from the top of the
tubing and no air bubbles are left. Pull approximately 1 m of tubing from the well and allow the
water to cascade into the vial without letting the tubing to come into contact with the vial itself.
Repeat this step for each vial to be filled. It is common practice to fold any tubing that extends
out beyond the top of the well casing back into the well. Unfortunately, this causes the tubing
to kink and become perforated. The perforation will introduce air to the sample; therefore, this
length of tubing should be cut off. If an additional length of tubing is needed, it is suggested
that 13mm (½ in) OD tubing be fitted into the standard Waterra™ tubing.
o Slide approximately 2.15 m (7 feet) of narrow (6 mm (¼ inch) OD x 2.4 m (8 feet)) VOC
sampling tube into the standard polyethylene tubing leaving about 0.3 m (1 foot) protruding
from the end. Oscillate the pumping assembly until water discharges from both tubes.
Pumping can be stopped and water will cease to flow from the standard tubing but will
continue to flow from the VOC tubing (the VOC tubing operates as a siphon). The flow from
the narrow VOC tubing, which is steady and laminar, can then be directed into the sample
vials.
• Bailers are not the preferred method for groundwater sample collection because, among other
things, the transfer of water from the bailer to a sample container may significantly alter the
chemistry of the groundwater due to degassing, volatilization or aeration/oxidation. If a bailer is
used, (generally necessitated by low yield or low volume wells), then it is preferable to use a
bottom-emptying device that allows the water to drain slowly into the sample container.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 9 of 14
• Bailers are a good means to collect LNAPL and DNAPL samples.
• Ideally, sample collection should be at the same rate as the actual groundwater flow rate (this is
typically not accurately known so a low sampling rate of less than 0.5 Lpm is suggested).
• Try to avoid drawing the water level below the top of the screened interval to limit the introduction
of air, soil gas, or bacteria.
• To minimize the time between purging and sample collection, all sample containers should be
labeled and prepared for filling prior to purging of the final casing volume.
• Do not allow sampling equipment (including the probe of the water level meter), to come into
contact with the ground prior to insertion into the well. A clean tarp or plastic sheeting placed
around the well is a convenient means of avoiding this situation.
• When using in-line filters it is suggested that water be pumped through the tubing until it begins to
discharge before the filter is attached to the tubing. This avoids the buildup of backpressure that
restricts the flow of water.
3.3.2 Low-Flow Sampling
Low-flow sampling techniques permit the collection of depth-discrete groundwater samples that are
representative of formation groundwater without the generation of large volumes of purge water that
would require waste management. Low-flow sampling techniques essentially minimize the drawdown
of water in a well and the mixing or disturbance of the standing water within the well, by removing
water from a discrete depth within the wells. It should be noted that low-flow sampling techniques
cannot be used on low yielding wells.
The following low-flow sampling protocol was developed based on the American Standard for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) Standard D 6771-02 (ASTM, 2002) and the minimal drawdown procedure
developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA, 1996).
1. Complete top section of ESFF2.09 Sample Collection Record for COC Preparation and SIF
Check.
2. Sampling should progress from the well that is expected to be least contaminated to the well that
is expected to be most contaminated to minimize the potential for cross-contamination. Unless a
sample is to be collected for product characterization, a sample should not be collected from wells
that contain LNAPL or DNAPL.
3. Install the pump intake at a point within the upper portion of the screened interval of the well.
When sampling for chemicals that may be present as DNAPL (e.g., trichloroethylene), the pump
intake should be placed near the bottom of the well
4. Purging is completed using a peristaltic pump or bladder pump connected to dedicated high
density polyethylene (HDPE) tubing. It should be noted that peristaltic pumps are not appropriate
for sampling for volatile parameters. Bladder pumps should be used to sample volatile
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 10 of 14
parameters. Disposable bladders or bladders dedicated to individual monitoring wells will be used
to reduce the potential for cross-contamination.
5. Purging should be conducted at a rate of less than 1 L/min so as not to aerate the water to be
collected. If using a mechanical pump, set the purge flow rate at a rate of less than 0.5 L/min to
minimize flow rate fluctuation. These rates will assist in reducing sample turbidity and minimize
degassing and volatilization of potential dissolved volatile parameters. The volume of water
purged can be measured by collecting the purge water in a calibrated bucket. Data describing the
well purging rates (time interval between readings and the purge volumes) should be noted on the
field forms as wells as observations of the physical appearance of the purge water. Water levels
and purging volumes should be recorded on form ESFF2.08 Well Development / Purging.
6. Depth to water and water quality indicator (field), parameters should be measured every 3 to 5
minutes during purging to assess the drawdown in the well. The drawdown should not exceed
0.1 m to reduce potential mixing of stagnant well water with fresh formation water during purging.
If the steady state drawdown exceeds 0.1 m, the purge flow rate should be reduced. If it is not
possible to reduce the flow rate further, then the low-flow sampling technique is inappropriate at
that particular monitoring well. Purged water should be stored within a sealed and labeled
container on-site until proper disposal can be arranged.
7. Purging should continue until the water quality indicator (field) parameters have stabilized.
Stabilization for this method is defined as three successive readings within ±0.1 pH units, ±3% for
specific conductance, ±10 mV for ORP, and ±10% for turbidity and DO.
8. See Section 3.3.1 for preferred collection order (by analyte) and field filtering methodologies.
9. The procedure for the collection of field duplicates is discussed in Section 3.1.
10. Measure and record the water quality field parameters following sample collection. If a field
replicate is to be collected, then the water quality parameters should be measured and recorded
after the collection of the field replicate as well. If there is sufficient flow, the Project Manager may
require pH and Eh to be measured using the flow-through cell.
11. A sample for dissolved oxygen (DO) titration may also be collected for each groundwater sample
collected (including field replicates). Preservation of the DO sample(s) should be completed in the
field using the azide modification of the Winkler method (APHA, 2006).
12. The Chain-of-Custody form should be completed in full, including the appropriate Stantec or client
PO or quotation number.
13. The site should be cleared of all debris and waste generated during sampling prior to leaving.
14. Applicable Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) paperwork shall be completed prior to
sample transport, if necessary.
Tips:
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 11 of 14
• Note that it has been Stantec’s experience that the low-flow sampling technique is not effective
when sampling low yielding overburden wells because the steady state drawdown generally will
exceed 0.1 m in low yield overburden wells.
• Two examples of purging and sampling equipment suitable for low-flow groundwater sampling are:
− QED Environmental Systems’ MicroPurge® equipment. The MicroPurge® system can be
used with the Sample Pro® portable sampling pump, which is a pneumatic bladder pump that
operates using timed ON/OFF cycles of compressed air that alternately squeeze the flexible
bladder to displace water out of the pump, and release it to allow the pump to refill by
submergence, without creating any disturbance that could affect sample chemistry.
− Geoprobe® Systems’ Mechanical Bladder Pump (MBP). The MBP consists of a stainless
steel pump housing and spring, a reusable Teflon® bladder and dedicated concentric (outer
and inner) tubing. For purging and sampling, the outer tubing is held in place at the well head,
and the inner tubing is raised and lowered manually, actuating the bladder.
• Use of the equipment listed above requires special training and the low-flow purging and sampling
should be performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s specific instructions. Note too, that
proper equipment cleaning/decontamination procedures are to be followed if the purging and
sampling equipment is not dedicated to the monitoring well.
• Ideally, sample collection should be at the same rate as the actual groundwater flow rate (this is
typically not accurately known so a low sampling rate of less than 0.5 Lpm is suggested).
• To reduce the time between purging and sample collection, all sample containers should be
labeled and prepared for filling prior to purging of the final casing volume.
• Do not allow sampling equipment (including the probe of the water level meter) to come into
contact with the ground prior to insertion into the well. A clean tarp or plastic sheeting placed
around the well is a convenient means of avoiding this situation.
• When using in-line filters it is suggested that water be pumped through the tubing until it begins to
discharge before the filter is attached to the tubing. This avoids the buildup of backpressure that
restricts the flow of water.
3.4 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs should be taken of site conditions before any work is conducted and again just prior to
leaving the site to confirm the site was left in an appropriate state. The requirement for other
photographs will be determined by the Project Manager. After field work is completed, requirements
like labelling and organization of photographs including things such as project number, sample name
and the date of the photograph, indexing and use of ESFF2.26 Photograph Log, will be determined by
the Project Manager.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 12 of 14
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the Project Manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project directory. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned
hard copy notes in the server project directory. If the local server is not backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy in another location (e.g., computer hard disk).
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name, project number and task number(s)
• Field investigator's name
• Monitoring Well number
• Well condition
• Depth to groundwater, depth of monitoring well
• Calculated well volume
• LNAPL and DNAPL observations
• Initial groundwater field chemistry (pH, Eh, specific conductance, temperature, turbidity)
• Number of purge volumes removed, and removal methodology
• Groundwater field chemistry during purging
• Description of physical appearance of purge water
• Date and time of sampling
• Sampling methodology
• Sample number and location
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 13 of 14
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that may affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures
• Location, description, and log of photographs
• References for all maps and photographs
• Information concerning sampling or scheduling changes, and any change orders
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions
• Signature and date by personnel responsible for observations
• Field equipment used
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES3.03 – Monitoring Well Development
• SOP ES4.01 – Monitoring Well Fluid Level Measurement
• SOP ES4.03 – Groundwater Sample Collection
• SOP ES4.02 – Sample Naming Protocol
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.03 – Well Condition Inspection
• ESFF2.04 – Water Levels
• ESFF2.05 – Monitoring Water / Product Levels and Vapour Concentrations
• ESFF2.07 – Field Instrument Calibration
• ESFF2.08 – Well Development / Purging
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: GROUNDWATER SAMPLE
COLLECTION
SOP ES4.03
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 14 of 14
• ESFF2.09 – Sample Collection Record for COC Preparation and SIF Check
• ESFF2.24 – Drum Tracking
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
• ESFF2.35 – Working Alone

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 1 of 7
1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This document defines the standard procedures for decontamination of personal protective equipment
(PPE), sampling equipment (e.g., bailers, pumps, tubing, soil and sediment sampling equipment) and
field support equipment (e.g., drill rigs, vehicles).
2 PRE-MOBILIZATION
2.1 HEALTH AND SAFETY
Confirm that RMS1 and RMS2 forms and all other applicable safety forms are reviewed, filled in,
updated and followed. Review applicable SWPs as required. Confirm that field staff has the
necessary training to complete the work safely.
2.2 PLANNING
Review all chemicals likely to be encountered during field activities. Identify appropriate
decontamination fluids and disposal requirements for those chemicals. Identify appropriate waste
generator registration to permit the disposal of water and waste materials generated during
decontamination activities.
Review decontamination procedures with the Project Manager.
2.3 DECONTAMINATION WATER STORAGE AND DISPOSAL
The methods to be used to address water and waste materials generated during decontamination
activities must be determined by the Project Manager, in consultation with the Client and/or property
owner, prior to commencing the program.
If required, this plan could include storing water in 45 gallon drums for testing and/or later off-site
disposal, or discharge to surface. If separate phase liquid (LNAPL or DNAPL) is present or if impacts
known, the water must be contained for subsequent disposal.
Solid wastes from heavy equipment decontamination with evident contamination, or used personal
protective equipment, may need to be tarped or containerized, and segregated for subsequent
disposal depending on project specific requirements. These materials will be kept in a secure on-site
location identified by the field staff in consultation with the Project Manager. The wastes should be
labelled as appropriate.
Any offsite transportation and disposal must be conducted in accordance with pr ovincial and federal
legislation.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 2 of 7
2.4 ITEMS TO TAKE INTO THE FIELD
2.4.1 Mandatory Items
• Proper clothing for the activity and weather conditions
• All applicable HSE Forms
• All necessary permits and approvals
• Required PPE (SWP 105)
• Any relevant site/project information
• Field forms (Section 5.2)
2.4.2 Consumables
• Prepared/supplied sample bottles
• Disposal drums (205 L) with secure lids
• Sponges or paper towels
• Detergent (simple green)
• Liquinox/Alconox
• Potable tap water
• Methanol/dmethyl hydrate or other appropriate decontamination fluids
• Plastic sheeting and/or heavy duty garbage bags
• Latex or nitrile gloves
• Waterproof permanent markers
2.4.3 Non-consumables
Confirm that all required equipment is available, clean and operational. Calibrate, handle, store and
maintain equipment according to manufacturers’ recommendations. Record the calibration results on
ESFF2.07 Field Instrument Calibration. Confirm that you have spare batteries and/or chargers as
required. Following use, clean, maintain and store all equipment according to manufacturers’
recommendations and fill in and submit the Technical Recovery Form to confirm that equipment costs
are appropriately charged to the project. Equipment that may be required to complete this task is
identified below:
• Scrapers, flat bladed
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 3 of 7
• High pressure sprayer
• Two buckets; one with wash water/detergent (phosphate-free) and one for rinsing
• Small wash tubs
• Scrub brush / wash tools
• Garden-type water sprayers
• Spray bottles
3 DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
3.1 PRE-WORK
For work on agricultural land in some provinces, decontamination procedures must be undertaken for
biosecurity purposes (e.g. to prevent Clubroot infestation from inadvertent transfer of seeds between
work locations).
Implement the following protective measures if working on agricultural fields to reduce the potential for
spread of the disease and/or introduction of contaminants to sites:
• Make sure all vehicles and equipment arrive on site clean (i.e., free of dirt and debris). This can
be accomplished by advising contractors to visit a car/truck wash before travelling to/arriving at the
site
• Confirm that all tracked equipment, mats, and mat moving equipment are fine cleaned and misted
with disinfectant (1-2% bleach solution, left on surface for at least 15 minutes) upon entry into, and
after working in, a field. Cleaning must focus on areas prone to collecting or coming into contact
with soil and debris (i.e., tires, undercarriages, tracks, buckets, blades, wheel wells).
• Complete a rough cleaning (i.e., using hand tools such as shovels, brooms and/or brushes) to
physically remove soil and debris from vehicles and equipment before equipment moves to a new
site.
Additionally it has been found that the use of hydrovac equipment for daylighting can sometimes
introduce contaminants. Hydrovac contractors should supply documentation demonstrating that they
have cleaned their equipment, including inside the waste tank, prior to arrival on the site.
Set up decontamination areas, exclusion zones and clean zones, prior to commencing field work.
3.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE / QUALITY CONTROL
Equipment rinsate samples may be taken of the decontaminated sampling equipment as directed by
the Project Manager to verify the effectiveness of the decontamination procedures. The rinsate
procedure will include rinsing potable water or blank water provided by the lab through or over a
decontaminated sampling tool (e.g., a split spoon sampler or bailer), and collecting the rinsate water in
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 4 of 7
sample bottles, which will be sent to the laboratory for analysis. The rinsate procedure, including the
sample number and time relative to other soil and/or groundwater samples, will be recorded in the field
notes. Sample numbering should follow SOP ES4.02 Sample Naming Protocol.
3.3 PERSONNEL
The decontamination procedure for field personnel, if deemed necessary, shall include one or more of
the following steps, and will be carried out in the order presented:
• Glove and rubber boot wash in a detergent solution
• Glove and rubber boot rinse
• Scraping soil from non-rubber boot
• Duct tape removal, if appropriate
• Outer glove removal
• Coverall removal
• Respirator removal (if used)
• Inner glove removal (if used)
3.4 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
In general the following steps may be used to decontaminate sampling equipment:
1. Personnel will dress in suitable personal protective equipment (PPE) to reduce personal exposure.
2. Gross contamination on equipment will be scraped off at the sampling or investigation site.
3. Equipment that will not be damaged by water will be placed in a washtub containing a solution of
low-sudsing detergent and tap water and scrubbed with a bristle brush or similar utensil.
Equipment will be rinsed with tap water.
4. Equipment that may be damaged by water will be carefully wiped clean using a sponge first rinsed
in detergent water, rinsed with tap water, then dried with paper towel. Care will be taken to
prevent any equipment damage.
5. Where applicable, a solvent rinse (e.g., methanol, hexane), may be required to remove organic
contaminants. The selection of the solvent should consider factors such as HSE and regulatory
requirements.
6. Rinse and detergent water will be replaced with new solutions between borings or sample
locations, or as required based on the judgment of the field supervisor in discussions with the
Project Manager and/or OSEC.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 5 of 7
Following decontamination, equipment will be placed in a clean area or on clean plastic sheeting to
prevent contact with potentially contaminated soil. If the equipment is not used immediately, the
equipment will be covered or wrapped in plastic sheeting or heavy-duty garbage bags to minimize
contact with potential airborne contaminants.
3.5 DRILLING AND HEAVY EQUIPMENT
The following steps may be used to decontaminate drilling and heavy equipment:
1. Personnel will dress in suitable PPE to reduce personal exposure.
2. Equipment showing gross contamination, or having caked-on drill cuttings will be scraped at the
sampling or investigation site.
3. Equipment that will not be damaged by water, such as drill rigs, augers, drill bits, and shovels will
be sprayed with a high-pressure hose. Care will be taken to adequately clean the insides of the
hollow-stem augers, and not to contaminate other areas during decontamination procedures.
4. Following decontamination, care will be taken to keep the equipment clean.
Decontamination of drilling equipment and heavy equipment is generally completed by appropriately
trained employees of the contracting firm.
3.6 SITE PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs should be taken of the decontamination procedures. The requirement for other
photographs will be determined by the Project Manager. After field work is completed, requirements
like labelling and organization of photographs including things such as project number, sample name
and the date of the photograph, indexing and use of ESFF2.26 Photograph Log, will be determined by
the Project Manager.
4 DOCUMENTATION
4.1 MANUAL AND DIGITAL DATA STORAGE REQUIREMENTS
4.1.1 Hard Copy Notes
Confirm that field notes are accurate and complete. Provide them to the Project Manager for review
and signature. Scan hard copy notes. Store hard copies in the project file.
4.1.2 Digital Data
Upload photographs to the server project directory. Save data spreadsheets/databases and scanned
hard copy notes in the server project directory. If the local server is not backed up regularly, save a
back-up copy in another location (e.g., computer hard disk).
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 6 of 7
4.2 GENERAL
Information to be documented will include the following, as applicable:
• Site name, project number and task number(s)
• Field investigator's name
• Date and time of work
• Expected contaminants on equipment and clothing
• Decontamination procedures and observations – including those completed prior to, during and
following the work completed
• The number and types of rinsate samples collected, their sample names and the analytes for
which they will be analysed
• Quantity and type of wastewater and other wastes produced, and temporary storage location
• Procedures and contractors used for disposal of development, purge and decontamination
wastewater and other wastes, if applicable
• Unusual conditions (i.e., those that may affect observation and/or samples)
• Decontamination observations
• Weather conditions
• Names/contact information of all field crew members and of any site visitors should be noted on
the RMS2 form and the form should be signed as required by SWP procedures.
• Location, description, and log of photographs
• References for all maps and photographs
• Summary of daily tasks and documentation on any cost or scope of work changes required by
field conditions
• Signature and date by personnel responsible for observations
• Field equipment used
• Identification of ultimate waste disposal facility, if applicable.
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES: EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION
SOP ES4.08
Version: 2.0 (Last revised May 18, 2020)
Approved by:
Don Carey, M.Sc., P.Eng., National Technical Leader, Site Investigation
Michelle Fraser, M.Sc., P.Geo., National Technical Leader, Hydrogeology
Discipline(s): Site Investigation, Hydrogeology

Page 7 of 7
5 RESOURCES
5.1 RELATED SOPS
• SOP ES2.01 – Environmental Surface Soil Sampling
• SOP ES2.02 – Environmental Test Pit Excavation
• SOP ES2.03 – Environmental Borehole Drilling and Soil Sampling
• SOP ES3.01 – Monitoring Well Installation
• SOP ES3.03 – Monitoring Well Development
• SOP ES4.03 – Groundwater Sample Collection
• SOP ES4.02 – Sample Naming Protocol
• SOP ES6.01 – Excavation Monitoring
• SOP ES6.02 – Underground Storage Tank Removal
5.2 STANDARD FORMS
• ESFF2.02 – Daily Activity Record
• ESFF2.24 – Drum Tracking
• ESFF2.26 – Photograph Log
• ESFF2.35 – Working Alone
Project Name:Project Number:
Project Manager:Date:
Field Personnel:Weather:
Health & Safety:
RMS2 - Field Risk Assessment/Job Hazard Evaluation Complete (__)
Technical Recovery Form Completed
Quality Control:This form is complete (__) & legible (__). Descriptions include: scope of activity, location, field staff, methodology, timing, etc. (__).
check (__)Signatures:
(field personnel)(date)
Signatures:
(project manager)(date)
ESFF2.02 - DAILY ACTIVITY RECORD
Time Description of Activities
Page ____ of ____
\\Cd1004-f01\01609\resource\field forms\Kitchener_Standard\Excel_Originals\ESFF2.02 (Daily Activity Record).xlsx ESFF2.02 Revision 6 (Nov2019)