HomeMy WebLinkAboutDAQ-2025-001439I
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T VIA EMAIL AND EXPEDITED DELIVERY
t March 3,2025
Mr. Bryce C. Bird
R EVIEWED
!Division Director KUrtl
Utah Depanment of EnvironmentalQuullty,,t 51 rr'r\:
Air Quality Division
t Uii:#J,',jl#"T',.,,u rir'-"ir-''oS f.8L)
I Re: White Mesa Uranium Mill National Emissions Standards for Radon Emission from Operating
Mill Tailings Transmittal of 2024 Annual Radon Flux Monitoring Report for Tailings
Impoundment 3, White Mesa Uranium Mill, Blanding Utah
Dear Mr. Bird:
This letter transmits Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.'s ("'EFRI's") radon-222 flux monitoring repofi
for the year 2024 for tailings impoundment 3 ("Cell 3") at the White Mesa Uranium Mill (the "Mill"),
located in Blanding Utah. The result ol the 2024 radon-222 flux monitoring for Cell 3 was 9.0 pCi/(m2-
sec) (the arithmetic average of the two monitoring events) and therefore was in compliance with the
standard set out in 40 CFR 6l .252 of 20 pCi/(m2-sec).
Per 40 CFR 61.253, EFRI is perrnitted to monitor radon flux one or more times per year. For the 2024
operating year, EFRI chose to monitor Cell 3 semi-annually as indicated in a letter to the Utah Division of
Air Quality and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency on February 29,2024. Cell 3 was monitored
on April l0 - April 11,2024 and October 2 - October 3.2024. Consistent with 40 CFR 61.253, EFRI
notified the Utah Division of Air Quality and the U.S Environmental Protection Agency prior to each Cell
3 sampling event, as required, in letters dated February 29,2024 and September 4,2024.
The results from the Cell 3. April and October 2024 sampling events are included as Attachment I and
Attachment 2. respectively, to this letter.
Please contact me at 303-389-4134 should you have any questions orneed additional infonnation.
Yours very truly,luo,W;-/-'L - I
ENERGY FUELS RESOURCES (USA) INC.
Kathy Weinel
Director, Regulatory Compliance
cc: l)avid l]rydenlund. l-ogan Shumway. Terry Sladc. Scott Bakken. Jordan App (EI:RI)
Adam wingarc. (Ljrah DwMRC)
Jay Morris. Connor Kijowski (Utah DAQ)
Dircctor. Air and 'l'oxics I'echnical [:nlorcemcnt Prograrn. Officc of []nlorccmcnt. Compliancc and
I:.nvironmcntal Justicc. U.S. l:nvironmental Protcction Agency
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U.I AiJ I.TT.PARTN4i.NT OF
E NVI llONl.lIl\iTAL QL IALITYr- -- -tt.t,L--- -.---rDIVISiON OF AIR OI-IAI ITY
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Letter to Bryce Bird
February 26,2025
Page 2 of 2
Certification:
"l certify under penalty of law that I have personally examined and am familiar with the information
submitted herein and based on my inquiry of those individuals immediately responsible forobtaining
the information. I believe that the submitted information is true, accurate, and complete. I am aware
that there are significant penalties for submitting false information including the possibility of fine
and imprisonment. See, I 8 U.S.C. I 001 ."
t z+d\.tu--dAE-
DateScott Bakken
Vice President, Regulatory Affairs
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2024 Average
* Input parameters and results of the monitoring are included in Attachments 1
and2.
Name of the Person Responsible for Operation and Preparer of Report:
Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.
225 Union Blvd., Suite 600
Lakewood. CO 80228
303.974.2140 (phone)
303.389.4125 (fax)
9.0
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Table I
Cell 3 2024 Radon Flux Sampling*
Sampling Event Result (pCil(m2 -sec))Sampling Dates
Aorrl2024 5.5 April 10 - 11 ,2025
October 2024 12.5 October 2 - 3,2024
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ATTACHMENT I
Tellco Report for Radon Flux Monitoring
April2024
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National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2024 Radon Flux Measurement Program
White Mesa Mill
6425 South Highway l9l
Blanding, Utah 84511
Cell 3
First Half 2024 Sampling Results
April 2024
Prepared for: Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.
6425 S. Highway l9l
P.O. Box 809
Blanding, Utah 8451 I
Prepared by: Tellco Environmental
P.O. Box 3987
Grand Junction, Colorado 8l 502
UmH DI:PARI MENT OF
E NVI ROI.IME NTAL O UALITY
DIVISION OF AIR OL'ALITY
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t TABLE OF CONTE,NTS
I page
I. INTRODUCTION ......... I
2. SrTE DESCRrPTION........... ............ I
3. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SITE.......... .................... I
4. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY .......................... I
5. FIELD OPERATrONS............ ..........2
5.t Equipment Preparation............ ................2
5.2 Sample Locations. Identification, and Placement .......................2
5.3 Sample Retrieval .................3
5.4 Environmental Conditions ..................... 3
6. SAMPLE ANALYSIS .......................4
6.1 Apparatus .............. ................4
6.2 Sample Inspection and Documentation .....................4
6.3 Background and Sample Counting .........4
7. QUALTTY CONTROL (QC) AND DATA VALIDATION......... . .......... s
7.1 Sensitivity ............. ............... 5
7.2 Precision................ ...............5
7.3 Accuracy................ ...............5
7.4 Completeness ........................5
8. CALCULATIONS ....,,...,6
9. R8SULTS................ ........7
9.1 Mean Radon F1ux........... .........................7
9.2 Site Results....... ....................7
Appendix A. Charcoal Canister Analyses Support Documents
Appendix B. Recount Data Analyses
Appendix C. Radon Flux Sample Laboratory Data. Including Blanks
Appendix D. Sample Locations Maps (Figure 2 and Figure 2,A)
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1. INTRODUCTION
During April I 0-11.2024 Tellco Environmental, LLC (Tellco) of Grand Junction, Colorado. provided
support to Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc. (Energy Fuels) to conduct radon flux measurements at
its White Mesa Mill site regarding the required National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs) Radon Flux Measurements. These measurements are required of Energy Fuels
to show compliance with Federal Regulations (furlher discussed in Section 3 below). The standard is
not an average per facility, but is an average per radon source. The standard allows mill owners or
operators the option of either making a single set of measurements or making measurements over a
one year period (e.g., weekly, monthly, or quafterly intervals).
Energy Fuels is conducting radon flux measurements semiannually on Cell 3 during 2024. This
report provides the measurement results representing the first half of 2024 for Cell 3.
Tellco was contracted to provide canisters and charcoal, laboratory sample analysis. report preparation
and field work oversight. Energy Fuels personnel performed canister placement and retrieval, and
suppon for loading and unloading charcoal from the canisters. This reporl details the procedures
employed by Energy Fuels and Tellco to obtain the results presented in Section 9.0 of this report.
2. SITE DESCRIPTION
The White Mesa Mill facility is situated in San Juan County in southeastern Utah. six miles south of
Blanding, Utah. The mill began operations in 1980 for the purpose of extracting uranium and
vanadium lrom feed stocks.
During the radon flux measurements. Cell 3 had a total area of 288.858 m2 and was comprised of two
,orr.. regions that require NESHAPs radon flux monitoring: approximately 271.717 ml of interim
soil covei of varying thickness and approximately 17,141 mr of tailings beaches. There was no
standing water observed on Cell 3 during the collection of the nleasurements.
3. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR CELL 3
Radon emissions fi'om the uranium mill tailings for Cell 3 at this site are regulated by the UDAQ
under generally applicable standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for
Operating Mills. Applicable regulations are specified in 40 CFR Parr 61, Subpart W, National
Emission Standards for Radon Emissions fi'om Operating Mill Tailings, with technical procedures in
Appendix B. At present. there are no Subparl T uranium mill tailings at this site. These regulations
are a subset of the NESHAPs. According to subsection 61.252 Standard. (a)(l): "Radon-222
emissions to ambient air t}om an existing conventional impoundment shall not exceed 20 pCi/(m2-
sec) (1.9 pCi/(ft2-sec)) of radon-222...". Subsection 61.253. Determining Compliance, states that:
"Compliance with the ernission standard in this subpart shall be deterrrined annually through the use
of Method ll5 of appendix B..."
4. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
I Radon emissions were measured using Large Area Activated Charcoal Canisters (canisters) in
conformance with 40 CFR, Part 61, Appendix B, Method ll5. Restrictions to Radon Flux
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Measurements, (EPA, 2023). These are passive gas adsorption sampling devices used to determine
the flux rate of radon-222 gas from a surface. The canisters were constructed using a l0-inch
diameter PVC end cap containing a bed of 180 grams of activated, granular charcoal. The prepared
charcoal was placed in the canisters on a support grid on top of a '/, inch thick layer of foam and
secured with a retaining ring under l% inches of foam (see Figure I. page l0).
Two hundred sampling locations were distributed throughout the two source regions (Cover and
Beaches) requiring monitoring, as depicted on the Sample Locations Map (see Figure 2 and 2A
Detail, in Appendix D). Each charged canister was placed directly onto the surface (open face down)
and exposed to the surface for 24 hours. Radon gas adsorbed onto the charcoal and the subsequent
radioactive decay of the entrained radon resulted in radioactive lead-2l4 and bismuth-214. These
radon progeny isotopes emit characteristic gamma photons that can be detected through gamma
spectroscopy. The original total activity of the adsorbed radon was calculated from these gamma
ray measurements using calibration factors derived from cross-calibration of standard sources
containing known total activities of raditm-226 with geometry identical to the counted samples and
from the principles of radioactive decay.
After approximately 24 hours, the exposed charcoal was transferred to sealed plastic sample
containers (to prevent sample loss and/or further exposure during transporl), identified and labeled,
and transported to the Tellco laboratory in Grand Junction. Colorado for analysis.
FIELD OPERATIONS
5.1 Equipment Preparation
All charcoal was dried at ll0'C before use in the field. Unused charcoal and recycled charcoal were
treated the same. 180-gram aliquots of dried charcoal were weighed and placed in sample containers.
Proper balance operation was verified daily by checking a standard weight. The balance readout
agreed with the known standard weight to within + 0.1 percent.
After acceptable balance check. empty containers were individually placed on the balance and the
scale was re-zeroed with the container on the balance. Unexposed and dried charcoal was carefully
added to the container until the readout registered 180 grams. The lid was immediately placed on the
container and sealed with plastic tape. The balance was checked for readout drift between readings.
Sealed containers with unexposed charcoal were placed individually in the shielded counting well,
with the bottom of the container centered over the detector, and the background count rate was
documented. Three flve-minute background counts were conducted on ten percent of the containers,
selected at random to represent the "batch". If the background counts were too high to achieve an
acceptable lower limit of detection (LLD), the entire charcoal batch was labeled non-conforming and
recycled through the heating/drying process.
5.2 Sample Locations, Identification, and Placement
On April 10. 2024 one hundred sampling locations were distributed throughout the Cell 3 Covered
region. and another 100 sampling locations were distributed throughout the Cell 3 Beaches region. for
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I a total of 200 sample locations for Cell 3. An individual ID was assigned to each sample location
using a sequential alphanumeric system indicating the charcoal batch and physical location within
each region (e.g., B01...C100). This ID was written on an adhesive label affixed to the top of the
canister. The sample ID, date, and time of placement were recorded on the radon flux measurements
data sheets for each of the two hundred measurements.
Prior to placing a canister at each sample location, the retaining ring, screen, and foam pad of each
canister were removed to expose the charcoal support grid. A pre-measured charcoal charge was
selected from a batch, opened and distributed evenly across the support grid. The canister was then
reassembled and placed face down on the surface at each sampling location. Care was exercised not
to push the device into the soil surface. The canister rim was "sealed" to the surface using a berm of
Iocal borrow material.
Ten canister blanks were similarly processed (five for each sample region), excepting that the blank
canisters were placed inside airtight plastic bags lor the duration of the 24-hour testing period.
5.3 Sample Retrieval
On April 11.2024, at the end of each respective Z4-hour testing period, the canisters were retrieved,
disassembled and each of the charcoal samples was individually poured through a funnel into a
container and sealed with tape. The identification numbers written on the canister labels were
transferred to the appropriate container labels. to await transporl to the analltical radon laboratory in
Grand Junction, CO. Retrieval dates and times were recorded on the same data sheets with the sample
placement information. The blank samples were similarly processed.
One hundred samples fiom the Cell 3 Covered region and 100 samples from the Cell 3 Beaches
region were retrieved and containerized, for a total of 200 radon flux samples collected from Cell 3.
Tellco personnel maintained custody of the samples from collection through analysis at the radon
laboratory.
Upon completion of on-site activities, the field equipment was alpha- and beta-gamma scanned by
Energy Fuels Radiation Safety personnel and released for unrestricted use.
5.4 Environmental Conditions
Energy Fuels maintains an onsite rain gauge to monitor rainfall and ensure compliance with the
regulatory measurement criteria.
In accordance with 40 CFR. Part 61. Appendix B. Method I l5:
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I o Measurements were not initiated within 24 hours of rainfall.
r No rainfall was measured by the onsite rain gauge during either 24-hour sampling period
after can ister deployment.
o None of the canister seals were washed away by rainfall and none of the canisters were
surrounded by water.
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6.t
SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Apparatus
Apparatus used for the analysis:
. Single- or multi-channel pulse height analysis system, Ludlum Model 2200 with a
Teledyne 3" x 3" sodium iodide, thallium-activated (Nal(Tl)) detector.
r Lead shielded counting well approximately 40 cm deep with 5-cm thick lead walls and a7-
cm thick base and 5 cm thick top.
o National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable aqueous solution radium-
226 absorbed onto 180 grams of activated charcoal.
o Ohaus Port-O-Gram balance with 0.1-gram sensitivity.
Sample Inspection and Documentation
Once in the laboratory. the integrity of the samples was verified by visual inspection of the sample
containers. l.aboratory personnel checked the containers and verifled that the data sheets were
complete.
No damaged sample containers were observed during inspection at the Tellco analytical laboratory
and ultimately all 200 samples were deemed valid.
Background and Sample Counting
The gamma ray counting system was checked daily. including background and radium-226 source
measurements prior to and after each counting session. Based on calibration statistics, using two
sources with known radium-226 content, background and source control limits were established for
each Ludlurn/Teledyne counting system with shielded well (see Appendix A).
Gamma ray counting o1'exposed charcoal samples included the lollowing steps:
. The length of count time was determined by the activity of the sample being analyzed,
according to a data quality objective of a nrinimurn of 1,000 accrued counts tbr any given
sample.
r The sarnple container was centered on the Nal detector and the shielded well door was
closed.
o The sample was counted over a determined count length and then the mid-sample count
time, date, and gross counts were documented on the radon llux measurements data sheet
and used in the calculations.
o The above steps were repeated fbr each exposed charcoal sample.
. Approxirnately l0 percent of the containers counted were selected lbr recounting. These
containers were recounted within a few days following the original count.
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7. QUALITY CONTROL (QC) AND DATA VALIDATION
Charcoal flux measurement QC samples included the following intra-laboralory analytical frequency
objectives:
. Blanks, 5 percent, and
r Recounts. l0percent
All sample data were subjected to validation protocols that included assessments of sensitivity,
precision, accuracy. and completeness. As described below. all Method I l5-required data quality
objectives (lrPA. 2023) were attained.
7.1 Sensitivity
A total of ten blanks were analyzed by measuring the radon progeny activity in samples subjected to
all aspects of the measurement process, excepting exposure to the source region. These blank sample
measurements comprised approximately five percent of the field measurements. The results of the
blank sample radon flux rates ranged from approximately 0.02 pCi/m2-s to 0.05 pCi/m2-s. with an
average ofapproximately 0.03 pCilm2-s. The lower limit of detection (LLD) was approximately 0.03
pCi/m2-s.
7.2 Precision
Twenty recount measurements, distributed throughout the sample sets, were performed by replicating
analysls of individual field samples (see Appendix B). These recount measurements comprised
approximately l0 percent of the total nurnber of samples analyzed. The precision, expressed ^as
relative percint difference (RPD). of the Cell 3 recount measurements that were above I pCi/mr-s
ranged irom less than 0.1 percent to 7.6 percent with an average precision of approximately 2.6
percentRPD.Thiscomplieswiththeprecisionobjectiveof lessthan l0percent.
7.3 Accuracy
Accuracy of tleld measurements was assessed daily by counting two laboratory control sarnples with
known Ra-226 content. Accuracy of these lab control sample measurements. expressed as percent
bias, ranged from approxirnately -1.5 percen116 +0.8 percent. The arithmetic average bias of the lab
control sample rneasurements fbr Cell 3 was approximately -0.3 percent (see Appendix A). This
complies with the accuracy objective of +/- l0 percent bias.
7.4 Completeness
A total of 100 samples from Cell 3 Cover region. and 100 samples from Cell 3 Beaches region were
verifled as valid, representing 100 percent completeness for Cell 3 Cover region and 100 percent
completeness for Cell 3 Beaches region, in compliance with the completeness objective of 85 percent
or greater.
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I 8. CALCULATIONS
I Radon flux rates were calculated for charcoal collection samples using calibration factors derived
from cross-calibration to sources with known total activiry with identical geometry as the charcoal
containers. A yield efficiency factor was used to calculate the total activity of the sample charcoal
containers. Individual field sample result values presented were not reduced by the results of the field
blank analyses.
In practice, radon flux rates were calculated by a database computer program. The algorithms utilized
by the data base program were as follows:
Equation 8.1:
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I pCi Rn-2221 m'r.. = r*o4fuizi1
T where:N
Ts
b
= net sample count rate, cpm under 220-662 keV peak
= sample duration, seconds
- instrument calibration factor. cpm per pCi: values used:
0 .1729, for M-0 I /D-2 I and
0.1788. for M-02lD-20
= decay time. elapsed hours between sample mid-time and count mid+ime
= area of the canister, m2
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Equation 8.2:
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j Gross Sample, cpm
!su*pr"couna.a,,."
Background Sample, cpm
+
Sacko ro-:rd Co -1'- , :,::: r.Error:- 2o - 2x x Samp-e Concen:r:at ron
Ne t, cpm
I Equation 8.3:
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where: 2.71
4.65
sb
Ts
b
= constanl
= confidence interval factor
- standard deviation ofthe background count rate
- sample duration, seconds: instrument calibration factor. cpm per pCi; values used:
0.1729. for M-01/D-21 and
0.1788, for M-02/D-20
- decay time. elapsed hours benveen sample mid-time and count nrid-time: area of the canister. mr
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I 9.RESULTS
Mean Radon Flux
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9.1
I Referencing 40 CFR. Part 61. Subparl W, Appendix B. Method ll5 - Monitoring for Radon-222
Emissions, Subsection 2.1.7 - Calculations. "the mean radon flux for each region of the pile and for
the total pile shall be calculated and reporled as follows:
(a) The individual radon flux calculations shall be made as provided in Appendix A EPA
86(l). The mean radon flux for each region of the pile shall be calculated by summing all
individual flux measurements for the region and dividing by the total number of flux
measurements for the region.
(b) The mean radon flux for the total uranium mill tailings pile shall be calculated as follows:
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T JrAr + . . . JrA: [+l . . . J,A,
At
= Mean flux for the total pile (pCi/m2-s)
= Mean flux measured in region i (pCi/rn2-s)
= Area of region i (mr)
= Totalarea of the pile (m2)"
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Where:J,
J,
A,
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40 CFR 61, Subpart W. Appendix B, Method ll5. Subsection 2.1.8, Reporting states "The results of
individual flux measurements, the approximate locations on the pile, and the mean radon flux for each
region and the mean radon flux forthe total stack Ipile] shall be included in the emission test report. Any
condition or unusual event that occurred during the measurements that could significantly affect the results
should be reponed."T
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9.2 Site Results
Site Specific Sample Results (reference Appendix C)
(a) The mean radon flux rate for each region within Cell 3 is as follows:I
T Cell 3 - Beaches Region 33.0 pCi/m2-s (based on l7.l4l mr area)
Cell 3 - Covered Region 3.8 pCi/rn2-s (based on271,717 n'r2 area)
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Note: Refbrence Appendix C of this repoft for the entire summary of individual measurement results.
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(b) Using the data presented above, the calculated mean radon flux rate for Cell 3 is as follows:
Cell 3: 5.5 pCi/m2-s
I (33.0xr7.r4r)+(3.8x27t.717) :5.5
2gg,g5g
t As shown above, the arithmetic mean radon flux rate for Cell 3 based on samples representing the
I first half of 2024 is below the NRC and EPA standard of 20 pCi/m2-s. Appendix C is a summary of
I individual measurement results. including blank sample analysis.
I The sample locations are depicted on Figure 2 and Figure 2,A. which are included in Appendix D.
I These drawings were produced by Tellco.
t H#:.f[:;;:r
rnurual events occurred during the measurements that could significantly affect the
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References
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Radon Flux Measurements on Gardinier and Royster
Phosphogypsum Piles Near Tampa and Mulberry, Florida, EPA 520/5-85-029, NTIS #PB86-
161874, January 1986.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, July 2023.
U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Radiological Effluent and Environmental Monitoring al
Uranium Mills,Regulatory Guide 4.14. April 1980.
U. S. NuclearRegulatory Commission.Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part40, Appendix A.
lanuary 2023.
Figure I
Large Area Activated Charcoal Canisters Diagram
10
Appendix A
Charcoal Canister Analyses Suppott Documents
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CHARCOAL CAMSTER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
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Date By Backsround Counts (l min. each)Source Counts (l min. each)ok?
YN#t #2 #3 Avg.#l #3 Averaoe
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are one minute.
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CHARCOAT. CNNISTER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
Date By Backsround Counts (l min. each)Source Couns ( I min. each)ok?
YN#I #2 #3 Avp.#1 #2 #3 Average
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.q {cQ5
Calibration Check Log
All counts times are one minute
Date By Backeround Counts (l min. each)Source Counts ( I min. each)ok?
Y/N#1 #2 #3 Ave #l #2 #3 Averase
llrz-lz-4 ,71.2.lzt inq t2_1 I'z"t i Al.L.')i0b9R lC 7l,O ltobqa Y
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System ro n\ Oz/tD'l-O caribration pu1r. q f t>'l>'1 ou"aur". tl f t? /'z'-
Scaler Sitrt: 5 I S tz'3 High Volrage: q 1 5 window: 4.42 Tkshld: 2.20 -
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CHARCOAL CANISTER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
Source Counts ( I min. each
BALANCE OPERATION DAILY CHECK
Barance Moder: Ohc ,L S ?o f)-O - g,-a*'
StandardWeight (g7: 7OO, O
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ATTACHMENT 2
Tellco Report for Radon Flux Monitoring
October 2024
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National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2024 Radon Flux Measurement Program
White Mesa Mill
6425 South Highway 191
Blanding, Utah 84511
Cell 3
Second Half 2024 Sampling Results
October 2024
Prepared for: Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc.
6425 S. Highway l9l
P.O. Box 809
Blanding. Utah 8451 I
Prepared by: Tellco Environmental
P.O. Box 3987
Grand Junction. Colorado 8l 502
6.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
pas,e
INTRODUCTION ......... I
srTE DESCRIPTION ....................... I
REGULATORY REQUTREMENTS FOR THE SITE. .......... 1
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY ......................... I
FIELD OPERATIONS............. ........2
5.1 Equipment Preparation............ ...............2
5.2 Sample Locations, Identification, and Placement .......................2
5.3 Sample Retrieval ................ 3
5.4 Environmental Conditions .................... 3
SAMPLE ANALYSIS .......,.,...,........4
6.1 Apparatus ............. ................4
6.2 Sample Inspection and Documentation ....................4
Appendix A. Charcoal Canister Analyses Suppo( Documents
Appendix B. Recount Data Analyses
Appendix C. Radon Flux Sample Laboratory Data. Including Blanks
Appendix D. Sample Locations Maps (Figure 2 and Figure 2,A)
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I. INTRODUCTION
During October 02-03, 2024 Tellco Environmental, LLC (Tellco) of Grand Junction, Colorado,
provided support to Energy Fuels Resources (USA) Inc. (Energy Fuels) to conduct radon flux
measurements for Cell 3 at its White Mesa Mill site regarding the required National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NE,SHAPs) Radon Flux Measurements. These measurements
are required of Energy Fuels to show compliance with Federal Regulations (further discussed in
Section 3 below). The standard is not an average per facility, but is an average per radon source. The
standard allows mill owners or operators the option of either making a single set of measurements or
making measurements over a one year period (e.g., weekly. monthly. or quar-terly intervals).
Energy Fuels is conducting radon flux measurements semiannually on Cell 3 during 2024. This
report provides the measurement results representing the second half of 2024 for Cell 3.
Tellco was contracted to provide canisters and charcoal, laboratory sample analysis. report preparation
and field work oversight. Energy Fuels personnel performed canister placement and retrieval, and
support for loading and unloading charcoal from the canisters. This report details the procedures
employed by Energy Fuels and Tellco to obtain the results presented in Section 9.0 of this report.
2. SITE DESCRIPTION
The White Mesa Mill facility is situated in San Juan County in southeastern Utah. six miles south of
Blanding, Utah. The mill began operations in 1980 for the purpose of extracting uranium and
vanadium from feed stocks.
During the radon flux measurements. Cell 3 had a total area of 288,858 ml and was comprised of two
,our.. regions that require NESHAPs radon tlux monitoring: approximately 271.717 m) of interim
soil coveiof varying thickness and approximately 17.l4l m2 of tailings beaches. There was no water
region for the Cell 3 second half 2024 measurements.
3. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR CELL 3
Radon emissions fi'om the uranium mill tailings for Cell 3 at this site are regulated by the UDAQ
under generally applicable standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for
Operating Mills. Applicable regulations are specified in 40 CFR Part 61. Subparl W, National
Emission Standards for Radon Emissions fiom Operating Mill Tailings, with technical procedures in
Appendix B. At present. there are no Subpart T uranium mill tailings at this site. These regulations
are a subset of the NESHAPs. According to subsection 61.252 Standard. (a)(l): "Radon-222
emissions to ambient air from an existing conventional impoundment shall not exceed 20 pCi/(m2-
sec) (1.9 pCi/(ft2-sec)) of radon-2?Z...". Subsection 61.253. Determining Compliance, states that:
"Compliance with the emission standard in this subpa( shall be determined annually through the use
of Method I l5 of appendix B..."
1. SAMPLING METHODOLOGY
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I Radon emissions were measured using Large Area Activated Charcoal Canisters (canisters) in
conformance with 40 CFR, Part 61, Appendix B. Method l15,2.l.6 "Radon FIux Measurements".
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(EPA, 2024). These are passive gas adsorption sampling devices used to determine the flux rate of
radon-222 gas from a surface. The canisters were constructed using a lO-inch diameter PVC end cap
containing a bed of 180 grams of activated, granular charcoal. The prepared charcoal was placed in
the canisters on a support grid on top of a'/rinch thick layer of foam and secured with a retaining ring
under lt/rinches of foam (see Figure l, page l0).
Two hundred sampling locations were distributed throughout the two source regions (Cover and
Beaches) requiring monitoring, as depicted on the Sample Locations Map (see Figure 2 and 2A
Detail, in Appendix D). Each charged canister was placed directly onto the surface (open face down)
and exposed to the surface for 24 hours. Radon gas adsorbed onto the charcoal and the subsequent
radioactive decay of the entrained radon resulted in radioactive lead-214 and bismuth-214. These
radon progeny isotopes emit characteristic gamma photons that can be detected through gamma
spectroscopy. The original total activity of the adsorbed radon was calculated from these gamma
ray measurements using calibration factors derived from cross-calibration of standard sources
containing known total activities of radium-226 with geometry identical to the counted samples and
from the principles of radioactive decay.
After approximately 24 hours. the exposed charcoal was transferred to sealed plastic sample
containers (to prevent sample loss and/or further exposure during transporl). identified and labeled,
and subsequently transported to the Tellco radon laboratory in Grand Junction. Colorado for analysis.
FIELD OPERATIONS
Equipment Preparation
Proper balance operation was verified daily by checking a standard weight.
I agreed with the known standard weight to within + 0.1 percent.
recycled charcoal were
in sample containers.
The balance readout
After acceptable balance check, empty containers were individually placed on the balance and the
I scale was re-zeroed with the container on the balance. Unexposed and dried charcoal was carefully
I added to the container until the readout registered 180 grams. The lid was immediately placed on the
container and sealed with plastic tape. The balance was checked for readout drift between readings.
Sealed containers with unexposed charcoal were placed individually in the shielded counting well.
with the bottom of the container centered over the detector, and the background count rate was
documented. Three five-minute background counts were conducted on ten percent of the containers,
selected at random to represent the "batch". If the background counts were too high to achieve an
acceptable lower limit of detection (LLD), the entire charcoal batch was labeled non-conflotming and
recycled through the heating/drying process.
5.2 Sample Locations, Identification, and Placement
On October 02.2024 one hundred sampling locations were distributed throughout the Cell 3 Covered
region. and another" 100 sampling locations were distributed throughout the Cell 3 Beaches region. for
All charcoal was dried at I I0'C before use in the field. Unused charcoal and
treated the same. 1SO-gram aliquots of dried charcoal were weighed and placed
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a rotal of 200 sample locations for Cell 3. An individual ID was assigned to each sample location
using a sequential alphanumeric system indicating the charcoal batch and physical location within
each region (e.g.. F01...G100). This ID was written on an adhesive label affixed to the top of the
canister. The sample ID, date, and time of placement were recorded on the radon flux measurements
data sheets for each of the two hundred measurements.
Prior to placing a canister at each sample location, the retaining ring, screen, and foam pad of each
canister were removed to expose the charcoal support grid. A pre-measured charcoal charge was
selected from a batch, opened and distributed evenly across the support grid. The canister was then
reassembled and placed face down on the surface at each sampling location. Care was exercised not
to push the device into the soil surface. The canister rim was "sealed" to the surface using a berm of
local borrow material. The same sample grid locations used for the April 2024 sampling were also
used for this October 2024 sampling of the Cell 3 Cover and Beaches regions.
T'en canister blanks were similarly processed (five for each sample region), excepting that the blank
canisters were placed inside airtight plastic bags for the duration of the 24-hour testing period.
5.3 Sample Retrieval
On October 03, 2024. at the end of each respective 24-hour testing period. the canisters were
retrieved. disassembled and each of the charcoal samples was individually poured through a funnel
into a container and sealed with tape. The identification numbers written on the canister labels were
transferred [o the appropriate container labels, to await transpofi to the analy'tical radon laboratory in
Grand Junction, CO. Retrieval dates and times were recorded on the same data sheets with the sample
placement information. The blank samples were similarly processed.
One hundred samples from the Cell 3 Covered region and 100 samples from the Cell 3 Beaches
region were retrieved and containerized. for a total of 200 radon flux samples collected from Cell 3.
Tellco personnel maintained custody of the samples from collection through analysis at the radon
laboratory.
Upon completion of on-site activities, the field equipment was alpha- and beta-gamma scanned by
Energy Fuels Radiation Safery personnel and released for unrestricted use; see Appendix A.
5.4 Environmental Conditions
Energy Fuels maintains an onsite rain gauge to monitor rainfall and ensure compliance with the
regulatory measurement criteria.
In accordance with applicable restrictions in 40 CFR. Parl 61. Appendix B. Method 115.2.1.4:
o Measurements were not initiated within 24 hours of rainfall:
o The onsite rain gauge measured no raintall during the 24-hour sampling period after the
canisters were deployed; and
o None of the canister seals were washed away by rainfall and none of the canisters were
surrounded by water.
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T SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Apparatus
Apparatus used for the analysis:
e Single- or multi-channel pulse height analysis system, Ludlum Model 2200 with a
Teledyne 3" x 3" sodium iodide, thallium-activated (Nal(Tl)) detector.
r Lead shielded counting well approximately 40 cm deep with 5-cm thick lead walls and a 7-
cm thick base and 5 cm thick top.
r National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable aqueous solution radium-
226 absorbed onto 180 grams of activated charcoal.
. Ohaus Porl-O-Gram balance with 0.1-gram sensitivity.
Sample Inspection and Documentation
I 6.1
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T Once in the laboratory. the integrity of the samplc's was verified by visual inspection of the sample
containers. Laboratory personnel checked the physical condition of the sample containers and
ensured that the sample identification labels and data sheets were complete and in order.
No damaged sample containers were observed during inspection at the Tellco analytical laboratory
and ultimately all 200 radon flux samples were verified as valid.
6.3 Background and Sample Counting
The gamma ray counting system was checked daily. including background and radium-226 source
measurements prior to and after each counting session. Based on calibration statistics, using two
sources with known radium-226 content. background and source control limits were established for
each Ludlum/Teledyne counting system with shielded well (see Appendix A).
Gamma ray counting of exposed charcoal samples included the lbllowing steps:
. The length of count time was detennined by the activity of the sample being analyzed.
according to a data quality objective of a rninimurn of 1.000 accrued counts lor any given
sample.
o The sarnple container was centered on the Nal detector and the shielded well door was
closed.
. The sample was counted over a determined count length and then the mid-sample count
time, date, and gross counts were documented on the radon f'lux measurements data sheet
and used in the calculations.
. The above steps were repeated lbr each exposed charcoal sample.
. Approximately l0 percent of the containers counted were selected lor recounting. 'fhese
containers were recounted the following day. during the next sample counting session.
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7. QUALITY CONTROL (QC) AND DATA VALIDATION
Charcoal flux measurement QC samples included the following intra-laboratory analytical frequency
objectives:
. Blanks. 5 percent. and
. Recounts. l0percent
All sample data were subjected to validation protocols that included assessments of sensitivity,
precision. accuracy. and completeness. As described below. all Method I l5-required data quality
obiectives (EPA, 2024) were attained.
7.1 Sensitivity
A total of ten blanks were analyzed by measuring the radon progeny activity in samples subjected to
all aspects of the measurement process, excepting exposure to the source region. These blank sample
measurements comprised approximately five percent of the field measurements. The results of the
blank sample radon flux rates ranged from approximately 0.01 pCi/m2-s to 0.04 pCi/m2-s. with an
average of approxirnately 0.03 pCi/m2-s. The lower limit of detection (LLD) ranged from
approximately 0.03 to 0.04 pCi/mr-s.
7.2 Precision
Twenty recount measurements, distributed throughout the sample sets, were performed by replicating
analyses of individual field samples (see Appendix B). These recount measurements comprised
approximately l0 percent of the total nurnber of samples analyzed. The precision, expressed as
relative percent difference (RPD). of the Cell 3 recount measurements that were above I pCi/m2-s
ranged from less than 0.1 percent to 9.5 percent with an average ;rrecision of approximately 1.9
percentRPD.Thiscomplieswiththeprecisionobjectiveof lessthan l0percent.
7.3 Accuracy
Accuracy of tleld measurements was assessed daily by counting two laboratory control sarnples with
known Ra-226 content. Accuracy of these lab control sample measurements. expressed as percent
bias, ranged from approximately -1.2 percent to +1.8 percent. The arithmetic average bias of the lab
control sample measurements for Cell 3 \ /as approximately 0.1 percent (see Appendix A). This
complies with the accuracy objective of +/- l0 percent bias.
7.4 Completeness
A total of 100 samples from Cell 3 Cover region. and 100 samples from Cell 3 Beaches region were
verifled as valid, representing I00 percent completeness fbr Cell 3 Cover region and 100 percent
completeness for Cell 3 Beaches region, in compliance with the completeness objective of 85 percent
or greater.
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8. CALCULATIONS
Radon flux rates were calculated for charcoal collection samples using calibration factors derived
from cross-calibration to sources with known total activity with identical geometry as the charcoal
containers. A yield efficiency factor was used to calculate the total activity of the sample charcoal
I containers. Individual field sample result values presented were not reduced by the results of the field
I blank analyses.
In practice, radon flux rates were calculated by a database computer program. The algorithms utilized
by the data base program were as follows:
Equation 8.1:
pCiRn-Z22lm,sec: **4fu
2.71 + (4.65)(S.)
iTs*effiPrist1
d
A
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where: N
Ts
b
Equation 8.2:
Error.2o = 2x
Equation 8.3:
LLD:
where: 2.71
4.65
S6
Ts
b
d
A
= net sample count rate, cpm under 220-662 keV peak: sample duration, seconds
= instrument calibration factor. cpm per pCi; values used:
0.1729. for M-01,D-21 and
0.1788, for M-02/D-20
= decay time. elapsed hours between sample mid-time and count mid-time: area of the canister, m2
Gross SampIe, cpm Background Sample, cpm-. +SampleCount,L,mln Background Count, t,mrn x Sample Concentrat 1on
Net, cpm
= constant
= confidence interval factor
- standard deviation ofthe background count rate
= sample duration, seconds
= instrument calibration factor. cpm per pCi: values used:
0.1729. for M-0 I /D-2 I and
0.1788, for M-02/D-20
= decay time. elapsed hours between sample mid-time and count mid-time
- area of the canister. ml
(a)
(b)
9.1
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RESULTS
Mean Radon Flux
Referencing 40 CFR, Part 61. Subpart W, Appendix B, Method Il5 - Monitoring for Radon-222
Emissions, Subsection 2.1.7 - Calculations, "the mean radon flux for each region of the pile and for
the total pile shall be calculated and reported as follows:
The individual radon flux calculations shall be made as provided in Appendix A EPA
86(l). The mean radon flux for each region of the pile shall be calculated by summing all
individual flux measurements for the region and dividing by the total number of flux
measurements for the region.
The mean radon flux for the total uranium mill tailings pile shall be calculated as follows:
J.
Where: J.
J,
A,
A,
JiA + .. . J:A2 [+] . . . J,A,
Ar
= Mean flux for the total pile (pCi/m2-s)
= Mean flux measured in region i(pCi/rrr2-s)
= Area of region i (m2): Total area of the pile (m2)"
40 CFR 61, Subpart W, Appendix B, Method ll5. Subsection 2.1.8. Reporting states "The results of
individual flux measurements, the approximate locations on the pile. and the mean radon flux for each
region and the mean radon flux forthe total stack Ipile] shall be included in the emission test repofi. Any
condition or unusual event that occurred during the measurements that could significantly affect the results
should be reported."
9.2 Site Results
Site Specific Sample Results (reference Appendix C)
(a) The mean radon flux rate for each region within Cell 3 is as follows:
Cell 3-BeachesRegion
Cell 3-CoveredRegion
33.5 pCi/mr-s (based on I 7,141 mr area)
I 1.2 pCi/rn2-s (based on27l.717 rnz area)
Note: Ret-erence Appendix C of this repoft for the entire summary of individual measurement results.
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(b) Using the data presented above, the calculated mean radon flux rate for Cell 3 is as follows:
Cell 3: l2.5pCi/m:-s
(33j\07 .t 4t\+01 .2\(271 .7 l7) : 12.5
288,858
As shown above, the arithmetic mean radon flux rate for Cell 3 based on samples representing the
second half of 2024 is below the NRC and EPA standard of 20 pCi/m2-s. Appendix C is a summary
of individual measurement results, including blank sample analysis.
The sample locations are depicted on Figure 2 and Figure 2,{. which are included in Appendix D.
These drawings were produced by Tellco.
No conditions or unusual events occurred during the measurements that could significantly affect the
reporled results.
References
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rodon Flux Measuremenls on Gardinier and Roysler
Phosphogypsum Piles Near Tampa and Mulberry, Florida, EPA 52015-85-029, NTIS #PB86-
161874, January 1986.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, July 2024.
S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Radiological Effluent and Environmenlal Monitoring at
Uranium Mills,Regulatory Cuide 4.14. April I980.
U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Title 10, Code of Federal Regulation,s, Part 40, Appendix A.
January 2024.
U.
U.
Figure I
Large Area Activated Charcoal Canisters Diagram
Il,:,ri_ I Irrge-Ars! l.4on (ol lictor
Appendix A
Charcoal Canister Analyses Support Documents
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CTIARCOAL CANISTER ANALYS IS SYSTEM
srrE LocArro* W\A'\e. M<tf_ _
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6s,Ex1 E n.egy F-.,t et. ,
Calibration Check Loe
System lD
Scaler S/N
M or /g tl calibration o^r" - * f I > I l*DucDate 4 I '-r lz{
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Derector s,rx: --B\ t5 ->j Source IDiSN:
tslankCanisterBkgd.Range,cprn: 2o = 4 b ro ,+)3o= Oq to lE:->-
Gross Source Range, cpm:2o= lO I q?*lL UH- 3 o = -loob-> b tO1 38
l7'L^5- window: -- 4A2- Thrshld: 2.20 -g*lTet -"I- Source Act,viry , -?.71;,4,
/-fechnician
YiN: Y = average background and source cpm falls within the control limits.
N = average background and source cpm does not fall within the control limits.
The acceptable ranges were determined from priorbackground and source check data
All counts times arc one minute
Date By Backmound Counts (l min each)Source Counts (l min. each)ok?
YN#l #2 #3 Avg.#l #2 #f Averase
tol I lZtt VZZ t't ..':tL0 rls iL1 t o20A tO eb+to7€ I t07{l YtolqlA7'4-r )-(\3q T.LV r40 IOqOq roTa-O lDqq )ro?55 )
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Clalibration Check Los
sysrem rD: iA- t t /-D-- z-l carrbration Date 4l rul z4 DueDate 4l t>lt--€
ScalerS/N: 5t5f 2 -- HighVoltage: l'L2-5 Window: 4.42 Thrshld: 2.20
Detecrors,ry, OL1 tS3j SourceID/SN: k?*' S^o S SourceActivity, -21-*aL',
Blank Canister Bkgd. Range, cpm: 2 o =4l t/ ro lLIl 6s ro I 5"?-
zo= rc\23- rc 10540 to= lOotl ." \oLcti
rechnician: Y-{*+- va-z--
CTIARC]OAL CANISTER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
Gross Source Range. cpm
All count.s times are ne mlnute
Y/N: Y = average background and source cpm falls within the control limrts.
N = average background and source cpm does not Iall within the control limits.
The acceptable ranges were determined from prior background and source check data
Date By Elacksround Counts (l rnin. each)Source Counts (l min. each)oKl
Y'N#l #2 #3 Avq #l #2 #3 Averagetol\lt-*/L4..-l'L<"-o t'Lq lz-l o7ft3 ro<_l .5 'Lo zi<lr.l.2,(."+Y
Io,r vl*t-\5 3q 1lLo tAO o1-lcJ lvz9l O^$q lo3t5 Y
ro/q, la'-l W-rll nq riu I lal r o Lla?toSt+\o>-q(1 lo77+v
wlqlaq yLL t31 l -Au\t2-lz-Ll l01-25 toT1 1 tobqv I tz-Vts Y
voltolz-Y Vl.e'IY?i4\\1q tz7 tozq I r OAul iOLG I tOnnq Y
ro lo Ytz.t 110 r?-2-| 41t-r 033q rO2-7t r nl(a?Lo2-5v)v
ro l-t I >Ll W,(tt)117 t71 to40(,t0 (vY I oLt-r 6 te7q.,v
tD l'I 124 L(-i l(r 1 ri lE+tOt*b)lo+\v tc,47b toqqS v
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SITE LOCATION: \)N\esq Ml tt , \31o,,r'rJ; -t
CLIENT: EN"La R-g'nru.s Cus
Calibration Ctrcck Loe
Technician
All counts tlmes are one mlnute
Y,'N: Y = average background and source cpm lalls within the control limits.
N = average background and source cpm does not fall within the control limits.
The acceptable ranges were determined from pnor background and source check dau
l-tc-,
SystemrD: MgL lD z.,
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Gross Source Range, cpm:2o= LOet5 ,o lo4O3 t"= )_L\)_b ro t t0Oo
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Date By Backcround Counts (l min. each)Source Counts ( I min. each)ok?
Y,N#l #3 Ave.#l #2 #3 Avcrase
o11 7.1 12/j-13l t2_v tzL t70 lo(o14 I O-73-?I D?A<\01 lA -
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tol t ctJ lzld-\ .rl I J-c 119 t61) la loqDl toGq+t c-l'7 2-v
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C}IARCOAL CANISTER ANALYSIS SYSTEM
srrELocArroN Wh,{z Mesa M,l\, B) fth Jl
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System rD: l4'o'?--) D '79
Calibration Check Log
Calibration Date: +l',s o,rrur" 1f t:-)26
ScarerSiN: - ,1 5V3 - uighvoltage: q1 5 window:
-4.42 -Thrshld: 2.20
Derecror sAN: D 4 I]Si >-source ID/SN: ?-iLLU n g-source Activiry 51 '3 le
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Technrcian: WW-
tlrlk
YiN: Y = average background and source cpm lalls within the control lirrits.
N = average background and sourcc cpm docs not fall within thc control hmits.
Thc acceptable rangcs were determined from prior background and source check data.
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All counts times are onc minute
Date By Backcround Counts (l min. each)Source Counts (l min. each)ok?
YN#l #2 #3 Avc,#1 #2 #3 Average
o l.i I 1-*lrLl t,5 I tL9 tZ2 lio IUU)I r Oq(t lul l{-lo4-7.:t
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BALANCE OPERATION DAILY CHECK
I BalanceModel: Oha',''s ?orI-o^1' n'
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Date Pre-check (g)Post-check (g)O.K. t 0.1 o/o ?By
to l4 l'>4 700.o 2-O o, o / "s YU*r
tols lzf 2-o a .o 2_o o. o f ns DZd,q.
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Fnerg Fudr Rerourcec (USA) Inc.
White Mcsa MiU
Rrdletion Survey of Equlpmeut Relcrc€d for Unrcrtrfcted Use
AII equrpmcnt or mar€rial rolcascd f,tm tbc whitc McEa Mill to atr unresticGd arera urust bc surycyod for rclcase ir
accordaace witb th€ followiag proccdurc.
l. Mooitor for Gross alplu conp'ninetion witb thc appropriaa survcy Eeter.
2. If calculated assay cxcocds 1,000 Stn/100cm2, tbcopcrforu swrpc egrlysis ar applicablepoints.
3. Decoatamioare if a removable alpha excocds I,000 @n/l00cm2 or fixcd alpha cxcceds 5,000 dpo/100cm2.
4. Release eguipment or matcrial if alpha contamination and Beta-Gemme levels are below the followirg
limit:
Rc,oovable alpha - I,000 dpm/l0OcE2
Fixcd atpha- 5,000 dp,m/lO0cm' avcrage
I 5,000 dpoll 00crr' aaximum
166-gnmmn- 0.2mrlfu @lm avangc
1.0m/br @lm Elxinuro
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Rcleascd from Whitc Mcea Mill to:
Rcleascd by (print namc), - .\ ,.)
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hstrumcnt Fuaction ctccks
Alpha Mctcn
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BetE-GaDea Mstcr Reoorrablc Alpba;
Inst. Modcl 3 SN3llJ:8l._
Cs- I 3 7 Sourcc SN__C.!-}&_
Iasr. Respooec_[fug[Sf
Cal. Datc: } t-I0 lY Lr{
Was a copy of this doc,ncnt offered to thc recipien,ffi), f.fo Sigrn,lur-e of recipicnt V A
Comments:
List of Eguipmcmt Total Atpha @;n/l00cm'Rcmovable Alpha
dpm/l00cm'
BeU/Gamma m/hl
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E6ciency:
Appendix B
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