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Home My WebLink AboutDERR-2025-000096 WASATCH ENVIRONMENTAL, INC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2410 WEST CALIFORNIA AVENUE SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 84104 PHONE (801) 972-8400 e-mail: wei@wasatch-environmental.com www.wasatch-environmental.com SITE CHARACTERIZATION WORKPLAN SALT LAKE CITY INTERMODAL HUB 200 SOUTH 600 WEST SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM SITE #C126 Project No. 1574-080 Prepared for: Utah Department of Environmental Quality Division of Environmental Response and Remediation Voluntary Cleanup Program Mr. Bill Rees, Section Manager 195 North 1950 West Salt Lake City, Utah 84114 Prepared by: Wasatch Environmental, Inc. 2410 West California Ave. Salt Lake City, Utah 84104 ________________________________________ Christopher J. Nolan, P.G. Senior Project Manager ________________________________________ Julie Kilgore, President Environmental Manager November 22, 2024 Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Table of Contents Page i TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page No. 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 2. SITE DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 3. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 1 3.1 Contaminants of Concern / Action Levels ........................................................................... 2 4. CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL .......................................................................................................... 3 5. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 3 6. SAMPLING ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................................. 3 7. SAMPLING METHODS.................................................................................................................... 4 8. ANALYTICAL METHODS ................................................................................................................ 4 9. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL ...................................................................... 6 10. REPORTING .................................................................................................................................... 6 11. HEALTH AND SAFETY ................................................................................................................... 6 TABLES Table 1 – Summary of Laboratory Analytical Methods Table 2 – Summary of Standard Laboratory Analytical Methods for Waste Characterization FIGURES Figure 1 – Property Location Map Figure 2 – Proposed Boring Location Map Figure 3 – Conceptual Site Model APPENDICES Appendix A – Standard Operating Procedures SOP 1 – Site Access and Permits SOP 2 – Equipment and Materials SOP 3 – Concrete and Asphalt Coring and Cutting SOP 4 – Direct-Push Soil and Groundwater Sampling SOP 5 – Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling SOP 6 – Sonic Drilling SOP 7 – Cone Penetration Testing SOP 8 – Borehole Abandonment SOP 9 – Borehole Refusal Criteria SOP 10 – Field Classification of Soils SOP 11 – Equipment Calibration SOP 12 – Monitoring Well Installation SOP 13 – Monitoring Well Development SOP 14 – Groundwater Sampling SOP 15 – Water Level Measurements SOP 16 – Aquifer Testing Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Table of Contents Page ii SOP 17 – Sub-Slab Soil Gas Sampling SOP 18 – Soil Gas Sampling SOP 19 – Indoor Air Sampling SOP 20 – Metal Detectors and Magnetometers SOP 21 – Ground Penetrating Radar SOP 22 – Decontamination SOP 23 – Management of Investigation Derived Waste SOP 24 – Site Restoration SOP 25 – Documentation SOP 26 – Surveying of Sample Locations SOP 27 – Sample Documentation and Handling SOP 28 – Chain of Custody Documentation SOP 29 – XRF Testing Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 1 SITE CHARACTERIZATION WORK PLAN SALT LAKE CITY INTERMODAL HUB 200 SOUTH 600 WEST SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH VOLUNTARY CLEANUP PROGRAM SITE #C126 1. INTRODUCTION This Site Characterization Workplan (Plan) describes the methods and procedures for collecting, handling, and analyzing environmental samples from the Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub property (Property), located at approximately 300 South 600 West in Salt Lake City, Utah (see Figure 1). The Property is owned and operated by the Utah Transit Authority (UTA), who plans to construct a new office building on a portion of the Property. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), Division of Environmental Response and Remediation (DERR), has accepted the Property into the Utah Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP-C126) to address environmental impacts identified in the Property soils. This Plan is intended to be used in conjunction with the Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP), the future Remedial Action Plan (RAP), and other related workplans prepared for the Property. All personnel involved with the collection and handling of samples shall be required to read this plan, and a copy of this plan will be available in the field during all sampling activities. 2. SITE DESCRIPTION The entire Property is located in Salt Lake City, Utah, on a triangular shaped lot bounded to the north by 200 South, bounded to the west by the UTA Frontrunner tracks and bounded to the east by 600 West and the TRAX (as shown on Figure 1). The entire Property consists of 15 acres and is within one of the oldest developed sections of downtown Salt Lake City. The Property includes areas of former and current railroad infrastructures and railroad support facilities. The history of the Property includes a variety of land uses, but has been primarily commercial and light industrial since the late 1800s, including railroad activities and three freight houses. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad owned and operated the Property from the mid-1800s through approximately 1996, when the railroad was acquired by Union Pacific. In 1997/1998, Union Pacific removed several railbeds. Salt Lake City purchased a portion of the property in 1999. Two of the freight houses were removed in 2002. The third warehouse was partially demolished and renovated in 2003 with additional demolition and remodeling for an interstate bus depot in approximately 2012. UTA acquired the Property in June 2007 and has operated the Property since that time as an intermodal transit hub that has included local bus, interstate bus, light-rail, interstate rail, and commuter rail services. The portion of the Property to be disturbed during construction of the new office building is shown on Figures 1 and 2. 3. BACKGROUND Prior to UTA acquiring the Property, Salt Lake City enrolled the Property in the Voluntary Cleanup Program (VCP-C016) which received a Certificate of Completion (COC), dated February 21, 2007. The COC described land use as a transit hub with commercial and retail operations. It excluded use that included managed care facilities, hospitals, residential uses (including caretakers that live on the Property), and day care and school facilities that may expose children to hazardous constituents for extended periods of time. Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 2 A Site Management Plan (SMP) dated January 8, 2007, is currently in place that requires: • The Property to be used in a manner consistent with the land use described on the COC; • No groundwater use via wells, sumps, or other means for the purpose of irrigation, drinking, or bathing; • Ground cover to remain across the Property in a manner consistent with the Remedial Action Plan, dated September 24, 2003, and the SMP; and • Compliance with the contingency plans described in the SMP in the event that impacted material above the Property cleanup goals is encountered. 3.1 Contaminants of Concern / Action Levels The Action Levels for unrestricted use at the UTA Intermodal VCP project will be 200 mg/kg for total lead and 35 mg/kg for arsenic. The lead Action Level is the U.S. EPA RSL for residential use. The Action Levels for the PAH compounds will be the most current U.S. EPA Residential RSLs (Table 2). These Action Levels proposed by the applicant and accepted by the VCP would be considered protective of human health and the environment for the proposed site land use. In looking at the previous analytical data for the site, arsenic was evaluated to assess if the detected concentrations are representative of Site background. As a Site-specific background level for arsenic is not available, various sources for background concentrations were evaluated. For the initial evaluation for arsenic, a value of 35 mg/kg (USGS Data Series 801: Geochemical and Mineralogical Data for Soils of the Conterminous United States and USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5118: Geochemical and Mineralogical Maps, with Interpretation, for Soils of the Conterminous United States) is proposed. Table 1 Proposed Action Levels for PAHs ANTHRACENE 18,000 mg/kg ACENAPHTHENE 3,600 mg/kg ACENAPHTHYLENE NA BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE 1.1 mg/kg BENZO(A)PYRENE 0.11 mg/kg BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE 1.1 mg/kg BENZO(G,H,I)PERYLENE NA BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE 11 mg/kg CHRYSENE 110 mg/kg DIBENZ(A,H)ANTHRACENE 0.11 mg/kg FLUORANTHENE 2,400 mg/kg FLUORENE 2,400 mg/kg INDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE 1.1 mg/kg NAPHTHALENE 2.0 mg/kg PHENANTHRENE NA PYRENE 1,800 mg/kg 1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 18 mg/kg 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 240 mg/kg 2-CHLORONAPHTHALENE 4,800 mg/kg NA = No RSL established for that compound. Generally, the primary contaminants of concern identified during investigation activities are lead, arsenic, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Additionally, isolated areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly petroleum hydrocarbons were also identified in soil and groundwater samples. Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 3 Since UTA would like the flexibility for unrestricted land-use for the new office building, as well as other portions of the Property where future building projects may be built, including residential or hospitality, UTA re-enrolled the Property in the VCP in order to change the land-use to unrestricted use. This Plan applies to the areas where the existing barriers are being disturbed to construct the new office building. The other areas of the Property to the south of 400 South will remain under the SMP currently in place. 4. CONCEPTUAL SITE MODEL As described in the SMP (MSE, January 8, 2007) investigation activities at the Property under the initial VCP oversight characterized the upper 1 to 4 feet of soil as non-native fill which was imported to the Property. Subsurface soil below the fill has been described as consisting of interbedded clay, silt, and fine to medium grained sand. Groundwater at the Property occurs in an unconfined aquifer at depth approximately 6.5 to 10 feet below ground surface (bgs). The groundwater generally flows to the northeast and northwest. A Conceptual Site Model has been prepared to identify the site-specific risks associated with the historical contamination sources, the existing contaminants of concern to be addressed during the remediation/building construction, contaminated media, transport pathways, exposure route, and potentially exposed receptor populations. The historical contamination sources are likely the former use of slag containing lead and arsenic as rail ballast, wind deposition of coal and coal combustion by product used by locomotives, the presence of creosote rail ties, and the use of oils and lubricants in the former maintenance shops which serviced the locomotives. The contaminants of concern in the shallow soils are lead, arsenic, and PAHs. The contaminants of concern in the shallow groundwater are heavy metals and VOCs. The contaminated media is shallow soil fill and groundwater. Transport pathways, especially during remediation/building construction, are suspension of dust containing the impacted soil resulting in an exposure route of inhalation and to a lesser degree ingestion of dust and direct dermal contact with impacted soil. If construction dewatering is conducted, transportation pathway of direct contact could result in an exposure route of dermal contact. Although unlikely, based on the previous groundwater monitoring analytical results, impacted groundwater could present a vapor intrusion potential into the new office building. Exposed populations include remediation/construction workers and future occupants and employees. A graphical representation of the Conceptual Site Model is presented as Figure 3. 5. PROJECT OBJECTIVES Additional Property characterization tasks are required in the area of the new office building to provide sampling data regarding the current nature and extent of environmental impacts. The generated data will be used to evaluate the need for remediation based on the planned use and construction of the new office building so that appropriate remedial alternatives may be selected and implemented. Site-specific action/cleanup levels for the Project will be specified in the Remedial Action Plan (RAP). 6. SAMPLING ACTIVITIES Figure 2 shows the proposed boring locations. Fewer sampling points are placed in the center of the proposed building footprint where previous sampling data is available (sampling points UP-10, MW-6, MSE-18, and MW-4). At this time, the underground utility footprints have not been determined and additional soil and groundwater sampling may be needed to plan for soil disposal and/or construction dewatering procedures. Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 4 This SAP is applicable to all sampling conducted in conjunction with this VCP Site, including but not limited to, lateral and vertical delineation of the impacts to soil and groundwater, evaluation of vapor intrusion risk, indoor air and soil gas sampling, soil and groundwater confirmation sampling, waste characterization sampling, and long-term monitoring of groundwater. Utility clearance will be requested through Blue Stakes of Utah prior to commencement of any sampling activities that will require drilling. Private utility clearance will also be conducted at the southern portion of the building footprint due to the presence of outdoor lighting and landscape planters containing irrigation. All necessary permits (i.e., right of way encroachment permits, etc.) will be obtained by Wasatch prior to commencement of any sampling activities, if required. All sampling activities will be conducted in accordance with the Plan, QAPP, RAP, and any additional approved work plans. Any deviations will be immediately communicated to both the applicant and VCP project manager and will be subject to their approvals. 7. SAMPLING METHODS Wasatch proposed to use direct-push methods to collect soil and groundwater samples from the borings. The sampling methods and field procedures Wasatch anticipates utilizing are presented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) contained in Appendix A of this SAP. The specific sampling methods to be utilized are SOP 4 (Direct-push Soil and Groundwater Sampling), SOP 8 (Borehole Abandonment), SOP10 (Field Classification of Soils), and SOP 11 (Equipment Calibration). If sampling methods become beneficial or necessary that are not included in the SOPs, an SOP will be developed for such sampling methods. The new SOPs will be presented in the applicable work plan(s) and amended to the SAP. 8. ANALYTICAL METHODS The laboratory analytical methods Wasatch anticipates utilizing for most aspects of the project are summarized in Table 2. Additional laboratory analytical methods will be required for waste characterization. Laboratory analytical requirements for waste characterization will be dependent upon the waste media, analytes detected in the environmental samples associated with the waste, requirements stipulated by the receiving facility, and regulatory requirements. The standard laboratory analytical methods Wasatch anticipates utilizing are summarized in Table 3 (subject to modification at the request of the receiving facility). Table 2 Summary of Laboratory Analytical Methods Target Analytes Environmental Media Laboratory Analytical Methods VOCs, full list (including chlorinated solvents and chlorinated solvent breakdown products) Soil SW-846 5035A/8260D or C Groundwater SW-846 8260D or C Soil Gas U.S. EPA TO-15 Indoor Air U.S. EPA TO-15 Metals, RCRA 8 Soil U.S. EPA 6020B and 7470A/7471B Groundwater (filtered) U.S. EPA 6020B and 7470A/7471B Soil Gas Not applicable Indoor Air Not applicable Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) with single selected ion mode (SIM) Soil SW-846 8270E or D Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 5 Table 3 Summary of Standard Laboratory Analytical Methods for Waste Characterization Waste Media Target Analytes Laboratory Analytical Methods Soil pH U.S. EPA 9045D Ignitability U.S. EPA 1010A Reactivity Sec. 7.3.3, 7.3.4, and 8.3 (Delisted, no longer part of SW- 846) RCRA F and D-List TCLP and Total VOCs U.S. EPA 8260D or C RCRA F and D-List TCLP and Total SVOCs U.S. EPA 8270E or D RCRA F and D-List TCLP and Total Metals U.S. EPA 6020B and 7470A/7471B Groundwater pH U.S. EPA 9045D Ignitability U.S. EPA 1010A Reactivity Sec. 7.3.3, 7.3.4, and 8.3 (Delisted, no longer part of SW- 846) RCRA F and D-List VOCs U.S. EPA 8260D or C RCRA F and D-List SVOCs U.S. EPA 8270E or D RCRA F and D-List Total Metals U.S. EPA 6020B and 7470A/7471B Notes: SVOCs – Semi-volatile organic compounds TCLP – Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (preparation method 1311 or 1312) Site Characterization Work Plan Salt Lake City Intermodal Hub Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Page 6 9. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures will be maintained throughout the duration of the project. QA/QC procedures are specified in detail in the QAPP. 10. REPORTING Reports will be submitted to the VCP project manager within 90 days following the receipt of the final laboratory data after the completion of each phase of work. Deadline extensions may be requested and approved in writing. Reporting requirements are discussed in detail in Section 7 of the QAPP and will be discussed in the future RAP. 11. HEALTH AND SAFETY Wasatch will author a site-specific health and safety plan (HASP) prior to the commencement of field work. A copy of the HASP will be on-Site at all times during field activities. Daily health and safety tailgate meetings will be conducted each morning during field activities. Figures The use or reuse of this information is restricted to the referenced document unless otherwise authorized. Wasatch Environmental Copyright 2006 UTA SLC INTERMODAL HUB WEI 1574-080 Figure 1 Project Location Map 200 South 60 0 W es t 300 South Project Location Approximate Property Line The use or reuse of this information is restricted to the referenced document unless otherwise authorized. Wasatch Environmental Copyright 2006 UTA SLC INTERMODAL HUB WEI 1574-080 Figure 2 Proposed Boring Location MapProposed Boring Locations Previous Boring Locations A B C D E F G H I J 1 inch = 115 feet The use or reuse of this information is restricted to the referenced document unless otherwise authorized. Wasatch Environmental Copyright 2006 Conceptual Site Model Figure 3 SLC INTERMODAL HUB WEI 1574-080 SOURCE INTERACTION RECEPTORS Contamination Exposure Medium Exposure Route Shallow Soil: PAHs Lead Arsenic Native Soil: Arsenic Lead Shallow Soil Soil Native Soil Dermal Contact Ingestion Inhalation Wind Suspension + Direct Contact Transport Pathway Current Use Complete Pathway Incomplete Pathway Groundwater: VOCs Lead Arsenic Direct ContactConstruction Dewatering Dermal Contact Potential Pathway VOC Off Gassing Air Dispersal Inhalation Appendix A Standard Operating Procedures SOP 1 – SITE ACCESS AND PERMITS Utility clearance will be requested through Blue Stakes of Utah prior to commencement of any sampling activities that will require excavation or drilling. Depending on the configuration of the project site, Wasatch may have a private utility locate performed in addition to Blue Stake clearance. All necessary plans and permits (i.e., traffic control plans, right of way encroachment permits, etc.) will be obtained by Wasatch prior to commencement of any sampling activities. Access agreements will be obtained with the owners, occupants, or lessees of any off -site properties prior to commencement of sampling activities to be conducted on any off -site properties. Access agreements will be in writing. Start cards will be obtained through the State of Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, for any monitoring wells that will extend to depths of 30 feet or greater. SOP 2 – EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS Equipment used in the execution of field activities will be inspected, maintained, and calibrated by Wasatch field personnel per manufacturer’s instructions. All field equipment will be inspected before and after each use. Equipment requiring calibration will be calibrated, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, before each use. Field equipment will be recalibrated as necessary if field readings appear to be abnormal. Equipment calibration will be documented in field notes or on an equipment calibration log. Any reusable field equipment that will come into contact with sampled environmental media will be decontaminated before each use. Equipment that repeatedly malfunctions or is significantly damaged will be removed from service, and a replacement provided, until it has been properly repaired. The following equipment may be used during investigation activities:  Photoionization Detector (PID) – will be used to monitor the atmosphere for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to field screen soil cores for VOCs.  Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)/Multi Gas Meter – will be used to monitor oxygen and explosive gas levels in the atmosphere and in underground storage tanks (USTs) during UST removals.  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – will be used in accordance with the site-specific health and safety plan (HASP). Field personnel will be equipped with protective clothing, gloves, hearing protection, eye protection, respiratory protection, safety glasses, safety-toed boots, and hard hats as dictated by site conditions and the HASP. At a minimum level D PPE will be used during all field activities.  Decontamination Supplies – will be used to clean and decontaminate sampling equipment and personnel. Decontamination supplies includes items such as, but not limited to, Alconox®, Liquinox®, buckets, brushes, spray bottles, pressure washers, paper towels, potable water, distilled water, and deionized water.  Disposable Bailers – will be used for collecting groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers. Disposable bailers may also be used for the removal of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL) from monitoring wells and piezometers, and during the development process of monitoring wells and piezometers.  Multi-parameter Water Quality Meters – will be used to measure temperature, specific conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and turbidity while purging groundwater from monitoring wells prior to collecting groundwater samples. Sta bilization of these measured parameters indicates when the purged water is representative of the groundwater within the aquifer and; therefore, when it is appropriate to collect a groundwater sample for laboratory analysis.  Water Level Indicators – will be used to measure depth to groundwater in monitoring wells and piezometers.  Interface Probes – will be used to measure the depth to light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL), depth to dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) and depth to groundwater in monitoring wells and piezometers.  Data Loggers and Transducers – will be used to measure changes in groundwater levels during aquifer tests such as slug tests and pump tests.  Slugs – made of stainless steel or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe and weighted with sand or cement, will be used to induce fluctuations in groundwater levels for slug tests.  Summa Canisters/Tedlar Bags and Flow Regulators – Summa canisters of various sizes equipped with flow regulators will be used for collecting soil gas, sub -slab soil gas, indoor air, and background outdoor air samples for laboratory analysis of VOCs. Additionally, tedlar bags may be used to sample vapor when a pumping apparatus is present in lieu of the Summa canisters.  Vapor Pins – will be used to create sampling points for the collection of sub-slab soil gas samples.  AQR Color-Tec® Tubes - AQR Color-Tec® tubes will be used to field screen soil gas and groundwater for VOCs.  Measuring Devices – include tape measures, measuring wheels, global positioning systems (GPS), total stations, transits, levels, and rods. These devices will be used to locate and map the locations and dimensions of site features and sampling locations, and to measure top of casing elevations of monitoring wells and piezometers.  Monitoring Well Construction materials – will consist of Schedule 40 or 80 PVC or stainless steel casing, machine slotted continuous wire wrapped well screen, and well foot; lockable well caps; traffic rate well vaults; monument well boxes; silica sand; bentonite; grout/neat cement; and concrete.  Split-Spoon Samplers and Continuous Core Samplers – will be used to collect soil samples, with minimal disturbance to the soil, during drilling activities. The soil samples may be collected for logging subsurface conditions, field screening, and/or laboratory analysis.  Pumps and Ancillary Sampling Equipment – including peristaltic pumps, down-well electric pumps (such as Grundfos pumps), down-well pneumatic pumps (such as bladder pumps), pump controllers, tubing, groundwater filters, stainless steel bowls, stainless steel sample trowels, and hand augers will be used as appropriate for various sampling activities.  Drill Rigs – such as direct-push, cone penetrometer, hollow-stem auger, ODEX, air rotary, and sonic rigs will be used as appropriate for advancing exploratory borings, collecting soil and groundwater samples, and installing monitoring wells and piezometers. Drill rigs will be supplied and operated by subcontractors with direction and oversight from Wasatch Environmental, Inc. Drilling subcontractors will be required to provide their own PPE and decontamination equipment, and required to comply with the HASP created by Wasatch.  Cutting and Coring Equipment – will be used to cut or core through concrete and asphalt to allow access for drilling and sampling.  Hand/Power Tools – including, but not limited to, hammers, drills, saws, screw drivers, wrenches, etc., will be used with caution and only for the intended purposes of each piece of equipment.  Soil Gas Sampling Probe – The probe consists of a slide hammer, metal rods, and drive points. Prior to each use all connections will be inspected and verified tight, and all equipment that comes in contact with environmental media will be decontaminated prior to use. SOP 3 – CONCRETE AND ASPHALT CUTTING AND CORING Subsurface exploration points in areas covered by concrete or asphalt that will require coring or saw- cutting prior to drilling or pushing the exploration point to minimize damage to the concrete or asphalt will be decided by Wasatch personnel prior to the commencement of sampling activities . Concrete and asphalt cores and cuts will be made as small as necessary. A coring and sawing subcontractor or Wasatch personnel will be used to perform the work. The sub-contractor, or Wasatch personnel, will follow standard procedures for concrete and asphalt coring and sawing. Coring or saw-cutting may be performed prior to drilling or pushing the exploration point. SOP 4– DIRECT-PUSH SOIL AND GROUNDWATER SAMPLING PROCEDURES A track or truck mounted direct-push probe will be used to advance shallow depth soil borings. This equipment will be used at sites where access restrictions, such as roof overhangs, prevent mobilization of a truck-mounted hollow-stem auger rig or Wasatch personnel deem it is necessary. Soil borings will be advanced and sampled using a hydraulic hammer. The boreholes will be advanced by pushing a steel drill stem equipped with a polybutyrate lined core barrel. No lubricants, circulating fluid, or other additives will be used to advance the direct-push probe. Soil samples will be continuously collected, starting at the ground surface, by hydraulically pushing a decontaminated polybutyrate lined core barrel sampler. The sampler will be attached to the drill rod, lowered to the sample interval, and then pushed or driven. Upon retrieval from the borehole, the sampler will be opened, soil will be screened using appropriate instruments as required, and field-classified for geologic logging. Samples will be extracted from the sampler using a decontaminated stainless steel spoon, gloved hands, or method 5035A sampling device as required . The specific sampling method(s) will be specified in the applicable work plan. Soil samples collected for laboratory analyses will be placed in appropriate laboratory supplied containers and preserved as required. Soil samples for laboratory analysis will be collected by the field geologist or environmental scientist based on criteria such as field screening results, odors, visual indications of contamination such as staining , or geologic formation. The number, type, depth, and interval of samples to be obtained will be specified in the Sampling and Analysis Plan or work plan for specific phases of field work. Groundwater samples will be collected using either an expendable, down -hole, stainless steel, sampling screen attached to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) tubing, or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) lined LDPE tubing if required , connected to a peristaltic pump . Alternatively, a temporary piezomenter constructed of schedule -40 polyvinyl chloride (PVC) riser pipe and machine-slotted well screen will be installed, into which LDPE tubing (or PTFE -lined LDPE tubing) will be inserted and connected to a peristaltic pump. Groundwater samples collected for laboratory analyses will be placed in appropriate laboratory supplied containers and preserved as required. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accordance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP. Excess material will be handled in accordance with the Investigation-Derived Waste Management SOP. Samplers, bowls, trowels, and spoons will be decontaminated in accordance with the Decontamination SOP when required. SOP 5 – HOLLOW-STEM AUGER DRILLING Hollow-stem auger (HSA) borings will be sampled continuously or will be sampled at intervals sufficient to describe lithology and to provide samples for laboratory analysis. The borings will be drilled with a truck or track-mounted HSA drilling rig. The augers will typically consist of 5- foot-long sections. A center plug will be placed at the bottom of the auger and held in place by drill pipe that is added along with each auger section. The center plug will prevent soil and liquefied sands from entering the bottom of the auger string as the boring is advanced. If loose or saturated sands are encountered, clear water may be added to the auger stem to equalize upward pressure and prevent the upward flow of sand through the center of the auger during sampling. Sampling will typically be performed using a 2.5 to 5-foot-long continuous core barrel. The continuous core barrel is attached approximately 3 to 6 i nches in front of the auger tip and is advanced as the augers are drilled into the ground. Because the core barrel is located ahead of the augers, a relatively undisturbed sample can be obtained. The continuous core may not be useable in formations containing cobbles and boulders. As an alternative, soil samples may be collected in the following sequence: the augers will be drilled to the proposed sample depth. The center plug will be removed, and a decontaminated split-spoon sampler will be lowered through the center of the auger on a small diameter drilling rod, and driven into the undisturbed soils below the bottom of the auger. The sampler will be driven by repeatedly dropping a hydraulic hammer (typically 140-pund hammer) weight approximately 30 inches on the drill rod. Total blows will be counted for each 6-inch increment. After the soil core is retrieved from the borehole, it will be opened and the soil will be field screened with the appropriate instrumentation as required. The soil will be field classified for the geologic log, and laboratory analytical samples (if any) will be collected. Soil samples collected for laboratory analysis will be extracted from either the split-spoon samplers or continuous core barrel samplers. In all cases, the soil will be removed from the sampler using a decontaminated stainless steel spoon or gloved hands. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accordance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP. Excess material will be handled in accordance with the Management of Investigation-Derived Waste SOP. Samplers, bowls, and spoons will be decontaminated in accordance with the Decontamination SOP when required. SOP 6 – SONIC DRILLING Sonic borings provide continuous soil cores facilitating accurate lithology descriptions and discrete sample collection for laboratory analysis. The borings will be drilled with a truck or track-mounted sonic drilling rig. The drill rods will typically consist of 5 to 10-foot-long sections. The drill rods, core barrel, and casing (when sloughing occurs) are advance d using high frequency resonance and rotary action. Initially, the core barrel will be advanced followed by the casing to stabilize the borehole. Once the casing is in -place, the core barrel is removed from the boreholes and the soil core is extruded in plastic bags using compressed air or vibration. This process is followed until the desired dept h is achieved. If flowing sands are encountered, clear water may be added to the casing to equalize upward pressure and prevent the upward flow of sand through the center of the casing during sampling. Soil cores are typically sealed in plastic bags as they are retrieved from the bore hole by the drillers. The plastic bags will be opened and the soil will be field screened with the appropriate instrumentation as required. The soil will be field classified for the geologic log, and laboratory analytical samples (if any) will be collected. Soil samples collected for laboratory analysis will be extracted from the plastic bags. The soil will be removed from the bags using a decontaminated stainless steel spoon or gloved hands. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accordance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP. Excess material will be handled in accordance with the Management of Investigation-Derived Waste SOP. Samplers, bowls, trowels, and spoons will be decontaminated in accordance with the Decontamination SOP when required. SOP 7 – CONE PENETRATION TESTING The Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is a geotechnical site characterization tool which provides a continuous profile of the soil stratigraphy and properties. The CPT consists of an instrument probe which is pushed into the ground using a hydraulic load frame. The hydraulic load frame is typically mounted on a heavy truck or tracked carrier. The probe includes a tip and friction sleeve that provides independent measurements of vertical resistance beneath the tip and frictional resistance along the side of the probe as a function of depth. The penetrometer is normally advanced vertically into the soil at a constant rate of 2 centimeters per second and data are recorded at 5-centimeter intervals. These data are transmitted to an on-board computer and printed out in numerical and graphical format. Pore pressure data is also obtained to evaluate the presence of groundwater. The CPT rig can be modified to obtain discrete-depth groundwater samples. The discrete groundwater samples will be obtained using a hydropunch. The hydropunch is driven into the ground using the hydraulic load frame. The CPT pore-pressure readings from the previous CPT are used to determine the depth the hydropunch sampler is pushed and a sample obtained. After the hydropunch sampler is pushed to the required depth, the sampler is pulled back, exposing an 18-inch long (typically) stainless steel screen. The sampler is allowed to fill with the water, after which a stainless-steel bailer will be lowered, and a sample obtained. The bailer will be lowered using a clean disposable line. The hydropunch sampler and bailer will be decontaminated according with the Decontamination SOP. After completing the CPT or hydropunch sample, the resulting hole will be abandoned in accordance with the Borehole Abandonment SOP. All down-hole CPT equipment will be decontaminated prior to the first CPT, between CPTs, and at completion of the project. Decontamination procedures are described in the Decontamination SOP. Revision 1.1: 4/9/2018 SOP 8 – BOREHOLE ABANDONMENT Soil borings will be abandoned according to the State of Utah Administrative Rules for Water Well Drillers (Utah Division of Water Rights, 1995). Boreholes from the ground surface to 30 feet below natural land surface will be abandoned with granular bentonite, 3/8-inch bentonite chips, or bentonite slurry. Additionally, the granular/chip bentonite will be hydrated with clean water. Boreholes greater than 30 feet below ground surface will be abandoned, using Portland Type A cement grout, mixed in a ratio of approximately 94 pounds (one bag) of cement to 5 to 6 gallons of water with approximately 3 percent (by weight) bentonite, bentonite slurry, or with 3/8-inch bentonite chips hydrated at 5-foot intervals. The grout or slurry will be added to the borehole using a tremie pipe and grouted from the bottom of the borehole to the ground surface to ensure all of the voids are filled. If a depression is observed after abandonment is completed, grout, slurry, or bentonite chips will be added to the borehole up to the ground surface ensuring that all of the voids are filled. The location of the soil boring will be marked with a survey stake so the boring can be readily located, during the survey activities, if the boring has not been previously surveyed. All borehole abandonment information, including the description of the amount and type of grout as well as the date of abandonment, will be documented in the logbook and/or on a Boring Log Form. SOP 9 – BOREHOLE REFUSAL CRITERIA Buried utilities, debris, boulders, slag, or other subsurface conditions may halt the advancement of exploration points. In these cases, the borehole will be abandoned according to methods described in the Borehole Abandonment SOP, and a new boring will be placed not more than 5 feet away from the abandoned borehole. The new boring will be advanced to the depth of the abandoned borehole and sampling will resume. Prior to drilling the new exploration point, the site must be verified to be clear or re-cleared in accordance with the Site Access and Permits SOP. SOP 10 – FIELD CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS A geologist/ hydrogeologist or other qualified individual will log the soil core and soil samples obtained in the soil borings. Soils will be classified based on grain size, degree of sorting, color, moisture content, consistency, odor, staining, consistency, and soil type based on the Unified Soil Classification System . The soil description typically will also include the soil particle angularity. Lithology data will be recorded on a Boring Log Form or in a field notebook. SOP 11 – EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION All field equipment calibrations will be conducted according to manufacturer's instructions and noted in the field logbook. The water quality meter, PID, and multi-gas meter will be calibrated with known standards prior to use, and as recommended by the manufacture r’s instructions throughout the sampling activities. The equipment will be calibrated multiple times a day if deemed necessary based on suspect readings. Calibration standard lot numbers and expiration dates (when applicable) will be recorded in the field logbook or documented on equipment calibration form . SOP 12 – MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION Groundwater monitoring wells are typically installed to monitor contaminant concentrations and groundwater levels over time. Prior to the construction of the monitoring well(s), the borings will be drilled following the SOP for the specified drilling method . The drilling method; well construction materials and emplacement depths; well casing length, diameter, and material; well screen length, diameter, slot size, and material; will be specified in the Sampling and Analysis Plan or work plan for the specific phase of investigation . Monitoring wells will generally be constructed to a depth sufficient to expose at least half of the slotted well screen into the aquifer. Wells designed to monitor shallow water table interface will be constructed following typical construction details so that the screened portion of the well bounds the water table interface. In this manner, the well will observe floating light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) contamination (if present), dissolved phase contaminants, and fluctuations in the groundwater table. Intermediate and deep monitoring wells may also be installed to monitor the aquifer zones just below the water table interface and in deeper zones. Intermediate and deep wells may have completely submerged well screens. Intermediate and deep monitoring wells are used to monitor dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL), dissolved phase contaminants, and fluctuations in the piezometric surface elevations . Monitoring well construction should be initiated within 24 hours of the completion of the borehole. To ensure the stability of the borehole during well construction, the monitoring well will be constructed inside of the auger string, drill casing, or open borehole. After the screen section has been positioned to the designed depth in the borehole, the sand pack consisting of clean, uniformly -sized, silica sand will be placed in the annulus of the borehole and/or auger while the drill string is slowly removed. The depth of the sand pack inside the annular space between the well casing and the borehole will be continuously monitored using a weighted probe. When installing the monitoring well inside an auger string or drill casing , the auger string or drill casing is periodically pulled upward, and the sand settles out through the bottom of the auger string or drill casing; additional sand will be added so the sand always remains in the bottom end of the auger string or drill casing . The sand pack will be added until it is a minimum of 2 feet above the top of the well screen. After the sand pack is in place, a bentonite seal, no less than 2 feet thick and not to exceed approximately 10 feet in thickness, will be placed on top of the sand pack. Bentonite pellets will be added at the top of the sand pack with a tremie pipe or equivalent method to prevent bridging as the drill string is slowly withdrawn. The thickness of the bentonite seal will be monitored with a weighted probe and will be hydrated in approximately 2-foot lifts as needed. Once the desired thickness of bentonite seal is reached, the bentonite will be allowed to settle for approximately 20 minutes. The thickness of the seal will then be verified using the weighted probe. After the bentonite seal is in place, the remaining open annular space will be grouted to the ground surface through the drill string or open borehole. The well screen and casing will be new and composed of materials that will not alter the water samples for constituents of concern and that are appropriate for the monitoring of environmental samples (typically Schedule-40 PVC or stainless steel). To prevent introduction of contamination into the borehole, flush-threaded screens and casing will be used. No glues of adhesives will be used to construct the monitoring wells. After the monitoring wells have been grouted in place, the well will be fitted with a flush-mounted or riser-mounted protective steel vault set in a concrete pad. The type of completion will depend on the well location and potential interference. Typically, monitoring wells completed in open fields will be riser-mounted, and monitoring wells in high-traffic areas will be completed as flush-mounts. Monitoring well construction information will be recorded on a Boring Log Form or in a field notebook. The following information will be compiled and documented on the Boring Log Form or in a field notebook, if applicable:  Date/time of boring and/or installation  Method of drilling  Approximate location  Depth to groundwater  Drilling Contractor  Borehole diameter and casing diameter  Stratigraphy  Casing materials  Screen materials and slot size  Filter pack material and amount  Seal materials and amount  Height of stickup or drop from ground surface  Detailed drawing of completed monitoring well SOP 13 – MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT Development of newly installed monitoring wells will be performed as soon as practical after well installation, but no sooner than approximately 24 hours after well installation and annular seal placement is complete. The purpose of development is to restore the natural hydraulic conductivity of the formation and remove foreign sediment and fine-grained sediments, introduced during drilling activities. Development of each well will be accomplished by bailing and surging, pumping, or a combination of these methods. The depth to groundwater and the total depth of the casing will be measured and recorded on the field notebook prior to, and immediately after, development. Development will be performed using the following method: a bailer will be lowered down the borehole until it contacts the surface of the water. Once the bailer is filled, it will be withdrawn from the water to create an upward surge. Short strokes near the bottom of the well will help to produce a sediment slurry that can be removed. After a majority of the sediment is removed, a submersible or airlift pump will then be lowered into the well and set at a discharge rate that is equal to the recovery rate if possible. The pump will be raised and lowered through the screened section of the well to remove finer sediment. This method will be continued until the conditions described below are met. The method will be repeated until a majority of the sediment is removed. Temperature, turbidity, pH, and specific conductivity will be measured using portable monitoring equipment during well development upon request, but will not typically be monitored . If requested, the measurements will be taken at the beginning, intermittently during well development, and at the completion of well development. Development will continue until the following conditions are met:  Sediment which rapidly settles out of solution is no longer present in water samples.  At least five wet casing well volumes have been removed.  If requested, three consecutive water quality measurements meet the following criteria: o pH ± 0.1 difference in consecutive readings, o Temperature ± 3 percent difference in consecutive readings, o Specific conductivity ± 3 percent difference in consecutive readings, and o Turbidity ≤ 5 nephelometric turbidity units (NTUs) or < 10 percent difference in consecutive readings. If well recharge is insufficient that the required volume cannot be met within 24 hours, or the well bails dry three times after allowing the well to recharge to 90 percent of the static water column , or water quality criteria cannot be met, the Project Manager will determine if well development should continue. Meters used for water quality measurements will be calibrated on each day of use according to the manufacturer's specifications. The meters will be recalibrated any time meter drift is suspected. Instrument calibration will be documented in the field logbook and/or on the Equipment Calibration Form. Pertinent information collected during well development will be recorded in a field notebook . Pertinent information required includes well identification, date and time of development, field personnel, method of development, meters used to measure water quality parameters, calibration procedures, measured water quality parameters, discharge rates, amount of water evacuated from the well (in gallons), beginning and ending water level, and beginning and ending total well depth measurements. No water, dispersing agents, acids, disinfectants, or other additives will be introduced to the well after the annular seal is installed or during well development. Development water will be placed into mobile storage tanks or 55 -gallon drums (when necessary) and disposed of according to the Management of Investigation-Derived Waste SOP. SOP 14 – GROUNDWATER SAMPLING The specific sampling method(s) will be specified in the sampling and analysis plan or work plan , and are discussed below . Low-Flow Purging and Sampling Groundwater monitoring conducted using low -flow sampling techniques requires a peristaltic pump and a multi-parameter water quality meter to allow for the collection of additional geochemical data including temperature, specific conductivity, pH, oxidation -reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), and turbidity. Groundwater samples collected using a low -flow sampling procedure would follow the appropriate United State Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) guidelines. The sampling procedure would involve inserting ¼-inch I.D., low-density polyethylene tubing into each monitoring well. The tubing would be run through a peristaltic pump, then to a flow cell to which a multi -parameter water quality meter was attached, and finally to a 5 -gallon bucket to collect purge water. Initial water levels would be measured and recorded prior to the initiation of pumping. Once pumping is initiated, water levels, pumping rate, cumulative volume purged, water temperature, specific conductivity, pH, ORP, DO, and turbidity would be recorded at 3 to 5-minute intervals until either stabilization was achieved or the well pumped dry. Pumping rates wo uld be maintained at a rate of less than 250 milliliters per minute to minimize drawdown. Stabilization is defined a s three consecutive measurement intervals where temperature and specific conductivity are +/- 3%, pH is ±0.1, DO is ±10% (or less than 0.5 mg/L), and turbidity is ±10% (or less than five nephelometric turbidity units [NTUs]). If the monitoring well pumps dry, it would be allowed to recharge to a minimum of at least 90% of their static water level prior to sampling (this applies to all groundwater sampling methods where the well pump is dry). After stabilization is achieved, the tubing would be disconnect ed from the flow through cell and the groundwater samples would be dispensed into laboratory -supplied sample containers. The sample containers would each be labeled with the analysis required, samplers name, sample I.D., sample location, date and time of sample collection. The samples would be place in a cooler with ice and transported under chain-of-custody protocol to a Utah certified laboratory for analysis. Al l pertinent sampling parameters or observations would also be recorded in the field log book or on the groundwater s ampling form. Standard Purging and Sampling Prior to each sampling round, the monitoring wells will be purged to remove stagnant water from the well casing, thereby allowing the collection of an analytical sample that is representative of formation water. The well casing purge volume will be calculated as follows: Purge volume (in gallons) = π x r2 x h x c where: r = radius of well (ft) h = height of water column (ft) π = 3.14 c = conversion constant (7.48 gal/ft3) Wells will be purged using a stainless steel bailer, Teflon® bailer, polyethylene bailer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bailer, stainless steel submersible pump, gas bladder pump, PVC submersible pump, or peristaltic pump. Polyethylene bailers, PVC bailers, and nylon twine are disposal items, used only once and will not be decontaminated or re-used at multiple wells. Groundwater samples collected for laboratory analysis may also be collected using a low flow peristaltic or submersible pump equipped with dedicated or disposable tubing. The collection of groundwater samples will proceed after a minimum of three well casing volumes of water have been purged. If using a bailer, t he bailer will be gently lowered into the water to minimize aeration during sampling. For VOC samples obtained with a peristaltic or submersible pump, the pump discharge rate will be set so that the discharge does not exceed approximately 100 milliliters per minute when sample containers are being filled. The pump will be operated up in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions. Groundwater samples to be analyzed for VOCs will be collected before other analytical samples, and the vials will be completely filled with no visible bubbles present to minimize the potential for aeration of the sample. Groundwater samples collected for other various laboratory analysis will be placed directly into the laboratory supplied sample containers. When filling the sample bottles that contain preservative , care will be taken not to overfill the containers and deplete the preservatives. Duplicate and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate groundwater sample bottles (if collected) should be filled at the same time the regular sample bottles are filled. Alternate the filling of bottles by first filling a normal sample bottle and then a duplicate sample bottle. This method of filling alternating bottles should continue until both sets of bottles are filled. Passive Diffusion Bag Sampling Passive diffusion bags (PDBs) come in a variety of d iameters and lengths typically ranging from ½ inch to 1.5 inches in diameter and 1 foot to 4 feet in length. PDBs are typically used to sample for VOCs. When possible pre-filled PDBs will be used. When PDBs that are not prefilled the PBD will only be filled with deionized water and secured per manufacture specifications. When sampling groundwater using PDBs all down-well equipment and/or supplies must be new, disposable , or dedicated to the well. All weights , clips, fasteners, and/or metal cables used to place the PDB will either be new, or decontaminated prior to placement. Other disposable types of ropes may be used to place the PDB, but must be discarded upon completion of sampling. The disposable rope or metal cable will be carefully pre-measured and cut to place the PDB at the desired depth interval within the monitoring well screen interval. An appropriate weight (preferable a stainless-steel weight) will be securely attached to the bottom of the PBD, and then the PBD will be fastened to the r ope or cable. Once attach ed to the rope/cable the PDB will be lowered into the monitoring well and the top of the rope/cable will be securely fastened to the top of the well or the well cap. The passive diffusion bags will remain within the well for a mi nimum of two weeks, or the length of time specified by the manufacturer. Once the minimum time requirement has been achieved the PDB will be carefully removed from the monitoring well to avoid tearing the PDB. The PBD will be secured and sampled within five minutes to prevent the loss of VOCs. Sampling begins by inserting the manufacturer-supplied sampling straw into the PDB. The sampling st raw should be clipped shut or bent to prevent discharge when inserting the straw into the bag and to regulate the sample flow from the PDB. The sample flow will then be regulated to facilitate the sample collection of VOCs discussed in the Standard Purging and Sampling Section. Multiple PDBs may be attached to a single rope/cable and placed into a monitoring well to capture data from specific depth intervals within the screened interval. Follow the above instructions for multiple PDB deployment. HydraSleeve Sampling The appropriate HydraSleeve (HS) size and placement within the monitoring well will be determined by the Wasatch project manager , and will be based on the inside diameter of the well, the length of the well screen, the water level in the well, t he position of the well screen in the well, the total depth of the well. When sampling groundwater using HSs all down-well equipment and/or supplies must be new, disposable, or dedicated to the well. All weights, clips, fasteners, and/or metal cables used to place the HS will either be new, or decontaminated prior to placement. Other disposable types of ropes may be used to place the HS, but must be discarded upon completion of sampling. Sampling groundwater with the HS is designed to collect a sample directly from the well screen by coring the water column . In short-screen wells, or wells with a short water column, it may be necessary to use a top weight on the HS to compress it in the bottom of the well so that, when it is recovered, it has room to fill before it reaches the top of the screen. To assemble the HS complete the following: 1. Remove the HS from its packaging, unfold it, and hold it by its top. 2. Crimp the top of the HS by folding the hard polyethylene reinforcing strips at the holes. 3. Attach the spring clip to the holes to ensure that the top will remain open until the sampler is retrieved. 4. Attach the tether/rope/cable to the spring clip by tying a knot in the tether. 5. Fold the flaps with the two holes at the bottom of the HS together to align the holes and slide the weight clip through the holes. 6. Attach a weight to the bottom of the weight clip to ensure that the HS will descend to the bottom of the well. Always wear sterile gloves when handling and discharging the H S. Before deploying the HS in the well, collect the depth -to-water measurement. If necessary, also measure the depth to the bottom of the well to verify actual well depth to confirm your decision on placement of the H S in the water column. Measure the correct amount of tether /rope/cable needed to suspend the HS in the well so that the weight will rest on the bottom of the well (or at your preferred position in the well). Make sure to account for the need to leave a few feet of tether /rope/cable at the top of the well to allow recovery of the sleeve. To deploy the HS complete the following: 1. Using the tether/rope/cable, carefully lower the HS to the bottom of the well, or to your preferred depth in the water column. 2. Secure the tether/rope/cable at the top of the well by placing the well cap on the top of the well casing and over the tether/rope/cable or secure it to the well cap itself. 3. Prior to sampling the well must be allowed to equilibrate back to static hydraulic conditions. In most cases the HS can be retrieved soon after deployment, but if desired the H S may be left in the well for any desired length of time. To recover and sample the HS complete the following: 1. Hold on to the tether /rope/cable while removing the well cap. 2. Secure the tether at the top of the well while maintaining tension on the tether /rope/cable (but without pulling the tether /rope/cable upwards). 3. Measure the water level in the well. 4. In one smooth motion, pull the tether /rope/cable up between 30 to 45 inches (36 to 54 inches for the longer HS) at a rate of about 1’ per second (or faster). 5. Continue pulling the tether /rope/cable upward until the HS is at the top of the well. 6. Decant and discard the small volume of water trapped in the H S above the check valve by turning the sleeve over. 7. Remove the discharge t ube from its sleeve. 8. Hold or secure the HS at the check valve. 9. Puncture the HS below the check valve with the po inted end of the discharge tube. 10. Discharge water from the H S into your sample containers. Sample collection should be done immediately after the H S has been brought to the surfac e to preserve sample integrity. 11. Control the discharge from the H S by either raising the bottom of the sleeve, by squeezing it like a tube of toothpaste, or b y pinching/folding the discharge tube . Measurement of field indicator p arameters is generally done during well purging and sa mpling to confirm when parameters are stable and sampling can begin. Because the HS is a no-purge sampling technique it does not require field indicator parameter measurement s to confirm when purging is complete. If field indicator parameter measurement is required to meet a specific non- purging regulatory requirement, it can be done by taking measurements from water within a H S that is not used for collecting a sample to submit for laboratory analysis (i.e., a second H S installed in conjunction with the primary sample collection H S. Multiple HSs may be attached to a single tether/rope/cable and placed into a monitoring well to capture data from specific depth intervals within the screened interval. Follow the above instructions for multiple HS deployment. SOP 15 – WATER LEVEL MEASUREMENTS Groundwater level measurements are taken to evaluate the direction(s) of local groundwater flow to provide a better understanding of site groundwater movement. The information will be used to develop or supplement existing groundwater elevation data and contour maps. The depth to the water table will be measured with an electronic water level indicator. If necessary, an interface probe will be used in wells containing light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL). The instruments used will be decontaminated in accordance with the Decontamination SOP. Measurements will be made to the nearest 0.01 foot from the reference point established for the monitoring well. Depth to water measurements will then be converted to elevations to establish true groundwater elevations. Depth to groundwater and total well depth measurements will also be recorded to calculate well casing volumes during monitoring well sampling events. Surface water level measurements will be taken to evaluate the fluctuations in surface water flows. The depth to the surface water will be measured with an electronic water level indicator. The instrument used will be decontaminated in accordance with the Decontamination SOP. Measurements will be made to the nearest 0.01 foot from the reference point established at the surface water monitoring point. Depth to water measurements will then be converted to elevations to establish true surface water elevations. SOP 16 – AQUIFER TESTING Information regarding the hydraulic properties of an aquifer will be obtained by measuring water level responses in the monitoring wells by pumping or slug testing. The locations for performing aquifer tests will be determined largely by the final number, distribution, and depth of monitoring wells present. Specific p umping test methods to be employed will be described in individual work plans. Slug Testing Slug tests will be conducted by inducing instantaneous changes in the groundwater level and measuring the associated water level response. Changes in water level will be measured with an electronic data recording system that uses pressure transducers (placed below the water level in the well) connected by cable to the data logger or will be manually recorded using an electronic water level meter. Each slug test will consist of at least one slug out (recovery) and slug in (falling head) test (for deep wells) in the monitoring well. Data obtained from these tests will be used to obtain local estimates of hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer near the monitoring well. In shallow wells (straddling the water table), only slug out (recovery) tests will be performed. In this manner, recovery water levels will reflect the properties of the saturated portion of the aquifer. Falling head tests (slug in) would not be appropriate because they would reflect the properties of the unsaturated sand pack. Pumping Tests Two separate pumping tests may be conducted at each well selected for evaluation. The first test would be a short-term, variable-rate discharge test (referred to as a step test) that provide data to calculate the efficiency and specific capacity of each well. The step test will be used to select an appropriate pumping rate for the second test: a long-term, constant-rate discharge test (referred to as a constant-rate pumping test). It is recommended that background water level and barometric data be collected prior to conducting any pumping tests. Th ese data should be collected for at least 7 days prior to the pumping test to evaluate the barometric efficiency of the well and the long -term water level trend for the well(s). A step test will be conducted for approximately 2 to 12 hours. During the step test, the well will be pumped at sequentially higher rates until it can no longer sustain the pumping rate. Drawdown will be measured in the pumping well. The constant-rate pumping test will not be conducted until the static water level in each well returns to approximately the pre-step-test level. The tests will be conducted by pumping the wells at a constant rate over a 24 to 72 hour period, as specified in the task-specific work plan, or until conditions reach a steady state. The pumping rate will be based on analysis of the step test or empirical data. After the test, the pump will be shut off and water recovery will be monitored in the pumping well and observation piezometers until the static water level has returned to at least 90 percent of the pretest level (or up to a maximum recovery period of 24 hours). During the step tests and constant-rate pumping tests, groundwater levels will be measured in the pumping wells and observation wells with a pressure transducer or an electric water level indicator. For both the step and constant rate tests, groundwater will be extracted from each pumping well using an electric submersible pump installed to a depth slightly above the bottom of the well. The flow rate and water volumes withdrawn will be monitored using a calibrated flow meter and a flow totalizer. The flow rate will be checked periodically with a calibrated bucket to monitor the accuracy of the flow measurements. The sequence of procedures to be used to conduct each step test and constant-rate pumping test is as follows: Place a pressure/barometer transducer in the pumping well and any observation wells at least 7 days prior to testing. The electric submersible pump will be lowered into the pumping well to a depth approximately 2 feet above the bottom of the well. The static water level and the total depth of the pumping well, as well as any observation well, will be measured and recorded in the field log book. A pressure transducer (if used) will be lowered into the well approximately 2 feet above the top of the pump, but not to exceed the transducers depth rating . Pressure transducers (if used) will be lowered into the adjacent observation wells and positioned slightly above the bottom of the well. The data loggers will be started simultaneously with pumping to record drawdown data. As water level drawdown occurs in the pumping well and observation wells, the data logger will record the pressure head, convert the pressure head to water level, and store the data in a separate file for the pumping well or observation well. If a transducer is not used all drawdown data will be collected using an electronic water level meter for the pumping and observation wells. After the pumping period of the test well recovery data will be recorded. After the water in the pumping well has recovered to at least 90 percent of the pretest level (or up to a maximum recovery period of 4 hours for the step tests and up to 24 hours for the constant rate test), the test will be terminated and the pressure transducers (if used) will be removed from the well and observation wells. Groundwater elevations in the pumping well and the observation wells will be recorded using a Insitu (or similar) data logger equipped with pressure transducers. The data logger will be programmed to collect water level measurements logarithmically (frequent intervals at the beginning of the test and longer intervals near the end of the test). The time of first drawdown observed in the observation wells (when the cone of depression reaches a well) will be calculated using appropriated aquifer evaluation equations, with estimates of transmissivity and storativity, along with the radial distance of the well from the pumping well. The data from each well will be evaluated using computer software that interprets aquifer test data by utilizing a variety of methods for analysis. The results may also be cross-checked using graphical techniques for aquifer test analysis if determined to be necessary. SOP 17 – SUB-SLAB SOIL GAS SAMPLING Sub-slab soil gas sampling is typically used to evaluate the potential for vapor intrusion into a structure or for locating soil and groundwater impacts. The location and number of sub-slab soil gas samples to be collected will be determined by Wasatch personnel to provide sufficient coverage, and will be based on the work plan objectives, structure configuration, and size. Techniques for collecting the sub-slab soil gas samples would begin by checking for a vacuum in each 6- liter Summa, 1-liter Summa, or 400-milliliter canister supplied by the analytical laboratory. Initial vacuums would be recorded on the chain-of-custody form. A ⅝-inch hole would be drilled through the concrete slab at each sampling location using a percussion hammer drill to a depth of approximately 1½ to 3 feet below the concrete slab. A brass vapor pin equipped with a silicone sleeve would be inserted into the hole and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupling will be placed around the vapor pin. Then the annular space between the vapor pin and the PVC coupling will be sealed with hydrated bentonite paste. Next, Teflon- lined tubing would be attached to the vapor pin and then capped. The bentonite paste and sub-slab penetration would be allowed to set for a minimum of ½ hour while the hole equilibrated. Summa Canisters A sample regulator with a flow restrictor would be provided by the analytical laboratory. A sample regulator would be attached to each Summa canister. An Entech helium shroud and sub-slab soil gas sampling system will be used to collect the soil gas samples. One tubing volume from each vapor pin location would then be purged using a pump, and then attached to the Entech soil gas collection system gas flow selector. The sample train will be connected to the sample pin and the Summa canister. The sample train flow selector will keep the sample pin isolated while the line to the Summa canister is opened. The vacuum will then be monitored. If a decrease in vacuum is not observed within 5 minutes, the sample train will be considered to be leak free. The helium shroud will then be flooded with helium until a concentration of 20 percent helium is achieved. Once 20 percent helium is achieved, the soil gas sample would be collected in the Summa canister. During the sampling, the sample line will be screened with a helium analyzer for the presence of helium to determine if there is breakthrough. The vacuum gauge on the flow restrictor would be monitored, with decreasing vacuum indicating that sub-slab soil gas was being collected into the Summa canister. All samples would be collected for approximately 2 to 30 minutes as determined by Wasatch personnel. Final vacuums would be recorded on the chain-of-custody form. The valves on the Summa canisters would then be closed, sample regulators removed, and brass caps tightened to the inlet of the sample canisters. The vapor pins would be removed from each hole and the holes would be filled and finished with concrete and/or concrete sealer. Summa canisters would be labeled with the appropriate sample location, as well as initial and final vacuum readings. Chain -of- custody documentation would be completed and the samples delivered to the analytical laboratory. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accordance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP; however, ice is not required for shipment/transport of sub-slab soil gas samples. SOP 18 – SOIL GAS SAMPLING Soil gas sampling provides an efficient means of detecting the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in subsurface soils. Using this method, VOC-impacted soil gas can be identified, and the source, extent, and movement of VOCs can be traced. This standard operating procedure (SOP) outlines the methods used for the installation of soil gas monitoring wells and the sampling of soil gas monitoring wells and soil gas probes using passive samplers and/or negative vacuum (Summa) canisters. The location and number of soil gas samples to be collected will be determined by Wasatch personnel to provide sufficient coverage, and will be based on the work plan objectives. Conditions not suitable for collection of soil gas samples include but are not limited to: a shallow water table (i.e., <3 feet), chemical(s) of concern is/are not volatile, or if moisture or unknown material is observed in the sample stream or sample container. Active Soil Gas Sampling Method Soil Gas Probe Installation Slam Bar Method 1. The tip of the pilot hole rod is placed on the ground and the piston of the slam bar is used to drive the rod to the desired depth. The number of blows required to reach the desired depth is recorded in the field notebook. 2. After the boring is made, the slam bar is carefully withdrawn to prevent the collapse of the side walls. 3. The soil gas probe, with a capped section of Teflon-lined tubing attached, is carefully inserted into the boring. The probe is inserted to the full depth of the hole and then pulled up three to six inches, exposing the stainless steel screen. 4. The top of the sample boring is then sealed at the surface to prevent infiltration of ambient air. A golf- ball size portion of bentonite clay is kneaded until it becomes soft. The clay is carefully molded around the probe at the soil surface to seal the space between the probe and the annulus space of the boring. 5. Once sealed, the boring is allowed to equilibrate for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to sampling. 6. To ensure a representative soil gas sample, a discrete volume of gas is purged to rid the tubing of atmospheric air and allow the subsurface soil gas to enter the probe tubing. The volume of gas removed will be equal to the volume of the tubing used. Unlike groundwater sampling, purging of a soil gas probe is designed to remove only the ambient air within the tubing. 7. If semi-permanent soil gas sampling installation is required, the probe remains in the boring, which may be sealed by backfilling with clean sand, at least 4 to 6 inches above the top of the soil gas monitoring point, followed by a bentonite seal to the ground surface. Power Hammer Method 1. A power hammer may be used to make borings when the soil is very hard, frozen or fine textured (clay), or when soil gas from beneath pavement or concrete is collected. 2. A power hammer is used to drive the probe to the desired depth (up to 12 feet may be attained with extensions). Threaded extensions are added, and securely fastened, until the desire depth is achieved. 3. After the boring is completed, the threaded rod is carefully withdrawn. This should be done in such a manner to prevent collapse of the side walls. If necessary, a jack retrieval assembly may be used to retrieve the rods. 4. The soil gas probe attached with a capped section of Teflon-lined tubing is then installed in the boring as described in Slam Bar method section, Steps 3, 4, and 5. 5. To ensure a representative soil gas sample, a discrete volume of gas is purged to rid the tubing of atmospheric air and allow the subsurface soil gas to enter the probe tubing. The volume of gas removed is determined by the volume of tubing employed in the probe. (Unlike groundwater sampling, purging of a soil gas probe is designed to remove only the ambient air within the tubing.) 6. If semi-permanent soil gas sampling installation is required, the probe remains in the boring, which may be sealed by backfilling with clean sand, at least 3 inches above the top of the soil gas monitoring point, followed by a bentonite seal to the ground surface. Direct-Push Method 1. Direct-push drilling/sampling technology refers to soil gas samplers that are inserted into the ground without the use of slam bars or demolition hammers. Direct-Push units/tooling can be mounted on an all- terrain track mounted vehicles or other vehicles. These tools are able to collect samples at depths greater than 50 feet, depending on soil conditions. 2. Sampling probes, consisting of 3 to 5-foot sections of flush-threaded, 1¼-inch hardened steel alloy steel rod tipped by an expendable steel point, are driven into the ground to the target depth. The probe tools are withdrawn approximately 6 inches to 1 foot to release the expendable tip and allow soil gas to flow into the tool’s tubing. 3. Once in-place, the boring is allowed to equilibrate for approximately 30 minutes prior to sampling. 4. To ensure a representative soil gas sample, a discrete volume of gas is purged to rid the tubing of atmospheric air and allow the subsurface soil gas to enter the probe tubing. The volume of gas removed is determined by the volume of tubing employed in the probe. (Unlike groundwater sampling, purging of a soil gas probe is designed to remove only the ambient air within the tubing.) 5. If semi-permanent soil gas sampling installation is required, the probe remains in the boring, which may be sealed by backfilling with clean sand, at least 3 inches above the top of the soil gas monitoring point, followed by a bentonite seal to the ground surface. Passive Soil Gas Sampling Method Passive soil gas methods consist of the burial of a sampling device, containing an adsorbent, in the ground with subsequent retrieval and analysis of the adsorbent. With passive sampling, there is no forced movement of soil gas. Instead, as the gasses migrate, the sorbent acts as a sink for the compounds in the soil gas. This method gives a time-integrated measurement and reduces the uncertainty due to temporal variations. Passive soil gas methods directly measure a mass of contaminant that has diffused onto an adsorbent media. Reporting units are typically in terms of mass (e.g., micrograms). Using relative mass levels, passive soil gas can be a viable, cost -effective, and simple screening tool to determine potential areas of concern. Passive soil gas sampling gener ally involves drilling or probing a ⅝-inch hole at least 3–5 feet below ground surface. The passive sampler is inserted to depth using wire or string which is secured to the top of the boring, then the top of the boring is sealed with bentonite paste. The sampler will be deployed for the manufacturer recommended duration. After the recommended sample duration is complete, the sorbent tube is retrieved and properly sealed as recommended by the manufacturer to preserve cleanliness to prevent additional adsorption during return shipment to the analytical laboratory. Soil Gas Monitoring Wells A soil gas monitoring point and tubing can be installed down a variety of boreholes ranging in diameter from 1 to 8-inch. Boreholes may be created with hand equipment (hand-augering) or direct-push systems (previously discussed). Installation of several tubes in the same borehole at varying depths (hereafter referred to as nested soil gas wells) are easier in boreholes >1.5-inches in diameter. It is assumed that utilities have been cleared and an open borehole exists. In situations where the borehole collapses; the same protocol can be followed down the probe rods, keeping care to not pull the tubing out when the rods are retracted and to add grouting materials as the rod is removed. 1. Measure depth to bottom of the borehole. 2. Cut Teflon-lined tubing to the appropriate length to give enough surface length for required type of surface termination (flush, recessed, protruding), then attach the soil gas monitoring point to the end of the tubing. 3. Add about 2 inches of sand to bottom of borehole (calculate required volume based upon borehole diameter). 4. Insert Teflon-lined tubing with the soil gas monitoring point down the borehole. Cover the soil gas monitoring point with at least 4 to 6 inches of sand. 5. If a single depth soil gas well, grout to the surface using bentonite for semi-permanent well. If permanent installation, bentonite to near surface and complete with a cement pad and metal well vault. 6. For nested wells, add bentonite grout, hydrating periodically, to the next sample depth. Repeat steps 2, 3, 4, and 6 until all sample depths are completed. 7. Cut the protruding lengths of tubing successfully shorter so the deepest sample tube is the longest length and the others progressively shorter. This is helpful if the labels on each tube are lost or illegible upon resampling. 8. Label each tube before installing the next tube. 9. Terminate surface ends of tubes with Swagelok caps, valves, or other desired terminations. 10. Allow each well to equilibrate for 24 to 72 hours prior to sampling. Sampling Negative Vacuum (Summa) Canisters Techniques for collecting the soil gas samples will begin by checking for a vacuum in each 6-liter Summa, 1-liter Summa, or 400-milliliter Summa canister supplied by the analytical laboratory. A sample regulator with a flow restrictor will be provided by the laboratory. The sample regulators will be attached to each Summa canister. Because the Teflon tubing is directly connected to the soil gas screen and the sample regulator, a shut-in test is performed by applying an air tight cap to the inlet of the regulator (after being attached to the Summa canister) then observing the vac uum gauge attached to the sample regulator for five minutes to verify that a decrease in vacuum is not observed. A decreasing vacuum would be indicative of a leak. If a leak is indicated, all connections in the sampling train would be checked and tightened as necessary. The shut-in test would then be repeated. Following successful completion of the shut-in test, one tubing volume from each sampling location will then be purged using a pump, and then attached to the sample regulator and the valve on the sample canister will be opened. A tracer will be applied to the collection system by placing isopropyl alcohol pads near all connection points (except for the screen connection for the slam bar, power hammer, or direct push sampling methods) to verify sample integrity and identify if a leak in the system has occurred. Breakthrough would be indicated if isopropyl alcohol is detected at a concentration greater than or equal to a 1 percent concentration reported with the laboratory analytical results for the sample. The vacuum gauge on the flow restrictor will be monitored, with decreasing vacuum indicating that soil gas is being collected into the Summa canister. All samples will be collected for approximately 2 minutes to ½ hour as determined by Wasatch personnel. Final vacuums will be recorded on the chain-of-custody form. The valves on the Summa canisters will then be closed, sample regulators removed, and brass caps tightened to the inlet of the Summa canisters. Summa canisters will be labeled with the appropriate sample location, as well as initial and final vacuum readings. Chain-of-custody documentation will be completed and the samples delivered to the analytical laboratory. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accordance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP; however, ice is not required for shipment/transport of soil gas samples. SOP 19 – INDOOR AIR SAMPLING Prior to collecting indoor air samples the site occupants would be interviewed to ascertain whether or not dry cleaned clothing has been brought into the structure, or carpets have been professionally cleaned, within the preceding two weeks. Additionally, the occupants would be interviewed to ascertain what recent activities have been conducted at the site, and if any know n products containing the chemicals of concern are present. Next a chemical inventory would be performed to identify and remove any products containing chemicals of concern (any volatile organic compounds [VOCs], unless the list of analytes has been limited to specific VOCs with approval of the regulatory agency) within the site structures of concern. This procedure would be followed to reduce the potential for false positive results in the indoor air samples (i.e., the detection of chemicals of concern in the indoor air samples resulting from sou rces inside the structure rather than from beneath the floor slabs). Products discovered during the chemical inventory that contain chemicals of concerns would be removed from the structure for a minimum of two weeks prior to sampling activities. All products would be documented in a field notebook or on the Indoor Air Sampling and Chemical Use Questionnaire. The location and number of indoor air samples to be collected will be determined by Wasatch personnel to provide sufficient coverage, and will be based on the specific objectives, structure configuration, and structure size. The specific number and location of samples, as well as the analyte list, would be specified in the Sampling and Analysis Plan or work plan for specific phases of investigation. Techniques for collecting the indoor and outdoor air (ambient background sample) samples would begin by checking for a vacuum in each 6-liter Summa canister supplied by the laboratory. Initial vacuums would be recorded on the chain-of-custody form. A 6-liter Summa canister would then be placed at an appropriate height for sample collection at each sample location. The sampling locations and heights will be specified in the work plan for specific investigations, but will generally be placed at breathing space height whenever possible and appropriate with respect to the sampling objectives. A sample regulator with a flow restrictor would be provided by the laboratory for each sample location. A sample regulator would be attached to each 6-liter Summa canister. The vacuum gauge on the flow restrictor would be monitored, with decreasing vacuum indicating that ambient indoor air is being collected into the sample canister. All samples would be collected for approximately 8 hours for commercial structures, and 24 hours for residential structures. Final vacuums would be recorded on the chain-of-custody form provided. The valves on the sample canisters would then be closed, sample regulators would be removed, and the brass caps tightened to the inlet of the sample canisters. Canisters would be labeled with the appropriate sample location, as well as initial and final vacuum readings. Chain-of-custody documentation would be completed and the samples would be delivered to laboratory for the appropriate analysis. Samples will be packed, sealed, and shipped/transported in accord ance with the Sample Documentation and Handling SOP; however, ice is not required for shipment/transport of indoor air samples. SOP 20 – METAL DETECTORS AND MAGNETOMETERS Metal detectors will be used to locate buried metallic objects by sweeping the sensor immediately above the ground surface. When an object is detected, a shovel or other equipment will be used to locate the buried object or the object will be surveyed . Magnetometers will be used to locate buried ferrous -metallic objects. The magnetometer survey will be performed in a grid pattern within the anticipated search area. The magnetometer operator will determine the initial grid. If an anomaly is found, the grid spacing may be reduced. The spacing will determine the resolution of the data. The magnetometer contractor will conduct the survey with the site geologist or other competent personnel providing oversight. The magnetometer points will be surveyed in accordance with the Exploration Point Surveying SOP. SOP 21 – GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) uses high frequency radio waves to acquire subsurface information (buried metal objects, boundary or interface conditions). The GPR survey area will be delineated into a grid pattern by stakes or other marking devices. The spacing of lines on the grid is a function of the resolution required for geophysical data or the size of the object(s) to be located; the tighter the grid pattern, the more detailed the information, and the wider the pattern, the faster the survey can be completed. The GPR contractor will determine the grid pattern. Subsurface profiles are acquired by towing the antenna along the grid lines to obtain the data (first along all of the lines in one direction and then along the perpendicular lines), thus creating a map of the site. The geophysical contractor will conduct the ground-penetrating radar survey with the site geologist or competent personnel providing oversight. SOP 22 – DECONTAMINATION Equipment used to advance soil borings, and obtain soil and groundwater samples, will be decontaminated to avoid cross-contamination. Downhole equipment will be pressure-cleaned with potable water and Alconox® (or other equivalent cleaner) before drilling and sampling of each borehole. The cleaning of equipment will typically be performed at the site. Bailers, submersible pumps and other non-dedicated miscellaneous equipment, that contacts analytical soil or groundwater samples, will be decontaminated or replaced with new material before and between each sampling event. Equipment of this type may be decontaminated by cleaning, when convenient, but is typically decontaminated using the following three-step procedure:  Laboratory-grade detergent, such as Alconox®, and potable water wash  Potable water rinse  Triple rinse with distilled water or deionized water Spray bottles may be used to store and apply the distilled or deionized water. If necessary, sampling equipment will be wrapped with aluminum foil to protect the equipment from dust or vapors between use. Liquids generated during the decontamination process will be handled according to the Management of Investigation-Derived Waste SOP when required . SOP 23 – MANAGEMENT OF INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTE Investigation-derived waste (IDW) generated during investigation operations will include sanitary waste (label backs, paper towels, etc.), used personal protection equipment (PPE), soil cuttings, decontamination water, purge water, and well development water . Container Management and Labeling Waste containers will be identified with the solid waste origination location(s), boring and/or sampling location(s), and date generated. The information will be written directly on the containers or written on labels that are affixed to the containers. If labels are used, labels indicating “Analysis Pending” will be affixed to each drum until such time as the waste has been properly characterized. Once the waste has been characterized, the “Analysis Pending” label will be replaced with either a “Non - Hazardous Waste” label or a “Hazardous Waste” label, as appropriate. If a “Hazardous Waste” label is used, the label will be fill-out completely including the appropriate waste code(s) and generator information. Hazardous waste will be stored in a secured a rea with appropriate signage, and will be properly transported and disposed within 90 days of generation. All hazardous waste containers will be photographed after they have been characterized, identified, labeled, and stored to document proper labeling a nd storage. These data will be documented in a field notebook, by field personnel. The containerized IDW will be inspected as deemed necessary to ensure that the integrity of the containers is maintained and that the material has not been removed from the designated storage location. Sanitary Waste and Personal Protective Equipment Sanitary wastes, including used PPE generated at each investigation location, will be collected in plastic bags or equivalent containers and sealed. The waste will be disposed as municipal waste. As necessary, soil and loose material will be brushed off or otherwise removed from the PPE at the site before containerizing the PPE. Soil Cuttings Soil cuttings will be placed in 55-gallon drums and left on -site pending analytical results. The concentrations of soil within the containers will be determined using the soil sample data from the soil boring locations or by waste characterization sampling from the drums . Soil concentrations will be used to determine if the containerized soil must be transported off-site for disposal, or if the soil may be disposed on-site. Decontamination Fluids, Purge Water, and Development Water The accumulation area for decontamination water, purge water, and well development water will be located on-site. The water will be containerized and stored in areas preferably out of site from the general public. Analytical data associated with the generation of the IDW water, historical data for the locations associated with the IDW, or waste characterization samples will be reviewed or collected to determine the appropriate disposal options for the IDW. SOP 24 – SITE RESTORATION All exploration point locations will be restored, to the extent possible, to the previous existing condition. Borings will be backfilled in accordance with the Borehole Abandonment Procedures SOP. The need to repair the ground surface at boring locations will be assessed by Wasatch personnel and the client prior to sampling activities . If repair is required, borings made through asphalt will be patched with asphalt, concrete will be patched with concrete, and soil or gravel areas will be covered with like material. SOP 25 – DOCUMENTATION Documentation guidelines are intended to ensure that complete and consistent written records are maintained throughout the field activities. The field documents will be reviewed for accuracy and will remain available to field personnel at the site, during field activities. In addition, photographs will be taken in the field to document activities and conditions. All field activities will be recorded in field notebooks. Notebooks will contain descriptions of daily field activities. Information to be recorded in logbooks includes the following, as appropriate:  Photoionization detector readings, odors, and other readings pertaining to air quality  Quality assurance and quality control sample identification  Daily site conditions including temperature and weather  Personnel present on-site, including time that they entered the site  Calibration information  Subcontractor activities  Samples collected  Well development  Descriptions of field tests  Equipment used  Decontamination procedures  Problems encountered  Decisions  Phone records  Chain-of-custody information Notebook entries will be made with ink. Corrections will be made by drawing a single line through the entry, initialing, and dating the revision if necessary. Some field data will be recorded on the specialized forms. These data will typically not be duplicated in the field logbooks; however, reference to the forms will be recorded in the logbooks, as appropriate. SOP 26 – SURVEYING OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS Monitoring wells and piezometers will be topographically surveyed by a Utah Licensed surveyor using established vertical and horizontal control points. The casing and ground surface elevation for monitoring wells will be surveyed by a Utah licensed surveyor to within ±0.01 feet using the current industry accepted vertical datum . The top of the casing (not protective case) for monitoring wells and the ground surface will be surveyed. Horizontal coordinates will be determined to within ±.0.1 feet and reported in coordinates that are specified in the work plan . Survey field data (as corrected) for monitoring wells will include loop closure for survey accuracy and raw survey data. Closure will be within the horizontal and vertical limits given above. This submission will clearly list the coordinates (and system) and elevation (ground surface and/or top of well casing, as appropriate) for all borings, wells, and reference marks. All permanent and semi- permanent reference marks used for horizontal and vertical control (bench marks, caps, plates, chiseled cuts, rail spikes, etc.) will be described in terms of their name, character, and physical location. The on-site representative will be responsible for coordinating the survey crew activities but may or may not conduct oversight or supervision of the survey crew while field work is conducted. A set of keys will be supplied to the survey crew by Wasatch or the client to allow access to any locked gate or monitoring wells. The survey crew will return the keys to the on-site representative or client after survey work is completed. The surveying of other types of sample locations will be conducted as needed. Other types of sample locations may include soil boring locations, surface water sampling, sediment sampling locations, and shallow/surface soil sampling locations. The surveying requirements for these types of sample locations are similar to the requirements for surveying monitoring wells. However, there will be no top-of-casing elevation and the accuracy for ground surface elevation measurement will be to within ±0.1 feet rather than ±0.01 feet. Some sample grids and locations may be located by Wasatch field personnel using a sub-meter grade global positioning system (GPS) or laser surveying equipment, as specified in works plans and/or sampling and analysis plans. SOP 27 – SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION AND HANDLING Sample collection information will be entered into field notebooks. Prior to laboratory shipment, each sample will be logged on a Chain-of-Custody (COC) Form. The COC form will be placed in a cooler and will accompany the analytical samples during shipment or transport to the laboratory. Once sealed, sample bottles will be labeled and placed in an iced cooler. Coolers to be shipped via courier will be lined with a plastic bag and packed with packing material surrounding the bottles to prevent breakage during shipment. Additionally, the drain spout of the cooler will be taped shut. Ice will be sealed in plastic bags to prevent melted ice from soaking the packing material. A temperature blank may be included in each cooler. A COC form will be enclosed in sealed plastic bags and taped to the underside of the cooler lid. Coolers will be secured with strapping tape and custody seals. The custody seals will be affixed to each sample cooler (not each bottle). The coolers will be shipped or delivered to the appropriate laboratory, by the field technician or overnight courier, so they will arrive for analysis within 3 days of sample collection. SOP 28 – CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY DOCUMENTATION A required part of any sampling and analytical program is a system for sample control from collection to data reporting. This includes the ability to trace the possession and handling of samples from the time of collection through analysis and final deposition. This system also ensures against tampering or contamination of samples. The documentation of the sample's history is referred to as the chain of custody (COC). Initially after collection, a sample is considered to be under a person' s custody if it fits the following criteria:  In an individual’s possession  In view of the individual after that person has taken possession  Secured by the person so that no one can tamper with the sample The field technician will use COC forms that are equivalent to the U.S. EPA Office of Enforcement COC forms. The sequence for transferring samples from the possession of the sampler, as cited above, to the contract laboratory is as follows: When the sample bottles are delivered from the laboratory, both the sender and receiver sign and date the COC form as well as specifying on the form what has changed hands. From that point on, every time the sample bottles change hands (whether empty or full) both parties sign and date the transfer. However, some sample bottles are stored at Wasatch and no COC is required for the acquisition of the sample bottles. The following information is included on the COC:  Project number  Project name  Sample ID number (as noted in the field log book) secured by that person so no one can tamper with the sample  Signature of sampler  Date and time of collection (time logged in field log book)  Type and matrix of sample  Number of containers  Preservative  Requested analyses  Inclusive dates of possession  Signature of receiver In addition to the COC form, other components of the COC will include sample labels, custody seals (if shipping the samples to a laboratory), and field notebook, as summarized below: Sample Label. A sample label will be affixed to each sample bottle to provide information regarding the sample ID, sampler’s initials, analytical tests to be performed, preservative information, date, and time of sample collection. Custody Seals. Two custody seals will be affixed to each sample shipping container (not each bottle). These seals will show a sampler’s (or person in possession of the samples) name, and date sealed. The seals will be taped onto the sample shipping container or lid of the shipping container prior to sample shipment, and will be broken at the laboratory under COC procedures. Revision 2.0: 2/12/2018 SOP 29 – XRF TESTING Under this method,inorganic metals of interest in soil are identified and quantitated using a field-portable, energy-dispersive, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer. Radiation from one or more radioisotope sources or an electrically excited x-ray tube is used to generate characteristic x-ray emissions from elements in a sample. Up to three sources may be used to irradiate a sample. Each source emits a specific set of primary x-rays that excite a corresponding range of elements in a sample. When more than one source can excite the element of interest, the source is selected according to its excitation efficiency for the element of interest. Wasatch will use a Niton XL2 950 GOLDD analyzer (or equivalent) following the U.S. EPA Method 6200 (Field Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for the Determination of Elemental Concentrations in Soil and Sediment) for in situ soil screening. The handheld meter will be used to directly measure the concentrations of the metals of concern in soil. A 30-second measurement time will be used to screen the soil during soil removal activities. The XRF will be checked each day of use for energy calibration, instrument blank, method blank and calibration checks. The energy calibration check would be run at a frequency consistent with manufacturer’s recommendations. The energy calibration check procedures are as follows: 1. Power up the XRF 2. Press “Yes” to proceed 3. Log on with the password: 1,2,3,4 4. From the “Take a Measurement” (home) screen, touch “System Check” 5. Touch “Preform a System Check” 6. XRF will preform 2 system checks. Please note that the amber active lights are on during this procedure. Do not point the XRF at yourself or anyone else during this procedure. Generally, this would be at the beginning of each working day, after the batteries are changed or the instrument is shut off, at the end of each working day, and at any other time when the instrument operator believes that drift is occurring during analysis. An instrument blank is used to verify that no contamination exists in the spectrometer or on the probe window. The instrument blank can be silicon dioxide, a polytetraflurorethylene (PTFE) block, a quartz block, clean sand, or lithium carbonate. The instrument blank would be analyzed on each working day before and after analyses are conducted and once per every twenty samples. The instrument blank is labeled “SiO2 99.995% PP, 180-647”. A method blank is used to monitor for laboratory-induced contaminants or interferences. The method blank can be clean silica sand or lithium carbonate that undergoes the same preparation procedure as the samples. A method blank would be analyzed at least daily. The method blank is labeled ”180-706, USGS SdAR-M2, control sample”. Calibration verification checks should be conducted at least three times per day . This would be the same timetable as the energy calibration check with additional checks for substantial ambient temperature changes. The samples are labeled “RCRApp, 1000Ba 500Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Se 180-661” or field samples labeled with known Pb and As values. A 30-second measurement time is used on the samples and analysis should be within +/- 20% of the listed values. The Niton XL2 950 GOLDD is only calibrated at the factory and this is only a check for drift during analysis. XRF In Situ Field Operation for Soils and Sediments: Revision 2.0: 2/12/2018 1. After beginning checks have been completed, select “Sample Type” from the “Take a Measurement” home screen. 2. Select “Soils and Minerals” and then select “Soils” 3. “Ready to Test” will be displayed along with a camera view of analysis area. 4. Prepare the surface to be tested by leveling the area to be tested with a trowel or shoe. 5. Place XRF directly against soil surface and pull the trigger to activate XRF 6. Use a 30-second measurement time to test the selected area. If it is not feasible to use a 30- second measurement time due to the excavation crew’s work, a shorter measurement time can be used but the error range increases as measurement time decreases. 7. While analysis is underway, and the active amber lights are displayed, avoid placing hands or feet at the sides or above the XRF to minimize exposure to X-Rays. 8. Minerals will be displayed on the viewing screen with Lead and Arsenic listed first (if present) followed by minerals by concentration. 9. If required, record shot number, displayed on the top left-hand side of viewing screen, and the location. XRF Composite Soil and Sediment Analysis: 1. Using a clean trowel, shovel or gloved hands, collect samples from composite area and place in a plastic freezer bag. 2. Mix the soil thoroughly in the bag and remove gravel or crush larger clumps of soil to achieve a semi-uniform grain size. 3. Distribute soil evenly throughout bag and place on a non-metal surface. 4. Analyze different sections of the bag for 30-seconds per shot and record the shot numbers. The thinner the plastic of the bag, the more accurate the XRF analysis. Moisture content may affect the accuracy of XRF analysis of soil and sediments. When moisture content is below 20%, the overall error from moisture may be minimal. However, moisture content may be a major source of error when analyzing samples of surface soil or sediment that are saturated. Our experience has shown that moisture content inversely affects the analysis, the higher the moisture content the lower the analysis values. If soils are saturated, they can be brought back from the field and dried in a toaster oven, then analyzed per the composite soil and sediment instructions listed above. Additional details are provided in the U.S. EPA method 6200 documentation. Revision 1.0: 3/31/2017 Pertinent information required includes well identification, date and time of development, field personnel, method of development, meters used to measure water quality parameters, calibration procedures, measured water quality parameters, discharge rates, amount of water evacuated from the well (in gallons), beginning and ending water level, and beginning and ending total well depth measurements. No water, dispersing agents, acids, disinfectants, or other additives will be introduced to the well after the annular seal is installed or during well development. Development water will be placed into mobile storage tanks or 55 -gallon drums (when necessary) and disposed of according to the Management of Investigation-Derived Waste SOP.