DRC-2009-008031 - 0901a0688014097f

•energy fuels nuclear,inc.
executive offices.suite 445.three park central.1515 arapahoe •denver,colorado 80202 •[phone]
..,
May 15,1978
Mr.E.A.Trager
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Fuel Processing &Fabricating Branch
Division of Fuel Cycle &Material Safety
7915 Eastern Avenue
Silver Springs,Maryland 29096
RE:Docket No.40-8681
White Mesa Uranium Mill
Dear Mr.Trager:
Submitted herewith is the revised "Environmental Report,White
Mesa Uranium Project,San Juan County,Utah".This revision in-
cludes the initial report dated January 30,1978 prepared by
Dames &Moore and,as Appendix "I",an additional study entitled
"Investigation of Alternative Tailings Disposal Systems,White
Mesa Uranium Projectll dated April,1978,prepared by Western
Knapp Engineering,a Division of Arthur G.McKee &Company.
Also included in Appendix "I"is a cover letter prepared by
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.'s staff giving their comments and
a summary evaluation of the alternatives presented.
The revisions are made on the enclosed replacement and additional
pages listed below:
Environmental Report,Appendix H,Page 4
Environmental Report,Appendix I,Entire Section
We are enclosing fifteen (15)of each replacement page and re-
quest that you insert them in the respective sections.Thank
you for your assistance in this matter.
Very truly yours,
Muril D.Vincelette
Vice President-Operations
DKS/jp
Enclosures
xc:Mr.R.Scarano
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
WHITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
SAN JUAN COUNTY,UTAH
FOR
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
Prepared By
DAMES &MOORE
January 30,1978
09973-015-14
LOS ANGELES
VANCOUVER,B.C.
ATHENS PERTH
C,t>.,LG.b..RY P!Y!'.DH
.JAKARTA SINGAPORE
KUWAIT SYDNEY
LON DON TEHRAN
MAORID TOKYO
MELBOURNE TORONTO
CONSULTANTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND APPliED EARTH SCiENCES
SAN FRANCISCO
SA.NTA BARBARA
SEATTLE
SYRACUSE
WASHINGTON,D.C.
WHITE PLAINS
SALT LAKE CITY
PORTLAN D
NEWPORT BEACH
i"CW YORK
NEW ORLEANS
PHOENIXBOSTON
CHICAGO
ANCHORAGE
ATLANTA
CINCiNNATI
BILLINGS
BOCA RAIOI"
CRANFORD
DENVER
FAIRBAN)~S
HONOLULU
HOUSTON
LEXINGTON,KY
605 PARFET STREET
CABLE:DAMEMORE
DENVER,COLORADO 80215 .[phone]
TWX:910-931-2600
January 30,1978
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
Executive Offices,Suite 445
Three Park Central
1515 Arapahoe Street
Denver,Colorado 80202
Attention:Mr.Muril D.Vincelette
Vice President of Operations
Gentlemen:
With this letter we are transmitting the 160 copies that
requested of the "Environmental Report,White Hesa Uranium Project,
Juan County Utah For Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc."
you
San
The scope of work performed and this report are in accordance
with NRC Regulatory Guide 3.8 (April 1973)Preparation of Environmental
Reports for Uranium Mills.On-going studies concluding in July 1978 will
provide a year's baseline data as required by NRC Regulatory Guide 3.8
and will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
It has been a pleasure to work with you on this project.If we may
be of further assistance,please do not hesitate to contact us.
Very truly yours,
DAMES &MOORE
u;J.~/.J ~~~?/~L.Brittain
Principal-In-Charge
/~A~
Kenneth R.Porter,Ph.D.
Project Manager
RLB/KRP/tlg
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 PROPOSED ACTIVITIES••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••1-1
2.0 THE SITE.................................................2-1
2.1 SITE LOCATION AND LAYOUT ••••••••••••~••••.•••••••••2-1
2.2 REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND USES ••••••••••••••••••2"'"6
2.2.1 Regional·Setting •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••2-6
2.2.1.1
2.2.1.2
2.2.1.3
2.2.1.4
2.2.1.5
2.2.1.6
History of the Region••••••••••••2-7
Regional Demography ••••••••••••••2-7
Regional Land Use and
Ownership •••••••••••••••••••.••2-9
Transportation Facilities ••••••••2-11
Regional Economic Base •••••••••••2-11
Housing and Social Service
SYstems ..a a • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••2-12
2.2.2 Blanding Area,Southeastern Utah•••••••••••2-12
2.2.2.1
2.2.2.2
2.2.2.3
2.2.2.4
2.2.2.5
2.2.2.6
History of San Juan County•••••••2-12
Demography of San Juan County ••••2-15
Land Use and Ownership •••••••••••2-23
Transportation Facilities ••••••••2-29
Economic Base.~••••••••••••••••••2-30
Housing and Public
Services ..........•............2-42
2.2.3 Hanksville Area •••••.••••••••••••••••••••••2-57
1,1'
~,~-'"
2.2.3.1
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.3
History ••.•..•...••••....•••.•••.2-5i
Demography•••••••••••••••••••••••2-58
Land Use and Ownership •••••••••••2-63
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.2.3.4
2.2.3.5
2.2.3.6
Transportation Facilities••••••••2-66
Economic Base •••••.••••••••·••••.•2-68
Public Services ••••••••••••••••••2-72
2.3 REGIONAL HISTORIC AND CULTURAL,SCENIC AND
NATURAL LANDMARKS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-75
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
Historic and Cultural Sites••••••••••••••••2-75
Scenic Areas•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-76
Archaeological Sites•••••••••••••••••••••••2-77
Natural Landmarks ••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-80
2.4 GEOLOGY It • • • • • • • •••2-81
2.4.1
2.4.2
Regional Geology............................2-81
2.4.1.1 Physiography •••.•••••••••••••••••2-81
2.4.1.2 Rock Unit s •••••.••••••.•••..••••.2-82
2.4.1.3 Structure and Tectonics ••••••.•••2-90
2.4.1.4 Uranium Deposits .......•........•2-94
2.4.1.5 Other Mineral Resources ••••••••••2-97
Blanding Site Geology••••••••~•••••••••••••2-99
2.4.2.1
2.4.2.2
2.4.2.3
2.4.2.4
2.4.2.5
2.4.2.6
Physiography and Topography ••••••2-99
Rock Units ••••'••••••••.••••••••••2-100
Structure ••••••••••••••••••••.•••2-105
Hinera.l Resources ••••••••••••••••2-106
Geotechnical Conditions at
the Proposed Mill and
Tailing Retention Sites••••••••2-106
Geologic Hazards•••••••••••••••••2-108
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.5 SE I S110LOGY •••,...2-108
2.5.1 Seismic History of Region••••••••••••••••••2-108
2.5.2
2.5.3
Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic
Structures •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-114
Potential Earthquake Hazards to Project••••2-114
2.6 HYDROLOGY '.•.. .... .. ......2-115
2.6.1 Ground Water Hydrology•••••••••••••••••••••2-115
2.6.1.1
2.6.1.2
2.6.1.3
2.6.1.4
2.6.1.5
Regional Occurrence and
Distribution of Ground Water•••2-115
Regional Utilization of
Ground Water •••••••••••••••••••2-119
Ground Water Regime of
Proj;ct Site•••••••••••••••••••2-121
Utilization of Ground Water
in Project Vicinity••••••••••••2-126
Ground Water Regime of
Hanksville Ore-Buying
Station••••••••••••••••••••••••2-127
2.6.1.6 Utilization of Ground Water in
Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-
Buying Station•••••••••••••••••2-130
2.6.2 Surface Water Hydrology ••••••••••••••••••••2-130
2.6.2.1
2.6.2.2
2.6.2.3
2.6.2.4
2.6.2.5
Regional Occurrence and
Drainage of Surface Water••••••2-130
Regional Utilization of
Surface Water••••••••••••••••••2-140
Project Vicinity Watershed•••••••2-140
Blanding Site Drainage •••••••••••2-143
blanding Site FLooding
Potential •••••••••••••••8 ••~•••2-14.3
2.6.3
~v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Water Quality•••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••2-149
2.6.3.1
2.6.3.2
2.6.3.3
2.6.3.4
Ground Water Quality in
Project Vicinity•••••••••••••••2-150
Surface Water Quality in
Project Vicinity•••••••••••••••2-158
Ground Water Quality in
Vicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station•••••••••••••2-165
Surface Water Quality in
Vicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station•••••••••••••2-168
2.7 METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITy••••••••••••••••••••••••2-168
2.7.1
2.7.2
Regional Climatology•••••••••••••••••••••••2-168
Climatology of Bfanding and Project Site•••2-170
2.7.2.1
2.7.2.2
2.7.2.3
2.7.2.4
2.7.2.5
2.7.2.6
2.7.2.7
Data Sources •••••••••••••••••••••2-170
Temperature•••••••••.••••••••••••2-172
Precipitation••••••••••••••••••••2-172
Relative Humidity••••••••!•••••••2-175
Fag •••••••••.••••••••••••0 • • • • •••2-177
Evaporation••••••••••••••••••.•••2-177
Sunshine Duration and Cloud
Cover ••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-177
2.7.3
2.7.2.8 Winds ...•••-•••••••••.•.•••.•••••.2-180
2.7.2.9 Severe Weather•••••••••••••••••••2-187
2.7.2.10 Diffusion Climatology••••••••••••2-188
Climatology of Hanksville and Buying
Station•.••••....•.•..•••••....••.••••.•.2-194
(
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.7.3.1
2.7.3.2
2.7.3.3
2.7.3.4
2.7.3.5
2.7.3.6
2.7.3.7
2.7.3.8
2.7.3.9
Data Sources •••••••••;t ....a •••••~••2-198
Temperature•••••••••••••.•.••••••2-198
Precipitation•••••••••••••~••••••2-201
Relativa Humidity••••••••••••••••2-201
Evaporation••••••••••••••••••••••2-203
Sunshine Duration and Cloud
Cover.. . • . • .... • . • . • . . . • . . • . • ...2-203
Winds ••••••••..•••••....a •••••••••2-205
Severe Weather•••••••••••••••••••2-205
Diffusion Clinatology••••••••••••2-208
2.7.4 Air Quality 2-214
2.7.4.1
2.7.4.2
2.7.4.3
2.7.4.4
Regulatory Standards •••••••••••••2-214
Priority Classifications•••••••••2-216
Significant Deterioration••••••••2-218
Existing Air Quality•••••••••••••2-219
2.8 ECOLOGY "••It •Lt •••II.2-222
2.8.1
2.8.2
General Ecology of Region••••••••••••••••••2-222
Eccology of Project Site •••••••••••••••••••2-225
2.8.2.1
2.8.2.2
Vegetation•••••••••••••••••••••.•2-226
wildlife•••.••••.••••.•.•.•.•••.•2-245
2.8.3 Ecology of Hanksville Buying Station
Vicinity••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••••2-267
2.8.3.1
2.8.3.2
Ecology of Hanksville Region •••••2-267
Vegetation of Hanksville
B~ying Stztic~Vicinity•..•••..2-~4Q
v~
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.8.3.3 Wildlife•.•••••••••••••••.•••••••2-283
2.9 BACKGROUND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ••••••••••••2-292
2.9.1 Blanding.••••.••.•....••••.....•.•••.•..•.•2-292
2.9.1.1
2.9.1.2
2.9.1.3
2.9.1.4
2.9.1.5
2.9.1.6
2.9.1.7
2.9.1.8
Airborne Particulates ••••••••••••2-292
Radon Concentrations in Air••••••2-292
Ground Wa ter.•• ••••••••••••• •••••2-296
Surface Water ••••••••••••••••••••2-296
Soils•.••-•.••••.••.•...••••..••••2-296
Vegetation•••••••••••••••••••••.•2-296
Wi 1d1i fe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2-296
Environmental Radiation Dose•••••2-298
2.9.2 Hanksville•.••.•••••••••••.••••.•••••••••.•2-298
2.9.2.1
2.9.2.2
2.9.2.3
2.9.2.4
2.9.2.5
2.9.2.6
2.9.2.7
2.9.2.8
Airborne Particulates••••••••••••2-298
Radon Concentrations ~n Air••••••2-298
Ground Water.•••.....••••a-a ••••••2-303
Surface Water••••••••••••••••••••2-303
Soils••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-303
Vegetation•••••••••••••••••••••••2-303
wildlife •.•••••..•.••.••....••.•.2-305
Environmental Radiation Dose •••••2-305
2.9.3 Highway Corridor from Hanksville to
Blanding••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-305
2.9.3.1 Environmental Radiation Dose •••••2-305
V1.1.
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
2.10 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES •••••••••••••••••••••••2-305
2.10.1 So i 1s It ........ .... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .. ....2-305·
2.10.1.1 Project Site•••••••••••••••••••••2-305
2.10.1.2 Hanksville Vicinity••••••••••••••2-314
2.10.2 Noise 2-318
2.10.2.1 Ambient Sound Levels •••••••••••••2-321
3.0 THE MILL AND BUYING STATIONS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-1
3.1 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE MILL ••••••••••••••••••••3-1
3.2 THE MILL CIRCUIT •••••••••.•••...•••••••••••.••.•••.3-1
(
\
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
Uranium Circuit •••••••.•.•.•••••.•..•••••••3-1
By-Product Copper Recovery •••••••••••••••••3-6
By-Product Vanadium Recovery •••••••••••••••3-7
3.3 SOURCES OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS •••••••••••••••3-10
3.3.1 Non-Radioactive Mill Wastes and
Effluents •...••••.••••••.••••..••••••••••3-10
3.3.1.1
3.3.1.2
3.3.1.3
Gaseous Effluents ••••••••••••••••3-10
Liquid Effluents•••••••••••••••••3-11
Solid Effluents •••••.••.•.••••••.3-13
3.3.2 Radioactive Mill Wastes and Effluents ••••••3-14
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.3
3.3.2.4
3.3.2.3
Ore Storage Pads•••••••••••••••••3-15
Ore Grinding Operation•••••••••••3-16
Leaching Operation•••••••••••••••3-16
Uranium Concentrate Drying
and Packaging ••••••••••••••••••3-16
Tailing ••••.•..•.••••••....••••••3-16
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
3.3.2.6 Summary of Airborne Release
Rates .....••......•............3-18
3.4 CONTROLS OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS ••••••••••••••3-19
3.5 SANITARY AND OTHER MILL WASTE SySTEMS ••••••••••••••3-20
3.5.1
3.5.2
Sanitary and Solid Wastes ••••••••••••••••••3-20
Building and Process Heating •••••••••••••••3-21
3.5.2.1
3.5.2.2
Gaseous Wastes •••••••••••••••••••3-21
Solid Wastes •••••••••••••••••••••3-21
3.5.3 Analytical Laboratory••••••••••••••••••••••3-22
3.6 HANKSVILLE AND BLANDING BUYING STATIONS ••••••••••••3-22
3.6.1
3.6.2
External Appearance of Buying Stations •••••3-22
Sources of Ore •••••••••••.••••••••••.••••••3-22
3.6.2.1
3.6.2.2
Hanksville Station•••••••••••••••3-25
Blanding Station•••••••••••••••••3-25
3.6.3 Hanksville Station Operations••••••••••••••3-25
3.6.3.1
3.6.3.2
3.6.3.3
3.6.3.4
3.6.3.5
3.6.3.6
Receiving and Stockpiling of
Delivered Ore••••••••••••••••••3-25
Crushing of Delivered Ore ••••••••3-27
Stockpiling of Crushed Ore •••••••3-27
Sample Preparation•••••••••••••••3-27
Control of Dust ~n Plant•••••••••3-29
Haulage to Blanding Mill •••••••••3-30
3.6.4 Blanding Station Operations ••••••••••••••••3-30
3.6.4.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of
Delivered Ore ••••••••••••••••••3-30
l.X
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
3.6.4.2
3.6.4.3
3.6.4.4
3.6.4.5
Crushing of Delivered Ore ••••••••3-30
Stockpiling of Crushed Ore •••••••3-31
Sample Preparation•••••••••••••••3-31
Control of Dust in Plant•••••••••3-32
4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION AND lULL
CONS TRUCTION.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••4-1
4.1 EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ••••••••••••••••4-1
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.1.6
Air Quality ....••.......................•..4-1
Surface Water Hydrology ••••••••••••••••••••4-2
Ground Water Hydrology•••••••••••••••••••••4-3
Water Quality.•••.••••••.••.•••••••••••.•••4-4
Land .••.e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •..• • • • • • • • •••4-4
Sound •••••••.••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••.••4-4
4.1.6.1
4.1.6.2
4.1.6.3
Construction Noise Sources •••••••4-4
Ambient Sound Levels During
Construction••••~••••••••••••••4-6
Impact Assessment ••••••••••••••••4-6
4.2 IMPACTS ON THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ••••••••••••••4-7
4.2.1
4.2.2
Aquatic Biota•••.••.•........••.•.....•.•..4-7
Terrestrial Biota••••••••••••••••••••••••••4-7
4.2.2.1
4.2.2.2
Vegetation•••••••••••••••••••••••4-7
wi 1d1i fe . ... . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . ...4-8
4.3 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC EN\'IRONMENT •••••••••••4-11
(
~.
4.3.1
4.3.2
Population ••••••••••••••••~••••••••••••••••4-11
Hou sing.•••••• ••• ••••••••••• •••••••••• •••••4-15
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.6
4.3.7
4.3.8
Public Service Delivery Systems ••••••••••••4-20
Economic Base ••••••••••••••••••••u •••••••••4-22
Taxes.. . . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . ...4-23
Quality of Life•.•••.•••.•.••.••••••••..••.4-23
Land Use Impacts•••••••••••••••••••••••.•••4-25
Historical and Archaeological Sites ••••••••4-25
4.4 RESOURCES COMMITTED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••4-26
5.0 E~~IRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MILL OPERATIONS •••••••••••••••••5-1
5.1 RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON BIOTA OTHER THAN MAN ••••••••5-1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
Exposure Pathways ••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-1
Radioactivity in the Environment •••••••••••5-3
Effect on Biota•••••••••••••••••••~••••••••5-6
5.2 RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON K~N •••••••••••••••••••••••••5-6
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Exposure Pathways ••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-7
Liquid Effluents••••••••••••••••••••••••~••5-7
Airborne Effluents •••••••••••••••••••••••••5-8
5.2.3.1 Data Base.5-8
5.2.3.2 Radiological Diffusion
Ana1y sis.• • • . • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • •.•5-10
5.2.4
5.2.5
Dose Estimates From Atmospheric
Pathways .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-12
Population Doses From Atmospheric
Pathways •••.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••.5-12
5.3 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISCHARGES •••••••••••••••••••••5-18
5.3.1 Airborne Discharges ••••••••••••••••••••••••5-18
xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
5.3.1.1
5.3.1.2
Vehicle Emissions ••••••••••••••••5-18
Mill Stack Emissions of
Chemicals 5-18
5.3.2 Liquid Discharges••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-20
5.4 EFFECTS OF SANITARY AND OTHER WASTE DISCHARGES •••••5-20
OTHER EFFECTS •.•••••.•.•••....•.•.•..•••..••••..••.5-21
5.5.1 Terrestrial Biota••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-21
5.5.1.1 Vegetation•••••~•••••••••••••••••5-21
5.5.1.2 Wildlife••~••••••••••••••••••••••5-21
5.5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of Project
Operation••••••e •••••••••••••••••••••••••5-22
5.5.2.1
5.5.2.2
5.5.2.3
5.5.2.4
5.5.2.5
5.5.2.6
Population•••.•••••••••••••••••••5-22
Housing ••••••••.••••...••••••.••&5-24
Municipal Services and the
Tax Base•••e •••••••••••••••••••5-25
Economic Base ••••••••••••••••••••5-30
Quality of Life••••••••••••••••••5-33
Land Use Impacts •••••••••••••••••5-33
5.5.3 Sound 5-36
5.5.3.1
5.5.3.2
Ambient Sound Levels During
Operation•••••••••.••••••••••••5-36
Impact Assessment••••••••••••••••5-36
5.5.4 Surface Water ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-37
5.6 RESOURCES COMMITTED ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-38
6.0 EFFLUENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND
MONITORING PROGRAM •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••6-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
6.1 PREOPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS ••••••••••••••6-1
6.1.1
6.1.2
Surface Water •••.••••••••..•••••••.••••••••6-1
Ground Water••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••6-3
6.1.2.1
6.1.2.2
Sampling Locations•••••••••••••••6-3
Physical and Chemical
Parameters •••••••••••••••••••••6-6
6.1.3 Air.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-8
6.1.3.1
6.1.3.2
6.1.3.3
6.1.3.4
Meteorological Monitoring
Programs • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••6-8
Air Q~ality•••••••••;••••••••••••6-8
Computer Models ••••••••••••••••••6-10
Other Models•••••••••••••••••••••6-11
6.1.4 Land.• • • • • • . . . • •. • •• • • • • • • • • . • •• • • • • •• • ••••6-13
6.1.4.1
6.1.4.2
6.1.4.3
Soils••••••••••••••••••••••••••••6-13
Land Use and Demographic
Surveys••••••••••••••••••••••••6-20
Ecological Parameters ••••••••••••6-21
6.1.5 Radiological Survey••••••••••••••••••••••••6-25
6.1.5.1
6.1.5.2
6.1.5.3
6.1.5.4
6.1.5.5
6.1.5.6
Direct Environmental Radiation•••6-28
Radionuclides in Soils•••••••••••6-29
Radionuclides 1n Water•••••••••••6-29
Biological Radioactivity•••••••••6-29
Airborne Particulates••••••••••••6-29
Radon Concentrations in Air••••••6-30
Xl.1.1.
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
6.2 PROPOSED OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMS •••••••••••6-31
6.2.1 Radiological Monitoring ••••••••••••••••••••6-31
6.2.1.1 Effluent Monitoring Program ••••••6-31
6.2.1.2 Environmental Radiological
Surveillance Program•••••••••••6-31
6.2.2 Chemical Effluent ...•..............•.•.•...6-34
6.2.2.1 Ground Water•.•••••••••••••••.•••~6-34
6.2.2.2 Surface Wa ter••••••••••••••••••••6-34
6.2.3
6.2.4
Meteorological Monitoring ••••••••••••••••••6-34
Ecological Monitoring••••••••••••••••••••••6-34
7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS •••••••••••••••••••••••7-1
701 MILL ACCIDENTS ••••••••••••••o.e ••••••a ••••••••••••,7-1
7.1.1 Failure of Tailing Retention and
Transport Systems •••••.••••••••••••.•••••7-2
7.1.1.1
7.1.1.2
7.1.1.3
7.1.1.4
Flood Water Breaching of
Retention System•••.•••••••••••7-2
Overflow of Tailing Slurry•••••••7-3
Structural Failure of Tailing
Dikes••••.•.••••••••.••¥•••••••7-3
Seismic Damage to Transport
System........•................7-4
7.1.2
7.1.3
Minor Pipe or Tank Leakage •••••••••••••••••7-4
Major Pipe or Tank Breakage ••••••••••••••••7-5
7.1.4 Electrical Power Failure••••••••••••••••••••7-5
7.1.5 Process Equipment Malfunction and/or
Operator Error••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7-5
X1V
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
7.1.6 Tornado•.••••••••...•••••.••.••••••7-6
7.1.7
7.1.8
Minor Fire.•.••.....••..•...•••.•...•.....•7-6
Major Fire••••...••.•••..••••.••.••••••••••7-6
7.2 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••7-7
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
Special Training for Yellow Cake
Transportation Accidents •••••••••••••••••7-8
Spill Countermeasures ••••••••••••••••••••••7-9
Emergency Actions••••••••••••••••••••••••••7-10
7.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••7-10
8.0 ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF MILL CONSTRUCTION AND
OPERATION•••••••••••••••8-1
9.0
8.1 BEl\TEFI IS.•.• • . • . • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . •• • . • • • • . • •••8-1
8•2 CO STS• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••8- 2
RECLAMATION fu~D RESTORATION••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••9-1
9.1 LAND USE AND ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION ••••••••••••••••••9-1
9.1.1
9.1.2
Project Site•....•......••..•.....•-..•.•...9-1
Hanksville Buying Station••••••••••••••~•••9-1
9.2 PLANS FOR RECLAIMING AND RESTORING AFFECTED
AREAS ,.• • • • • • • • • • •..• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••9-2
9.2.1 Tailing Retention System•••••••••••••••••••9-2
9.2.1.1
9.2.1.2
9.2.1.3
9.2.1.4
Summary of Tailing Retention
Plan••••••.••.•••••.••.•••.••••9-2
Cover Material•••••••••••••••••••9-3
Background Radioactivity•••••••••9-3
Tailing Radioactivity••••••••••••9-5
xv
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
9.2.1.5
9.2.1.6
9.2.1.7
Radioactivity Attenuation••••••••9-6
Tailing Reclamation
Alternatives •••••••••••••••••••9-11
Conclusions and Recommendations ••9-14
9.2.2 Decommissioning of Facilities••••••••••••••9-16
9.3
9.4
SEGREGATION AND STABILIZATION OF TOPSOILS••••••••••9-17
TYPE AND MANNER OF PROPOSED REVEGETATION •••••••••••9-17
9.4.1
9.4.2
General Practices••••••••••••••••••••••••••9-17
Species and Seeding Rates ••••••••••••••••••9-18
9.4.2.1
9.4.2.2
Project Site •....•...............9-18
Hanksville Buying Station Site •••9-19
9.4.3 Cultural Practices•••••••••••••••••••••••••9-20
9.5 LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL ••••••••••••••••••9-21
9.5.1
9.5.2
Diversion of Surface Water and Erosion
Control ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••9-21
Maintenance of Established Vegetation••••••9-23
9.6 FINANCIAL A~~ANGEMENTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••9-23
10.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION••••••••••••••••••••••10-1
10.1 NO ACTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••10-1
10.2 ALTERNATIVE MILLING AND EXTRACTION PROCEDURES ••••••10-2
10.2.1 Hanksville Vicinity••••••••••••••••••••••••10-2
10.2.2 Blanding Vicinity •••........•••.••..•••••..10-2
10.2.2.1 Zekes Hole ••...•••••.•...•.•.••••10-4
10fl 2 :t 21':2 Me sa......~••9 ....&..,......t •'lI "........-tl !Ii.1.0-4
xv~
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)
Page
10.2.2.3 Calvin Black Property••••••••••••10-4
10.2.2.4 Wllite Mesa ..••••..•••••.•••••.•••10-5
10.2.3 Alternative White Mesa Sites •••••••••••••••10-5
10.3 ALTERNATIVE WHITE MESA SITES •••••••••••••••••••••••10-6
11.0 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND SUMMARy•••••••••••••••..•••••••11-1
12.0 ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVALS AND CONSULTATIONS ••••••••••••••••12-1
13.0 REFERENCE S.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •..• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••13-1
Table---
2.2-1
2.2-2
2.2-3
2.2-4
2.2-5
2.2-6
2.2-7
2.2-8
2.2-9
2.2-10
2.2-11
2.2-12
~'(~2.2-13~)
"t~'~
~2.2-14t~
2.2-15
2.2-16
2.2-17
2.2-1e
xvii
LIST OF TABLES
Population Centers of the Project Region •••••••••••2-8
Population Estimates,San Juan County,
March 1977 •••..•.•••••••••..•••••.•••••...•••••••2-16
Historical Population Estimates,Blanding Area •••••2-18
Selected Demographic Characteristics,San Juan
County Compared to Utah,1970••••••••••••••••••••2-19
Visitor Statistics,Recreation Areas Southeastern
Utah•.••••••••..•.•••••••.•••••••••••••.••••...••2-20
Population Projections ••~••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-22
Land Ownership in San Juan County,1967 ••••••••••••2-26
Land Use in San Juan County,Excluding Federal
Land,1967 ••••••••.••••••..••...••••••.•••...••••2-28
Traffic Volume,1975 •••••••••••~•••••,•••••••••••••2-31
Crop Production and Livestock Inventory,San Juan
County,1974 •••••••••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••2-33
Emploj~ent by Industry,San Juan County••••••••••••2-35
Location of Manufacturing Establishments,San
Juan County,1977-l978 ••••••••••••~••••••••••••••2-36
Civilian Labor Force,Employment,and Unemployment
Rates in San Juan County•••••••••••••••••••••••••2-37
Occupational Characteristics of Job Applicants,
Quarter Ending,3-31-77,Blanding Area •••••••••••2-39
Per Capita Income,San Juan County Compared to
the State,1973-1976•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-40
Summary of San Juan County General Fund
Expenditures •••••••••••••••••••..••••••••••••••••2-43
City of Blanding,Summary of General Fund
Expenditures,Fiscal Year 1976-1977 ••••••••••••••2-44
School Enrollment and Capacity in Blanding,
1977-1978 •.•••••••••••••.•.••..•••••...••...•••.••2-49
Table
2.2-19
2.2-20
2.2-21
2.2-22
2.2-23
2.2-24
2.2-25
2.2-26
2.2-27
2.2-28
2.2-29
2.3-1
2.3-2
2.4-1
2.4-2
2.5-1
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
City of Monticello,Summary of General Fund
Expenditures Fiscal Year 1976 and 1977 •••••••••••2-52
Population Estimates of the Hanksville Area,
1950 to 1975 •••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••.•••2-59
Selected Demographic Characteristics,Wayne and
Garfield Counties and the State of Utah,1970••••2-61
Population Projections Wayne County and Garfield
County Compared tb the State•••••••••••••••••••••2-62
Land Ownership,Wayne and Garfield Counties,1967 ••2-64
Land Use in Wayne and Garfield Counties,
Excluding Federal Land,1967 •••••••••••••••••••••2-65
Traffic Volume,1975•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-67
Crop Production and Livestock Inventory,Wayne
and Garfield Counties,1974••••••••••••••••••••••2-69
Employment by Industry in Wayne County and
Garfield County,1976-1977•••••••••••••••••••••••2-70
Labor Force,Unemployment and Per Capita Income
in Wayne and Garfield Counties Compared to the
State•....•••..••..........•.•........••...•...•.2-71
Wayne County General Fund Expenditures ••••.-••••••••2-73
Historic Sites in Southeastern Utah Included in
the National Register of Historic Places
l~ovember 1977 2-75
Distribution of Recorded Sites According to
Temporal Position••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-79
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Subsurface
Rocks Based on Oil-Well Logs •••••••••••••••••••••2-84
Generalized Stratigraphic Section of Exposed
Rocks in the Project Vicinity••••••••••••••••••••2-85
Modified Mercalli Scale••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-110
Table
2.6-1
2.6-2
2.6-3
2.6-4
2.6-5
2.6-6
2.6-7
2.6-8
2.7-1
2.7-2
2.7-3
2.7-4
2.7-5
2.7-6
2.7-7
2.7-8
Xl-X
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Water Wells in Project Vicinity Blanding,Utah•••••2-129
Water Wells l.n Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-Buying
Station••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••2-132
Drainage Areas of Project Vicinity and Region••••••2-136
Current Surface Water Users in Project Vicinity ••••2-141
Present Utah Water Use (1965)of San Juan River ••••2-142
Water Quality of Ground Waters and Springs in
Project Vicinity••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•••••••2-152
Water Quality of Surface Waters in Project
Vicinity,Blanding,Utah•••••••••••••••••.•••••••2-159
Water Quality of Ground Water and Surface Water
in Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-Buying Station,
Hanksville,Utah••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••2-166
Mean Monthly Relative Humidity Blanding,Utah ••••••2-176
Mean Fog Occurrence Days at Blanding,Utah
1970-1974 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~e.2-178
Monthly and Annual Sunshine Duration and Sky
Cover at Blanding,Utah ••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-179
Monthly Percent Frequency Occurrence of Wind
Speeds in Excess of 10 MPS by Direction••••••••••2-183
Percent Frequency Distribution of Wind Speed
(Classes)by Wind Direction at the On-Site
Station and the Blanding NWS Station (March-
Augu 5 t 1977)......................................2-186
Maximum Wind Speed and Recurrence Interval in the
Blanding Vicinity••••••••.•••••••.•••••••••••••••2-188
Estimated Maximum Point Precipitation Amounts
(em)in the Blanding Area for Selected Durations
and Recurrence Intervals •••••.•••••••••••••••••••2-189
Seasonal and Annual Mix ng Heights and Mean Wind
Speeds Blanding Vicin ty"••",•••••"".•",.,.•2-191
Table
2.7-9
2.7-10
2.7-11
2.7-12
2.7-13
2.7-14
2.7-15
2.7-16
2.7-17
2.7-18
2.7-19
2.7-20
2.7-21
2.7-22
xx
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number of Restricted Mixing Episodes Lasting
Two or More Days in Five Years and Total
Episode Days in the Blanding Area ••••••••••••••••2-191
Monthly Percent Frequency of Occurrence for
Stability Classes Blanding,Utah •••••••••••••.•••2-193
Monthly and Annual Sunshine Duration and Sky
Cover at Hanksville,Utah•••••••••.••••••••••••••2-204
Seasonal and Annual Percent Frequency of Wind
Direction and Wind Speed at Hanksville,Utah
1949-1954•.•...•••••••••••..•.•••••..••.•••.•••.•2-207
Maximum Wind Speeds and Recurrence Intervals at
Hanksville..••.•..............•.......••••.•.•.•.2-208
Estimated Maximum Point Precipitation Amounts
(cm)at Hanksville Site for Selected Durations
and Recurrence Intervals •••••••.•••••••••••••••••2-209
Seasonal and Annual Mixing Heights and Mean Wind
Speeds Hanksville Vicinity••••••••••••••••••.••••2-210
Number of Restricted Mixing Episodes Lasting Two
or More Days in Five Years and Total Episode
Days in the Hanksville Vicinity••••••••••••••••••2-214
Seasonal and Annual Frequency of Stability
Occurrence (%)Ha1).ksville,Utah •••.••••••••••••••2-212
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Pasquill
Stability Classes by Direction Hanksville,Utah ••2-213
National and State of Utah Air Quality Standards•••2-215
Federal Regional Priority Classifications Based
on Ambient Air Quality.•••••••.•...•••••••.••..•.•2--217
Air Quality Data Collected at Bull Frog Marina,
1975 Through 1977 •••..••.•...••.•....•....•...•.•2-220
2MonthlySulfationValues(~g S03/cm /day)
Blanding,Utah,1977 •....••.••....•..•.•..••..•.•2-221
"'-
Table
2.8-1
2.8-2
2.8-3
2.8-4
2.8-5
2.8-6
2.8-7
2.8-8
2.8-9
2.8-10
2.8-11
2.8-12
"~;.;
~i~2.8-13
"'11f,2.8-lL~~~~
2.8-15
2.8-16
2.8-17
2.8-18
2.8-19
xxi
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Species Composition of Communities Sampled at
the Blanding Project Site••••••••••••.•••••••••••2-229
Community Structure Parameters of the Blanding
Site Plant Communities •••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-231
Production and Percent Composition of the Pinyon-
Juniper Community on the Semidesert Stonyhills •••2-240
Production and Percent Composition of Communities
Sampled on the Semidesert Loam Range Site•••••••.2-242
Blanding Bird Inventory ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-249
Blanding Bird Population Estimates from Emlen
Transects••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-250
Blanding Winter 1977 Roadside Bird Survey••••••••••2-251
Spring 1977 Roadside Bird Survey •••••.•••••••••••••2-252
Sumlner 1977 Roadside Bird Survey •••••••••••••••••••2-253
Fall 1977 Blanding Roadside Bird Survey ••••••••••••2-255
Blanding Rabbit Transect Counts ••••••••••••••••••••2-263
Rodent Distribution and Relative Abundance by
Habitat -2-264
Rodent Grid and Transect Trapping Data .•••.•••.•.••2-265
Species Composition of Communities Sampled at
the Hanksville Site••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••2-273
Community Structure of the Hanksville Site Plant
Communities ..••.•••..••••.•...•.•••'••.••••••••••.2-275
Hanksville Bird Inventory••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-286
Hanksville Bird Population Estimates from Emlen
Transects••-.~•••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••••••••2-287
Hanksville Roadside Bird Transects ••••••••.••••••••2-288
Hanksville Roadsid.e Rabbit Survey 2-290
Table
2.8-20
2.9-1
2.9-2
2.9-3
2.9-4
2.9-5
2.9-6
2.9-7
2.9-8
2.9-9
2.9-10
2.9-11
2.10-1
2.10-2
2.10-3
4.1-1
xxii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Hanksville Rodent Transect Trapping Data•••••••••••2-291
Radiometric Analyses of Air Particulates
Collected in the Environs of the Blanding Site •••2-294
Ambient Radon-222 Concentrations in Air at
Blanding Site 2-295
Radiometric Analyses of Vegetation Collected on
the Project Site 2-297
Radiometric Analyses of Terrestrial Mammals
Collected in the Vicinity of the Project Site ••••2-299
Environmental Radiation Dose at the Project Site •••2-300
Radiometric Analysis of Air Particulates Collected
by High-Volume Sampler in the Environs of the
Hanksville Station•••••••••.••••.•••••••••••••••.2-301
Hanksville Ambient Radon-222 Concentrations ••••••••2-302
Radiometric Analyses of Vegetation Collected in
the Vicinity of the Hanksville Ore Buying
Station 2-304
Radiometric Analyses of Mammals Collected in the
Vicinity of the Hanksville Ore Buying Station••••2-306
Environmental Radiation Dose in the Vicinity of
the Hanksville Buying Station••••••••••••••••••••2-307
Location of Thermoluminescent Dosimeters Along
State Road 95 (Blanding to Hanksville)Utah ••••••2-308
Soil Series Information for Project Site and
Vicinity of Hanksville Ore Buying Station••••••••2-310
Results of Soil Sample Test Analyses for Project
Site and Vicinity of Hanksville Buying Station•••2-313
Summary of Ambient Sound Levels -dBA•••••••••••••••2-322
Construction Equipment Noise Levels -Excavation
of Processing Plant and Tailing Retention Cells..4-5
Table
4.1-2
:':~;~":f.
4.2-1
4.2-2
4.3-1
4.3-2
4.3-3
4.3-4
(4.3-5
4.3-6
5.1-1
5.2-1
5.2-2
5.2-3
5.2-4
5.2-5
5.2-6
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Ambient Sound Levels During Construction of the
Processing Plant,Tailing Cells,and Slurry
pipe line -dB....................................4-6
Maximum Seasonal Number of Birds Occurring in
Habitat to be Removed from Production••••••••••••4-10
Minimum Number of Rodents Supported by Habitat
to be Removed from Production••••••••••••••••••••4-11
Construction Work Force Requirements •••••••••••••••4-13
Population Increment Associated with Project
Construction•.•••••••••••••••.•.••••••.•.••••••••4-14
Project Construction-Induced Population Growth
Compared to 1979 Population••••••••••••••••••••••4-16
Current and Projected Excess Capacity of Mobile
Home Parks November 1977 •••••••••••••••••••••••••4-18
Estimated Housing Supply,1979 and Project-Induced
Demand.• • • . • • . • • • • • • . . • . • • • . . . • • • . • • . • • . • . • • • . ...4-19
Summary of Mill Construction Costs (1977 Dollars)••4-24
Maximum Activity Density Dry Deposition-Mill
Effluent Southern Sector•••••••••••••••••••••••••5-5
Summary of Release Rates •••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-9
Individual Whole Body and Lung Dose Commitments
from Mill Site Effluent ••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-13
Individual Bone and Kidney Dose Commitments from
Mill Site Effluent •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••5-14
Dose Commitments at Project Boundaries for Each
Sector Effected from Mill Site Effluent••••••••••5-15
Individual Lung Dose Commitments from Tailing
Effluents (mrem)...••,.5-16
Exposure to Individuals at Specific Locations in
the Vicinity of the Mill •••••••••••••••••••••••••5-17
Table
5.3-1
5.5-1
5.5-2
5.5-3
5.5-4
5.5-5
5.5-6
6.1-1
6.1-2
6.1-3
6.1-4
6.1-5
6.2-1
6.2-2
8.1-1
8.2-1
9.2-1
xx~v
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Emission Rates for Heavy-Duty Diesel-Powered
and Gasoline-Powered Construction Equipment••••••5-19
Anticipated Housing Demand of Imported Project
Workers •.••.•••.•.••••••.•..•••••••.••••••.•••..•5-24
Long-Term Project-Induced Population Growth
Compared to 1980 Population and Capacity of
Public Services•.••..•.........•...•....••..•.....5-26
Estimated Property Tax Payments .•••••••••••••••••••5-29
Basic and Non-Basic Employment,San Juan County,
1976 Annual Average ••.•..•••.•••..•••.•....a.*••••5-32
Average Daily Traffic on Potentially Impacted
Highways •..•..•••••••......•..••....•.•••..•.••••5-35
Ambient Sound Levels During Processing Plant
Operation -dB ••••••••••.••••:•••••••••••.•.••.••5-37
Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters•••••6-7
Meteorological Monitoring Program Sensor
Information.......•.......•......................6-9
Pre-Operational Monitoring Program -Hanksville
Site........................................•....6-26
Pre-Operational Monitoring Program -Blanding
Site............................•....••.....•....6-27
Pre-Operational Monitoring Program -Highway
Corridor••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~••••6-28
Effluent Monitoring Program••••••••••••••••••••••••6-32
Environmental Surveillance Program•••••••••••••••••6-33
Quantifiable Benefits ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••8-3
Quantifiable Costs Associated with the Proposed
Project............•.......................•.....8-4
Alternative Cover Material Evaluated for Tailing
Management •••••••••.•.•••.••••••••.•••••.••••••••9-4
Table
9.2.2
11.0-1
11.0-2
xxv
LIST OF TABLES (Concluded)
Thickness of Covers Vs.Ratio of Radon Surface
Flux to Radon Background Flux for Various
Cover Materials ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••9-10
Quantifiable Benefits ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••11-2
Quantifiable Costs •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••11-3
Plate
2.1-1
2.1-2
2.1-3
2.2-1
2.2-2
2.3-1
2.4-1
2.4-2
2.5-1
2.6-1
2.6-2
2.6-3
2.6-4
2.6-5
2.6-6
2.6-7
2.6-8
2.6-9
2.6-10
2.6-11
2.7-1
xxv~
LIST OF PLATES
Regional Map .••••••••••...•..•.••••••••••••.•..••..2-2
Vicinity Map•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-3
Project Site Map ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••2-5
Population in the Project Vicnity••••••••••••••••••2-24
Designated Lands in Southeastern Utah••••••••••••••2-27
Locations of Archaeological Sites ••••••••••••••••••2-78
Tectonic Index Map •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••2-83
Geologic Map of Project Area•••••••••••••••••••••••2-104
Regional Tectonic Map ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-109
Generalized Stratigiaphic Section••••••••••••••••••2-117
Ground Water Level Map of Project Site•••••••••••••2-125
Water Wells ~n Project Vicnity•••••••••••••••••••••2-128
Water Wells ~n Vicinity of Hanksville Buying
Station••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-131
Drainage Map of Project Vicinity•••••••••••••••••••2-133
Streamflow Summary Blanding Vicinity•••••••••••••••2-138
Normal Annual Precipitation••••••••••••••••••••••••2-139
Precipitation Depth Duration Frequency•••••••••••••2-146
Probable Maximum Thunderstorm Hydrographs••••••••••2-148
Preoperational Water Quality Sampling Stations
in Project vicinity••.••••••••••••••••••••.••..•.2-151
Preoperational Water Quality Sampling Stations
in Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-Buying Station•••••2-169
Meteorological Monitoring Location Map
Blanding••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-171
Plate
2.7-2
2.7-3
2.7-4
2.7-5
2.7-6
2.7-7
2.7-8
2.7-9
2.7-10
2.7-11
2.7-12
2.7-13
2.8-1
2.8-2
2.8-3
2.8-4
2.8-5
2.8-6
xxvii
LIST OF PLATES (Continued)
Monthly Means and Extremes of Temperatures
Blanding,Utah•••••••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••••2-171
Mean Monthly Precipitation Blanding,Utah••••••••••2-173
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Wind
by Direction Blanding,Utah••••••••••••••••••••••2-181
Seasonal Percent Frequency Distribution of Wind
by Direction Blanding,Utah••••••••••••••••••••••2-182
Percent Frequency Occurrence of Wind by Direction••2-185
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Stability
Classes A and B•••••••••••.••.•.•••.••.•••••••.••2-195
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Stability
Classes C and D•.••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••2-196
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Stability
Classes E and F••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-197
Meteorological Monitoring Location Map -
Hanksville 2-199
Monthly Means and Extremes of Temperature -
Hanksville 2-200
Mean Monthly Precipitation -Hanksville ••••••••••••2-202
Annual Percent Frequency Distribution of Wind
Direction -Hanksville•••••••••••••••••••••••••••2-206
Pr-:>ject Site Ecology Sampling Locations ••••••••••••2-227
Vegetation Map of Project Site •••••••••••••••••••••2-228
Wildlife Roadside Transect Locations -Blanding••••2-246
Hanksville Ecology Sampling Locations••••••••••••••2-270
Veg~cation Map of Hanksville Site••••••••••••••••••2-272
wildlife Roadside Transect Locations -Hanksville ••2-284
Plate
2.9-1
2.10-1
2.10-2
2.10-3
2.10-4
3.1-1
3.2-1
3.2-2
3.2-3
3.6-1
3.6-2
3.6-3
3.6-4
5.1-1
6.1-1
10.2-1
xxv~~~
LIST OF PLATES (Concluded)
Radiological Monitoring Location Map -Blanding••••2-293
Soil Survey Map -Project Vicinity•••••••••••••••••2-311
Soil Survey Map -Hanksville Station Vicinity••••••2-315
Ambient Sound Survey Measurement Locations -
Project Vicinity••••.••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••2-319
Ambient Sound Survey Measurement Locations -
Hanksville Vicinity•••••••••••••••••~••••••••••••2-320
Artist's Rendition••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••3-2
Generalized Flowsheet for the Uranium Milling
Process.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-3
Generalized Flowsheet Showing Recovery of Copper•••3-8
Generalized Flowsheet Showing Recovery of
Vanad i tlIIl••••••••••••••••".• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••3-9
Blanding Buying Station••••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-23
Hanksville Buying Station••••••••••••••••••••••••••3-24
Location of Mines Relative to Buying Stations••••••3-26
Generalized Flowsheets of the Hanksville and
Blanding Buying Stations•••••••••••••••••••••••••3-28
Principal Theoretical Exposure Pathways ••••••••••••5-2
Sketch of Typical Ground Water Monitoring Well•••••6-5
Alternative Areas Near Blanding for Mill Site••••••10-3
1-1
ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
WHITE MESA URJu~IUM PROJECT
SAN JUAN AND WAYNE COUNTIES,UTAH
FOR
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
1.0 PROPOSED ACTIVITIES
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.proposes to construct and operate an
acid leach uranium mill and associated facilities for producing yellow-
cake uranium concentrate and,when economically feasible,limited quanti-
ties of copper and/or vanadium concentrates.Ore for the mill feed will
be provided by two existing uranium ore buying stations that Energy Fuels
Nuclear,Inc.operates.These ore buying stations are located near
Hanksville,Wayne County,Utah and Blanding,San Juan County,Utah and
have been in operation since January 1977 and May 1977,respectively.
Both buying stations receive ore from independent and company owned mines
within a radius of about 100 miles (mi)of each station.Virtually all
of the mines supplying ore to these buying stations have operated inter-
mittently for 20-25 years.
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.presently controls by ownership,leasing
or contract an estimated 19 million pounds-of U30 S in potential
reserves.These reserves include both Hanksville and Blanding areas and
have an average grade of 0.13 percent U30g•In addition,the presence
of a sampling plant at the mill location and the mill design will allow
Energy Fuels to process custom ores.
The mill and all associated facilities,including the tailing
retention system,will be located on private land owned by Energy Fuels
Nuclear,Inc.The mill site,excluding the tailing retention system,
will include the existing Blanding ore buying station and will occupy
about 50 acres,of which 16 acres are occupied by the buying station.
All processing of ore w~ll be indoors and liquids in the mill circuit
will be confined in a closed system.Conventi~nal milling methods will
1-2
be used to process the ore,including grinding,two-stage leaching,
solvent extraction,precipitation and thickening,drying and packaging.
Recovery of U30a ~s expected to be approximately 94 percent of that
contained in the ore.The mill is planned to have a 2,000 tons-per-day
capacity and a projected life of 15 years.Coal will probably be used as
fuel for both process heat and heating of buildings.
The tailing retention system will consist of three partially
excavated 70-acre cells.Each tailing cell will be surrounded by an
embankment and lined with an artificial membrane to prevent seepage.
Each cell is designed to contain a 5-year production of tailing and each
will be construeted and used sequentially.Tailing stabilization and
reclamation will be accomplished as soon as possible after each cell is
filled,beginning about the fifth year of project operation for the first
cell,about five years later for the second cell,and at the end of the
project for the third cell.The tailing retention system will be located
adjacent to the mill site.A slurry pipeline will transport tailing by
pumping from the mill to the tailing cells.
Fresh water for the mill and potable needs will be supplied by
wells.The total fresh water requirement is estimated to be 500 gpm.Of
this,an average of 380 gpm will be required for mill make-up water.
A septic tank will be used to treat sanitary wastes and the dis-
charge will go to a leach field.Chemical wastes from the laboratory
will go to the tailing retention system.
Electricity will be supplied by Utah Power &Light Public Utility
by way of an existing electric power line on the site to the mill.The
total electrical capacity requirement for the mill is estimated to be
2800 KVA.
The present schedule anticipates initiation of mill construction
by January 1979 and completion of construction and commencement of
1-3
operation of the mill by early 1980.A request will be made to construct
non-operating buildings such as office,laboratory and warehouse ~n
advance of this schedule.The yellowcake will be transported from the
Blanding mill to UF6 converswn plants located outside Utah.After
conversion and processing into fuel,the uranium will be used for
fueling power plants.
!,!
,
,.j
';
2-1
2.0 THE SITE
This section includes baseline descripcions of the physical,
biological and socioeconomic aspects of the environment that may be
affected by construction and operation of the White Mesa Uranium project.
2.1 SITE LOCATION iWD LAYOUT
The White Mesa Uranium Project site ~s in San Juan County,in
southeastern Utah and the Four Corners Region (Plate 2.1-1).The Four
Corners Region,named for the intersection of the boundaries of Utah,
Colorado,New Mexico,and Arizona,is characterized by an arid climate,a
sparse population base and diverse topography.It ~s rich in scenic
beauty and mineral resources.Tourism and energy resource development
have been major factors in recent growth and urbanization of the Four
Corners Region.
The project region,as the term is generally used throughout this
report,is the Canyon Lands Section of the Colorado Plateau physiographic
province.To the north,this section is distinctly bounded by the Book
Cliffs and Grand Mesa of the Uinta Basin;western margins are defined by
the tectonically controlled High Plateaus section,and the southern
boundary is arbitrarily defined along the San Juan River.The eastern
boundary ~s less distinct where the elevated surface of the Canyon Lands
section merges with the Southern Rocky Mountain province.
The project vicinity is defined as White Mesa.This is a relatively
flat mesa of approximately 29,000 acres bounced on the west by Westwater
Creek and on the east by Corral Creek,both of which are tributary to the
San Juan River (Plate 2.1-2).Surface drainage patterns on White Mesa
are intermittent and poorly defined.The principal community in the
project vicinity is Blanding,about 6 miles north of the project site.
The project vicinity is crossed in a general north-south direction by
Highway 163 and is primarily used for livestock grazing and wildlife
range.
"?fl
REGIONAL lAP
PLATE 2.1-1
PLATE 2.1-2
2-4
No economic deposits of oil,coal or minerals are known to be present on
the project site.
The White Mesa Uranium project site is defined as the total area
owned by Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.near Blanding,including the existing
Blanding uranium ore buying station and the proposed sites for the mill,
tailing retention system,and associated facilities.This site is
approximately 6 mi south of Blanding,Utah,which is the nearest town.
The project site includes all of Section 28 and portions of Sections 21,
22,27,32 and 33 of T37S R22E (Plate 2.1-3).It comprises 1480 acres.
The project site boundary shown on Plate 2.1-3 is also being used to
define the restricted area.Thus,project site and restricted area are
one and the same as defined here.Only a small portion of the project
site will be disturbed by construction and operation of the proposed
project.A total of about 77 acres (including 16 acres occupied by the
existing buying station)in the southern one-fourth of Section 28 would
be disturbed at the mill site.The tailing retention system will occupy
a total of about 250 acres in the NE 1/4 of Section 32 and the NW 1/4 of
(
Section 33.No disturbance is planned in Sections 21,22 and 27.
As indicated previously,Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.owns the surface
of the entire project site.The following adjoining properties are fee
land:
T37S R22E Section 33,SEl/4
T37S R22E Section 21,NEl/4SWl/4
T37S R22E Section 21,Nl/2SEl/4
T37S R22E Section 22,Nl/2SWl/4
The surface of all other cont iguous land is federally owned and
administered by the u.S.Bureau of Land Management.
The existing Hanksville uran1um ore buying station is located
approximately }O mi south-southeast of Hanksville,Utah in Section 36 of
T29S RIlE.This is about 122 mi from the Blanding uranium ore buying
station and the site of the proposed mill (Plate 2.1-1).
PROJECT SITE MAP
(TOWNSHIP 37 SOUTH RANGE 22 EAST)
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.1-3
2-6
2.2 REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND USES
2.2.1 Regional Setting
The proposed development would generate social and econom~c impacts
of varying intensities in the project region.Social impacts associated
wi th the uranium mill and buying station at Blanding would primarily
affect Blanding and Monticello and,to a lesser extent,the small com-
munity of Bluff.The three towns are located within 30 miles of the mill
site and are thus expected to share most of the population and economic
growth induced by the proposed development.The primary impact area of
the mill and Blanding buying station is therefore defined as San Juan
County.The county is described in detail in Section 2.2.2 of this
report,with special emphasis placed on Blanding,Monticello,and Bluff.
In comparison to population impacts,economic impacts of the project
would affect a wider geographical area.There are no urban areas of
substantial size within 60 miles of the proposed mill site.Thus,the
regional service centers of Moab,Cortez,and Grand Junction w~uld
experience increased commercial activity due to population growth gen-
erated by the project,even though these cities are too far from the mill
site to experience noticeable,direct population impacts.
The operation of the ore buying station at Eanksville,~n Wayne
County,and the transportation of ore to Blanding affect the socioeco-
nomic impact area of the proposed development such that it includes the
community of Hanksville,as well as the area traversed by Utah Route 95.
The Hanksville to Blanding transportation corridor includes rural Wayne
and San Juan Counties and a 30-mile segment of Garfield County.Desig--
nated areas ~n the Hanksville to Blanding corridor inc lude the Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area,Natural Bridges National Monument,and
Manti-La Sal National Forest.A description of the existing environment
of the Hanksville area and the transportation route to Blanding is
presented in Section 2.2.3 of this report.
2-7
2.2.1.1 History of the Region
Southeastern Utah was sparsely inhabited by Navajo,Ute and Paiute
Indians when European explorers first entered the area ~n 1540.The
first recorded entry by whites consisted of a band of Spanish soldiers
who were sent by Coronado to explore the Colorado River.Nothing more is
known of the region until 1776,when the Dominguez-Escalante expedition
entered Utah as part of an effort to establish a route from Santa Fe to
California.During the next 70 years Utah was explored by Spanish,
Mexican and Americans who came as fur trappers,tradesmen en route to
California,and missionaries.
In 1846 the :Hormon movement into Utah began,and by 1890 a Mormon
.mission was established ~n southeastern Utah on the San Juan River.
Early inhabitants of southestern Utah included Indians,Mormons,and
non-Mormon ranchers and homesteaders.Agriculture was the predom-
inant economic pursuit,and some mining occurred in the La Sal and Blue
Mountains.The area continued as an isolated,agricultural region until
the 1950s,when the discovery of uranium generated a boom in population
and economic activity.
2.2.1.2 Regional Demography
The population of Utah and Colorado is concentrated primarily ~n
the major metropolitan areas of each state.The Denver-Boulder metro-
politan area accounted for 56 percent of the total population of Colorado
in 1976.Similarly,in 1975 the Salt Lake City-Ogden metropolitan area
incorporated 65 percent of the total population of Utah.Outside of the
major metropolitan areas and medium-sized cities of each state,the
res ident population base ~s thinly dispersed throughout a wide geo-
graphical area.A rugged terrain makes access to many areas difficult,
and has effectively isolated much of the Four Corners region.
In the general reg~on of the proposed Blanding Uranium Project
the maj or population centers include Moab,Utah;Durango,Cortez and
Grand Junction,Colorado;and Farmington,New Mexico.Table 2.2-1 sum-
marizes the 1970 and 1975 populations of these cities and those of the
2-8
TABLE 2.2-1
POPULATION CENTERS OF THE PROJECT REGION
Approximate
High\vay Mileage
From the Project Sites
Hanksville Site Blanding Site
(Miles)(Miles)
160 180
215 85
260 130
130 5
140 30
140 20
10 140
120 80
290 160
a An official census estimate of the Hanksville area is not available
because Hanksville is not incorporated.The 1975 estimate is by
Westinghouse Environmental Systems Department (977).
Source:u.S.Bureau of Census,1976,1977
2-9
primary impact communities of Hanksville,Blanding,Monticello and
Bluff.
2.2.1.3 Regional Land Use and Ownership
This section focuses on land use and ownership patterns within
50 miles of Blanding and Hanksville,and along Utah Route 95,the
Hanksville-Blanding corridor.The region includes Wayne,San Juan and
Garfield Counties,Utah,and the Cortez and Dove Creek areas in Montezuma
and Dolores Counties,Colorado.
The federal government owns and administers a significant proportion
of land ~n the Four Corners Region.In San Juan County,which covers
4.9 million acres in southeastern Utah,the federal government owns 62
percent of the total land area.In south-central Utah,Wayne County
encompasses 1.6 million acres,90 percent of which are federally owned.
Eighty-nine percent of Garfield County's 3.3 million acres are federal
land (U.S.Soil Conservation Service,1970).The Bureau of Land Manage-
ment oversees the bulk of federal land ~n the region.This land ~s
classified as multiple use and as such is leased for grazing,oil and
gas exploration,and mining claims.Wildlife management and recreation
uses also occur on BLM land (Verbal Communication,Ms.Opal Redshaw,
Bk'1,Monticello Office,September 29,1977).The U.S.Forest Service
administers 450,000 acres of the Manti-La Sal National Forest in San Juan
County,162,000 acres in Wayne County,and 1 million acres of Dixie
National Forest in Garfield County (U.S.Soil Conservation Service,
1970).National Forest land is also open to multiple uses,including
recreation,agriculture,and timber and mineral production.
Several national parks and national monuments are located ~n the
project region.Canyonlands National Park,Capitol Reef National
Park,Glen Canyon National Recreation Area,Hovenweep National Monument
and Natural Bridges National Monument are all located within 50 miles
of Blanding,Hanksville,and/or Utah Route 95.Arches National Park,
near Moab,and Mesa Verde National Park,east of Cortez,are located
within a lOa-mile radius of the project site.
2-10
Indian land reservations comprise another major category of land in
the Four Corners Region.The Navajo Indian Reservation covers 24,700
square miles in Utah,New Mexico,and Arizona (McKinely Area Council of
Governments,1977).In southeastern Utah,this reservation includes 1.2
million acres.The Ute Mountain Indian Reservation encompasses 433,000
acres in southwestern Colorado,107,SOD acres in New Mexico and 13,500
acres adjacent to the Navajo Reservation in San Juan County,Utah (U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation,1977).
Non-federal land in the Utah portion of the project region is
devoted almost exclusively to agriculture.However,this agricultural
use is restricted by the arid climate and rugged landforms characteristic
of the region.The predominant agricultural land use in south central
and southeastern Utah is grazing.
Urban development ~n the region is limited to small,rural com-
munities.Less than one percent of the total San Juan County acreage
is classified as urban and transportation and this is accounted for by
Monticello,Blanding and other communities along Route 163.In Wayne
County,urban and transportation land uses represent 0.3 percent of the
total acreage and are concentrated in the western portion of the county
along Route 24.Urban and transportation uses cover 0.3 percent of the
land area of Garfield County and are found in the western part of the
county,over 50 air-miles from Route 95 (U.S.Soil Conservation Service,
1970).
Agriculture ~s the major use of land ~n southwestern Colorado.
Non-irrigated and irrigated cropland and pinyon-juniper-rockland,used
primarily for grazing,are the principal types of land in the Cortez and
Dove Creek areas.The Ute Mountain Indian Reservation,located south and
west of Cortez,is covered almost exclusively by pinyon-juniper-rockland.
Urban development in Montezuma and Dolores Counties is limited to Cortez,
Mancos,Dolores,and Dove Creek (U.S.Soil Conservation Service,1976).
2-11
2.2.1.4 Transportation Facilities
The private automob5_1e is the principal m0de of transportation ~n
the project region.Interstate 70,the major east-west highway in the
region,passes through Utah in an area approximately 100 road-miles north
of Blanding and 50 miles north of Hanksville.U.s.Route 163,the
principal north-south highway in southeastern Utah,provides access from
1-70 to Blanding and terminates at its junction with Route 160 ~n
northern Arizona.Utah Route 95 extends 134 miles from Blanding to
Hanksville,and Utah Route 24 provides access from Hanksville to Inter-
state 70.The above highways,with the exception of Interstate 70,are
2-lane,paved roads.
The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad provides freight serv~ce to Moab,
Richfield,Green River and other portions of central Utah;no rail
serv~ce extends into the Blanding or Hanksville areas.Commercial air
serv~ce to the region ~s limited to Cortez,Durango,and Grand Junction,
Colorado.Frontier Air Lines schedules flights daily to these cities.
Although small municipal airports are located at Moab,Hanksville,
Blanding,Monticello,Bluff and Canyonlands National Park,there is no
commercial air service to the southeastern region of Utah.
2.2.1.5 Regional Economic Base
Agriculture,mining and tourism aTe key sectors of the econom1C base
1n the general project region.Dry bean and wheat farming and cattle
production are the predominant agriculture in southeastern Utah and the
Dove Creek area of Colorado.Mining activity,centering on uran1um
production,1S on the upswing in the region and this 1S stimulating
population growth and urban development throughout the Four Corners area.
Tourism is keyed to the many diverse natural and scenic attractions.The
large number of national parks,national monuments,and national forests
111 southern Utah and southwestern Colorado suggests that tourism will
continue to be a strong factor contributing to regional economic growth
in the future.
2-12
Several developments are proposed with the potential to generate
social and economic changes in the reg1.on.These include the Dolores
River Project,a water diversion project in Dolores and Montezuma
Counties,Colorado and the Shell Oil Company's "CO-2 Project,"which is a
proposed pipeline from Cotez to Denver Ci ty,Texas for the transport of
carbon dixoide used in oil recovery.Development of the Dolores River
Project is expected to commence 1.0 1978;final decision on the CO-2
Project 1.S still pending (Verbal Communication,Mr.Ron Short,San Juan
Basin Regional Planning Commission,September 6,1977).
2.2.1.6 Housing and Social Service Systems
Social service systems are virtually non-existant in the Four
Corners Region outside of established communities.Housing supplies and
related public services are found primarily within and surrounding the
towns.
Housing and social services 1.n communities within the primary
socioeconomic impact area are discussed in detail in Sections 2.2.2.6 and
2.2.3.6.
2.2.2 Blanding Area,Southeastern Utah
This section addresses the existing social and economic environment
of southeastern Utah,the area potentially affected by the construction
and operation of the proposed mill and by ongoing operations of the
Blanding ore buying station.The primary socioeconomic impact area is
contained 'ATithin San Juan County.Thus,this section focuses on the
county as a whole;however,Blanding,Monticello and Bluff are given
special attention where appropriate.
2.2.2.1 History of San Juan County
Throughou~its early history,southeastern Utah was inhabited
by scattered bands of Navajo,Ute and Paiute Indians.The first recorded
entry of Europeans into the region occurred in 1540,when a group of
soldiers of the army of Francisco Vazquez de Cornado was sent to explore
the Colorado River.The party ·was unsuccessful in its attempts to cross
2-13
the river,due to steep impassable canyons,and turned back.Little is
known of the I':'2.xt 200 years,although it ~s assumed th2.t occasional
Spanish expeditions took place as far as the Colorado River and canyons
of the San Juan River.The best recorded early journey into the region
was that of the Dominguez-Escalante expedition,organized in 1776 to
establish a route from Santa Fe,New Mexico to Monterrey,California and
to initiate contact with Indian tribes.The expedition entered Colorado
at a point near Pagosa Springs,passed the present day sites of Durango
and Dolores,and entered Utah near La Sal.The party then turned north-
ward through the Grand Valley and crossed the Colorado River at Moab.By
the time the group reached Sevier Lake in western Utah,,....inter weather
had begun to set in;the voyage was therefore abandoned,and expedition
members returned to Santa Fe.Although the Dominguez-Escalante expedi-
tion failed in its major purpose,the trip nevertheless provided the best
documentation of the area at that time.This and other early Spanish
forays into southeastern Utah helped to develop what was to become the
Old Spanish Trail,the most important route through the region during the
early l800s.
During the century following the Dominguez-Escalante expedition,
southeastern Utah was explored by Spanish,American and Hexican tradesmen
en route to California,fur trappers and missionaries.Initially,
Mexicans dominated commercial trade between New Mexico and California.
pJIlerican tradesmen came later,follo.,ing the early trappers who were
attracted to the La Sal and Blue (Abajo)Mountains in southeastern Utah
during the 1820s and 1830s.By 1841,regular emigration to California
began,producing a steady stream of travellers through Utah.
Although Harmon settlers began moving into Utah ~n 1846,San Juan
County was not inhabited by whites until the late 1800s.Indians pre-
sented a constant thre.:tt to settlement of southeastern Utah.However,
relations between the early Mormons and the federal government were
strained;thus,the U.S.Army was not requested to assist in establishing
peace with the Indians.
2-14
Ranchers from Colorado began to move into San Juan County ~n 1877,
followed soon thereafter by Mormon missionaries and farmers.In 1878 the
leaders of the Mormon Church directed a group of followers to construct a
trail from Escalante,in south-central Utah,to the San Juan River.The
expedi tion started out in April 1879 and arrived at Bluff the follmving
year,after cutting a wagon trail through some of the most desolate,
rugged territory on the continent.A mission was established in 1880
near the San Juan River in an attempt to initiate peaceful contact with
the Indians and to protect the area from takeover by non-Mormons.As
the Mormon mission grew into a cooperative agricultural village,the
Indians learned to tolerate whites,traded with them and limited vio-
lence to the occasional theft 0'£livestock.In return,the white set-
tlers tolerated the Indians and minimized the establishment of outside
(i.e.,U.S.Army)control.
Two distinct societies grew up in southeastern Utah ~n the latter
part of the 19th century.In Moab,La Sal and other northern portions of
the region,the population was heavily non-Hormon and conformed to the
traditional ideal of a western frontier society.Rugged individualism
was the dominant characteristic of the northern population,which was
composed primarily of cattle ranchers,m1.ners and homes teaders.In
contrast,southern San Juan County was inhabited primarily by Mormons
attempting to establish an agricultural village society.The church,and
not individual fortune,was the major influence over early Mormon
pioneers.During the early years of inhabitation of San Juan County,
three major gr.oups of residents,including Indians,Mormons and ranchers,
coexisted in a less than peaceful fashion.Confrontation between the
groups was less than bloody,but constant.The county was formally
established in 1880 (Perkins,et al.,1957;Peterson,1975).
Monticello was established .'is a Hormon mission ~n 1888.Initial
growth of the area was slow,due to uncertaincy over water rights,which
were ~n litigation at that time,and the possibility of the federal
government designating the area an Indian Reservation.Frequent cowboy
brawls further lessened the desirability of living m Monticello.In
2-15
1906 the town was described by one traveler from the east as "a w-ild
place lon the road,"inhabi ted by 30 Mormon fami lies (Perkins,et al.,
1957).In 1910,the town of Monticello was incorporated and had 64
registered voters.Farming and cattle and sheep ranching were the
principal economic pursuits of early Monticello residents.
In the early 1880s,the L.C.Ranch was established by a wealthy
widow,Mrs.Lacey,on the south side of the Blue Mountains near what was
to become Blanding.Mormons gradually began moving into the area and by
1905 the community,called Greyson,had a population of four families.
In 1906 five more families moved in,and by 1916 the name of the town was
changed and Blanding became an incorporated community.During this time
Blanding received a substantial influx of Mormon families from Mexico who
were driven away by the Mexican revolution (Perkins,et a1.,1957).
San Juan County remained an isolated,agricultural area until
the 1950s,when uranium and oil discoveries spurred significant popu-
lation growth.Uranium activity and population growth rates slackened in
the 19608,and oil production,agriculture and tourism formed the eco-
nomic mainstay of the area until 1975,when uranium production intensi-
fied once again.Today,San Juan County is a rural area experiencing
rapid growth due to mineral exploration.
2.2.2.2 Demography of San Juan County
The largest county in Utah in terms of acreage,San Juan County is
sparsely inhabited,with a 1977 population of 13,368.The 1977 average
density of the county ,,"'as 1.7 persons per square mile,compared to a
statewide density of 14.6 persons per square mile in 1975.Table 2.2-2
summarizes the population distribution of the county and indicates that
Blanding and Monticello,the county's largest communities,together
account for 40 percent of the total resident population.Navajo Indians,
most of whom reside on or near the Navajo Reservation,total 6,000 and
represent 45 percent of the county total.Ute Mountain Indians residing
at White Mesa number 295 (Written Communication,San Juan County Clerk
and Recorder,March 1977).
2-16
TABLE 2.2-2
POPULATION ESTIMATES,SAN JUAN COUNTY,MARCH 1977
San Juan County total 13,368
Blanding city 3,075
surrounding 250
Monticello 2,208
Bluff 280
Navajos ,6000
White Mesa (Ute Mountain
Indians)295
Aneth 93
Mexican Hat 99
Monument Valley 92
Montezuma Creek 200
Cedar Point 59
Eastland &Horsehead 132
Ucolo 104
Bug Point 10
La Sal 378
Lisbon Valley 19
Boulder &"M"Ranch 15
Spanish Valley 59
Scurce:San Juan County Clerk and Recorder,1977
2-17
Growth of San Juan County S1nce the 1950s has been largely influ-
enced by developmencs in the uranium industry.The population of the
county increased by 70 percent from 1950 to 1960,concurrent with the
region's first surge 1n uranium mining activity.From 1960 to 1970,the
county population base experienced only a minimal (6 percent)increase.
Since the early 1970s,however,San Juan County and its principal com-
munities have experienced a steadily increasing population due to renewed
interest in uranium mining and related activities.As Table 2.2-3 indi-
cates,the 1975 county population was 11,964,representing a 24.5 percent
increase since 1970.From 1975 to 1977,the growth rate increased and in
March 1977 the county reached a population of 13,368.Since 1975 Bluff
and Monticello have outpaced the rest of the county in terms of growth,
v<hile Blanding's growth has almost matched the countywide 11.7 percent
increase.
Demographic Characteristics
Table 2.2-4 summar1zes selected demographic characteristics for San
Juan County and Utah and indicates significant social and economic
differences between the county's population and that of the state as a
whole.The county's population is heavily non-white,and native
Americans account for most of this segment.The county had a signifi-
cantly higher proportion of residents with less than 5 years of schooling
and an overall lower median educational attainment than the statewide
average.Tne median fami ly income of San Juan County res idents repre-
sented only 70 percent of the statewide median family income.Also,
33 percent of the families of San Juan County "Tere below the poverty
level in 1969,compared to 9 percent throughout the state.
Seasonal Population
Southeastern Utah experiences a significant influx of tourists
each year.Table 2.2-5 summar1zes visitor statistics for recreation
areas in the region.The figures reveal variations in visitor use of
each area,with an overall increasing trend at each location other than
Manti-La Sal National Forest.
TABLE 2.2-3
HISTORICAL POPULATION ESTIMATES,BLANDING AREA
Percent Percent
Increase,Increase,
1950 1960 1970 1973 1975 1970 to 1975 1977 1975 to 1977---
San JUCln County 5,315 9,040 9,606 11 ,303 11,964 24.5 13,368 11.7
Blanding 1,177 a 2,250 2,651 2,768 23.0 3,075 11.1na
Monticello 1,172 a 1,431 1,657 1,726 20.6 2,208 27.9na
Bluff a a 119 140 150 26.1 280 86.7na na
ana denotes data are not available,because communities of less than 2,500 residents were not
contained in certain census reports.
Sources:1950 to 1975 estimates from U.S.Bureau of Census,1960,1977
1977 estimates from San Juan County Clerk,1977
NI.....ao
2-19
TABLE 2.2-4
SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS,
SAN JUAN COUNTY COMPARED TO UTAH,1970
San Juan County Utah
Total Population
Race
White
Other (%)
Foreign Born (%)
Leading Country of Origin
9,606
5,153
46.4
5.2
Mexico
1,059,273
1,033,880
2.4
12.4
United Kingdom
Education
Median School Years
Completed (Population
25 years and over)
Percent of Population
with less than 5 years
Percent of Population
with 4 years of college
or more
Median Age
Percent under 5 years
Percent 5-17
Percent 18-64
Percent 65+
Income,1969
Median Family Income ($)
Percent of Families Below
Low Income Level
Housing -occupied unit (number)
Average persons per unit
Lacking Some or all Plumbing
Facilities (%)
With 1.01 or more persons
per room (%)
10.7 12.5
27.0 2.0
8.8 14.0
18.0 23.0
13.9 10.6
36.0 29.6
45.6 52.5
4.5 7.3
6,601 9,320
33.2 9.2
2,206 297,934
4.3 3.5
32.2 1.8
39.8 10.0
Source:U.S.Bureau of Census,1973
2-20
TABLE 2.2-5
VISITOR STATISTICS,RECREATION AREAS
SOUTHEASTERN UTAHa
Area Visitors (Thousands)
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 (Jan-Sept)
Glen Canyon
N.R.A.
Canyonlands N.P.60.8 62.6 59.0 71.8 80.0 67.3
Manti-La Sal
National Forest
105.3 88.7 76.4 d(visitor days)100.9 na
Capitol Reel N.P.272.0 311.2 234.0 292.1 469.6 364.2 (thru Aug)
c 12.1 12.0 1l.0 13.2 19.4 16.2HovenweepN.M.
Natural Bridges N.M.58.5 42.7 40.3 48.4 71.9 67.1
aData refer to actual v~s~tations for each area except Manti-La
National Forest.Here,data indicate recreation visitor days.
visitor day is the equivalent of 1 person entering an area for
bData refer to the Monticello Ranger District only.
cData refer to the Square Tower Ruin Unit,near Blanding.
dIndicates data not available.
Sal
A
12 hours.
2-21
Projected Population
Table 2.2-6 presents population proj ections for Utah and San Juan
County.The "high"projection,based on the assumptions of a gradual
decline ~n mortality,constant fertility and positive net migration,
forecasts a population of 33,300 in San Juan County by the year 2000,
representing a 160 percent lncrease over the 1975 population level.In
comparison,the high projection for the State shows a 78 percent increase
from 1975 to 2000.A population base of 33,300 in San Juan County would
represent a density of 4.3 persons per square mile,significantly lower
than the 1975 statewide average of 14.6 persons per square mile.
Comparing these growth projections to estimates by the U.S.Bureau
of Census and the San Juan County Clerk reveals that ac tual growth from
1970 to 1975 was below the "low projection,"defined as a gradual decline
in mortality,constant fertility and no net migration.However,from
1975 to 1977 the county apparently began to catch up with the projections
outlined in Table 2.2-6.From 1975 to 1977,the county population ~n­
creased approximately 5.9 percent annually.If this rate continues,the
1980 population of San Juan County would be 15,730,approximately midway
between the high and low projections for that year.
Population Within A 5-Mile Radius of the Mill Site
The area within 5 miles of the proposed mill site ~s predominantly
agricultural land owned by residents of Blanding (Verbal Communication,
Mr.Bud Nielson,Blanding City Manager,September 7,1977).One farm-
house,located approximately one mile north of the mill site,is owned by
a couple residing in Blanding and rented to a family of four (Verbal
Communication,Mrs.Clisbee Lyman,November 2,1977).A mobile home
associated with a service station at the intersection of Routes 95 and
163 is occupied by 4 people (Verbal Communication,Mr.Willie Tortlita,
Vowell and Sones Oil Co.,1977);this is within 3 miles of the mill
site.Three persons live at the Blanding airport approximately 3.5 miles
north of the project area.In addition,an average of 30 to 40 persons
fly in and out of the airport each day (Verbal Communication,Mr.John
Hunt,Manager,Blanding Airport,November 2,1977).
2-22
TABLE 2.2-6
POPULATION PROJECTIONS a
Utah
high
low
Percent
1975b Increase,
1980 1990 2000 1975-2000
1,216,843 1,420,553 1,803,985 2,163,927 78
1,206,584 1,302,815 1,484,231 1,655,528 37
San Juan County
high
low
12,816
12,716
17,373
13,954
26,002
16,917
33,300
19,753
160
55
aFigures shown indicate high and low projections;(see text for
definitions);high medium and low medium are also presented in the
reference.
bU•S•Census estimates for 1975 indicate a statewide population of
1,202,672,which is below the "low"projection presented in this
table.In San Juan County,1975 population was 11,964,which is
also below the "low"projection.
Source:Utah Agricultural Experiment Station,December 1976.
Population Projections by Age and Sex for Utah Counties,
1970-2000.
2-23
Southeast of the proposed mill site ~s White Mesa,a community of
295 Ute Mountain Indians.The homes associated with v;rhite Mesa are
dispersed throughout a 4 to 5-mile area,and the northern edge of the
community H approximately 3.5 miles south of the mill site.It ~s
estimated that eight to ten of the families in vfuite Mesa reside within 5
miles of the project area.This would represent between 60 and 75
persons,assuming an average of 7.4 persons per household in the com-
muni ty (Verb al Communications,Mr.Cleal Brad ford,Utah Navaj 0
Development Council and Ms.Anne Robinson,Ute Mountain Tribal Housing
Authority,November 2,1977).
Plate 2.2-1 summar~zes permanent population estimates of the area
within about 7 miles of the proposed mill site.Utah Route 163,the
major north-south highway in southeastern Utah,provides access to the
proposed mill site from Blanding.The mill would be located approxi-
mately one-half mile west of this highway.In 1975,the average daily
traffic on Route 163 at a point eight miles south of Blanding was 740
vehicles.Between 27.5 percent and 32.49 percent of this traffic con-
sisted of out of state vehicles;from 7.5 to 12.49 percent consisted of
heavy truck traffic (Utah Department of Transportation,1976).
2.2.2.3 Land Use and Ownership
The southeast corner of Utah,known as the Canyonlands area,~s
characterized by a dry climate and a rugged terrain featuring rocky
buttes,mesas,escarpments,and narrow canyons.These landforms have
resulted in limited access to the region and,together with the arid
climate,have restricted agricultural and urban development.At the same
time,unique rock formations and ancient Indian ruins,found in abundance
in southeastern Utah,have made the area an increasingly popular des-
tination for tourists.
Land ownership patterns of San Juan County are dominated by federal
and Indian land,which encompass approximately 60 percent and 25 percent,
respectively,of the total county land area.In San Juan County,Indian
land includes over 1.2 million acres of the Navajo Reservation and 13,500
PLATE 2.2-1
2-25
acres of the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation,adjacent to the Navajo
Reservation on the north (U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,1977).In addi-
tion,the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area,Canyonlands National
Park,Manti-La Sal National Forest,and numerous national and state
monuments in the county are well known tourist and recreation sites.
Federal land is typically classified as mulitple use and,as such,H
leased for grazing,oil and gas exploration,mining claims,timber
production,and wildlife management (Verbal Communication,Ms.Opal
Redshaw,BLM,Monticello Office,September 29,1977).The Bureau of Land
Management administers the largest portion of federal land in San Juan
County,consisting of approximately 2 million acres.The National Park
Service has responsibility for 570,000 acres,the U.S.Forest Service
manages 450 ,000 acres,and the Bureau of Reclamation oversees 1,200
acres in San Juan County (Utah State Forestry and Fire Control,1975).
Private land accounts for only 8 percent of San Juan County's
4.9 million acres.Table 2.2-7 outlines land ownership patterns in the
county and Plate 2.2-2 depicts the location of designated lands in the
general region.
Approximately 40 percent of San Juan County ~s non-federal land,
devoted almost exclusively to agriculture.Aridity has a pronounced
effect on agricultural land uses;the growing seasons are extremely
variable,and summer heat causes evaporation to substantially exceed
precipitation (Battelle Memorial Institute,1972).As a result,grazing
~s the predominant agricultural land use,and crop production is centered
on dry farming,\.hich produces primarily wheat a.nd beans.Table 2.2-8
summarizes land use acreages for the county.
Residential,commercial and industrial land uses are 1imited to
small,rural communities;there are no sizeable cities in San Juan
County.Population centers occur primarily along U.S.Route 163,the
region's principal north-south highway.The largest communities in the
county are Blanding and Monticello.Urban and transportation land uses
account for 0.3 percent of the total land area of San Juan County.
2-26
TABLE 2.2-7
LAND OWNERSHIP IN SAN JUAN COUNTY,1967
2,985,630
1,247,563
416,600
325,317
15,253
997
4,991,360
Ownership
Federal
Indian
Private
State
Urban and Transportation
Small Watera
Total
Acres Percent of County Total
59.8
25.0
8.3
6.5
0.3b
aInc1udes water areas of 2 to 40 acres and streams less than
one-eight mile in width.
bLess than 0.1 percent.
Source:u.s.Department of Agriculture,1970
DESIGNATED LANDS IN
SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
PLATE 2.2-2
'0£0
....SCALE IN FEET
10o
ii It
1",-,'.1,pI"HI I j'l'_p,n ~~I"f>.
;i
\""'j"::)'-~..-,
I
2-28
TABLE 2.2-8
LAND USE IN SAN JUAN COUNTY,
EXCLUDING FEDERAL LAND,a 1967
Acres Percent of Total Non-Federal
Cropland 146,016 7.3
Irrigated 7,111 0.4
Non-irrigated 138,905 6.9
Pasture 60,531 3.0
Range 1,263,007 63.0
Forest 462,318 23.0
Other 57,608 2.9
Urban and
Transportation 15,253 0.8
Small b 997 cwater
Total Non-Federal
Land 2,005,730 100.0
Federal Land 2,985,630
Total County
Acreage 4,991,360
aWater areas of more than 40 acres and rivers ,,,ider than
one-eighth mile are also excluded.
bIncludes water ares of 2 to 40 ncres and streams less than
one-eighth mile in width.
cLess than 0.1 percent.
Source:U.s.Soil Conservation Service,1970.
2-29
Land Use Within a 5-Mile Radius of the Site
The proposed mill would be located near the existing Energy Fuels
Blanding are buying station,approximately 6 miles south of Blanding.
Access to the site is provided via U.s.Route 163 from Blanding.The
surrounding area is predominantly agricultural,consisting of grazing
land,limited cropland,and some pinyon-juniper areas.A small airpark
is located 2.5 miles north of the proposed mill site,and another uran1um
are buying station operated by Plateau Resources,Ltd.,is located near
the intersection of Utah Route 95 and Route 163,approximately 2.5 miles
north of the Energy Fuels property.A small,highway-related commercial
establishment is also located at this intersection.An access road to a
u.s.Army installation intersects Route 163 approximately 1.2 miles north
of the Energy Fuels turnoff.This 1S a radar facility and is part of the
Blanding Launch Site of the Utah Launch Complex,operated by the \fuite
Sands Missile Range.Several small buildings connected with this opera-
tion are located approximately 0.5 to 1 mile east of Route 163.In
addition,the actual Launch Site is 1n Section 2 of Township 38S,Range
21 E,approximately four miles southwest of the proposed mill site.The
B=landing Launch site has not been used for five or six years,due to
military budgetary constraints.The pos sibility of future operation of
the site is under study by the Army (Verbal Communications,Mr.Ed \fuite,
Public Affairs,~~ite Sands Missile Range,and Mr.F.Sedillo,Facilities
Planning,White Sands Missile Range,January 17,1978)•.
The northern edge of the Ute Mountain Indian community of \fuite
Mesa lies within 3.6 miles of the proposed mill site.The homes of \fuite
Mesa residents are located on both sides of Route 163 and extend in a
north-south direction for approximately 3-4 miles.
2.2.2.4 Transportation Facilities
The highway system in San Juan County consists of two-lane paved
highways and smaller,unimproved roads.U.S.Route 163,the major
north-south highway in the region,extends from Interstate 70 to Route
160 in northern Arizona.Interstate 70 is approximately 100 miles north
of Blanding,and cuts through Grand County north of Moab.
2-30
Utah Route 95 provides access from Blanding to western San Juan
County,Glen Canyon and Hanksville.This road has been designated the
Bicentennial Highway because its paving was completed in 1976.
The average 1975 daily traffic volume of highways ~n the region
1.5 summarized in Table 2.2-9.The table indicates that the point of
heaviest traffic flow in San Juan County occurred near Monticello,where
2685 vehicles per day were counted on Route 163.The figures also
indicate a high proportion of out of state vehicles in the area.
Although complete traffic volume data are not available for 1977,
estimates have been made for flows near Hanksville and Monticello.For
the 1975 to 1977 interval,the data reveal an increase of 33 percent in
traffic on Route 95 south of Hanksville,and a 43 percent increase on
Route 163 near Monticello (Utah Department of Transportation,June
1977)•
There 1.S no rail or air serv~ce to San Juan County.The closest
rail connection is in Moab,to which the Denver and Rio Grande Western
Railway provides freight service.Although municipal airports are
located in Blanding,Bluff,Nonticello,and Canyonlands National Park,
regularly scheduled commercial air service is not provided to south-
eastern Utah.Grand Junction and Cortez,Colorado are the locations of
the closest airline connections (Utah Industrial Development Information
System,1973).
There is no bus serv~ce to San Juan County.Continental Trailways
provides intercity bus service to Hoab.
2.2.2.5 Economic Base
San Juan,Grand,Carbon and Emery Counties comprise the Southeastern
Utah Planning District,one of the mos t rapidly growing areas of the
state.Coal and uranium development is the major impetus behind recent
growth trends.Mining,construction,transportation,finance,and
services are the areas exhibiting the fastest gains in employment during
,"~_i,-=L·.::c
TABLE 2.2-9
TRAFFIC VOLUME,1975
Highway
Utah Route 95
u.s.Route 163
Utah Route 276
Segment
Blanding to Natural Bridges N.M.
Natural Bridges to Hite
Hite to Hanksville
Monticello to La Sal Junction
Monticello to Blanding
Blanding to Utah Route 262 turnoff
Utah Route 262 to Bluff
Bluff to Mexican Hat
Route 95 to Bullfrog Basin at
Glen Canyon
Average Daily
Traffic Countsa
310
95
95 -290
1490 -2685
860 -1895
740 -925
530
560
220
Approximate
Percentage of
Out of State
Passenger Traffic
20%
10%
10%-20%
20%-35%
10%-25%
20%-30%
40%
40%
25%
N
Iw.....
Utah Route 263
Utah Route 261
Route 95 to Halls Crossing at
Glen Canyon
Route 95 to Mexican Hat
25 -
130
35 20%
50%
a fO °Two 19ures 1n
on the Traffic
one location.
this column represent a range of values given for different points
Volume Map.One ,figure indicates that a traffic count was taken at only
Source:Traffic Volume Map,Utah Department of Transportation,1976.
2-32
the year ending July 1977.During this time,total 110nagricultural
payroll employment in the region increased by 1,400,almost half of which
was due to mining (Utah Department of Employment Security,1977).
The economic base of San Juan County is heavily tied to the mineral
extraction,agriculture and tourism industries.This county ~s the
largest ~ranium producer in Utah and had several large mines and numerous
intermediate-sized mines active in September 1977.One of the two
uranium mills in the state is located near La Sal,in San Juan County;
the second mill is located in Moab,approximately 70 miles north of
Blanding (Written Communication,Larry Trimble,Utah Geological and
Mineral Survey,September 29,1977).In addition to uranium,natural gas
and crude oil are the principal resources under development in south-
eastern Utah.The Aneth oil Field,located in southern San Juan County,
is the second largest field in Utah.Although oil production has been
declining since 1974,it 1S still an important source of employment and
income in the region.In 1976,oil production in San Juan County totaled
9.8 million barrels,representing a decline of 2.5 percent from the
1975 level of production.In contrast,natural gas production has been
increasing steadily since 1975 (Utah Department of Employment Security,
1977).
Historically,agriculture has played a major role in the development
of San Juan County.Due to an arid climate and rugged terrain,cattle
and sheep grazing and dry land farming are the major agricultural activ-
ities.The principal crops produced in the county are wheat and beans
(Verbal Communication,Mr.Lyman,Manager,Blanding Office of Employment
Security,September 7,1977).Agricultural production statistics fo["
1974 are summarized 1n Table 2.2-10.It should be noted that,although
data are not available for bean production on a county basis,it is an
important item in San Juan County.,In 1976,the state"N'ide production of
dry beans was valued at $600,000 (State of Utah,Department of
Agriculture,1977).
2-33
TABLE 2.2-10
CROP PRODUCTION AND LIVESTOCK INVENTORY,
SAN JUAN COUNTY,1974
Item Unit of Measurement Production
Wheat Bushels 566,316
Oats Bushels 10,510
Barley Bushels 9,962
Corn for Grain or Seed Bushels 637
Corn for Silage Acres 300
Potatoes lOa-weight 438
Hay and Grass Silage Tons 9,517
Alfalfa H"'''Tons 6,233.~J
Wild Hay Tons 25
Cattle and Calves Number 25,266
Sheep and Lambs Number 11 ,894
Hogs Number 526
Chickens over 2 mos.Number 2,244
Source:U.s.Bureau of Census,1974.
2-34
San Juan County offers a wide variety of scenic and historic fea-
tures that draw tourists from a large geographical area.Tourism
appears to be on the upswing in southeastern Utah;in 1976 tourist room
sales in San Juan County,as well as total taxable sales,exhibited a 14
percent increase over 1975 levels,and tourist activity during 1977 has
promised to reach even higher levels (Utah Department of Employment
Security,1977;Verbal Communication,Manager,Blanding Office of
Employment Security,September 7,1977).The importance of tourism :;.s
reflected in rates of employment in retail and service sectors.
Table 2.2-11 summarizes e~ployment by industry in San Juan County
and indicates that mining and government are the two largest sources of
employment in the county.These two sectors accounted for 50.6 percent
of total county employment in April 1977.Trade,services and agricul-
ture are other important sources of employemnt in the county.
Manufacturing in San Juan County is limited to four establishments
in Blanding and four in Monticello.As summarized in Table 2.2-12,
a variety of goods is produced by the local firms.Employment at each
establishment ranges from less than 10 to 199.
According to a 1972 study,southestern Utah 1.S deficient in key
factors that are conducive to industrial growth.The lack of skilled
labor,an absence of industrial buildings,the unavailability of financ-
ing,inadequate housing supplies and poor access to materials have been
cited as the major barriers to industrial development in southeastern
Utah (Battelle Memorial Laboratories,1972).
Table 2.2-13 summar1.zes labor force and employment in San Juan
County and indicates that employment growth has outpaced increases in the
labor force since 1975.The unemployment rate for the county declined
from a 1975 average of 10.6 to 8.6 in July 1977.For the sa~e time
periods,the statewide average unemployment rates were 7.2 and 6.1,
respectively.Higher than average unemployment in southeastern Utah is
2-35
TABLE 2.2-11
ENPLOYHENT BY INDUSTRY,
SAN JUAN COUNTya
1976 Average
Percent
Number of Total
April 1977
Percent
Number of total
Nonagricultural
Payroll Employment
Total 2,523 90.3 2,306 89.5
Mining 784 28.1 683 26.5
Contract Construction 70 2.5 43 1.7
Hanufacturing 169 6.1 140 5.4
Transportation,
Communication,
Utilities 147 5.3 139 5.4
'i{n olesale,Retail Trade 347 12.4 353 13.7
Finance,Insurance,
Real Estate 22 0.8 22 0.9
Services 296 10.6 305 11.8
Government 688 24.6 621 24.1
Agricul tura1 Employment 270 9.7 270 10.5
Total Payroll and
Agricu1tura1
Employment 2,793 100.0 2,576 100.0
apre1iminary Estimates
Source:Utah Department of Employment Security,1977
(
2-36
TABLE 2.2-12
LOCATION OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS,
SAN JUAN COUNTY,1977-1978
Location
Blanding
Monticello
Firm
Canyonlands 21st
Century Corp.
Hurst Cabinet Shop
Southern Utah
Industries
Thin Bear Indian
Arts and Crafts
Blue Hountain
Meats,Inc.
Four-Point Deer
Processing
San Juan Record
Youngs Machine Co.
Product
Secondary Smelting
and Re fining
Wood Kitchen Cabinets
Clothing
Jewelry
Meat Packing
Meat Packing
Newspaper
Mining Machinery
Employment
Range
25-49
1-9
100-199
1-9
25-49
1-9
1-9
10-24
Source:Utah Job Service,1977
2-37
TABLE 2.2-13
CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE,EMPLOYMENT,
AND UNE~WLOYMENT RATES IN SAN JUAN COUNTY
July 1977 1976 1975
Labor Force 4,270 4,409 4,211
Employed Personsa 3,903 3,980 3,763
Unemplo)~ent Rate 8.6 9.7 10.6
-.;.
aThis total does not correspond to the employment total ~n
Table 2-11 because it is a broader category,including the
self-employed,unpaid family and domestics.Table 2-11
includes agricultural and non-agricultural payroll employment
only.
Source:1977 estimate from the Blanding Office of Employment
Security 1975,1976 estimates from Utah Department of
Employment Security,1977.
2-38
due partly to the seasonal nature of agriculture and tourism,both of
which are important sources of jobs in the area.
In addition to the unemployed,a number of local residents who have
jobs but are actively seeking alternative employment have registered with
the Blanding Office of Employment Security.In the first three months of
1977,that office reported over 800 active job applicants.The occupa-
tional characteristics of the applicants,summarized in Table 2.2-14,
indicate that a substantial labor pool exists in categories related to
the construction and machine trades.The data suggest that Energy Fuels
may be able to hire a significant proportion of its work force from the
local labor pool.
It should be noted that problems associated with unemployment
and underemployment are not shared equally by all area residents.In
April 1977 the Navajo Nation contained a potential labor force of 65,600;
16 percent of these people were unemployed and actively seeking work.Of
the 40,000 tribal members who were employed at that tim~,21 percent were
earning less than $5,000 per year (Navajo Area Office of Vital
Statistics,1977).In the Blanding area,76 percent of the active jab
applicants in early 1977 were Indians (Utah Department of Employment
Security,1977).
Per capita 1llcome in San Juan County was $3,300 in 1976,represent-
ing only 61 percent of the statewide average of $5,400.Table 2.2-15
indicates that,while income in San Juan County has remained well below
the statewide average since 1973,its rate of growth has exceeded that of
the state's in the recent past.Income in the county can be expected to
continue to rise due to increased industrial and commercial activity.
The forces which are expected to contribute to future economic growth in
San Juan County are summarized below.
Uranium -Mining activity in San Juan County is centered on uran1um
production.Almost 100 new mining jobs opened up in the county during
the year ending in July 1977,which have stimulated retail trade,
2-39
TABLE 2.2-14
OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JOB APPLICANTS,
QUARTER ENDING,3-31-77,BLANDING AREA
Total Applicantsa
Professional,Technical,Managerial
Clerical,Sales
Service
Farm,Fisheries,Forestry
Processing
Machine Trades
Bench Work
Structural Work
Miscellaneous
838
57
60
122
79
5
[,,7
75
285
108
a Includes persons actively seeking employment,some of whom
were employed at the time.
Source:Utah Department of Employment Security,Job Service,1977
2-40
TABLE 2.2-15
PER CAPITA INCOME,SAN JUAN COUNTY
COMPARED TO THE STATE,1973-1976
(Dollars)
Percent
Increase
1973 1974 1975 1976 1973-1976
Utah 4,100 4,500 4,900 5,400 32
San Juan County 2,100 2,500 3,000 3,300 57
Source:1973-1974,U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of
Economic Analysis
1975-1976, Utah Department of Employment Security,
Research and Analysis Section
2-41
residential construction,and other serv~ce industries (Utah Department
of Employment Security,1977).In addition to the Energy Fuels buying
station,a uranium ore buying station is in operation in the area south
of Blanding,and there is a possibility that the operator,Plateau
Resources,Ltd.,will construct a uran~um mill (Verbal Communication,
Manager,Blanding Employment Security Office,September 7,1977).
The exact number of active mines in the county ~s not known but is
estimated to be 100-200,the majority of which are relatively small.
Since 1975 regional uranium activity has intensified,and the Energy
Fuels and Plateau Resources buying stations have been partially
responsible for this upswing (vJritten Communication,Mr.Larry Trimble,
Utah Geological and Mineral Survey,September 1977).
Navajo Reservation The Utah Navajo Development Council (UNDC)
oversees a long-term fund for the development of housing,cultural,
educational and health facilities and agricultural capabilities on the
Reservation.The fund is designed to benefit Navajo Indians in San Juan
County.One major project of the UNDC is the construction of the Broken
Arrow Center,a Native American cultural center adjacent to the new Edge
of Cedars State Park near Blanding.Upon completion,the center is
expected to contribute substantially to the tourism/recreation industry
in the Blanding area (Verbal Communication,Manager,Blanding Office of
Employment Security,September 7,1977).
Construction of a mar~na on the San Juan branch of Lake Powell
has been proposed by a private company.The marina,currently in the
early planning stages,will be located on the Navajo Reservation and will
further stimulate recreational activity ~n the general area (Verbal
Communication,Manager,Blanding Office of Employment Security,September
7,1977).
Support Services -Contiuned uranium,natural gas and oil production
wi 11 ensure a strong demand for transportation and other industrial
support services in the future.The Moab to Blanding corridor is ex-
pected to be used heavily to transport supplies to southeastern Utah from
2-42
Moab,the location of the closest rail connection (Verbal Communication,
Mr.M.B.Lincoln,Manager,Moab Office of Employment Security,September
9,1977).Also,increased tourism and regional population growth due to
industrial development will further stimulate the construction and
serv~ce industries ~n the county,in particular in Blanding and
Monticello.
2.2.2.6 Housing and Public Services
San Juan County provides a range of public services,including
general administration,police and fire protection,maintenance of roads
and health and recreation facilities,and television reception.Table
2.2-16 summarizes 1975 and 1976 General Fund expenditures of the county
and indicates that road maintenance is the largest expense,representing
43 percent of total General Fund expenditures in 1976.
Public Services in Blanding
The population of Blanding grew by approximately 4.6 percent per
year from 1970 to 1975.Since 1975,growth has accelerated to a rate
of almost 8 percent annually,primarily due to increased uran~um m~n~ng
activity.City officials expect Blanding to reach a population of
4,500 by 1981,which represents an annual growth rate of approximately 10
percent (Verbal Communication,Mr.Bud Nielson,Blanding City Nanager,
October 12,1977).
Planning for growth is an ongoing process ~n Blanding,tied to
expectations of a population of 4,500 by 1981.City officials appear
confident that continual improvement of facilities will enable the city
to keep up with incrased demand in the future;services will be provided
as a response to growth on an as-needed basis (Verbal Communication,Mr.
Bud Nielson,Blanding City Manager,October,12,1977).
Table 2.2-17 surr~ar~zes budgeted General Fund Expenditures for
fiscal year 1977 and indicates that the largest single expenditure
category is the electric,water and sewer fund.Outlays for this fund
2-43
TABLE 2.2-16
SUMMARY OF SAN JUAN COUNTY GENERAL FUND EXPE~~ITURES
Departments
1976
Budget
1977
Approved
Budget
Service
Monticello
Blanding
Other
County Fair
State Fair
Community Involvement
Election
Assessing &Collection
Employee Benefits
Total General Departments
31,950.
3,150.
15,000.
6,500.
40,250.
36,980.
24,100.
16,380.
28,825.
39,970.
1,000.
18,150.
3,500.
5,000.
10,000.
88,800.
36,100.
16,000.
13,020.
38,000.
5,835.
12,600.
15,000.
10,000.
653,500.
11,500.
6,000.
32,070.
13,875.
82,800.
3,500.
22,000.
204,815.
6,340.
23,433.
8,150.
13,500.
10,900.
8,970.
9,600.
5,000.
1,000.
7,000.
140,000.
1,780,063.
31,950.
3,150.
11,725.
6,500.
35,900.
33,880.
24,200.
14,200.
27,870.
39,700.
1,000.
16,850.
3,500.
5,000.
6,500.
77 ,800.
31,600.
16,000.
11,270.
40,000.
5,350.
11,830.
25,000.
10,000.
635,500.
11,500.
6,000.
30,740.
12,341.
2,800.
3,500.
71,221.
5,850.
16,833.
7,850.
12,000.
12,000.
8,437.
6,800.
2,500.
300.
900.
8,775.
7,000.
125,397.
1,479,419.
North
N.Golf
N.Swim
South
S.Swim
S.Third
Television Reception
Hospital
Recreation:
Commissioners
District Court
J.P.Courts
Other Judicial
Clerk-Auditor
Recorder
Attorney
Treasurer
Assessor
Surveyor
Planning Commission
Building &Grounds
Audit
Computer
Dues
Sheriff
County Jails
Liquor Control
Indian Task Force
Special Task Force
Fire Control
Emergency Services
Bi-Centennial
Other
County Road
'i~eed &Rodent
Poor &Indigent
Tourist
Extension
Airport:
Source:San Juan County,1977
2-44
TABLE 2.2-17
CITY OF BLANDING,SUM}~RY OF GENERAL FUND EXPENDITURES,
FISCAL YEAR 1976-1977
General Government
Public Safety
Police Department
Fire Department
Inspection Department
Pub lic Works
Streets and Highways
Airport
Sanitation
Parks
Debt Service
Electric,Hater and
Sewer Fund
Payroll Taxes,Retirement
Fund,Insurance,Etc.
Fiscal Year 1976
Actual Expenditure
9,838
49,323
4,923
180
22,071
4,858
14,429
105
27,037
27,850
9,397
Fiscal Year 1977
Approved Budget
11 ,350
52,000
5,200
540
23,300
5,200
16,500
125
36,428
260,895
11,675
Total Appropriated General
Fund Expenditures 170,011 423,213
Source:City of Blanding,1977
2-45
increased dramatically from 1976 to 1977,due primarily to planned
imDrovements in Blanding's water treatment system.
Water
The City of Blanding obtains water from surface runoff and under-
ground wells.In 1976 total consumption was approximately 200 million
gallons,an average of 547,000 gallons per day.Peak daily use was
1.59 million gallons.The city operates a water treatment plant with
a capacity of 1800 gallons per minute.City officials estimate that the
existing water treatment system is adequate for serving a total popula-
tion of 3,900,representing an increase of more than 80 families above
the July 1977 population.Also,with minor improvements to the treatment
plant,the system could support an additional increase of 600 residents,
or a maximum population of 4,500 <Verbal Communication,Mr.Bud Nielson,
Blanding City Manager,September 7,1977).
Blanding has not been forced to formally ration water use ~n years,
despite drought conditions during 1977.Instead,the city has increased
water rates,which has discouraged consumption.Water supply is not
considered a major problem in Blanding due to the availability of a
substantial reservoir of ground water.In September 1977 the city
completed the drilling of a new 960-foot well,and additional wells will
be drilled in the future to provide water as needed.Also,one water
storage reservoir is under repair.The combined capacities of the
existing storage reservoir and the one being repaired will be adequate to
accommodate a 40 percent increase ~n population <Verbal Communication,
Mr.Bud Nielson,October 12,1977).
The water distribution system in Blanding is in need of improvement.
The city is planning to install 2 miles of eight-inch pipes within the
next six months.With planned improvements in the water transmission and
storage systems and the ability to drill wells as needed,the city will
be able to accommodate a max~mum population of 4,500,representing a 40
percent increase in the June 1977 resident population.
2-46
Sewage Treatment
The city maintains a sewage treatment lagoon which ~s being ex-
panded.The sewage treatment improvements are expected to be completed
in 1981,and the system should then be adequate to accommodate a maximum
population of 4,500.Because occasional overflow of sewage effluent is
used for irrigation by the owner of property adjacent to the lagoon,the
sewage is contained ~n a localized vicinity and does not pollute ground
water.No problems or inadequacies in the town's sewage treatment are
anticipated (Verbal Communication,Mr.Bud Nielson,Blanding City
Manager,September 7,1977,October 12,1977).
Utilities
Electricity is supplied within the Blanding City limits by the
Utah Power and Light Company through a distribution system owned by the
city of Blanding.In October 1977,consumption of electricity repre-
sented approximately one-half of the total capacity of the distribution
system.There is no natural gas service ~n Blanding and propane is
provided through 2 local companies (Verbal Communication,Mr.Bud
Nielson,Blanding City Manager,October 12,1977).
There are no major constraints to supplying electricity to an
increased population in Blanding;the local distribution system has
excess capacity and the long-term supply outlook for Utah Power and Light
is good (Verbal Communication,Mr.Jay Bell,Utah Power and Light,Moab
Regional Office,October 27,1977).
Solid Waste
The city of Blanding provides solid waste collection and disposal
services.Collection occurs twice weekly.Waste is disposed at a dump
located west of the community.Within the next 2 years,city officials
hope to have a sanitary landfill,to be operated in cooperation with
other communities or federal agencies (Verbal Comm~nication,Mr.Bud
Nielson,Blanding City Manager,September 7,1977).
2-47
Public Safety
The Bla~ding Police Depa~tment consists of 3 officers.A new
member will be added to the force in fiscal year 1979.There are 2
patrol cars.The police force is supplemented by an auxiliary force of 8
members.
The city ~s served by a IS-member Volunteer Fire Department and
maintains a 17S0-gallon hose car and 11,SOO-gallon pumper truck.The
fire insurance rating is 7 (Verbal Communication,Mr.Bud Nielson,
Blanding City Manager,September 7,1977).
Health Care
The San Juan County Hospital,located in Monticello,serves Blanding
residents.The hospital is a 36-bed general care facility with an
average occupancy rate of 40 percent.There is a 31-bed nursing horne ~n
Blanding.Two medical doctors,one dentist and one public health nurse
provide services in Blanding (Verbal Communication,Mr.Arlo Freestone,
San Juan County Hospital,October 20,1977).
A public health nurse provides a range of serv~ces to the community,
such as immunization clinics,horne and school visits,visual screening,
and handicapped children services.Public health nurses are assigned to
Blanding,Monticello and the Navajo Reservation <Verbal Communication,
Ms.Mabel Wright,Public Health Nurse,October 20,1977).
Four Corners Mental Heal th,a region,gl agency supported by state,
local and federal funds,provides psychological counseling services to
residents of San Juan,Grand,Emergy and Carbon Counties.The agency has
established a mental health clinic in Blanding,staffed by one therapist
and one secretary.In addition,four outreach workers provide services
to the Navajo Reservation and the communities of Bluff and Mexican Hat.
San Juan County residents also have access to a psychologist at the
mental health center in Moab.The average active caseload of the
Blanding Mental Health Center is 80 <Verbal Communication,Ms.Colette
Hunt,Blanding Mental Health Center,September 8,1977).
2-48
Education
Two elementary schools and one high school are located in Blanding.
Table 2.2-18 summarizes enrollment statistics and estimated peak
capacities.Al though the high school ~s currently overcrowded,ne~v
facilities are under construction which will alleviate this problem.A
new high school will open in August 1978 at Montezuma Creek and another
new high school is expected to open in 1979 or 1980 in the Oljato-
Honument Valley area.School officials expect that enrollment in the San
Juan High School will drop to 400 upon completion of the new facilities.
(Written Communication,San Juan School District,November 3,1977 and
Verbal Communication,Ms.Clyda Christensen,San Juan School District,
January 17,1978).
Parks and Recreation
There are four public parks in Blanding which are maintained by
the San Juan County Recreation Department.An additional park is in the
planning stages.The San Juan County library is located north of
Blanding on Route 163.
Housing
Demand for housing has been growing rapidly ~n Blanding during
the past several years.Until 1975 residential construction activity in
the town produced an average of 10 units per year.Ynat rate has risen
to 50 units per year in 1977 and construction is expected to further
intensify in the future.The two largest builders in the area expect to
double in capacity;each will be capable of producing 40 units per year
by 1979 (Verbal Communication,Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,October
27,1977).
Construction of a 14-unit subdivision was underway in Blandir:g
in the fall of 1977.Three single-family housing developments have
recently been approved and,upon completion,will provide a total of 127
units.In addition,a 16-unit apartment complex is planned,and builders
are anticipating the construction of one 16-unit complex each year for
2-49
TABLE 2.2-18
SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND CAPACITY IN BLANDING,
1977-1978
Peak
Number of Enrollment Teacher-Student
School Students Capacity Ratio
Blanding Elementary 341 400 1:18
Albert R.Lyman Elementary 289 350 1:26
San Juan High School 874 700 1:20
Source:Written Communication,San Juan School District,November 3,1977;
Verbal Communication,Ms.Clyda Christensen,San Juan School
District,January 17,1978.
2-50
four years (Verbal Communication,Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,
October 27,1977).
New construction has managed to keep pace with demand,and 1n the
fall of 1977 there was neither excess demand nor excess supply of single-
family homes in Blanding.The supply of rental units is deficient,and
planned construction should help to alleviate this problem (Verbal
Communications,Mr.Ken Bailey,Hal Ken,Inc.,October 27,1977 and Mr.
Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,October 27,1977).
Although the vacancy rate for housing is low,there is a substantial
amount of reasonably priced land available within the Blanding city
limits,and city officials have exhibited a pro-development posture.It
is estimated that Blanding's development potential includes lots for 200
single-family homes,and the lead time necessary for construction of
prefabricated,modular housing is from three to six months (Verbal
Communications,Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,and Mr.Ken Bailey,Hal
Ken,Inc.,October 27,1977).
Water availability is a key consideration involved in developnent
.plans 1n Blanding.The city is taking steps now to alleviate the prob-
lem.At the present time,therefore,the major constraint to expanding
the local housing stock is the difficulty of obtaining financing.There
is no savings and loan institution in the area;funding for construction
has come from the Federal Housing Administration and Farmers Home Loan
programs (Verbal Communication,Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,
October 27,1977).
In summary,the prevailing attitude among local developers is
optimistic.It 1S generally believed that,although current housing
supplies are barely keeping pace with demand,Blanding has the capacity
to accommodate a rapidly growing population throughout the coming years.
Given a.dequate sources of financing and several months of lead time,
developers are willing to ensure an adequate housing stock for permanent
residents.However,deve lopers also admit that a shortage of rental
2-51
housing exists which will probably not be alleviated by construction
projects currently being planned.
Mobile home parks 1n Blanding have minimal capacity to absorb
a groW1ng population.According to the San Juan County Travel Council,
there are two mobile home parks in Blanding.One has no vacancies and
does not foresee any increase in capacity by 1979 (Verbal Communication,
Palmer's Trailer Court,October 27,1977).The second park has excess
capacity of 25 to 27 spaces and is planning to add 12 to 14 new spaces in
the coming year (Verbal Communication,Ms.Carol Thayne,Manager,
Kamppark,November 3,1977).
Public Services in Monticello
Table 2.2-19 summarizes General Fund expenditures of the city
of Monticello.The general fund budget does not include utility fund
expenditures of 369,600 (FY 1976)and thus is not entirely comparable to
the Blanding General Fund expenditures outlined in Table 2.2-17.
Sewage Treatment
Monticello currently operates a digestor plant providing primary
and secondary sewage treatment to the town's 2,208 residents.A popula-
tion of 3,000 would represent maX1mum capacity of the existing plant.
The city is planning to construct a new sewage treatment lagoon to
replace the plant.The lagoon is in the preliminary planning stages
and should be completed within the next two years.Upon completion,
the new system will be adequate to serve from 4,000 to 5,000 res idents
(Verbal Communication,Mr.Dan Shoemaker,September 15,1977).
Water
Ground water and surface runoff are the sources of water .1n the
Monticello area.The city maintains a water treatment plant that 1S
operating at approximately 55 percent of full capacity and processing an
average flow of 160 to 200 gallons per minute (Verbal Communication,Hr.
Dan Sh oemaker,Mont ice110 City Manager,September 15 and Oc tober 26,
1977)•
2-52
TABLE 2.2-19
CITY OF MONTICELLO,SUMMARY OF GENERAL FUND EXPE1~ITURES
FISCAL YEAR 1976 AND 1977
Department Fiscal Year 1975 Fiscal Year 1976
Administration 16,106 16,489
Municipal Court 6,547 2,939
Police Department 39,908 40,619
Fire Department 3,163 4,477
Streets,Curbs
and Gutters 21,762 8,965
Parks and Recreation 4,015 2,210
Total Operating
Disbursements 91,501 75,699
Source~San Juan Record,Thrusday,September 15,1977
2-53
Due to drought conditions,Monticello was forced to ration water
lD 1976 and 1977.The city is expanding its water supply by drilling
eight new wells and,thus,local officials do not anticipate the need for
rationing in 1978.Also,one of the town's two water storage reserVOlrs
is being expanded;the completion of this project will result in a total
storage capacity of 100 acre-feet.It lS anticipated that the improved
water supply system will accommodate a maximum population of 4,000;
overall improvements should be completed within the next two years
<Verbal Communication,Monticello City Manager,September 15,1977).
Health
The San Juan County Hospital,located In Monticello,provides
general care to residents of San Juan County and the Dove Creek area of
western Colorado.The facility has 36 beds and an average occupancy rate
of 40 percent.Four medical doctors,SlX registered nurses,and eight
licensed prac tical nurses are employed by the hospital.Two of the
doctors are from Monticello and two are from Blanding.There are no
plans for expansion of the hospital <Verbal Communication,Mr.Arlow
Freestone,San Juan County Hospital,October 20,1977).
A public health nurse provides health care services including
school visits,immunization cl inics,home visits,visual screening,and
handicapped children serVlces.The Four Corners Mental Health agency has
established a clinic in Monticello,staffed by one therapist,a part-time
secretary,and one outreach worker.Monticello residents also have
access to a Four Corners psychologist in Moab <Verbal Communication,Ms.
Colette Hunt,Blanding Mental Health Center,September 8,1977).
Recreation
Recreation serVlces are provided by San Juan County,one city park
with a playground and swimming pool and a public golf course are located
in Monticello.The county also provides television reception.
'~~i~i'
2-54
Public Safety
The Monticello Police Department is staffed by one part-time and
three full-time employees.The city owns one patrol car.The municipal
police force is supplemented by 2 or 3 members of the County Sheriff
Department ...'ho patrol the Honticello area.
Monticello has a 30-member volunteer fire department and three
fire trucks.
Education
Educational services are provided by the Monticello Elementary
School and Monticello High School.The elementary school has an enroll-
ment of 365,representing only 66 percent of the estimated peak capacity
of 550.The high school has an enrollment of 370 and peak capacity of
500.Teacher-student ratios are 1:22.8 at Monticello Elementary and
1:17.6 at Monticello High School (Written Communication,San Juan School
District,November 3,1977).
Utilities
Natural gas 1S supplied to Monticello residents by Utah Gas Service.
At the present time there is no constraint to expanding the residential
or commercial supply in Monticello (Verbal Communication,Mr.Jones,Utah
Gas Service,October 27,1977).Electricity is supplied by Utah Power
and Light through the city of Monticello.Although the Monticello
substation is in good condition,the local transmission system cannot
accommodate any s ignific,lnt increase in demand.Utah Power and Light has
submitted cost estimates and plans for an improved transmission system to
the city of Monticello.There has been no response and hence there are
no plans for improving electrical service to the Monticello area (Verbal
Communication,Mr.Jay Bell,Utah Power and Light,}loab Regional Office,
October 27,1977).
Housing
In September 1977 there were between 650 and 700 houses ~n the
Monticello City limi ts.Ne,y home construction pr'Jduced 60 homes from
2-55
1976 to 1977,and it is anticipated that this rate will double ln the
coming year.Capacity for new home construction is somewhat lower in
Monticello than 1n Blanding,due to less available land 1n the city
limi ts,fewer local developers and,until recently,a less favorable
attitude toward growth on the part of city officials.However,steps are
being taken to promote development in the town.The city is undertaking
an aggressive annexation program,and modification of the Monticello
Master Plan and zoning ordinances is anticipated.An 80-acre tract of
land is expected to be annexed soon and will provide between 150 and 200
single family lots.City officials are aware that large-scale growth
will occur throughout San Juan County and do not want their city to be
by-passed (Verbal Communications,Mr.Dan Shoemaker,Monticello City
Manager,September 6,1977;Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,October
27,1977;Mr.Bill Jones,United Farm Agency,November 2,1977).
Monticello residents are faced with the difficulty of obtaining
financing in the absence of a local savings and loan institution.One
real estate agency has been successful in encouraging a corporation 1n
Salt Lake City to begin to offer financing in the Monticello area.It 1S
believed that the shortage of financial sources will be alleviated by
mid-1978 (Verbal Communication,Mr.Bill Jones,United Farm Agency,
November 2,1977).
There are two mobile home parks in Monticello with excess capacity
and additional land available for expansion.
Public Services in Bluff
Bluff 1S a small,newly incorporated community located approximately
19.5 miles south of the proposed mill site.Bluff is described as·an
ideal retirement area,and almost 20 percent of the town's population is
composed of senior citizens.Commercial establishments in Bluff include
5 stores and 2 bars.The Church of the Latter Day Saints is the pre-
dominant religion.An Episcopal mission,St.Christopher's,1S also
located in Bluff.The 1977 population of the town is 280 (Written
Communication,Ms.Clytie Barber,San Juan County Clerk,September
2-56
1977;Verbal Communication,Mrs.John Tnompson,former Treasurer and
Acting Secretary,Town of Bluff,September 8,1977).
Since its incorporation ~n 1976,Bluff has been consolidating and
upgrading public services.In 1975 the town installed a water supply
system composed of three artesian wells and a 200 ,000 gallon storage
tank.It is estimated that the system could accommodate a maximum
population of 500,representing a 79 percent increase above the 1977
population.
Individual septic tanks now provide sewage treatment to Bluff
residents.The town has proposed construction of a sewage treatment
system,which will depend on federal funding.Timing of the project is
uncertain,and it is believed that the system will not be constructed
prior to the fall of 1978 (Verbal Com!I1unication,Mrs.John Thompson,
September 8,1977).
School-age children attend Bluff Elementary School.The school
has an enrollment of 104 and peak capacity of 200.The teacher-student
ratio is 1:17 (Written Communication,San Juan School District,November
3,1977).
Public safety ~s provided in the general area by two sheriff depu-
ties;the town has no municipal police force.An eight-member volunteer
fire department provides fire protection.
Residential construction ~n the last five years has consisted
of 2S or 30 new dwellings,and the vacancy rate for housing in Bluff is
now zero.An increase in demand for housing would encourage some
.development and it is estimated that there are 70 vacant lots available
with connections to the town f s water system.Also,two mobile home
courts in Bluff have excess capacity (Verbal Communication,Mrs.John
Thompson,September 8,1977).
2-57
Residential development capacity of Bluff H limited;there H a
small number of lots available ~n the town.The prevailing attitude
toward moderate growth in Bluff H favorable,but most residents would
not welcome a population boom (Verbal Communication,Mrs.John Thompson,
September 8,1977).
2.2.3 Hanksville Area
This section describes the existing socioeconomic environment of
the area surrounding the Hanksville ore buying station and the transpor-
tation corridor from Hanksville to Blanding.The are buying station ~s
located in central Wayne County,approximately 10 miles south of
Hanksville,l.n south-central Utah.The transportation of uranium ore
from the buying station to the mill at Blanding would occur via Utah
Route 95,which crosses southern Wayne County,a thirty-mile segment of
northeastern Garfield County,and rural San Juan County.The highway
also traverses the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.Because
Blanding and San Juan.County are addressed in Section 2.2.2 of this
report,this section focuses on Hanksville,rural Hayne and Garfield
Counties,and the Hite District of the Glen Canyon National Recreation
Area.Hanksville is the only population center within this area and,
hence,public services and housing data (Section 2.2.3.6)refer to the
Hanksville vicinity.
2.2.3.1 History
Due to geographical isolation and lack of access,the Hanksville
area was unexplored until relatively recently.The general area was
occupied by Shoshone-speaking Paiute Indians until contact with whites
occurred in the 19th century.In 1866,a group of 60 men,led by Captain
James Andrews of the Utah militia,explored the Paria River,the
Escalante and the then unnamed Fremont River.This party is believed
to have been the first group of whites to observe the Hanksville area.
Subsequently,Major John W.Powell made expeditions to the general area
in 1869 and 1871,and named the Fremont River and the Henry Mountains.
2-58
l{hite settlers fro~St.George,in southwestern Utah,were initially
attracted to the Hanksville area by free grazing and free water.Also,
the isolation of Hanksville made the area safe for families who wanted to
practice polygamy,which was illegal.In the spring of 1883,a small,
settlement was established at the junction of the Fremont and Huddy
Rivers by Ebenezer Hanks and several other families.The name of the
settlement was changed from Graves Valley to Hanksville in 1885,and a
post office was established (U.S.Bureau of Land Management).Since that
time,Hanksville has remained a small,isolated,agriculturally-based
community.
2.2.3.2 Demography
Wayne and Garfield Counties are sparsely populated,with average
1975 densities of 0.7 and 0.6 persons per square mile,respectively.
Both counties experienced a decline in population from 1950 to 1970 which
was reversed in the early 1970s.From 1970 to 1975 Wayne County in-
creased by 14.7 percent and Garfield County grew by 4.5 percent.Table
2.2-20 summarizes population from 1950 to 1975 for the two counties.
T'nree small communities located J.n western Wayne County account
for almost one-half of the total county population base.They are Loa
(the county seat,with a 1975 population of 341),Bicknell (1975 popula-
tion 282)and Torrey (1975 population 104).All are located along Utah
Route 24,the principal east-west highway of the county.Torrey is the
closest community to Hanksville and is located approximately 55 road
miles to the west.Hanksville is the only population center in eastern
Wayne county and in 1975 had an estimated population of 160 (Westinghouse
Environmental Systems Department,1977).In 1977 there were 100 regis-
tered voters J.n Hanksville and it was estimated that approximately 500
residents of the surrounding area came to town regularly to pick up their
mail (Verbal Communication,Wayne County Clerk,September 15,1977).No
official population estimates for Hanksville are available.
Route 95 passes though an isolated,30-mile segment of northeastern
Garfield County.This area 1.S effectively separated from the population
2-59
TABLE 2.2-20
POPULATION ESTIMATES OF THE HANKSVILLE
AREA,1950 to 1975
Wayne County
Hanksville
Garfield County
Land Area
(Sq Mi)
2,486
ana
5,158
1950
2,205
ana
4,151
1960
1,728
ana
3,577
1970
1,483
ana
3,157
1973
1,551
ana
3,171
1975
1,701
160b
3,300
Percent
Change,
1970-1975
14.7
ana
4.5
aOfficial census estimates of the population of Hanksville are not
available,because Hanksville is not an incorporated community and
has a population of less than 2,500.
bThis estimate refers to a 1975 estimate by the Westinghouse
Environmental Systems Department (1977).
Source:u.S.Bureau of Census,1977,1973,1960 (Hanksville estimate
by Westinghouse Environmental Systems Department,1977).
2-60
centers of central and western Garfield County by the Capital Reef
National Park.There is no paved road directly linking the eastern and
western portions of the county.Panguitch,the largest city and county
seat of Garfield County,is located along U.S.Route 89 over 100 air-
miles west of Route 95.The 1975 population of Panguitch was 1,314.
Panguitch and 7 other communities ranging in size from 126 to 652 account
for over 90 percent of the Garfield County population.The remain-
~ng residents,estimated to be 284 in 1975,are dispersed through-
out 5,000-plus square miles CU.S.Bureau of Census,1977).
Table 2.2-21 presents selected demographic characteristics for Wayne
and Garfield Counties and for the state of Utah as a whole.The figures
indicate that both counties had more a homogeneous population base than
the state,with fewer nonwhite residents and fewer foreign born in 1970.
Educational achievement at that time was similar in both counties and the
state,although Wayne and Garfield Counties had fewer college graduates
than the rest of Utah.In 1969,median family income was lower in Wayne
and Garfield Counties than the statewide average.Also,housing condi-
tions were somewhat poorer in both counties than the state.
Population forecasts summarized in Table 2.2-22 indicate that
Garfield County's projected high and low growth scenarios parallel those
of the State.In comparison,population growth in vlayne County through
the year 2000 may be as high as 131 percent or as low as 29 percent.
Even assuming high rates of growth,Wayne and Garfield Counties would be
sparsely populated by 2000,with 2 persons per square mile in Wayne
County and one person per square mile in Garfield County.
Comparing U.S.Bureau of Census population estimates with the 1975
projections outlined in Table 2.2-22 indicates that the projections have
overstated act':lal growth from 1970 to 1975.The 1975 census estimates of
1,701 in Wayne County and 3,300 in Garfield County are below the "low"
projections outlined in the table.
2-61
TABLE 2.2-21
SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS,
WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES AND THE STATE OF UTAH,1970
Total Population
Race
----white
Other (Z)
Foreign Born (%)
Leading Country of Origin
Education
Median School Years Completed,
Persons 25 years and over
Percent with less than 5 years
Percent with 4 years of college
or mor-e
Age
Median Age
Percent under 5 years
Percent 5-17
Percent 18-64
Percent 65+
Income,1969
Median Family Income ($)
Percent of families below
low income level
Housing -Occupied Units (Number)
Average Persons per unit
Lacking Some or All Plumbing
Facilities (Z)
With 1.01 or more persons per
room (Z)
Wayne
County
1,638
1,630
0.5
Mexico
12.1
1.2
8.9
27.3
7.4
35.4
49.3
7.9
5,828
10.5
472
3.4
4.9
14.2
Garfield
County
3,157
3,157
o
United
Kingdom
12.2
0.3
8.7
26.4
8.2
32.6
49.4
9.8
7,110
12.3
923
3.4
3.3
13.0
Utah
1,059,273
1,033,880
2.4
United
Kingdom
12.5
2.0
14.0
23.0
10.6
29.6
52.5
7.3
9,320
9.2
297,934
3.5
+.8
10.0
II
Source:U.S.Bureau of Census,1971
2-62
TABLE 2.2-22
POPULATION PROJECTIONSa
WAYNE COUNTY AND GARFIELD COUNTY COMPARED TO THE STATE
Percent Change
1975 1980 1990 2000 1975-2000
Utah
High 1,216,800 1,Lf20,600 1,804,000 2,163,900 77.8
Low 1,206',600 1,302,800 1,484,200 1,655,500 37.2
Wayne County
High 1,960 2,660 3,770 4,530 131.1
Low 1,950 2,060 2,310 2,510 28.7
Garfield County
High 3,480 3,940 4,670 5,960 71.3
Low 3,470 3,760 4,460 5,120 47.6
aHigh projections assume a gradual decline in mortality,constant
fertility and positive net migration.Low projections assume a gradual
decline in mortality,constant fertility and no net migration.
Source:Utah Agricultural Experiment Station,1976
2-63
2.2.3.3 Land Use and Ownership
Both Wayne and Garfield Counties contain a high proportion of
federally owned land.This terri tory is mul tiple use land administered
through the U.S.Bureau of Land Management,U.S.Forest Service and the
National Park Service.Designated areas in Wayne County include portions
of the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area,Canyonlands National Park,
Capitol Reef National Park,Dixie National Forest and Fishlake National
Farest.Glen Canyon,Capitol Reef National Park,and Dixie National
Forest also extend into Garfield County.
Land ownership acreages of Wayne and Garfield Counties,summarized
1.n Table 2.2-23,indicate that federal land encompasses 84.2 percent
of Wayne County and 89 percent of Garfield County.The state of Utah
owns the second largest proportion of both counties,while private land
includes only 6.3 percent of Wayne County and 4 percent of Garfield
County.There is no Indian land in either county.Urban development and
transportation,occurring primarily in western Wayne County and central
and western Garfield County,represent a relatively insignificant land
use in terms of acreage.
Rangeland 1.S the largest category of :lon-federal land 1.n Wayne
and Garfield Counties.Table 2.2-24 presents land use of non-federal
land and indicates that rangeland encompasses 68 percent of non-federal
land in Wayne County and 62 percent in Garfield County.
Land Use Specific to the Hanksville Buying Station and Route 95
Rangeland is the principal land use in the Hanksville area,although
there 1.8 some irrigated cropland 1.n the Fremont River Valley at
Hanksville,approximately 12 miles west of the project site.Recrea-
tional activity 1.8 limited to seasonal hunting for game animals and
waterfowl along the Fremont River (Westinghouse Environmental Systems
Department,1977).Northeastern Garfield County is similar to the
Hanksville area and is predominantly rangeland.
2-64
TABLE 2.2-23
LAND OWNERHSIP,
WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES,1967
Wayne County
Percent of
Acres Total County
Garfield County
Percent of
Acres Total County
Federal
State
Indian
Private
1,338,875
146,651
-0-
99,965
84.2
9.2
-0-
6.3
2,953,729
222,712
-0-
132,337
89.0
6.7
-0-
4.0
Urban and
Transportation
Small \\Tater
5,416
133
0.3
a
8,662
960
0.3
a
Total County
Acres 1,591,040 100.0 3,318,400 100.0
aLess than 0.1 percent
Source:u.S.Department of Agriculture,1970
2-65
TABLE 2.2-24
LAND USE IN WAYNE AND GARFIELD COill1TIES,
EXCLUDING FEDE~~L LAND,1967a
Wayne County
Percent of Total
Acres Non-Federal
Garfield County
Percent of Total
Acres Non-Federal
Cropland
Irrigated
Non-irrigated
Pasture
Range
ForesE
Other
Urban and
Railroads
Small WaterC
Total
Non-Federal
Federal
Total County
Acreage
21,815
21,815
-0-
-0-
171,645
10,464
42,691
5,416
133
252,165
1,338,875
1,591,040
8.6
8.6
-0-
-0-
68.0
4.2
16.9
100.0
33,732 9.2
31,869 8.7
1,863 0.5
3,660 1.0
227,139 62.3
60,120 16.5
30,398 8.3
8,662 2.4
960 0.3
364,671 100.0
2,953,729
3,318,400
aWater areas of more than 40 acres and rivers wider than one-eighth
mile are excluded.
bllOther"includes strip mine areas,salt flats,mud flats,marshes,
rock outcrops,feed lots,farm roads,ditch banks and miscellaneous
agricultureal land.
clncludes water areas of 2 to 40 acres and streams less than one-
eighth mile in width.
dLess than 0.1 percent.
Source:u.S.Department of Agriculture,1970
2-66
Utah Route 95 is a winding,two-lane paved highway that was com-
pleted in 1976.Sharp curves and steep grades characterize much of the
distance between Hanksville and Blanding.The highway traverses an
isolated,rugged area.There are no cities between Hanksville and
Blanding.Population centers or other signs of human activity are
limited to the Hite Crossing of Glen Canyon,consisting of camping
facilities,boat ramps and several mobile homes;Fry Canyon,which is a
small truck stop;and the Natural Bridges National Monument,a tourist
area adjacent to the highway.
2.2.3.4 Transportatibn Facilities
The highway system linking Hanksville to other parts of Utah con-
sists of State Routes 95 and 24,which are two-lane,paved highways.
Route 24 provides access from Hanksville to central UtahI s major east-
west highway,Interstate 70.The interstate is approximately 50 miles
north of Hanksville.Route 24 also connects Hanksville to more populous
areas ~n western 'Vlayne County.In 1975,average daily traffic on Route
24 near Hanksville was 320 vehicles.
Utah Route 95,extending 135 miles from Hanksville to Blanding,
cuts through isolated parts of Wayne,Garfie1d and San Juan Counties.
Improvement of Route 95 to a paved,all-weather highway was completed 1n
1976.In 1975,traffic volume counts for Route 95 ranged from 95
vehicles per day at Natural Bridges National Monument to 310 vehicles per
day near Blanding.At a point south of Hanksville,traffic flow was
approximately 290 vehicles per day.Although complete traffic counts
have not been estimated since 1975,a station near Hanksville reported an
increase ~n traffic volume on Route 95 of 33 percent from June 1975 to
June 1977.Increased use of the highway can be expected due to its
recent completion.
Table 2.2'-25 summar1zes traffic volume counts for Hanksville area
highways,Route 95 and connecting roads.The figures reveal that a
substantial proportion of total volume that year was due to out of state
visitors.
TABLE 2.2-25
TRAFFIC VOLUME,1975
Highway Segment
Average Daily
Traffic Countsa
Approximate
Percentage of
Out of State
Passenger Traffic
Utah Route 95
Utah Route 276
Utah Route 263
Utah Route 261
Blanding to Natural Bridges National
Monument
Natural Bridges to Rite
Hite to Hanksville
Route 95 to Bullfrog Basin at
Glen Canyon
Route 95 to Halls Crossing at
Glen Canyon
Route 95 to Mexican Hat
310
95
95 -290
220
25 -35
130
20%
1O~~
10%-20%
25%
20~'
50%
to
I
0'
-...I
a f'.Two 19ures HI
on the Traffic
one location.
this column represent a range of values given for different points
Volume Map.One figure indicates that a traffic count was taken at only
Source:Traffic Volume Map,by Utah Department of Transportation,1976.
2-68
There is no a1r or rail service to Hanksville.Although Hanksville
has an airpark,the closest airports with regular commercial service are
located in Grand Junction and Cortez,Colorado.Richfield,Green River
and Moab,Utah are the locations of the closest rail connections.
Bus service 1.S not available to the Hanksville area.Continental
Trailways provides service to Green River,Utah approximately 60 miles
northeast of Hanksville.
2.2.3.5 Economic Base
Wayne and Garfield Counties are primarily rural in nature.Agri-
cultural production,summarized in Table 2.2-26,is centered on livestock
and dry land farming.Agriculture 1S a major source of employment,
especially in Wayne County,where this sector accounts for over one-third
of all jobs.
Table 2.2-27 presents estimates of employment by industry in Wayne
and Garfield Counties.In Wayne County,government and agriculture are
the largest sources of employment and together accounted for over 70
percent of total county employment in 1976.Employment patterns are more
widely dispersed among industrial sec tors in Garfield County.Here,
government,manufacturing,services,agriculture,trade and mining all
contribute substantially to the total employment picture.
As indicated 1n Table 2.2-28,unemployment 1.n 1975 and 1976 ~jas
significantly higher in Wayne and Garfield Counties than in the rest of
the state.The table also reveals that,although per capita 1ncome 1n
~';ayne County has matched the statewide average since 1975,l.ncome 1n
Garfield County has remained below the rest of the state.
Wayne County is part of the Central Utah Planning District,where
overall economic growth was sluggish throughout the year ending in July
1977.Nevertheless,key economic indicators have been optimistic for
Wayne County,where 100 jobs were generated during the year ending in
July 1977.The sectors of mining,construction,manufacturing,trade and
2-69
TABLE 2.2-26
CROP PRODUCTION AND LIVESTOCK INVENTORY,
WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES,1974
Item
Wayne County
Wheat
Oatsa
aBarley
Corn for silage
Potatoes
Hay and grass silage
Alfalfa hay
Wild hay
Cattle and calves
Sheep and lambs
Hogs
Ch ickens over 2 mos.
Garfield County
Wheat
Oatsa
aBarley
Corn for grain or seed
Corn for silage
Potatoes
Hay and grass silage
Alfalfa hay
Wild hay
Cattle and calves
Sheep and lambs
Hogs
Ch ickens over 2 mos.
Unit of
Measurement
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Acres
100-weight
Tons
Tons
Tons
Number
Number
Number
Number
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Bushels
Acres
100-weight
Tons
Tons
Tons
Number
Number
Number
Number
Production
2,232
9,576
98,335
513
15,457
18,946
16,766
100
12,748
14,029
338
376
15,904
16,237
19,875
110
282
2,299
23,434
17,337
520
19,286
6,561
235
2,501
aIncludes only those farms with sales of $2,500 and over.
Source:U.S.Bureau of Census,1974
TABLE 2.2-27
EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY IN WAYNE COUNTY
AND GARFIELD COUNTY,1976-1977a
Industry Wayne County Garfield County
1976 Average Ap'ril 1977 1976 Average April 1977
Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent---
Agriculture 190 33.8 190 35.1 170 12.1 170 13.2
Mining 22 3.9 20 3.7 79 5.6 202 15.7
Contract
Construction 26 4.6 1+0.7 31 2.2 12 0.9
Manufacturing 26 4.6 lL~2.6 251 17.9 216 16.8
Transporation,
Communication,NUtilities30.5 1 0.2 57 4.1 46 3.6 I-...J
0
Wholesale and
Retail Trade Lf7 8.4 79 14.6 164 11.7 152 11.8
Finance,Insurance
Real Estate 6 1.1 7 1.3 15 1.1 9 0.7
Services 37 6.7 18 3.3 281 20.0 185 14.4
Government 205 36.5 208 38.ft 356 18.2 295 22.9
Total 562 100.0 5/11 100.0 1404 100.0 1287 100.0
aFigures represent preliminary estimates,and include nonagricultural payroll jobs and agricultural employment
Agricultural employment estimates from verbal communication,Mr.David Blaine,Utah Department of Employment:
Security,Research and Analysis,September IS,1977
2-71
TABLE 2.2-28
LABOR FORCE,UNEMPLOYMENT AND PER CAPITA
INCOME IN WAYNE AND GARFIELD COUNTIES
COMPARED TO THE STATE
1975
Utah
1976
Labor Force
Unemployment Rate (%)
Per Capita Income ($)
Wayne County
Labor Force
Unemployment Rate (%)
Per Capita Income ($)
Garfield County
Labor Force
Unemployment Rate (%)
Per Capita Income ($)
516,877
7.2
4,900
875
7.9
4,900
1,640
14.4
4,100
536,000
6.1
5,400
859
8.0
5,400
1,662
12.3
4,500
Source":Utah Department of Employment Security
2-72
services accounted for this gain.Also,the value of residential build-
ing permits during the first six months of 1977 was 230 percent above the
value of permits issued during the first half of 1976 (Utah Department of
Employment Security,1977).
Garfield County is one of five counties ~n the Southwestern Planning
District of Utah.Although economic growth in that region was stronger
in early 1977 than in the previous year,Garfield County at that time was
experiencing a slowdown in activity.Crude oil production,an important
source of revenue in the county,has been declining at an accelerating
rate since 1974.Crude oil production totalled 1.7 million barrels in
1974 and 1.2 million in 1976.In January 1977 production was 15 percent
below that of January 1976.Both building construction activity and
total employment in Garfield County in early 1977 were below levels of
the previous year (Utah Department of Employment Security,1977).
2.2.3.6 Public Services
Hanksville ~s not an incorporated community and,thUS,vTayne County
~s responsible for the provision of many of the area's public services.
The county supplies education,road maintenance,and law enforcement
services to the Hanksville area.One part-time sheriff ~s assigned to
Hanksville.Although the community does not have a fire station at the
present,one is planned and construction should be complete in early
1978.Wayne County also operates a solid waste dump near Hanksville on
U.S.Bureau of Land Management land (Verbal Communication,Ms.Angela
Nelson,Wayne County Clerk,October 21,1977).Table 2.2-29 summarizes
General Fund expenditures of the county for 1975,1976 and 1977.
There are no health care facilities in Hanksville.The closest
hospital is in Hoab,over 100 miles from Hanksville.Ambulance service
and emergency medical personnel are available in Hanksville.The closest
medical clinic is in Green River:Utah approximately 60 miles north of
Hanksville (Verbal Communication,Ms.Angela Nelson,October 21,1977).
2-73
TABLE 2.2-29
WAYNE COUNTY GENERAL FUND EXPENDITURES
County Commissioners
Judicial
Central Staff Agencies
Administration Agencies
Nondepartmental
General Government Buildings
civic Center
Elections
Planning and Zoning
Elections
Law Enforcement
Fire Department
Civil Defense
Health Department
Ambulance
Streets and Highways
Airport
Parks
Libraries
Conservation and Economic
Development
Miscellaneous (non-
clarifiable)
Total General Fund
Expenditures
Source:Wayne County,1977
1975
Actual
7,579
6,436
12,683
23,543
8,055
19,576
26,661
76
252
536
18,284
14,218
168
7,665
774
132,338
16,443
8,639
2,639
10,165
37,305
451,460
1976
Estimated
8,369
5,800
1,579
22,838
1,203
12,488
29,145
3,350
1,594
17 ,750
2,786
120
7,022
20,578
136,600
3,244
3,978
2,639
10,911
10,911
402,845
1977
Approved Budget
12,847
7,720
4,029
36,587
23,687
22,825
180
5,000
5,800
24,152
5,525
620
7,119
4,200
133,887
4,650
3,300
3,200
15,428
15,428
343,176
2-74
Hanksville Culinary ivater Works,Inc.supplies water from a well
to 150 residents through 37 connections.The system is currently operat-
ing at peak capacity and expansion of the supply is anticipated in the
near future (Written Communication,Mr.Dean Ekker,President,Hanksville
Culinary Water Works,Inc.,November 1977).There is no centralized
sewage treatment system in Hanksville;residences are equipped with
individual septic tanks (Verbal Communication,Ms.Angela Nelson,October
21;1977).
The capacity of Hanksville to absorb growth J.S limited.Excess
housing is nonexistant and developable land with connections to the water
system is not available (Written Communication,Mr.Dean Ekker,November
1977).
The Gar-Kane Power Company,an REA cooperative,supplies electricity
to the Hanksville area.
The Hanksville School had a fall 1977 enrollment of 50 students
J.n grades kindergarten through six.The school employs 3 teachers and
has a maximum enrollment capacity of 60.Current plans for school
construction call for a.new classroom that will be built by September
1978.This will replace a temporary building now in use and will
not increase the school's capacity.
Students J.n grades seven through twelve attend middle school and
high school in Bicknell,65 miles.from Hanksville.The Bicknell ~1iddle
School has a fall 1977 enrollment of 105 and a staff of eight-The high
school has 155 students and 13 teachers.Peak capacity of the middle
school J.S 120 students and capacity of the high school J.s 200.The
school district has no plans for expansion of Bicknell schools (Verbal
Communication,Mr.John Brinkerhoff,Wayne county Board of Education,
October 20,1977).
Enrollment in schools throughout Wayne County is expected to remaJ.n
stable or J.ncrease slightly in the foreseeable future.For several
2-75
years prior to 1977,enrollment had been declining.School officials are
not making school enrollment projections at this time (Verbal Communica-
tion,Hr.John Brinkerhoff,October 8,1977).
Hanksville residents have access to the numerous recreational
opportunities afforded by Capitol Reef National Park,Dixie and Fishlake
National Forests,and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.All of these
areas are partially located in Wayne County.In addition,Arches
National Park,Canyonlands National Park,and Manti-La Sal National
Forests are located in southeastern Utah.
provided locally.
No recreation services are
2.3 REGIONAL HISTORIC AND CULTURAL,SCENIC AND NATURAL LANDMARKS
2.3.1 Historic and Cultural Sites
Landmarks of southeastern Utah included in the National Register of
Historic Places are summarized in Table 2.3-1.Closest to the proposed
mill site is the Edge of Cedars Indian Ruin,located in Blanding.
TABLE 2.3-1
HISTORIC SITES IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH INCLUDED
IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
November 1977
LOCATION SITE
San Juan County
Blanding
Southeast of Mexican Hat
25 miles southeast of Monticello
30 miles west of Monticello
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area
14 miles north of Monticello
Wayne County
Capital Reef National Park on Utah
Rt.24
Edge of Cedars Indian Ruin
Hovenweep National Monument
Poncho House
Alkali Ridge
Salt Creek Archaeological
District
Defiance Housea
Indian Creek State Parka
Fruita School House
2-76
TABLE 2.3-[(Concluded)
LOCATION SITE
Wayne County continued
3 miles southeast of Bicknell
60 miles south of Green River,~n
Canyonlands National Park
Green River vicinity
Capital Reef National Park
Capital Reef National Park
Capital Reef National Park
Garfield County
46 Miles south of Hanksville
Nielson,Hans Peter,Gristmill
Harvest Scene Pictograph
Horseshoe (Barrier)Canyon
Pictograph Panel
Gifford Barna
Lime KilnCl
aOylerTunnel
Starr Ranch
apending nominations to the National Register of
Historic Places
Sources:u.S.Dept.of Interior,National Park Service,
Register of Historic Places,1976 and the Federal
Tues.,Feb.10,1976,and subsequent issues
November 29,1977
National
Register
through
2.3.2 Scenic Areas
Southeastern Utah is known for its unusual scen~c qualities,~n
particular the abundance of massive stone arches and other standing rock
formations.The general area features a uniquely rugged terrain with
wide vistas,badlands,and steep canyons.
Canyonlands National Park ~s an area of unusual geologic formations
and the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area offers opportunities for
water sports on Lake Powell,a manmade lake on the Colorado River.
Capitol Reef National Park contains numerous colorful stone formations.
At Natural Bridges National Monument,millions of tons of rock span deep
2-77
canyons,forming the largest natural bridges ~n the world.These and
other natural and scen~c landmarks draw visitors to southeastern Utah
every year.In addition,the area contains an abundance of Indian ru~ns
and petroglyphs.Newspaper Rock State Park,Edge of Cedars State Park,
and Hovenweep National Honument are noted areas of archaeological inter-
es t.
2.3.3 Archaeological Sites
An intensive archaeological survey of the project site was conducted
~n the fall of 1977 under the direction of Hr.Richard A.Thompson
of Southern Utah State College (Appendix A).The survey was con-
ducted on White Hesa,including Sections 21,28,32 and 33 of T37S,
R22E.The total area encompasses 1260 acres,of which 180 are admin-
istered by the U.S.Bureau of Land Hanagement.The remaining acreage is
privately owned.
During the survey,57 sites were recorded and all were determined
to have an affiliation with the San Juan Anasazi.Plate 2.3-1 illus-
trates the location of the sites and indicates that all but four were
found within the project boundaries.
Table 2.3-2 summarizes the recorded sites according to their
probable temporal positions.The dates of occupation are the best
estimates available,based on professional experience and expertise ~n
the interpretation of archaeological evidence.However,it should be
noted that the archaeological investigation was hindered by a lack of
reliable evidence concerning the length of time the sites were occupied.
Available evidence suggests that settlement on White Mesa reached a
peak in perhaps 800 A.D.Occupation remained at approximately that level
until some time near the end of Pueblo II or ~n the Pueblo II/Pueblo III
transition period.After this the population density declined sharply
and it may be assumed that White Mesa was,for the most part,abandoned
by about 1250 A.D.
I
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LOCATIONS OF
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
---Project Boundaries
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White Mesa Project,San Juan Co.,Utah
Sees.21,28,32,and 33,T37S,R22E SLM DAMES e MOORE
PLATE 2.3-1
2-79
TABLE 2.3-2
DISTRIBUTION OF RECORDED SITES ACCORDING TO TEMPORAL POSITION
Pueblo II/Pueblo III 1100-1150 4
Pueblo III 1150-1250 5
Pueblo II b 5+
I ° c 3Mutlcomponent
°d °C i 5Unlentli.e
Temporal position
Basket Maker 111/
Pueblo I
Pueblo I
Pueblo I/Pueblo II
Pueblo II
Approximate
Dates8
(A.D.)
575-850
750-850
850-950
950-1100
Number of
Sites
6
11
6
12
Identification Number
of Each Site
6384,6386, 6400,6403,
6440,6442
6382,6383,6394,6401,
6404,6420,6421,6424,
6426,6435,6443
6385,6388,6405,6406,
6438,6444
6387,6393,6399,6419,
6422,6428,6429,6431,
6432,6436,6439,6441
6380,6381,6427,6439
6402,6407,6433,6434,
6437
6390,6391,6392,6397,
6445
6395, 6396,6408
6379,6389,6398,6423,
6425
alncludes transitional periods.
bAlthough collections at these locations were lacking in diagnostic
material,available evidence indicates that the site would have been
used or occupied no earlier than 900 A.D.,and possibly some time after.
cCeramic collections from each of these sites indicate an occupation
extending from Pueblo I through Pueblo II and into Pueblo III.
dFour of these sites produced sherds which could not be identified.
The fifth site lacked ceramic evidence but contained an ovoid outline
of vertical slabs.This evidence was not strong enough to justify
any identificatio~.
2-80
The survey crews recorded evidence of structures at 31 of the
57 sites.At 12 sites,depressions were reported with diameters ranging
from 5 to 15 meters.Twenty-seven sites contain evidence of other,
presumably surface,structural forms and at 8 sites depressions are
combined with surface structures.The depres sions are apparently pit
houses or kivas and thus indicate permanent use or residence.
The dimensions of most of the apparent surface structures built of
stone suggest that they were used primarily for storage.The only
exception to this,in terms of direct observation,is at site 6441 where
a Pueblo II room block measuring 12 by 3 meters is recorded.With the
poss ible exception of two sites,the existence of structures cannot be
prec luded in the 26 locations where surface indications are lacking as
the cultural data contained within a site are not often manifest on the
surface.Also,there is a low degree of correlation between the extent
of cultural debris on the surface of an archaeological site and the
presence or absence of structures below the surface.
It would appear likely that many of the smaller sites,both with
and without surface indications of structures,may well be what Haury
(Willey,1956)has called the "farm house.II That author believes that
the isolated one or two room structure is a concommitant aspect of nucle-
ation.It is also suggested that these structures are not likely to be
found dating from any point earlier than 1000 A.D.,and that most come
somewhat later ~n time,primarily in Pueblo III and,in some areas,in
Pueblo IV.
It may well be,therefore,that \-lhite Mesa sites reflect Pueblo
III nucleation trends.Determination of this issue would require
additional field investigation.
2.3.4 Natural Landmarks
The Henry Mountains,located in Garfield County 43 miles south-
southeast of Hanksville,are included in the National Registry of Natural
2-81
Landmarks.No other sites are included in the Registry from Wayne,San
Juan or Garfield Counties.
2.4 GEOLOGY
The proposed project site u near the wester-n margin of the Blanding
Basin in southeastern Utah and within the Monticello uranium-mining
district.Thousands of feet of multi-colored marine and non-marine
sedimentary rocks have been uplifted and warped,and subse:quent erosion
has carved a spectacular landscape for which the region is famous.
Another unique feature of the region is the wide-spread presence of
unusually large accumulations of uranium-bearing minerals.
2.4.1 Regional Geology
2.4.1.1 Physiography
The project site is within the Canyon Lands section of the Colorado
Plateau physiographic province.To the north,this section is distinctly
bounded by the Book Cliffs and Grand Mesa of the Uinta Basin;western
margins are defined by the tectonically controlled High Plateaus section,
and the southern boundary is arbitrarilly defined along the San Juan
River.The eastern boundary is less distinct where the elevated surface
of the Canyon Lands section merges with the Southern Rocky Mountain
province.
Canyon Lands has undergone epeirogenic uplift and subsequent major
eros~on has produced the region's characteristic angular topography
reflected by high plateaus,mesas,buttes,structural benches,and deep
canyons incised into relatively flat-lying sedimentary rocks of pre-
Tertiary age.Elevations range from approximately 3000 feet (914 meters)
~n the bottoms of the deeper canyons along the southwestern margins
of the section to more than 11,000 it (3353 m)in the topographically
anomalous laccolithic Henry,Abajo and La Sal Mountains to the northeast.
With the exception of the deeper canyons and isolated mountain peaks,an
average elevation in excess of 5000 ft (1524 m)persists over most of the
Canyon Lands section.
2-82
On a more localized regional basis,the project site 1.S located
near t3e western edge of the Blanding Basin,sometimes referred to as the
Great Sage Plain (Eardly,1958),lying east of the north-south trending
Monument Uplift,south of the Abajo Mountains and adjacent to the north-
westerly-trending Paradox Fold and Fault Belt (Plate 2.4-1).Topo-
graphically,the Abaj0 Mountains are the mos t prominent feature in the
region,rising more than 4000 ft (1219 m)above the broad,gently
rolling surface of the Great Sage Plain.
The Great Sage Plain is a structural slope,capped by the resistant
Burro Canyon Formation and the Dakota Sandstone,almost horizontal in an
east-west direction but decends to the south with a regional slope of
about 2000 ft (610 m)over a distance of nearly 50 mi (80 km).Though
not as deeply or intricately dissected as other parts of the Canyon
Lands,the plain 1.S cut by numerous narrm'l and vertical-walled south-
trending valleys 100 to more than 500 ft (30 to 152+m)deep.Haters
from the intermittent streams that drain the plain flow southward
to the San Juan River,eventually joining the Colorado River and exiting
the Canyon Lands section through the Grand Canyon.
2.4.1.2 Rock Units
The sedimentary rocks exposed in southeastern Utah have an aggregate
thickness of about 6000 to 7000 ft (1829 to 2134 m)and range in age
from Pennsylvanian to Late Cretaceous.Older unexposed rocks are known
mainly from oil well drilling in the Blanding Basin and Monument Uplift.
These wells have encountered correlative Cambrian to Permian rock units
of markedly differing thicknesses but averaging over 5000 ft (1524 m)
1.n total thickness (Witkind,1964).Most of the wells drilled in the
region have bottomed in the Pennsylvanian Paradox Member of the Hermosa
Formation.A generalized stratigraphic section of rock units ranging in
age from Cambrian through Jurassic and Triassic(?),as determined
from oil-well logs,is shown in Table 2.4-1.Descriptions of the younger
rocks,Jurassic through Cretaceous,are based on field mapping by various
investigators and are shown in Table 2.4-2.
(After Shoelllaller ,19!56;Kelley,19!58)
EXPLANATION
'....._----
BOUNDARY OF TECTONIC DIY.
2jiLiiI!'!!!IiiiiiI!!!!!Iiiiiiio!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!21ii5iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii5iii1!0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!l75
SCALE IN MILES
MONOCLINE,SHOWING TRACE
OF AXIS AND DIRECTION OF
DIP
--I--TECTONIC INDEX lAP
ANTICLINE,SHOWING TRACE
OF AXIS AND DIRECTION OF
PLU~
SYNCLINE,SHOWING TRACE
OF AXIS AND DIRECTION OF
PLUNGE ..M .
PLATE 2.4-1
2-84
TABLE 2.4-1
GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF SUBSURfACE
ROCKS BASED ON OIL-WELL LOGS
(After Stokes,1954;\,itkind,1964;Huff and Lesure,1965;Johnson and Thordarson,1966)
~Ho'"oUlw:z
Age
Jurassic ana.
Triassic(?)
Triassic(?)
Triassic
St:=atigraphic
Unit
Glen Canyon Group:
Navajo Sandstone
Kayenta Formation
Wingate Sandstone
Chinle Formation:
Undivided
Moss Back Member
Thickness*
(it)
300-400
100-150
250-351)
600-700
-J-IOO
Description
Buff to lig~t gray,rr~ssive,cross-
bedded,friable sandstone
Reddish-brown sandstone and mudstone
and occasional conglomerate lenses
Reddish-brown,rr~ssive,cross-bedded,
fine-grained sandstone
Variegated claystone with some ~~in
beds of siltstone and limes·cone
Light colored,conglomeratic sand-
stone and conglomerite
Shinarump Member 0-20 Yellowish-gray,fine to coarse-
grained sandstone;c':lnglomeratic
sandstone and conglomerate
--------------------------------------Unconformity ----------------------------------------
Unconformity ----------------------------------------+
!
Middle(?)and
Lower Triassic
Permian
Pennsylvani.an
a!ld Permian(?)
Pennsylvanian
Moenkopi Formation
Cutler Formation:
Organ Rock Member
Cedar ~Iesa
Sandstone Member
Rico Formation
Her~osa Fc=mation:
Upper Member
50-100
0-600
1100-1400
450
1000-1200
Reddish-brown mudstone and fine-
grained sandstone
Reddish-brown,sandy mudscone
Reddish-brown,massive,fine to
medium-grained sandstone
Red and gray calcareous,sandy shale;
gray limestone and sandstone
Gray,massive limestone;some shale
and sandstone
Paradox l1ember 1200 Halite,anhydrite,gypsum,shale,
and siltstone
Lower Member 200 T"imestone,siltsto:le,and shale
--------------------------------------Unconformity ----------------------------------------
11ississippian
Devonian
Leadville Limestone
Ouray Limestone
500
100
White to tan sucrose to crystalline
limestone
Light gray and tan,thin-bedded
limes·cone and dolorr,ite
Elbert Formation 200 Gray and ~rown dolomite and limestone
with chin beels green shal..3.nd sand-
stone
--------------------------------------Unconfo=mity -----------------------------------.-----
Cambrian Ophir Formation 3.ne
Tintic Quartzite
600 Gray and brown limestone and dolomita,
feldspathic sandstone and arkose
•To convert feet to meters,mUltiply by 0.3048.Average thickness given if range is not
shown.
2-85
TABLE 2.4-2
GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION OF EXPOSED
ROCKS IN THE PROJECT VICINITY
(After Haynes et 01.,1962;Witkind,1964;Huff and Lesure,1965)
LITHOLOGY.
Silt,sand and gravel i.n arroyos and stream
valleys.
Slope wash,talus and rock rubble ranging
from cobbles and boulders to massive blocks
fallen from cliffs and outcrops of resistant
rock.
Reddish-bro.~to light-brown,unconsolida-
ted,well-sorted silt to medium-grained
sand;partially cemented with caliche in
some area;reworked partly by water.
Gray to dark-gray,fissile,thin-bedded
marine shale with fossiliferous sandy lime-
stone in lower strata.
Light yellowish-brown to light gray-brown,
thick bedded to cross-bedded sandstone,
conglomeratic sandstone;interbedded thin
lenticular gray carbonaceous claystone
and impure coal;local course basal con-
glomerate.
Light-gray and light-brown,massive and
cross-bedded conglomeratic sandstone and
interbedded green and gray-green muestone;
locally contains thin discontinuous beds
of silicified sandstone and limestone
near top.
Variegated gray,pale-green,reddish-brown,
and purple bentonitic mudstone and silt-
stone containing thin discontinuous sand-
stone and conglomerate lenses.
Interbedded yel16wish-and greenish-gray
to pinkish-gray,fine-to course-grained
arkosic sandstone and greenish-gray to
reddish-brown sandy shale and mudstone.
Interbedded reddish-gray to lignt brown
fine-to medium-grained sandstone and
reddish-gray silty and sandy claystone.
Interbedded yellowish-brown to pale
reddish-brown fi~e-grained to conglom-
eritic sandstones and greenish-and
reddish-gray mudstone.
White to grayish-brown,massive,cross-
bedded,fine-to medium-grained eolian
sandstone.
Th~n-bedded,ripple-marked reddish-brown
muddy sandstone and sandy shale.
Reddish-brown to grayish-white,masaive,
cross-bedded,fine-to medium-grained
sandstone.
!rregulary bedded redcish-bro~~muddy
sandstone and sandy mudstone with local
thin beds of brown to gray limestone and
reddish-to greenish-gray shale.
/
2-86
Paleozoic rocks of Cambrian,Devonian and Mississippian ages are
not exposed in the southeastern Utah region.Most of the geologic
knowledge regarding these rocks was learned ::rom the deeper oil wells
drilled 1n the region,and from exposures in the Grand Canyon to the
southwes t and in the Uinta and Wasatch Mountains to the north.A few
patches of Devonian rocks are exposed in the San Juan Mountains in
southwestern Colorado.These Paleozoic rocks are the result of periodic
transgressions and regressions of epicontinental seas and their litholo-
gies reflect a variety of depositional environments.
In general,the coarse-grained £e1dspathic rocks overlying the
Precambrian basement rocks grade upward into shales,limestones and
dolomites that dominate the upper part of the Cambrian.Devonian and
Mississippian dolomites,limestones and interbedded shales unconformably
overlie the Cambrian strata.The complete absence of Ordovician and
Silurian rocks 1n the Grand Canyon,Uinta Mountains,southwest Utah
region and adjacent portions of Colorado,New Mexico and Arizona indi-
cates that the region was probably epeirogenica11y positive during tnese
times.
The oldest stratigraphic unit that crops out 1n the reg10n 1.S the
Hermosa Formation of Middle and Late Pennsylvanian age.Only the upper-
most strata of this formation are exposed,the best exposure being in the
canyon of the San Juan River at the "Goosenecks"where the river tra-
verses the crest of the Monument Uplift.Other exposures are in the
breached centers of the Lisbon Valley,Moab and Castle Valley anticlines.
The Paradox Hember of the Hermosa Formation 1S sand~i1iched between a
relatively thin lower unnamed member consisting of dark-gray shale
siltstone,dolomite,anhydrite,and limestone,and an upper unnamed
member of similar 1itho1og'y but having a much greater thickness.Com-
position of the Paradox Member is dominantly a thick sequence of inter-
bedded salt (halite),anhydrite,gypsum,and black shale.Surface
exposures of the Paradox in the Hoab and Castle Valley antic1in,,:s are
limited to contorted residues of gypsum and black shale.
2-87
Conformably overlying the Hermosa is the Pennsylvanian and Permian
(?)Rico Formation,composed of interbedded reddish-brown arkosic sand-
stone and gray marine limestone.The Rico represents a transition zone
between the predominantly marine Hermosa and the overlying continental
Cutler Formation of Permian age.
Two members of the Cutler probably underlying the region south of
Blanding are,in ascending order,the Cedar Mesa Sandstone and the
Organ Rock Tongue.The Cedar Mesa is a white to pale reddish-brown,
mass ive,cross-bedded,fine-to medium-grained eolian sandstone.An
irregular fluvial sequence of reddish-brown fine-grained sandstones,
shaly siltstones and sandy shales comprise the Organ Rock Tongue.
The Moenkopi Formation,of Middle(?)and Lower Triassic age,
unconformably overlies the Cutler strata.It is composed of thin,
evenly-bedded,reddish-to chocolate-brown,ripple-marked,cross-
laminated siltstone and sandy shales with irregular beds of mass~ve
medium-grained sandstone.
A thick sequence of complex continental sediments known as the
Chinle Formation unconformably overlies the Hoenkopi.For the purpose of
making lithology correlations in oil wells this formation is divided into
three units:the basal Shinarump Member,the Moss Back Member and an
upper undivided thick sequence of variegated reddish-brown,reddish-to
greenish-gray,yellowish-brown to light-brown bentonitic claystones,
mudstones,sandy siltstones,fine-grained sandstones,and limestones.
The basal Shinarump ~s dominantly a yellowish-grey,fine-to coarse-
grained sandstone,conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate character-
istically filling ancient stream channel scours eroded into the Moenkopi
surface.Numerous uranium depos its have been located in this member in
the wnite Canyon mining district to the west of Comb Ridge.The Moss Back
is typically composed of yellowish-to greenish-gray,fine-to medium-
grained sandstone,conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate.It commonly
comprises the basal unit of the Chinle where the Shinarump was not
.>
2-88
deposited,and ~n a like manner,fills ancient stream channels scoured
into the underlying unit.
In the Blanding Basin the Glen Canyon Group consists of three
formations which are,~n ascending order,the Wingate Sandstone,the
Kayenta and the Navajo Sandstone.All are conformable and their contacts
are gradational.Commonly cropping out in sheer cliffs,the Late Trias-
sic Wingate Sandstone is typically composed of buff to reddish-brown,
massive,cross-bedded,well-sorted,fine-grained quartzose sandstone of
eolian origin.Late Triassic(?)Kayenta is fluvial in origin and
consists of reddish-brovlll,irregularly to cross-bedded sandstone,shaly
sandstone and,locally,thin beds of limestone and conglomerate.Light
yellowish-brown to light-gray and white,massive,cross-bedded,friable,
fine-to medium-grained quartzose sandstone typifies the predominantly
eolian Jurassic and Triassic(?)Navajo Sandstone.
Four formations of the Middle to Late Jurassic San Rafael Group
unconformably overly the Navajo Sandstone.Ynese strata are composed of
alternat ing marine and non-marine sands tones,shgles and muds tones.In
ascending order,the formations are the Carmel Formation,Entrada Sand-
stone,Summerville Formation,and Bluff Sandstone.The Carmel usually
crops out as a bench between the Navajo and Entrada Sandstones.Typi-
cally reddish-brown muddy sandstone and sandy mudstone,the Carmel
locally contains thin beds of brown to gray limestone and reddish-to
greenish-gray shale.Predominantly eolian in origin,the Entrada is a
massive cross-bedded fine-to medium-grained sandstone ranging ~n color
from reddish-brown to grayish-white that crops out in cliffs or hummocky
slopes.The Summerville is composed of regular thin-bedded,ripple-
marked,reddish-brown muddy sandstone and sandy shale of marine origin
and forms steep to gentle slopes above the Entrada.Cliff-forming Bluff
Sandstone is present only in the southern part of the Monticello district
thinning northtolard and pinching out near Blanding.It is a white to
grayish-brown,massive,cross-bedded eolian sandstone.
2-89
In the southeastern Utah region the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation
nas been divided in ascending order into the Salt Wash,Recapture,West-
water Canyon,and Brushy Basin Members.In general,these strata are
dominantly fluvial in origin but do contain lacustrine sediments.Both
the Salt Hash and Recapture consist of alternating mudstone and sand-
stone;the Westwater Canyon is chiefly sandstone with some sandy mudstone
and claystone lenses,and the heterogeneous Brushy Basin cons ists of
variega ted bentonitic muds tone and siltstone containing scattered thin
limestone,sandstone and conglomerate lenses.As strata of the Morrison
Formation are the oldest rocks exposed in the project area vicinity and
are one of the two principal uranium-bearing formations in southeast
Utah,the Morrison,as well as younger rocks,is described in more detail
in Section 2.4.2.2.
The Early Cretaceous Burro Canyon Formation rests unconformably(?)
on the underlying Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation.Most of
the Burro Canyon consists of light-colored,massive,cross-bedded fluvial
conglomerate,conglomeratic sandstone and sandstone.Most of the con-
glomerates are near the base.Thin,even-bedded,light-green mudstones
are included in the formation and light-gray thin-bedded limestones are
sometimes locally interbedded with the mudstones near the top of the
formation.
Overlying the Burro Canyon ~s the Dakota Sandstone of Upper
Cretaceous age.Typical Dakota is dominantly yellowish-brown to light-
gray,thick-bedded,quartzitic sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone with
subordinate thin lenticular beds of mudstone,gray carbonaceous shale
and,locally,thin seams of impure coal.The contact with the underlying
Burro Canyon ~s unconformable whereas the contact with the overlying
Mancos Shale is gradational from the light-colored sandstones to dark-
gray to black shaly siltstone and shale.
Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale ~s exposed ~n the region surrounding
the project vicinity but not within it.lfuere exposed and weathered,the
2-90
shale ~s light-gray or yellowish-gray,but is dark-to olive-gray where
fresh.Bedding is thin and well developed;much of it ~s laminated.
Quaternary alluvium within the project vicinity ~s of three types:
alluvial silt,sand and gravels deposited in the stream channels;col-
luvium deposits of slope wash,talu13,rock rubble and large displaced
blocks on slopes below cliff faces and outcrops of resistant rock;and
alluvial and windblown deposits of silt and sand,partially reworked by
water,on benches and broad upland surfaces.
2.4.1.3 Structure and Tectonics
According to Shoemaker (1954 and 1956),structural features within
the Canyon Lands of southeastern Utah may be classified into three main
categories on th~basis of origin or mechanism of the stress that created
the structure.These three categories are:(1)structures related to
large-scale regional uplifting or downwarping (epeirogenic deformation)
directly related to movements In the basement complex (Monument Uplift
and the Blanding Basin);(2)structures resulting from the plastic
deformation of thick sequences of evaporite depos its,salt plugs and
salt anticlines,where the structural expression at the surface ~s not
reflected in the basement complex (Paradox Fold and Fault Belt);and (3)
structures that are formed.in direct response to stresses induced by
magmatic intrusion including local laccolithic domes,dikes and stocks
(Abajo Mountains).
Each of the basins and uplifts within the project area region
~s an asymetric fold usually separated by a steeply-dipping sinuous
monocline.Dips of the sedimentary beds in the basins and uplifts rarely
exceed a few degrees except along the monocline (Shoemaker,1956)
where,in some instances,the beds are nearly vertical.Along the Comb
Ridge monocline,the boundary between the Monument Uplift and the Bland-
ing Basin,approximately 8 mi (12.9 km)west of the project area,dips
in the Upper Triassic Wingate sandstone and in the Chinle Formation are
more than 40 degrees to the east.
2-91
Structures 1n the crystalline basement complex in the central
Colorado Plateau are relatively UIlknown but where monoclines can be
followed in Precambrian rocks they pass into steeply dipping faults.It
is probable that the large monoclines in the Canyon Lands section
are related to flexure of the layered sedimentary rocks under tangential
compression over nearly vertical normal or high-angle reverse faults in
the more rigid Precambrian basement rocks (Kelley,1955;Shoemaker,1956;
Johnson and Thordarson,1966).
The Monument Uplift 1S a north-trending,elongated,upwarped
structure approximately 90 m1 045 km)long and nearly 35 mi (56 km)
wide.Structural relief is about 3000 ft (914 m)(Kelley,1955).
Its broad crest 1S slightly convex to the east where the Comb Ridge
monocline defines the eastern boundary.The uniform and gently descend-
ing western flank of the uplift crosses the White Canyon slope and merges
into the Henry Basin (Plate 2.4-1).
East of the Monument Uplift,the relatively equidimensional Blanding
Basin merges almost imperceptibly with the Paradox Fold and Fault Belt to
the north,the Four Corners Platform to the southeast and the Defiance
Uplift to the south.The basin is a shallow feature with approximately
700 ft (213 m)of structural relief as estimated on top of the Upper
Triassic Chinle Formation by Kelley (1955),and is roughly 40 to 50 m1
(64 to 80 km)across.Gentle folds within the basin trend westerly to
northwesterly 1n contrast to the distinct northerly orientation of the
Monument Uplift.
Situated to the north of the Monument Uplift and Blanding Basin is
the most unique structural feature of the Canyon Lands section,the
Paradox Fold and Fault Belt.This tectonic unit is dominated by north-
west trending anticlinal folds and associated normal faults covering an
area about 150 mi (241 kID)long and 65 mi 004 km)wide.These anti-
clinal structures are associated with salt flowage from the Pennsyl-
vanian Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation and some show piercement
of the overlying younger sedimentary beds by plug-like salt intrusions
2-92
(Johnson and Thordarson,1966).Prominent valleys have been eroded along
the crests of the anticlines where salt piercements have occurred or
collapses of the central parts have resulted in intricate systems of
step-faults and grabens along the anticlinal crests and flanks.
The Abajo Hountains are located approximately 20 ml.(32 km)north
of the project area on the more-or-less arbitrary border of the Blanding
Basin and the Paradox Fold and Fault Belt (Plate 2.4-1).These mountains
are laccolithic domes that have been intruded into and through the
sedimentary rocks by several stocks (Witkind,1964).At least 31 laeco-
liths have been identified.The youngest sedimentary rocks that have
been intruded are those of Hancos Shale of Late Cretaceous age.Based on
this and other vague and inconclusive evidence,Witkind (1964)has
assigned the age of these intrusions to the Late Cretaceous or early
Eocene.
Nearly all known faults in the region of the project area are
high-angle normal faults with displacements on the order of 300 ft
(91 m)or less (Johnson and Thordarson,1966).The largest known
faults within a LO-mi (64-km)radius around Blanding are associated
with the Shay graben on the north side of the Abajo Mountains and the
Verdure graben on the south side.Respectively,the.se faul ts trend
northeasterly and easterly and can be traced for approximate distances
ranging from 21 to 34 rei (34 to 55 km)according to Wi tkind (1964).
Maximum displacements reported by Witkind on any of the faults is 320
ft (98 m).Because of the extensions of Shay and Verdure faul t systems
beyond the Abajo Mountains and other geologic evidence,the age of these
faults is Late Cretaceous or post-Cretaceous and antedate the laccolithic
intrusions (Witkind,1964).
A prominent group of faults is associated THith the salt anticlines
1.n the Paradox Fold and Fault Belt.These faults trend northwesterly
parallel to the anticlines and are related to the salt emplacement.
Quite likely,these faults are relief features due to salt intrusion or
salt removal by solution (Thompson,1967).Two faults in this region,
2-93
the Lisbon Valley fault associated with the Lisbon Valley salt anticline
and the Moab fault at the southeast end of the Moab anticline have
max~mum vertical displacements of at least 5000 ft (1524 m)and 2000
ft (609 m),respectively,and are probably associated with breaks ~n
the Precambrian basement crystalline complex.It is possible that zones
of weakness in the basement rocks represented by faults of this magnitude
may be responsible for the beginning of salt flowage in the salt anti-
clines,and subsequent solution and removal of the salt by ground water
caused collapse within the salt anticlines resulting in the formation of
grabens and local complex block faults (Johnson and Thordarson,1966).
The longest faults in the Colorado Plateau are located some 155 to
210 mi (249 to 338 km)west of the project area along the western
margin of the High Plateau section.These faults have a north to
northeast echelon trend,are nearly vertical and downthrown on the west
in most places.Major faults included in this group are the Hurri-
can,Toroweap-Sevier,Paunsaugunt,and Paradise faul ts.The longest
faul t,the Toroweap-Sevier,can be traced for abou t 240 mi (386 km)
and may have as much as 3000 ft (914 m)of displacement (Kelley,1955).
From the later part of the Precambrian until the middle Paleozoic
the Colorado Plateau was a relatively stable tectonic unit undergoing
gentle epeirogenic uplifting and downwarping during which seas transgres-
sed and regressed,depositing and then partially removing layers of
sedimentary materials.This period of stability was interrupted by
northeast-southwest tangential compression that began sometime during
late Mississippian or early Pennsylvanian and continued intermittently
into the Triassic.Buckling along the northeast margins of the shelf
produced northwest-trending uplifts,the most prominent of which are the
Uncompahgre and San Juan Uplifts,sometimes referred to as the Ancestral
Rocky Mountains.Clearly,these positive features are the earliest
marked tectonic controls that may have guided many of the later Laramide
structures (Kelley,1955).
2-94
Subsidence of the area southwest of the Uncompahgre Uplift through-
out most of the Pennsylvaniar..led to the filling of the newly formed
basin with an extremely thick sequence of evaporites and associated
interbeds which comprise the Paradox Member of the Hermosa Formation
(Kelley,1958).Following Paradox deposition,continental and marine
sediments buried the evaporite sequence as epeirogenic movements shifted
shallow seas across the region during the Jurassic,Triassic and much of
the Cretaceous.The area underlain by the Paradox Member in eastern Utah
and western Color&do is commonly referred to as the Paradox Basin (Plate
2.4-1).Renewed compression during the Permian initiated the salt
anticlines and piercements,and salt flowage continued through the
Triassic.
The Laramide orogeny,lasting from Late Cretaceous through Eocene
time,consisted of deep-seated compressional and local vertical stres-
ses.The orogeny is responsible for a north-south to northwest trend in
the tectonic fabric of the region and created most of the principal
basins and uplifts in the eastern-half of the Colorado Plateau (Grose,
1972;Kelley,1955).
Post-Laramide epeirogenic deformation has occurred throughout the
Tertiary;Eocene strata are flexed sharply in the Grand Hogback mono-
cline,fine-grained Pliocene deposits are tilted on the flanks of the
Defiance Uplift,and Pleistocene deposits in Fisher Valley contain three
angular unconformaties (Shoemaker,1956).
2.4.1.4 Uranium Deposits
Most of the productive uranium deposits ~n southeast Utah are in
the Cutler,Chinle and Morrison Formations.~1inor uranium mineralization
is found in the Hermosa,Rico,Moenkopi,Wingate,and Kayenta Formations.
Vanadium is a byproduct of most uranium deposits in the Morrison and of
some in the C~linle.Deposits in the Morrison and Chinle are the most
important in the Monticello mining district.
2-95
Two distinct types of uranium deposits exist ~n the reg~on:(1)
tabular,or peneconcordant,deposits nearly parallel to the bedding of
fine-to coarse-grained to conglomeritic sandstone lenses,and (2)
fracture-controlled deposits.None of the fracture-controlled deposits
have yielded large production and their resource potential ~s small
(Johnson and Thordarson,1966).
Localization of tabular ore deposits is primarily controlled by
sedimentary features that tend to restrict lateral movement of ore-
bearing solutions.These features range from regional stratigraphic
pinchouts to local channel fills and interfingering of sandstone and
mudstone lenses.Ore deposits ~n the basal Shinarump and Moss Back
Members of the Chinle Formation are located where ore-bearing solutions
moving through permeable sandstone have been dammed by either the pinch-
out of the sandstone or interfingering with less permeable rocks within a
few miles of the northeas tern regional pinchout of these members.The
Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation is a highly lenticular and
interfingering assemblage of claystone,mudstone,sandstone,and con-
glomeratic sandstone.The larger ore deposits are found where lenses of
sandstone and mudstone predominate,the sandstones allowing passage of
ore-bearing solutions and the less permeable mudstone confining the
solutions in the sandstone.
Most of the ore-bearing sandstones are stream deposits that filled
channels cut into less permeable underlying beds or laterally
inter-fingered with fine-grained sediments that accumulated on flood
plains.The ore bodies are usually in the lower parts of these filled
channels where the sediments are irregularly-bedded,fine-to coarse-
grained,sometimes conglomeratic,quartzose or arkosic sandstone.
Carbonaceous materials (carbonized leaves,stems and wood fragments)are
sparse to abundant.Localization of ore ~n the lower portions of these
sediments is assumed to be due to either gravitational flow of the
ore-bearing solutions to the channel bottoms or favorable compositional
and textural characteristics of the sediments in this part of the fill.
2-96
Tabular deposits 1n the sinuous channel fills are usually elongate
1n the channel direction and nearly concordant with bedding in the host
rock,but do not follow the bedding 1n detail.All layers range in
thickness from a few inches to more than a few tens of feet.Some ore
layers are split into two or more thin overlapping tongues,sometimes
separated by several feet of barren sandstone.The ore bodies range in
size from small masses only several feet wide,and containing only a few
tons of ore,to those hundreds of feet across and containing several
hundred thousand tons (Fischer,1968).
According to Fischer (1956)ore deposits within the region are
classified by the relative amounts of uranium,vanadium and copper that
they contain:uranium deposits (containing little or no vanadium or
copper),vanadium-uranium deposits (V205 content greater than U30S) ,
and copper-uranium deposits (more copper than U30S).Typically,ore
mined in the region ranges from about 0.05 to 0.2 percent U30S'but
small pods of high-grade within the ore bodies often contain more than
2.0 percent U30S •
In general,ore minerals mainly coat the sand grains,either
partially or completely filling the pore space in the sandstone.Often
they form rich replacements of carbonized wood fragments and partially
replace the sands tone enc los ing the fragment s.The mineral s a1 so
impregnate or replace thin shaly seams and muds tones fragments in the
ore-bearing sandstone.
Unoxidized primary ore minerals occur as low-valent oxides and
silicates of uranium and vanadium.Principal uranium minerals are
uraninite,an oxide,and coffinite,a silicate.The vanadium silicates
are all micaceous and consist of vanadium-bearing chlorite,hydrous mica
and roscoelite.Montroseite is the most abundant vanadium oKide.
Accessory minerals are mainly sulfides and include pyrite,marcasite,
chalcopyrite,bornite,chalcocite,galena,and sphalerite.Minerals
containing selenium,nickel,cobalt,molybdenum,chromium,and silver are
also present,but usually not abundant enough to be recognized (Finch,
2-97
1967;Fischer,1968).Of course,not all of the accessory minerals occur
in a single deposit.
Vanadium silicates are stable under oxidizing conditions,but
the vanad ium oxides,the.ur anium oxide sand s il icates,and the various
sulfides oxidize and readily form simple to complex secondary are min-
erals.During oxidation of vanadium-rich deposits,most of the available
uran~um combines with the vanadium to form the hydrous vanadate minerals
carnotite and tyuyamunite.In vanadium-poor deposits,the uranium and
associated sulfide minerals alter to secondary silicates,arsenates,
carbonates,sulfates,and phosphates.If excess vanadium ~s present
after forming the uranium vanadate minerals,other secondary·vanadium
oxide minerals may occur,such as dolorsite,navajoite,and corvusite.
Other secondary vanadium minerals may include simplotite,hewettite and
volborthite.Secondary accessory minerals may include malachite,
azurite,cuprite,goethite,hematite,jarosite,calcite,gypsum,man-
ganese oxides,and lepidocrocite (Finch,1967).
Most investigators agree that the uranium-vanadium
epigenetic (precipitated from solutions after placement
rocks)but differ as to the source of the metals.
deposits are
of the host
2.4.1.5 Other Mineral Resources
Following the discovery and development of the Aneth oil field
north of the San Juan River,numerous ~yildcat wells ~1ere drilled without
success along the western border of the Blanding Basin.Seven wells have
been drilled within an approximate 4-mi (6-km)radius surrounding the
project site.All of these wells bottomed in the Paradox Member of the
Hermosa Formation,except one that penetrated the Hermosa and bottomed
in Cambrian limestones.All were dry and abandoned.
Th in di sc ontinuous beds of carbonaceous shal e ,-impure Iign i te
and coal,and low-rank coal beds m;.to 2 ft (0.6 m)thick are known to
occur throughout the areal extent of the Dakota Sandstone.Although
several of these seams have been mined on a very limited scale in the
2-98
Blanding area,most of the coals are too impure for commercial use (Huff
and Lesure,1965)and of insufficient quantity to offer any mining
potential.
Numerous small gold and silver Innes operated in the Abajo Hountains
from 1892 to 1905,but the amount of ore produced never equalled the
amount of time and money invested (Witkind,1964).Ore occurrences were
located in sulfide-mineralized veins in the shatter zones surrounding
the stocks and near the margins of the laccol iths.Sulfide minerals
associated with the gold and silver included pyrite,chalcopyrite,
sphalerite,and galena.Minor amounts of free gold were produced from
placer deposits near the heads of Recapture and Johnson Creeks on the
Abajo's southern flank.
Copper deposits are associated with the fracture-controlled uranium-
vanadium deposits in the Abajo Mountains and with some tabular sedi-
mentary deposits,especially in the Chinle Formation.Copper content of
the mined uranium-vanadium ore has been as high as 3 percent (averages 1
to 2 percent in Chinle).
Pediment deposits up to 100 ft 00 rn)in thickness on the north,
east and south slopes of the Abajo Mountains are sources of base-coarse
material and road metal used lon pavement construction.These deposits
consist of unconsolidated and poorly-sorted mixtures of angular to
well-rounded sand,gravel,cobbles,and boulders up to 4 £t (1.2 rn)on
a side.Highway departments for the State and San Juan County have
opened pits in these deposits and use the rock extensively after crush-
ing,sizing and washing.Inclusions of chert and crytocrystalli.ne quartz
in these rocks preclude their use as suitable concrete aggregate
(Witkind,1964).
According to Hu ff and Lesure (1965)the Daleo ta and Burro Canyon
Formations have been used as a source of sand used ~n highway con-
struction.Rock from a quarry about 2 mi (3.2 km)east of,Monticello
was crushed and screened,mixed with gravel,and used in pavement.
2-99
Wells drilled on the Great Sage Plain uplands yield water supplies
adeauate for stock watering and,~n some places,domestic use.These
wells produce from saturated sandstone at the base of the Burro Canyon
Formation.At some localities,water produced from the Dakota Sandstone
and Burro Canyon is so highly mineralized that it is unfit ror human con-
surnption(Witkind,1964).The underlying Morrison Formation does not
contain any aquifers.Deep wells drilled into the Entrada and Navajo
Sandstones have yielded potable water (Johnson and Thordarson,1966;
Witkind,1964).Several springs in the project vicinity discharge ground
water from the saturated sandstone at the base of the Burro Canyon
Formation where this horizon crops out at the head of canyons.
2.4.2 Blanding Site Geology
2.4.2.1 Physiography and Topography
The project site ~s located near the center of White Mesa,one
of the many finger-like north-south trending mesas that make up the Great
Sage Plain.The nearly flat upland surface of ~~ite Mesa is underlain by
resistant sandstone caprock which forms steep prominent cliffs separating
the upland from deeply entrenched interrni ttent stream courses on the
east,south and west.
Surf~ce elevations across the project site range from about 5550
to 5650 ft (1692 to 1722 m)and the gently rolling surface slopes to the
south at a rate of approximately 60 ft per mi (18 m per 1.6 km).
Haximum reI ief between the mesa I s surface and Cottonwood Canyon
on the west is about 750 ft (229 m)where Westwater Creek joins Cotton-
wood Wash.These two strec:ms and their tributaries drain the west and
south sides of White Hesa.Drainage on the east is provided by Recapture
Creek and its tributaries.Both Cottonwood Wash and Recapture Creeks are
normally intermittent streams and flow south to the San Juan River.
However,Cottonwood Wash has been known to flow perennially in the
project vicinity during wet years.
2-100
2.4.2.2 Rock Units
Only rocks of Jurassic and Cretaceous ages are exposed in the
vicinity of the proposed project site.These incluce,~n ascending
order,the Upper Jurassic Salt Wash,Recapture,Westwater Canyon,and
Brushy Basin Hembers of the Morrison Formation;the Lower Cretaceous
Burro Canyon Formation;and the Upper Cret.1ceous Dakota Sandstone.The
Upper Cretaceous Mancos Shale is exposed as isolated remnants along the
r~m of Recapture Creek valley several miles southeast of the project site
and on the eastern flanks of the Abajo Hountains some 20 m~(32 km)
north but is not exposed at the project site.However,patches of
Hancos Shale may be present within the project site boundaries as iso-
lated buried remnants that are obscurred by a mantle of alluvial wind-
blown silt and sand.
The Morrison Formation is of particular econom~c importance ~n
southeast Utah since several hundred uranium deposits have been dis-
covered in the basal Salt Wash Member (Stokes,1967).
In most of eastern Utah,the Salt Wash Member underlies the Brushy
Basin.However,just south of Blanding in the project vicinity the
Recapture Hember replaces an upper portion of the Salt Wash and the
~';estwater Canyon Member replaces a lower part of the Brushy Basin.A
southern limit of Salt Wash deposition and a northern limit of Westwater
Canyon deposition has been recognized by Haynes et a1.(1962)in
Westwater Canyon approximately 3 to 6 mi (4.8 to 9.7 km),respectively,
northwest of the project site.HOvlever,good exposures of Salt Wash are
found throughout the Montezuma Canyon area 13 mi (21 km)to the east.
The Salt Wash Member is composed dominantly of fluvial fine-grained
to conglomeratic sandstones,and interbedded mudstones.Sandstone
intervals are usually yellowish-brown to pale reddish-brow"n while the
mudstones are greenish-and reddish-gray.Carbonaceous materials
("trash")vary from sparse to abundant.Cliff-forming massive sandstone
and conglomeratic sandstone in discontinuous beds make up to 50 percent
or more of the member."Acco~ding to Craig et al.(1955),the Salt
2-101
Wash \>1as deposited by a system of braided streams flowing generally east
and northeast.Most of the uranium-vanadium deposits are located in the
basal sandstones and conglomeratic sandstones that fill stream-cut scour
channels in the underlying Bluff Sandstone,or where the Bluff Sandstone
has been removed by pre-Morrison erosion,~n similar channels cut in the
Summerville Formation.Mapped thicknesses of this member range from 0 to
approximately 350 ft (0-107 m)in southeast Utah.Because the Salt Wash
pinches out in a southerly direction in Recapture Creek 3 mi (4.8 km)
northwest of the project site and does not reappear until exposed ~n
Montezuma Canyon,it is not known for certain that the Salt Wash actually
underlies the site.
The Recapture Member H typically composed of interbedded reddish-
gray,white,and light-brown fine-to medium-grained sandstone and
reddish-gray,silty and sandy claystone.Bedding is gep..tly to sharply
lenticular.Just north of the project site,the Recapture intertongues
with and grades into the Salt Wash and the contact between the two
cannot be easily recognized.A few spotty occurrences of uraniferous
mineralization are found in sandstone lenses in the southern part of the
Honticello district and larger deposits are known in a conglomeratic
sandstone facies some 75 to 100 mi (121 to 161 1<".m)southeast of the
Monticello district.Since significant ore deposits have not been found
in extensive outcrops in more favorable areas,the Recapture is believed
not to contain potential resources ~n the project site (Johnson and
Thordarson,1966).
Just north of the project site,the Westwater Canyon Member inter-
tongues with and grades into the lower part of the overlying Brushy Basin
Member.Exposures of the Westwater Canyon 1n Cottonwood Wash are typi-
cally composed of interbedded yellowish-and greenish-gray to pinkish-
gray,lenticular,fine-to coarse-grained arkosic sandstone and m~nor
amounts of greenish-gray to reddish-brown sandy shale and mudstone.Like
the Salt Wash,the Westwater Canyon Member is fluvial in origin,having
been deposited by streams flowing north and northwest,coalescing with
streams from the southwest depositing the upper part of the Salt Wash and
2-102
the lower part of the Brushy Basin (Huff and Lesure,1965).Several
small and scattered uranium deposits in the Westwater Canyon are located
in the extreme southern end of the Monticello district.Both the
Recapture Member and the Westwater Canyon contain only traces of carbona-
ceous materials,are believed to be less favorable host rocks for
uranium deposition (Johnson and Thordarson,1966)and have very little
potential for producing uranium reserves.
The lower part of the Brushy Basin ~s replaced by the Westwater
Canyon Member in the Blanding area but the upper part of the Brushy Basin
overlies this member.Composition of the Brushy Basin is dominantly
variegated bentonitic mudstone and siltstone.Bedding is thin and
regular and usually distinguished by color variations of gray,pale-
green,reddish-brown,pale purple,and maroon.Scattered lenticular thin
beds of distinctive green and red chert-pebble conglomeratic sandstone
ar~found near the base of the member,some of which contain uranium-
vanadium mineralization in the southernmost part of the Monticello
district (Haynes et al.,1962).Ynin discontinuous beds of limestone
and beds of grayish-red to greenish-black siltstone of local extent
suggest that much of the Brushy Basin is probably lacustrine in origin.
For the mos t part,the Great Sage Plain owes its existence to the
erosion of resistant sandstones and conglome"rates of the Lower Cretaceous
Burro Canyon Formation.This formation unconformably(?)overlies the
Brushy Basin and the contact is concealed over most of the project area
by talus blocks and slope wash.Massive,light-gray to light yelloT;rish-
brown sandstone,conglomeratic sandstone and conglomerate comprise more
than two-thirds of the formation's thickness.The conglomerate and
sandstone are interbedded and usually grade from one to the other.
However,most of the conglomerate is near the base.These rocks are
massive cross-bedded units fo~ed by a series of interbedded lenses,each
lens representing a scour filled with stream-deposited sediments.In
places the formation contains greenish-gray lenticular beds of mudstone
and claystone.Most of the Burro Canyon is exposed ~n·the vertical.
cliffs separating the relatively flat surface of White l1esa from the
2-103
canyons to the west and east.In some places the resistant basal sand-
stone beds of the ,:,verlyi:1g I'akota Sandston~are exposed at the top of
the cliffs,but entire cliffs of Burro Canyon are most common.Where the
sandstones of the Dakota rest on sandstones and conglomerates of the
Burro Canyon,the contact between the two is very difficult to identify
and most investigators map the two formations as a single unit (Plate
2.4-2).At best,the contact can be defined as the top of a silicified
zone in the upper part of the Burro Canyon that appears to be remnants of
an ancient soil that formed during a long period of weathering prior to
Dakota deposition (Huff and Lesure,1965).
The Upper Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone disconformably overlies
the Burro Canyon Formation.Locally,the disconformity is marked by
shallow depressions in the top of the Burro Canyon filled with Dakota
sediments conLaining angular to sub-rounded rock fragments probably
derived from Burro Canyon strata (vlitkind,1964)but the contact ~s
concealed at the project site.The Dakota is composed predominantly of
pale yellowish-brown to light gray,massive,intricately cross-bedded,
fine-to coarse-grained quartzose sandstone locally well-cemented with
silica and calcite;elsewhere it is ....'eakly cemented and friable.
Scattered throughout the sandstone are lenses of conglomerate,dark-gray
carbonaceous muds tones and shale and,~n some instances,impure coal.
In general,the lower part of the Dakota is more conglomeratic and
contains more cross-bedded sandstone than the upper part which is nor-
mally more thinly bedded and marine-like in appearance.The basal
sandstones and conglomerates are fluvial in origin,whereas the carbon-
aceous mudstones and shales were probably deposited in backwater areas
behind beach ridges in front of the advancing Late Cretaceous sea (Huff
and Lesure,1965).The upper sandstones probably represent littoral
marine deposits since they grade upward into the dark-gray siltstones and
marine shales of the Mancos Shale.
The Mancos shale ~s not exposed ~n the project vicinity.The
nearest exposures are small isolated remnants resting conformably on
Dakota Sandstone along the western rim above Recapture Creek 4.3 to 5.5
REFERENCES:GEOLOGY,IN PART,AFTER HAYNES ET AL.,1962.BASE MAP PREPARED FROM PORTIONS OF THE
BLANDING,BRUSHY BASIN WASH,BLUFF,AND MONTEZUMA CREEK U.S.G.S.15 -MINUTE TOPOGRAPHIC
QUADRANGLES.
EXPLANATION
h"i~~~)LOESS
~MANCOS SHALE
seA L E
3'eS3;iO°:JAH:::IH3:::iL==:r::::::::I:=30:J;OgOa==:e63000
FEET
DAKOTA AND BURRO CANYON
FORMATIONS (UNDIFFERENTIATED)
MORRISON FORMATION:
BRUSHY BASIN MEMBER
WESTWATER CANYON MEMBER
RECAPTURE MEMBER
GEOLOGIC
OF
PROJECT
MAP
AREA
CONTACT,DASHED WHERE~..._...
'APPROXIMATE
f.STRIKE AND DIP OF BEDS
EB HORIZANTAL BEDS
PLATE 2.4-2
2-105
mi (6.9 to 8.9 km)southeast of the project site.Additional exposures
are found on the eastern and southern flanks of the Abajo Mountains
approximately 16 and 20 mi (26 and 32 km)to the north.It is possible
that thin patches of Mancos may be buried at the project site but are
obscurred by the mantle of alluvial windblown silt and sand covering the
upland surface.The Upper Cretaceous Mancos shale is of marine origin
and consists of dark-to olive-~ray shale with minor amounts of gray,
fine-grained,thin-bedded to blocky limestone and siltstone in the lower
part of the formation.Bedding in the Mancos is thin and well developed,
and much of the shale ~s laminated.Where fresh,the shale is b.rittle
and fissile and weathers to chips that are light-to yellowish-gray.
Topographic features formed by the Mancos are usually subdued and com-
monly displayed by low rounded hills and gentle slopes.
A layer of Quaternary to Recent reddish-brown eolian silt and
fine sand is spread over the surface of the project site.Nost of the
loess consists of subangular to rounded frosted quartz grains that at:'e
coated ~vith iron oxide.Basically,the loess is massive and homogeneous,
ranges ~n thickness from a dust coating on the rocks that form the rim
cliffs to more than 20 ft (6 m),and is partially cemented with calcium
carbonate (caliche)~n light-colored mottled and veined accumulations
which probably represent ancient immature soil horizons.
2.4.2.3 Structure
The geologic structure at the project site is comparatively simple.
Strata of the underlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are nearly hori-
zontal;only slight undulations along the caprock rims of the upland are
perceptible and faulting is absent.In much of the area surround-
ing the project site the dips are less than one degree.The prevailing
regional dip is about one degree to the south.The low dips and simple
structure are in sharp contrast to the pronounced structural features of
the Comb Ridge Monocline to the west and the Abajo Mountains to the
north.
2-106
Jointing is common ~n the exposed Dakota-Burro Canyon sandstones
along the mesa's r~m.More often than not,the primary joints are
virtually parallel to the cliff faces and the secondary joints are almost
perpendicular to the primary joints.Since erosion of the underlying
weaker Brushy Basin mudstones removes both vertical and lateral support
of the sandstone,large joint blocks commonly break away from the cliff
leaving joint surfaces as the cliff face.Because of this,it is not
possible to determine if the joints originated after the development of
the canyons or if the joints influenced the development of canyons and
cliffs.However,from a geomorphologic standpoint,it appears that the
joints are related to the compaction of the underlying strata and,
therefore,are sedimentary and physiographic features rather than
tectonic in origin.\.Jhateve=the original cause,two sets of joint
attitudes exist in the resistant sandstones adjacent to the west side of
the project site.These sets range from N.lO-18°E.and N.60-85°E.and
nearly parallel the cliff faces.
2.4.2.4 Mineral Resources
Because of extensive and easily accessible outcrops in the dissected
Great Sage Plain,the Salt Wash Member of ~he Morrison Formation has been
one of the most prospected ore-bearing strsta in southeastern Utah.One
old and small possible prospect site was located in Cottonwood Canyon
during field reconna~ssance.No evidence of uranium mineralization was
found at this location.
Other than the possibility of quarrying sandstone from the Dakota
Sandstone and Burro Canyon Formation for construction materials,there
are no other known mineral resources with potential for economic develop-
ment beneath the project site.
2.4.2.5 Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed Mill and Tailing
Retention Sites
A geotechnical investigation of the proposed mill and tailing
sites was conducted during September 1977.Field data and observations,
results of laboratory testing,and conclusions based on the results of
the investigation are presented in Appendix H.
2-107
The mill site is underlain by interbedded thin layers reddish-brown
silty fine sand and fine sandy silt to depths ranging from 7.5 to 14.5 ft
(2.3 to 4.4 m).These materials are 10essa1 soils that have been
partially reworked by surface water (probably by precipitation runoff).
In general,they are loose at the surface,are medium dense within 1 to
2 ft (0.3 to 0.7 m),and become more dense with increasing depth~In
places,these materials are slightly to moderately cemented with calcium
carbonate.The tailing site is underlain by the same soil types possess-
ing the same general characteristics,however,thicknesses range from 3
to 17 ft (1.0 to 5.2 m).
In 11 of the 28 borings drilled during the geotechnical investiga-
tion,a light gray-brown to grayish-green,stiff to very-stiff silty clay
was encountered below the loessal soil materials.It is possible that
these silty clays are weathered shales of the Mancos Formation.Tnick-
ness of the silty clays range from 1.5 to 11 ft (0.5 to 3.4 m).The
thinner layers could be mudstones and claystones that are known to be
included ~n the upper marine facies of the Dakota Sandstone,but the
thicker layers tend to indicate that these materials could be Mancos.
Regardless of origin,these materials have undergone substantial weather-
ing and should be classified as soil rather than rock.
Underlying the loessal soils and silty clays is the Dakota Sandstone
Formation.This formation is composed of a hard to very hard fine-to
coarse-grained sandstone and conglomeritic sandstone.It is poorly to
highly cemented with silica or calcium carbonate and,sometimes,with
iron oxides.Losses of drilling fluid during the subsurface investiga-
tion indicate that open fractures or very permeable layers exist within
the formation.The contact between the Dakota Sandstone and the under-
lying Burro Canyon Formation is extremely difficult to detect in a drill
hole without continuous coring.Sometimes it may be identified by a thin
greenish-gray mudstone layer beneath the Dakota's basal conglomerate.
Where the sandstones of the Dakota rest on Burro Canyon sandstones,the
contac t can hardly be distinguished even in outcrops.From a geotech-
nical appraisal,the physical properties and characteristics of the two
formations are nearly
(see Section 2.4.2.3)
2-108
identical,even sharing the same joint patterns
and having similar zones of high permeability.
2.4.2.6 Geologic Hazards
Other than the possibility of very minor effects from seismic
activity,no potentially hazardous geologic conditions are known to exist
at the proposed project site.
2.5 SEISMOLOGY
2.5.1 Seismic History of Region
Because of the region I s late settlement,the record of earthquake
occurrences in the Colorado Plateau and surrounding regions dates back
only 125 years.Documentation of the earlier events was based solely on
newspaper reports that frequently recorded effects only in the more
populated areas which may have been some distance from the epicenters.
Not until the late 1950s was a seismograph network developed to properly
locate and evaluate seismic events in this region (Simon,1972).
The project area ~s within a relatively tectonically stable portion
of the Colorado Plateau noted for its scarcity of historical seismic
events.Conversely,the border between the Colorado Plateau and the
Basin and Range Province and Middle Rocky Mountain Province some 155 to
more than 240 mi (249 to 386 km)west and northwest,respectively,from
the site is one of the most active seismic belts ~n the western United
States.
The epicenters of historical earthquakes from 1853 through 1976
within a 200-mi (320-km)radius of the site are shown on Plate 2.5-I.
More than 450 events have occurred in the area,of which at least 45 were
damaging;that is,having an intensity of VI or greater on the Modified
Mercalli Scale.A description of the Modified Mercalli Scale is given in
Table 2.5-1,and all intensities mentioned herein refer to this scale.
Only 15 epicenters have been recorded within a 100-mi (160-km)
radius of the project area.Of these,14 had an intensity IV or less (or
10601080110011201140
I
I
I ~
41°-IIr--__+--_--l...__-+-.:W~Y::O:M::IN~G~J_---V-_I_-
(
I
I~I«>w2
UNITA FIELD COLORADO
MEXICO
"
LEGEND KEY TO EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS
SYMBOL MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY
UNCLASSIFIED FAULT VIII
THRUST FAULT:
SAW TEETH ON UPTHROWN SIDE VII
VI
NORMAL F AULT:~HACHURES ON DOWNTHROWN SIDE
~ANTICLINAL AXIS
-;..DOME
V
IV OR LESS OR NO
INTENSITY GIVEN
NUMBER REFERS TO MULTIPLE
EVENTS IN SAME LOCATION.
INTENSITY OF LARGEST EVENT
IS PLOTTED.
REGIONAL TECTONIC MAP
SHOWING HISTORIC EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTERS WITHIN 200-MILE
RADIUS OF THE PROJECT SITE
References:Cook and Sm;th,1967;Hadsell,19GB;
Simon,lg72;Coffman and Von Hake,1973a.
1973b,1974.and 1975;Coffman and Stover~
1976;Giardina,1977;NOAA,1977.Tecton,c
base after Cohee ET AL,1962.25
SCALE
25 50
MILES
15 tOO
DAMES 8 MOORE
PLATE 2.5-1
2-110
TABLE 2.5-1
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE
(Abridged)
1.Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable c~r­
cumstances.
II.Felt only by a few persons at rest,especially on upper floors
of buildings.Delicately suspended objects may swing.
III.Felt quite noticeably indoors,especially on upper floors of
buildings,but many people do not recognize it as an earthquake.
Standing motorcars may rock slightly.Vibration like passing of
truck.Duration estimated.
IV.During the day felt indoors by many,outdoors by few.At nigh t
some awakened.Dishes,windows,doors disturbed;walls make
creaking sound.Sensation like heavy truck striking building.
Standing motorcars rocked noticeably.
V.Felt by nearly everyone,many awakened.Some dishes,windows,
etc.,broken;a few instances of cracked plaster;unstable objects
overturned.Disturbances of trees,poles,and other tall objects
sometimes noticed.Pendulum clocks may stop.
VI.Felt by all,many frightened and run outdoors.Some heavy furni-
ture moved;a few instances of fallen plaster or damaged chimneys.
Damage slight.
VII.Everybody runs outdoors.Damage negligible in bui ldings 0 f
good design and construction;slight to moderate in well-built
ordinary structures;considerable in poorly built or badly
designed struc tures;some chimneys broken.Noticed by persons
driving motorcars.
VIII.Damage slight in specially designed structures;considerable in
ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse;great ~n
poorly built structures.Panel walls thrown out of frame struc-
tures.Fall of chimneys,factory stacks,columns,monuments,
walls.Heavy furniture overturned.Sand and mud ejected in small
amounts.Changes in well water.Persons driving motorcars
disturbed.
IX.Damage considerable l.n specially designed structures;well-
designed frame structures thrown out of plumb;great in sub-
stantial buildings,with partial collapse.Buildings shifted off
foundations.Ground cracked conspicuously.Underground pipes
broken.
2-111
TABLE 2.5-1 (Concluded)
X.Some well-built wooden structures destroyed;most masonry and
frame structures destroyed with foundations;ground badly cracked.
Rails bent.Landslides considerable from river banks and steep
slopes.Shifted sand and mud.Water splashed (slopped)over
banks.
XI.Few,if any,(masonry)structures remain standing.Bridges
destroyed.Broad fissures in ground.Underground pipelines
completely out of service.Earth slumps and land slips in soft
ground.Rails bent greatly.
XII.Damage total.Waves seen on ground surface.Lines of sight
and level distorted.Objects thrown upward into the air.
2"':"1l2
unrecorded)and one was recorded as intensity V.The nearest event
occurred in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area approximately 43.5
mi (70 km)west-northwest of the project area.The next closest event
occurred approximately 58.5 mi (94 km)to the northeast.Just east of
Durango,Colorado,approximately 99 m~(159 km)due east of the project
area,an event having a local intensity of V was recorded on August 29,
1941 (Hadsell,1968).It is very doubtful that these events would have
been felt in the vicinity of Blanding.
Three of the most damaging earthquakes associated with the seismic
belt along the Colorado Plateau's western border have occurred in the
Elsinore-Richfield area about 168 mi (270 km)northwest of the project
site.All were of intensity VIII.On November 13,1901,a strong shock
caused extensive damage from Richfield to Parowan.Many brick structures
were damaged;rockslides were reported near Beaver.Earth cracks with
the ejection of sand and water were reported,and some creeks increased
their flow.Aftershocks continued for several weeks (von Hake,1977).
Following several weeks of small foreshocks , a strong earthquake caused
major damage in the Monroe-E1sinore-Richfield area on September 29,1921.
Scores of chimneys were thrown down,plaster fell from ceilings,and a
section of a new 2-story brick wall collapsed at Elsinore's schoolhouse.
Two days later,on October 1,another strong tremor caused additional
damage to the area's structures.Large rockfalls occurred along both
Only 15 epicenters have been recorded within a 100-mi (160-km)
radius of the project area.Of these,14 had an intensity IV or less (or
unrecorded)and one was recorded as intensity V.The nearest event
occurred in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area approximately 43.5
mi (70 km)west-northwest of the project area.The next closest event
occurred approximately 58.5 mi (94 km)to the northeast.Just east of
Durango,Colorado,approximately 99 mi (159 km)due east of the project
area,an event having a local intensity of V was recorded on August 29,
1941 (Hadsell,1968).It is very doubtful that these events would have
been felt in the vicinity of Blanding.
2-113
Three of the most damaging earthquakes associated with the seismic
belt along the Colorado Plateau IS y,Testern border have occurred in the
Elsinore-Richfield area about 168 mi (270 km)northwest of the project
site.All were of intensity VIII.On November 13,1901,a strong shock
caused extensive damage from Richfield to Parowan.Many brick structures
were damaged;rocks lides were reported near Beaver.Earth cracks with
the ejection of sand and water were reported,and some creeks increased
their flow.Aftershocks continued for several weeks (von Hake,1977).
Following several weeks of small foreshocks,a strong earthquake caused
major damage in the Monroe-Elsinore-Richfield area on September 29,1921.
Scores of chimneys were thrown down,plaster fell from ceilings,and a
section of a new 2-story brick wall collapsed at Elsinore's schoolhouse.
Two days later,on October 1,another strong tremor caused additional
damage to the area I s structures.Large rockfalls occurred along both
sides of the Sevier Valley and hot springs were discolored by iron oxides
(von Hake,1977).It is probable that these shocks may have been per-
ceptible at the project site but they certainly would not have caused any
damage.
Seven events of intensity VII have been reported ~n the area shown
on Plate 2.5-1.Of these,only two are considered to have any signifi-
cance with respect to the project site.On August 18,1912,an intensity
VII shock damaged houses in northern Arizona and was -felt in Gallup,New
Mexico,and southern Utah.Rock slides occurred near the epicenter in
the San Francisco Mountains and a 50-mi (80-km)earth crack was reported
north of the San Francisco Range (U.S.Geological Survey,1970).Nearly
every building ~n Dulce,New Mexico,was damaged to some degree when
shook by a strong earthquake on January 22,196~.Rockfalls and land-
slides occurred 10 to 15 mi (16 to 24 km)west of Dulce along Highway 17
where cracks in the pavement were reported (von Hake,1975).Both of
these events may have been felt at the project site but,again,would
certainly not have caused any damage.
2-114
2.5.2 Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic Structures
The majority of recorded earthquakes in Utah have occurred along
an active belt of seismicity that extends from the Gulf of California,
through western Arizona,central Utah,and northward into western British
Columbia.The seismic belt is possibly a branch of the active rift
system associated with the landward extension of the East Pacific Rise
(Cook and Smith,1967).
It is significant to note that the seismic belt forms the boundary
zone between the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau-Middle Rocky
Mountain Provinces.This block-faulted zone is about 47 to 62 mi (75 to
100 km)wide and forms a tectonic transition zone between the relatively
simple structures of the Colorado Plateau and the complex fault-control-
led structures of the Basin and Range Province (Cook and Smith,1967).
Another zone of se~sm~c activity is in the vicinity of Dulce,Kew
Mexico near the Colorado border.This zone,which coincides with an
extensive series of Tertiary intrusives,may also be related to the
northern end of the Rio Grande Rift.This rift is a series of faul t-
controlled structural depressions extending southward from southern
Colorado through central New Mexico and into Mexico.
Most of the events of intensity V and greater are located within
50 mi (80 km)of post-Oligocene extrusives.This relationship is not
surprising because it has been observed in many other parts of the world
(Hadsell,1968).
2.5.3 Potential Earthquake Hazards to Project
The project site is located in a region known for its scarcity
of recorded seismic events.Although the seismic history for this region
~s barely 125 years old,the epicentral pattern,or fabric,is basically
set and appreciable changes are expected not to occur.Most of the
larger seismic events ~n the Colorado Plateau have occurred along its
margins rather than in the interior central region.Based on the
region's seismic history,the probability of a major damaging earthquake
2-115
occurring at or near the project site is very remote.Studies by
Algermissen and Perkins (1976)indicate that southeastern Utah,including
the site,is in an area where there is a 90 percent probability that a
horizontal acceleration of four percent gravity (0.04g)would not be
exceeded within 50 years.
Minor earthquakes,not associated with any seismic-tectonic trends,
can presumably occur randomly at almost any location.Even if such an
event with an intensity as high as VI should occur at or near the project
site,horizontal ground accelerations would not exceed O.lOg but would
probably range between 0.05 and 0.09g (Coulter et ale,1973;Trifunac
and Brady,1975).These magnitudes of ground motion would not pose
significant hazards to the project's proposed facilities.
2.6 HYDROLOGY
2.6.1 Ground Water Hydrology
2.6.1.1 Regional Occurrence and Distribution of Ground Water
The occurrence and distribution of ground water in the region
encompassing the Blanding area are influenced by the type and extent of
rock formations and the structural features making up the Canyon Lands
Section of the Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province (see Section
2.4)•
In general,the rock formations of the region are flat-lying with
dips of one to three degrees.The rock formations are incised by streams
that have formed canyons between intervening areas of broad mesas and
buttes.An intricate system of deep canyons along and across hog-backs
and cuestas has resulted from faulting,upwarps and dislocation of
rocks around the intrusive rock masses such as Abajo Mountains,approxi-
mately 25 miles to the north of the project site.Thus,the region
is divided into numerous hydrological areas controlled by structural
features such as the San Rafael Swell,the Monument Upwarp,and the
Abajo,Henry and La Sal Mountains as well as the faulted anticlines in
Salt,Spanish and Lisbon Valleys.
2-116
Water-bearing sedimentary rock formations of Cambrian and Devonian
through Cretaceous age are exposed in the region or have been identified
in oil wells in the Bla~ding basin.Data on bedrock aquifers for most of
the region are sparce and that information available is largely restric-
ted to wells located ~n only one or two areas that are not near the
project site.
Bedrock Aquifers
On a regional basis,the formations that are recognized as bedrock
aquifers are:the Cretaceous-age Dakota sandstone and the upper part of
the Morrison formation of late Jurassic age;the Bluff sandstone,the
Entrada sandstone and the Navajo sandstone or Jurassic age;the Wingate
sandstone and the Shinarump member of the Chinle formation of Triassic
age;and the DeChelle member of the Cutler formation of Permian age.
These units are shown in Plate 2.6-1,a generalized section of strati-
graphic units including water-bearing units in southeastern Utah.
Other formations within this sequence also contain water but its
quality varies from slightly saline to very saline.Underneath the
Permian Cutler formation are saline water-bearing units within the Rico
formation and the Hermosa formation of Pennsylvanian age from ~vhich oil
is produced in the Blanding basin.
There are no available reports with quantitative data regarding
transmissivity,storage and other aquifer characteristics of major
bedrock aquifers in this region of southeastern Utah.Some data on the
reported yields of wells are contained in older geologic reports (Goode,
1958;Feltis,1966;and Lofgren,1954).For instance,according to
Feltis (1966)the range in yield for six wells drilled into the Dakota
sandstone and Burro Canyon formation east of Monticello varies from 22 to
125 gallons per minute (gpm).Two wells drilled into the Morrison
formation in the same area yield 15 to 22 gpm whereas,in other areas of
San Juan County,Utah,the yield from wells drilled into the Morrison is
1 or 2 gpm or less.
GEOLOGICAGE
I
0:::>-Wo:::~cx::::>~
0'
SHINARUMP member of Chinle
formation and DeCHELLY sandstone
member of Cutler formation.
Locally provide good water where
they are near surface,as in
vicinity of Bluff.
Artesian aquifer,
potable water.Crops out in western
and southern parts of area but base
reaches depth of nearly 1500 feet in
central part of area (near Aneth field
in Blanding basin).
NAVAJO sandstone.Artesian aquifer
yielding good quality water.Crops
out in western and southern parts of
area and reaches depths of 1850 feet
near Aneth oil field.
~iWINGATE sandstone.Artesian aquifer
Provides good quality water for
wells in vicinity of Bluff.
r
BLUFF sandstone.Artesian aquifer,potable
water.Supplies a spring east of Bluff
and wells south of Hatch.
rDAKOTA sandstone and upper part of MORRISON
formation.Water of fair to poor quality
available by pumping.
Hermosa formation
GENERALIZED STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION
SHOWING FRESH WATERBEARING
UNITS IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH
Ri co fo rmat;on
Navajo sandstone
Kayenta formation
Moenkopi formation
Chinle formation
Wingate sandstone
De Chelly member
Cutler formation
Bluff sandstone
Summervill e fm
Entrada ss
Carmel fm
Shinarump member
u........
V)
V)
e:::r.:........0:::I-
z:e:::r.:........
~
W
CL
zz
W
CL
,ALLUVIUM.Provides small quantities of water
Mancos sh ~1·from shallow wells.Such wells are subject
Dakota ss ~7 ~to great seasonal variation in amount of
yield.The water is generally of poor
Morrison quality--probably owing to the sulfate salts
formation in the Mancos shale.
DAMES 8 MOORESource:After Goode,1958
PLATE 2.6-1
2-118
Likewise,the Bluff sandstone,found only 1n southern San Juan
County,has reportedly yielded 13 and 25 gpm in two wells drilled
near Bluff (Feltis,1966:27).The Entrada sandstone is reported to
yield an average of 143 gpm at five wells drilled in San Juan County,but
yields as high as 1200 gpm have been reported in other areas of southeast
Utah (Feltis,1966:27).
The Navajo sandstone is one of the most permeable bedrock aquifers
in the region with reported yields as high as 1335 gpm (Feltis,1966:
26),although many wells drilled into the Navajo in southeast Utah only
have yields varying between 35 to 72 gpm.The Energy Fuels mill site
well drilled into the Navajo sandstone is reported to have yielded 120
gpm after 1.5 hours of pumping shortly after it was drilled.
Throughout the region,small quantities of water are produced from
shallow wells constructed in the alluvium that occurs in stream valleys
and a veneer on the flat-top mesas.These wells are subject to great
seasonal variation in yield and the water withdrawn is generally of
poor quality,perhaps due to the leaching of sulfate salts in the
Mancos shale which is present at or near the surface near stream valleys
over much of the region.
Recharge
The source of recharge to bedrock aquifers of the region u pre-
c1p1tation.Precipitation in southeastern Utah (see Sections 2.7.1 and
2.7.2)is characterized by wide variations in seasonal and annual rain-
fall and by long periods of deficient rainfall.Short-duration summer
storms furnish rain in small areas of a few square miles and this is
frequently the total rainfall for an entire month within a given area.
The average annual precipitation in the region ranges from less than 20
cm (8 in)at Bluff to more than 41 cm (16 in)on the eastern flank of the
Abajo Mountains,as recorded at Monticello.Precipitation at the project
site is discussed in Section 2.7.1.The mountain peaks in the Henry,La
Sal and Abaj 0 Mountains may receive more than i6 em 00 in)of
2-119
precipitation but these areas are very small ~n comparison to the vast
area of much lower precipitation in tte region.
Recharge to bedrock aquifers in the region occurs by direct infil-
tration of precipitation into the aquifers along the flanks of the Abajo,
Henry and La Sal Mountains and along the flanks of the folds,such as
Comb Ridge Monocline and the San Rafael Swell,where the permeable
formations are exposed at the surface.Recharge also occurs on the wide
expanses of flat-lying beds that are exposed on the mesas between these
major structural features.In these cases,some precipitation is able to
percolate through the near-surface joints and fractures in the Mancos
Shale and Dakota sandstone,where it circulates according to the local
ground water regime.
2.6.1.2 Regional Utilization of Ground Water
Rainfall throughout most of the region is inadequate for growth of
crops so that irrigation is necessary in most locations,except in a
small area east and southeast of Monticello.Ground water is utilized
for irrigation,livestock,domestic needs and more recently ror municipal
water supplies.
Present Use
The area of greatest present development of ground water use ~n the
region is in the Blanding basin,an artesian basin east of Comb Ridge in
San Juan county (see Plate 2.4-1 in Section 2.4.1.1).Within the
Blanding basin in the areas of Montezuma Creek valley and south and east
of Blanding,there are a number of deep wells which derive good quality
water from the deep bedrock aquifers,i.e.,the Entrada,Navajo and
Wingate Sandstones.These waters are used for irrigation and domestic
needs of residents in the area.The estimated total amount of ground
water withdrawal of all these deep bedrock wells in the region is
unknown but considered very small compared to the total amount of water
available in the aquifers.
2-120
Within the last year (1977),a few deep wells for municipal ~,"ater
supplies have been drilled into the Entrada and Navajo sandstones near
Blanding and Monticello,Utah.The present usage of these wells is not
known.Blanding completed one deep well (960-foot depth)in October 1977
and anticipates drilling three more.Monticello is currently (fall,
1977)drilling a new 1000-foot deep well and anticipates drilling more as
the need occurs.
Water from shallow wells,drilled principally into unconsoli-
dated aluvium overlying the bedrock in many areas of the region,has been
used from the earliest days of settlement to the present as a source of
domestic and stock water supplies.Seme of these shallow wells,mostly
less than 150 feet deep,have been drilled into the saturated upper
portion of the Dakota sandstone which directly underlies the Mancos shale
throughout much of the region.The estimated total annual ground water
withdrawal from these shallow aquifers in the region is unkno~~.
Another area of ground water development ~n the region outside
of the Blanding basin is the broad,flat,plain east of Honticello.
Here,the ground water is derived principally from the thin veneer of
surface alluvium that overlies the Dakota sandstone and from the upper
portion of the Dakota and underlying Morrison formation.Mos t of the
wells in this area are shallow and,for the most part,water supply
requirements are relatively small.
The remainder of the region is very sparsely populated with only a
few scattered stock wells of low yields and shalla',.,depth deriving water
from alluvium and the upper part of the Dakota sandstone or Morrison
formation.
Projected Use
The projected regional use of ground water for domestic purposes and
stock watering will probably increase at the same rate as population
growth occurs in the rural areas outside of the three population centers
of Blanding,Monticello and Bluff,Utah.The ground water used for these
2-121
purposes would likely be derived from near-surface sources such as
alluvium,the Dakota sandstone,the Burro Canyon formation and the
Morrison formation.Increases in use of ground water for irrigation will
depend on the availability of land for raising of crops and an increase
~n tillable acreage.However,no significant change is anticipated.
Ground water use for municipal water supplies for Blanding,Monti-
cello and Bluff will increase at a rate commensurate with the increase in
population (see Section 2.2).The communities do anticipate drilling
additional wells for water supplies to accommodate growth.
2.6.1.3 Ground Water Regime of Project Site
The project site,located on a flat-top mesa approximately two
miles wide,1.8 partly covered with a thin veneer of alluvium which in
some places is underlain by the Mancos shale and in other locations by
the Dakota Sandstone/Burro Canyon formations.The Mancos shale contains
water soluble salts and generally water circulating through it becomes
fairly highly mineralized.The !-fancos is not a fresh water aquifer.
Stratigraphically below the Mancos shale is the Dakota sandstone,the
Burro Canyon formation and the Morrison formation which yield fresh to
slightly saline water to numerous springs and shallow wells in the
project vicinity.Both the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon forma-
tion crop out in the canyon walls and valleys of Westwater Creek,
Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek near the site.The formations are
continuous beneath the site,extending from the outcrops in Corral Creek
Canyon east of the site to the Canyon of Cottonwood Creek and Westwater
Creek west of the site.
The subsurface formations below the project site are represented by
the typical stratigraphic rock section as discussed in Section 2.4 and
illustrated in Plate 2.6-1.The known fresh water-bearing units below
the Dakota sandstone,Burro Canyon and Morrison formations at the site
are mainly the Entrada sands tone and the Navajo sandstone as shown on
Plate 2.6-1 and discussed in Section 2.6.1.1.There are no quantitative
aquifer data available on these formations 1.n the site vicinity and
2-122
little 1S known of the deeper aquifers such as the Wingate and Shinarump
of the Chinle formation.
·Recharge
In the project vicinity,the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon
formation locally receive recharge from infiltration of rainfall on the
flat-Iying mesa.
In the site area,the Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation
are well jointed by two joint sets trending N.IO-18°E and N.60-85°E (see
Section 2.4 for more detail).These open joints provide pathways for the
percolation of rainfall and downward infiltration of ponded surface
waters on the site.The joints also may act as conduits for the local
movement of ground water underneath the site.
The recharge area for the underlying deeper aquifers such as the
Navajo sandstone and the Entrada sandstone,as they occur within the
Blanding basin and under the site,is the outcrop area of these sand-
stones along the length of the north-south trending Comb Ridge Monocline
approximately 8 miles west of the project site.
Ground Water Movement
The movement of ground water occurring at shallow depths in the
Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation at the project site is
believed to be confined to isolated zones within White Nesa.These
formations are exposed and crop out in the canyon walls of the surface
drainages both east and '-lest of the site.Due to the location of the
site on the northern margin of the northwest-southeast trending Blanding
basin,the near surface formations dip one or two degrees to ·the south.
Beneath the shallow aquifers,the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison
formation loS generally impermeable and there are locally impermeable
lenses 1n the base of the Burro Canyon forma.tion.Thus,water perco-
lating into the near surface formations of the project site,such as
the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon formation,will generally
migrate southward downdip.It is probable that slight ground water
2-123
mounding may occur in the east-central part of the mesa at the site.
Ground water levels may be highest in the center of the mesa,coincident
with the highest land elevations,and lower to the east and west where
ground water can drain from the mesa through springs and seeps in the
canyons of ~'Jestwater,Cottonwood and Corral Creeks.This is partially
substantiated by water levels measured in drill holes and wells in the
project vicinity.Several springs exist along the canyon walls adjacent
to the project site.
Supplemental drilling at the mill site and tailing retention area is
planned for the spring of 1978 and will provide more information on the
local occurrence and movement of ground water at the site.Results from
this study will be included in the Supplemental Report.
Ground water movement ~n the deeper aquifers is related to the
deeper structures of the Blanding basin.The recharge area of the
Entrada and Navajo sandstones is along Comb Ridge Monocline about 8 miles
directly west of the site area.The ground water movement in these units
is thought to proceed from the recharge area eastward and southeastward
downdip toward the center of the Blanding basin,approximately 18 miles
south-southeast of the project site.At present,there are no data to
substantiate this hypothesis as there are neither maps of potentiometric
surfaces in the Navajo or Entrada nor long-term records of water levels
in the site vicinity for wells penetrating the Navajo or Entrada.
Ground Water Conditions at Mill Site and Tailing Retention Site
Ground water is present beneath the mill site at a depth of approx-
imately 56 feet below the land surface (see log of borehole No.3 in
Appendix H).This ground water is probably the water table or uncon-
fined ground water,although it may represent perched ground water.
As part of the geotechnical investigations of the mill site area
and tailing retention site area,a number of boreholes were drilled in
the project vicinity and water levels measured in those boreholes ~n
which water was present.Based on these water level measurements and
2-124
miscellaneou's water level measurements made in some abandoned stock wells
~n the immediate vicinity,a ground water-level map was constructed
showing the elevation of the water table (Plate 2.6-2)and indicating
general gradients.The water levels mapped in Plate 2.6-2 are from a few
boreholes and stock wells and are believed to represent a water table
situation and not artesian conditions.However,it is not known if the
water table recorded in each borehole is the same and is continuous or
whether there are a number of "perched"water tables throughout the
project vicinity.One of the objectives of the supplemental investiga-
tions at the mill site and tailing site areas in spring of 1978 will be
to evaluate the ground water flow system in more detail.
Using the ground water-level map (Plate 2.6-2),it appears that
the shallow ground water forming the water table throughout the project
vicinity has a gradient toward the south-southwest.The general ground
water gradient appears to be related to the general topographic gradient;
:t.e.,the highest elevations are generiilly at the northeastern edge of
the project site near Highway 47 and the lowest elevations are at
the property's southwest corner.Based on the recorded water levels as
shown on the map and assuming that the water table is continuous through-
out the map area,it can be calculated that the water table gradient
under the mill site is about 0.03,and that under the tailing retention
area is 0.01.
A number of "permeability"tests were conducted in boreholes during
the geotechnical investigation of the mill site and tailing retention
site.The tests used packers in the boreholes and injection of water
under pressure for various periods of time.The results of these "perme-
ability"tests indicate that,in general,the hydraulic conductivity
("horizontal permeability")of the formations below the water table,on
the average,ranges between 5 and 10 feet per year.However,it should
be noted that some of the packer tests conducted above the water table
indicated a much higher hydraulic conductivity while a few packer tests
conducted both above and below the water table indicated a much lower
hydraulic conductivity for selected intervals (see Appendix H).
SITEPROJECTOFMAPLEVELWATERGROUND
"\
...:IulllsrTE
"\,0
"
.,,,,....--
.~
KEY
_5520'_ELEVATION OF WATER TABLE (FEET ABOVE MSU
....DIRECTION OF SHALLOW GROUND WATER MOVEMENT
BOREHOLE LOCATION AND NUMBER ENCOUNTERING WATER
PLATE 2.6-2
2-126
Using the formula based on Darcy's Law
V =Kie
where:
V =the rate of movement of ground water through formation
K ="permeability";hydraulic conductivity of formation
(measured as 5 to 10 ft/yr)
e =porosity of for~ntation (assumed as 20 percent)
i =gradient (calculated as 0.03 at mill site and 0.01 at
tailing retention site)
the average rate of ground water movement through the water-saturated
portion of the formation below the water table can be estimated.Thus,
based on the recorded values and implied assumptions,it ~s estimated
that,on the average,the shallow ground water movement at the mill
site is approximately 0.01 to 0.02 ft (0.3 to 0.6 em)per year toward the
south-southT,yest and the shallow ground water movement at the tailing
retention site is approximately 0.0025 to 0.01 it (0.08 to 0.3 em)per
year toward the south-southwest.
2.6.1.4 Utilization of Ground Water in Project Vicinity
Present Ground Water Use
There are 39 ground water appropriation applications on file with
the Utah State Engineers Office for withdrawal of ground water within a
5-mile radius of the project site.Most of these applications are for
small wells of less than 10 gpm.The total ground water withdrawal of
the wells permitted by the appropriations within 5 mi of the project site
is approximately 3.0 second-feet or about 2170 acre-feet per year.
This includes 811 acre-feet per year requested by Energy Fuels and
approved by the Utah State Engineers Office but not yet being pumped.
Most of these wells produce water for irrigation,stock watering and
domestic use.Within this 5-mi radius,only the existing l800-ft
depth well at the Energy Fuels mill site is withdrawing water from the
underlying Navajo sandstone.All other wells in the project vicinity are
shallow wells drilled in the alluvium,the Dakota sandstone,the Burro
Canyon formation or upper parts of the Morrison formation.The locations
2-127
of registered wells within a 5-mi radius of the project site are shown
on Plate 2.6-3 and the description of these wells is included in Table
2.6-1.As indicated on Plate 2.6-3,the majority of the wells are north
and therefore,upgradient of the project site.
Projected Ground Water Use
The only recorded projection of ground water use within 5 mi of
the Blanding project site is the planned withdrawal of 811 acre-feet
per year from four wells (three more to be constructed)at the Energy
Fuels'mill site.Within a 5-mi radius of the proposed mill,there may
be a few additional irrigation or domestic wells drilled into the Dakota
or slightly deeper into the Morrison formation but no major change in the
increase in use of ground water in the project vicinity is anticipated
under the present land use.
2.6.1.5 Ground Water Regime of Hanksville Ore-Buying Station
The occurrence and distribution of ground water at the Hanksville
ore-buying station are not well known.There are only a few wells and
little data on ground water in the whole area.The geologic map of Utah
indicates that,in general,the rock types are similar to the strati-
graphic section present near Blanding.The rocks exposed at the land
surface very near the Hanksville ore-buying station are the Summerville
formation,the Curtis formation and the Entrada sandstone.
The driller's log of the water well drilled at Energy Fuel's ore-
buying station shows that the well penetrated the Curtis formation at 20
ft below the land surface.At 140 ft below the land surface,the green
glauconitic siltstones and shale of the Curtis formation are in contact
with the underlying Entrada sandstone.The well was drilled to 460 ft in
depth and completed in the Entrada sandstone with 40 ft of perforated
casing.
The driller's log indicates that ground water was first noticed
during the drilling at 40 feet below the surface within the Curtis
formation.Its quality was considered unusable.This suggests a perched
PLATE 2.6-3
TABLE 2.6-1
WATER WELLS IN PROJECT VICINITY
BLANDING,UTAH
"cll Utah Location Owner/Nature-prorhwinq I)r-pth of CaSJllq ~iz(-'of S<;[el':n Yio]c1 of•!lr'E"-_-'!.._.~'-_J,L.~~~~(.:.£~~!:.~-!oJsc ~.?.!l1Ii"1U~).!!.~-_P--EJ_).~)!~_'~!E}...!!:.L_.!E.~:.E":-:~_!.._.~
49G30 37s 2~E J5 S!lc}(lon I~.llo1t r,5 Uakota!'1rJl"rifinn JOn'-7uo'100'-'100'()"--.015 r.ee-it
19052 )7S 221'J5 George F.Lyman 5 Dakota/Nurrlson l351-1SO'135'-150'611 --.015 sec··ft
29832 3.75 22E 15 Clarence 'l'l"cgellas 0 Dakota/HurriBon )50I-200'150'-200'I"--.0.7 sec-ft
48825 j"iS i2F 14 Bal"Nark nanches Inc.I,D,S Oakota/Horriscn ItlO'-500'100'-500'6"--.015 sec-ft
4082"1 3i5 ilE 11 Bar Hark Ranches Inc.I,D,S Dakota/Horrj !>Oll )00'-500'100'-500I 6"--.0)5 sec-ft
16433 375 22E:10 Douglas GaIbraith 5 D<lkola/Morrison 190'190'6 1/4"--0.10 st1c-ft
22160 37:::22£10 \.,lillard H.Gil~'IJlOn 5 Dakota/Horrison 02'82'6"--0.015 s~c-ft:
16124 375 22£10 BL!'I 5 Dakota/t·lorrison 165'165'6"--0.013 sec-ft
49034-1 375 22E 10 C]ispee N.Lyman I,D,S OCtkot.a/Horrison 100'-400'100'-400'4"&6"--0.50 sec-ft
10 49034-2 3.75 22£10 ClislJee N.Lyman I,D,S Dakota/Morc.ison 100'-400'100'-400'4"&6"--0.50 sec-ft
11 4903-,-]3.75 221::':10 Cli sLee N.Lyman I,D,S Dakota/Norr150n 100'-,100'lOO'·~400'4"&6"--0.50 sec-ft
]2 49034-4 37S 22E ]0 Cli sbee N.LrI1lan I,D,S Da}~ota/Horr15011 100'-4Glj'100'-4(JO'4"&6"--(1.50 sec-ft
13 21400 375 22£10 Fred S.Lyman S,D,G Dakota/Horrison ]20'2],5"1.0.--10 gpm
J4 40274 3.75 22E 8 ELf.!5 Dakota/Morrison"170'1'10'6"--0.022 s(::c-ft
15 4).791 3.75 22£3 Robert E.Jlo!:>ler I,D,S Dakota/Harri son 150'-200'150'-200'6"--0.015 sec-it
-16 4186.7 3.75 22E 3 t·1i.lJ i am Si.mpson S.U,1 Dakota/Horrison lEal lEWI 4"--0.033 sec-ft
1.7 31442 3.75 22E 3 Huffur Lee Lewis 0 Dakot.J!l>lorrison 100'-3(1(l'JOO'-300'4"--0.015 sec-it
18 29651 375 22E 3 Wallkesha of utah 0 Dak.()l;d/NolTison ':;:'h'2:;H;'4 1/2"0.0.--0.015 sec-it
19 1i49S 375 22E 3 Platte D.Lyman 5 Dakota/Norrison 20U'200'E."--0.10 sec-ft
20 40298 3.75 22E 3 Dean W.Guymon 1,5 Dakota/NorrIson 100'··20i),100'-200'5"--0.015 sec-it
21 435.70 3'7$22£3 Leonal-d R.f10we 0 V<.lkota/r-lorri son 100'-300'100'-300'8"--0.10 sec-:t
22 44939 375 22£3 Leland Shumway I,D,S Da.kota/Morrison 100'-200'100'-200'6"--0.015 sec-it
23 ,W-92·1 3.75 22E 3 Bar l-lark Ranches I,D,S Dukotil/~1orr..ison 1001-500')00'-500'6"--O.015 ::;cc-·~t
2~~5749 37S 22£2 K10yd Pcrkins 5 Dakota/Morrison 100'-200'100'-200'C"--0.015 sec-it
25 41195 3.75 22E 2 J.Pc.lrley Law9 I,D,S Dakota/Hordson 150'-2()1)'150'-:;WO'6".-0.015 scc-ft
26 ]6.712 3.75 22£2 \'1i1lard N.Gu}rrnan S Dakota/Horrisan 164•20'6"1 --0.003 sec-it
2.7 4E·640 3.78 22r.22 Grant L.Bayles I,D,S Dakota/Harrisun 100'-200'100'-200'6"--0.015 sec-ft
28 4~195 375 22E 22 Boyd Lows I,D,S Di'lkotil/Morrison 100'-250'100'-250'6"--0.015 s~c-ft
29 3£'047 375 2t-'E 2.7 Ulah I.aunch complex 0 Dakot<l/Mr,rrison 100'-31)1)'1001-300'6"--0.015 sec-ft
3'47331 3.75 27E 28 Energy Fuels.Ltd.1,0,0 Dak.)td/HlJrri son 100'-200'10(1'-200'6"_..0.015 sec-it
34 <:17943 :fls ~~.E 28 Energy F'uels,Ltd.0 NaVLtjo $5 700'-HWQ'700']2"--loll sec-ft
35 36601 37S 2Z£32 Lorenzo lIankins D,S Dakota/Moedson 200'-2!iO'200'-250'6"*--0.10 sec-ft
36 3.7099 375 ~:>B 33 Hani!;Shumway I,D,S OaJ.:old/t-lorrison 800'800'?5"'1 --0.50 sec-ft
3J 27954 3.75 22E 33 Alma U.Joncs 8 Dakot.a/I·1CJrriscn 20Ul 2UOI 4 1/2"0.0.--C.OlS !H~c-ft
38 44147 375 22E 21 Klcyd E.Perkins 5 nakata/Morrison 150'ISO'4"--0.015 sec-ft
Js·48640 375 :!2E IS Plateau Res.Ltd.0 nakota/Norrison 135'60'5 J/8"0.0.--0.015 sec-ft
Sec Plate 2.6-2 for w~11 locations
-0 ""IJamestic
S ""::>tocJ~watering
'1 =l:rrigation
o '"~ndustrial
!3:~~:E.
4 separate wells joined
by 1200'of B"pipe
Water used for DrIve-in theatre
Well not yet drilled
One we]l d..rl11f;;luf three wells to he constructed
*Bottom 30'IJerforated
~I......
~1.0
2-130
water table in the Curtis formation.The driller's log indicates that
the next appearance of water occurred at 400 feet below the surface in
the Entrada sandstone.This water is probably under some artesian head
and represents the main bedrock aquifer under the ore-buying station.
2.6.1.6 Utilization of Ground Water in Vicinity of Hanksville Ore-
Buying Station
The vicinity of the Hanksville ore-buying station is very desolate
and unpopulated with only a few scattered stock wells.In fact,within a
five-mile radius of the Hanksville ore buying station there are only 5
ground water appropriation applications on file with the Utah State
Engineer's Office and only three wells drilled.These well locations are
shown on Plate 2.6-4 and their description is included in Table 2.6-2.
The total ground water usage as approved by the Utah State Engineer
within 5 mi of the ore-buying station is approximately 15 second-feet or
10,860 acre-feet per year.Of this quantity,current usage 1S probably
only 1/5 of the quantity authorized.The authorized amount of 10.0 per
acre-feet for Energy Fuels,for instance,is based upon production yields
of six (6)wells.Presently,only one well has been drilled and utilized
for production.
2.6.2 Surface Water Hydrology
No perennial surface water occurs on the project site.The follow-
ing sections describe the regional drainage and utilization of surface
water,the project vicinity's watershed,and surface water hydrology of
the project site.
2.6.2.1 Regional Occurrence and Drainage of Surface Water
The project site is situated on White Mesa which is drained almost
equally by Corral Creek on the east and by Westwater Creek on the west
(Plate 2.6-5).All drainages in the project vicinity are intermittent.
Corral Creek has a drainage area of about 5 sq m1 (13 sq km)adja-
cent to the site and 1S tributary to Recapture Creek.Westwater Creek,
............
PLATE 2.6-'"
TABLE 2.6-2
WATER WELLS IN VICINITY OF
HANKSVILLE ORE-BUYING STATION
Yield of
Well
Well Utah Location Owner!Nature·Producing
ff App.ff T R Sec.Operator ~f£E!n~
1 44294 30S llE 5 Ralph &Una Pace D,S Entrada 5S
2 2(,286 305 lIE 8 Sophie Nicolas I Entrada S'S
3 35302 295 llE 1 BLM S Entrada S5
4 22954 29S lIE 36 LaVon Forsyth S Entrada SS
5 9198-1 29S lIE 36 Energy Fuels,Ltd.I,D,S Entrada SS
6 9198-2 29S lIE 36 Energy Fuels,Ltd.I,D,S Entrada 5S
7 9196-3 295 lIE 36 Energy Fuels,Ltd.I,D,S Entrada 55
8 9198-4 295 lIE 36 Ener9Y Fuels,I.td.I,D,S Entrada SS
9 9190-5 295 lIE 36 Energy Fuels,Ltd.I,D,S Entrada SS
10 91.98-6 295 lIE 36 Energy Fuels,Ltd.I,D,S Entrada SS
See Plate 2.6-3 for well locations
*D =Dome~j tic
S =Stockwater
I =Irrigationo=Industrial
Depth of Casing Size of
Well Depth Casing
100'-300'100'-300'6"
100'-500' 100'-500'6"
300'-350'300'-350'8"
315'315'6"
200'-1000'200'-1000'6"
200'-1000' 200'-1000'6"
200'-1000' 200'-1000'6"
200'-1000'200'-1000'6"
200'-1000'200'-1000'6"
200'-1000'200'-1000'6"
6"
Screen
Interval
0.03
4.0
0.063
0.015
0.015
}>0.'
sec-ft
sec-ft
sec-ft
sec-ft
sec-ft
sec-ft
~
6 wells (one well drilled,
5 to be constructed at
future date)
NI.....
WN
.'USGS GAUGE NO.09376900.2 USGS GAUGE NO.09378630.3 USGS GAUGE NO.09378700
PROJECT SITE I
~,~~~..,:-,,~:.l :.
( .rS\.:_i..c.~,-~'-"-'LL.-o...I-""'.
DRAINAGE MAP OF
PROJECT VICINITY
PLATE 2.6-5
2-134
on the western edge of the site,has a drainage area of nearly 27 sq mi
(70 sq km)and is tributary to Cottonwood Wash.Both Cottonwood Wash and
Recapture Creek drain in a southerly direction and are tributary to the
major drainage artery of the region,the San Juan River.The confluences
of Cottonwood Wash and Recapture Creek with the San Juan River are
located approximately 18 mi (29 km)south of the project site.The
drainage areas of Recapture Creek and Cottonwood Wash at their confluence
with the San Juan River are approximately 200 sq mi (518 sq km)and 322
sq mi (860 sq km),respectively.
The San Juan River is a major tributary of the Upper Colorado
River and drains approximately 23,000 sq mi (60,000 sq krn)above Bluff,
Utah which is located at the mouth of Cottonwood wash.The San Juan
River flows in a westerly direction toward its confluence with the
Colorado River at Lake Powell,which is about 114 river miles (I83 km)
west of Bluff.
The entire Cottonwood Wash watershed drains 332 sq mi (860 sq km)
with the southern half being relatively narrow and the northern half
being wider.The creek's headwaters are in the Manti-La Sal National
Forest.Elevations within the basin range from nearly 11,000 ft (3333 m)
mean sea level (msl)at Mt.Linnaeus Peak,to a low of about 4300 ft
(1303 m)msl at the confluence of Cottonwood Wash and the San Juan
River.The creek bottom is at elevation 5100 ft (1545 m)msl directly
west of the project site.The overall basin slope averages about 154 ft
(46.7 m)per mile,or nearly 3 percent.
The Recapture Creek drainage area encompasses 200 sq mJ.(518 sq
km)and extends for nearly 38 mi (61 km)from its headwaters in the Abajo
Mountains on the north to its confluence with the San Juan River to the
south.The basin is very narrow,measuring less than 7 mJ.(11 km)TNide
at its broadest point.Elevations range from 11,360 ft (3442 m)msl at
its headwaters on Abajo Peak,to 5200 ft (1576 m)msl directly east of
the project site,to a low of 4400 ft (1333 m)msl at its confluence with
the San Juan River.
2-135
The overall basin slope is about 163 ft (49 m)per
mile,or a little over 3 percent.
The Westwater Creek drainage basin covers nearly 27 sq m1.00 sq
km)at its confluence with Cottonwood Wash,about 1.5 mi (2.5 km)
west of the project site.The west and northwest portions of the project
site lie within the Westwater Creek watershed.
The divide between Westwater Creek I s drainage area and that of
Recapture Creek passes through the City of Blanding.Runoff originating
from within Blanding is collected by both of these watercourses.
Corral Creek is a small intermittent tributary of Recapture Creek
and collects runoff from the eastern half of the project site.The
drainage area of that portion of Corral Creek above and including the
site is about 5 sq mi 03 sq km).The area of the entire Corral Creek
basin measured at its confluence with Recapture Creek is 6 sq mi (15 sq
km).
Table 2.6-3 summarizes the drainage areas in the general vicinity
of the project site as well as the major watercourses of the region.
Runoff from storms in the region 1.S characterized by a rapid rise
1.n flow rates followed by a rapid recession of flow rates.This is
probably due to the small storage capacity of shallow surface soils
1.n the region.On August 1,1968,a flow of 20,500 cfs was recorded
on Cottonwood Wash near Blanding (205 sq mi drainage area).However,the
average flow for that day was only 4,340 cfs.By August 4,the flow had
returned to the pre-flood flow rate of 16 cfs.This is characteristic
behavior for basins with very little storage capacity.
The U.S.Geological Survey (USGS)currently maintains two stream
gauges on watercourses in the region.The locations and gauge numbers
are:gauge number 09378630 1.S on Recapture Creek in the upper portion of'
the watershed,at elevation 7200 ft ms1;gauge number 09378700 is on
2-136
TABLE Z.6-3
DRAINAGE AREAS OF PROJECT VICINITY AND REGION
Drainage Area
Basin Description
Corral creek adjacent
to project site
Corral Creek at
confluence with Recapture Creek
Westwater Creek at confluence
with Cottonwood Wash
Cottonwood Wash at USGS
gauge west of project site
Cottonwood Wash at confluence
with San Juan River
Recapture Creek at USGS gauge
Recapture Creek at Confluence
with San Juan River
San Juan River at USGS gauge
downstream of Bluff,Utah
Square Miles
5.3
5.8
26.6
<205
<332
3.8
<zoo
<23,000
Square Kilometers
13.7
15.0
68.8
<531
<860
9.8
<518
~60,OOO
2-137
Cottonwood Wash about 7 m~(11 km)southwest of Blanding,at elevation
5138 ft IDS 1.In addition,a ga.uge was formerly maintained on Spring
Creek at elevation 7720 ft msl near Monticello.This gauge,numbered
09376900,was discontinued in 1971.
indicated on Plate 2.6-5.
The locations of these gauges are
During the October 1965 to present period of record for the
Recapture Creek gauge,th~·average annual yield from the 3.8 sq mi (9.8
sq km)basin was 3.9 ~n (99 mm).The minimum and maximum annual yields
on record were,respectively,0.5 ~n (13 mm)for the period from October
1970 to September 1971 and 16.2 ~n (411 mm)for the period from October
1972 to September 1973.Average annual flows for the period 1965 to 1975
are shown on Plate 2.6-6.
During the October 1964 to present period of record for the
Cottonwood Wash gauge,the average annual yield from the 205 sq mi (531
sq km)basin was 0.57 in (14 mm).The minimum and maximum annual yields
on record were,respectively,0.13 in (3 mm)for the period from October
1970 to September 1971 and 1.87 ~n (48 mm)for the period from October
1972 to September 1973.Average annual flows for the period 1964 to 1975
are shown on Plate 2.6-6.
During the period that the gauge on Spring Creek was maintained,
October 1965 to September 1972,the average annual yield from the 4.95 sq
mi (13 sq km)basin was 2.8 in (71 mm).The minimum and maximum annual
yields on record were,respectively,0.88 ~n (22 mm)for the period from
October 1969 to September 1970 and 5.27 ~n (134 mm)for the period from
October 1965 to September 1966.Average annual flows for the period 1965
to 1972 are shown on Plate 2.6-6.
The average annual water yields outlined above,3.9 in (99 mm)
from Recapture Creek,0.57 in (14 mm)from Cottonwood Wash,and 2.8 in
(71 mm)from Spring Creek,reflect the higher yields per unit area
expected from the higher altitudes of the basins.As shown on Plate
2.6-7,the upper reaches of the basins receive three times the annual
2-140
precipitation that the project site receives.The greater precipitation
produces a greater amount of runoff.
2.6.2.2 Regional Utilization of Surface Water
Surface water use within the Cottonwood Wash,Recapture Creek,
Corral Creek and Westwater Creek basins is primarily for agricultural
irrigation and stock watering.Table 2.6-4 lists the existing water
appropriations within the project vicinity.It is not known if all these
rights are being exercised.The State of UtahI s Department of Natural
Resources,Division of Water Rights is in the process of compiling a
statewide list to establish the current water users but the Blanding area
has not yet been appraised.In addition,the Division of Water Rights has
stated that "additional water rights could exist,in good condition,if
the water was used for some beneficial use prior to 1903 as long as the
right was still in use today."
On a more regional basis,water use from the San Juan River total
9900 acre-feet per year in Utah alone (Colo.Water Cons.Board and
USDA,1974).This 9900 acre-feet of water is used in many different ways
as indicated in Table 2.6-5.
2.6.2.3 Project Vicinity Watershed
The project site is situated atop White Mesa from which surface
runoff is conducted by several poorly defined,ephemeral draint:tges to
either Westwater Creek or Corral Creek (see Section 2.6.2.1).The mesa
is defined by these two adjacent·main drainages which have cut deeply
into the regional sandstone formations.White Mesa slopes gently to the
south-southwest from the town of Blanding;its elevations range from over
6000 ft msl near Blanding to around 5400 ft msl at the southern extremity
of the plateau.The project site is situated at elevations generally
ranging between 5600 ft msl and 5650 ft msl.White Mesa is about 10 mi
(16 km)in length,making its overall slope a little more than 1 per-
cent.
2-141
TABLE 2.6-4
CURRENT SURFACE WATER USERS IN PROJECT VICINITY
NAME ADDRESS APPLICATION APPLICATION QUANTITY
DATE NUMBER
CORR.4..L CREEK
Fred Halliday Blanding,UT Aug 12,1971 40839 0.5 cfs
COTTONWOOD CREEK OR WASH
Wi lliam Keller Moab,UT Nov 12,1907 1647 1.0 cfs
Hyrum Perkl.ns Bluff,UT June 22,1910 3322 5.49 cfs
U.S.Indian
Service Ignacia,CO Mar 12,1924 9486 1.18 cfs
U.S.Indian
Service Ignacia,CO Mar 24,1924 9491 0.738 cfs
U.s.Indian
Service Ignacia,CO Mar 24,1924 9492 0.298 cfs
Kloyd Perkins Blanding,UT Apr 13,1928 10320 1.455 cfs
W.R.Young Blanding,UT Oct 22,1928 104935 0.0015 cfs
W.R.Young Blanding,UT Oct 23,1928 10496 0.0022 cfs
W.R.Young Blanding,UT Oct 22,1928 10497 0.002 cfs
San Juan Monticello,UT Oct 10,1962 34666 12,000 A-F
County Water
Conserve District
Earl Perkins Blanding,UT Apr 16,1965 36924 5.0 cfs
WESTWATER CREEK
Seth Shumway Blanding,UT Jan 7,1929 10576 0.005 cfs
H.E.Shumway Blanding,UT Segregation 37601a 0.7623 cfs
Date
Feb 28,1970
Preston Nielson Blanding,UT Segregation 3760la 0.2377 cfs
Date
Oct 22,1970
Parley Redd
Kenneth
HcDonald
Blanding,UT
Blanding,UT
Claim Date Claim 2373
Oct 16,1970
Change of 42302
Approp.
June 12,1974
0.015 ds
1.0 cfs
2-142
TABLE 2.6-5
PRESENT UTAH WATER USE (1965)OF SAN JUAN RIVER
Use
Irrigated Crops (5000 acres)
Reservoir Evaporation
Incidental Usea
Municipal &Industrialb
. 1 bMl.nera s
Augmented Fish and Wildlifeb
Total
Acre-Feet
5500
100
1300
1800
1100
100
9900
aIncidental use of irrigation water by phreatophytes and
other miscellaneous vegetation.
bIncludes evaporation losses applicable to these sources
of depletion.
Source:Colo.Water Cons.Board &USDA,1974.
2-143
2.6.2.4 Project Site Drainage
The 1480-acre project site 1.S drained by both Westwater Creek and
Corral Creek.Of this area,surface runoff from approximately 384 acres
is collected by Westwater Creek and about 383 acres are drained by Corral
Creek.The remaining 713 acres in the southern and southwestern portions
of the site are drained to Cottonwood Wash.
Surface water yield from the project site averages less than 0.5
inches annually,although just how much less is not known.Cottonwood
Wash with a drainage basin composed of both mountainous land and arid
lowlands,has an annual yield of 0.57 inches at the USGS gauge.Of that
yield,a considerable portion is provided by the headwaters of the basin
which is at a much higher elevation and provides a disproportionately
higher yield.If one assumes that 15 percent of the basin is similar to
Spring Creek and Recapture Creek and yielding 3 inches annually,then the
remainder of the basin,which is similar.to the project site,1.S pro-
viding only 0.14 inches of yield to make the weighted basin average 0.57
1.n.Thus,the project site is assumed to have an average annual yield in
the range of 0.1 to 0.5 inches.The annual yield probably has wide
variations because of occasional intense thunderstorms.
2.6.2.5 Project Site Flooding Potential
A flooding potential determination can be made either by examination
of long-term stream flow records or by examination.of precipitation
records.Of the two techniques,an analysis of stream flow data is
preferred since it requires fewer assumptions and is a more direct
measure of the needed information.Unfortunately,few areas have
the high quality,long-term flow records that are required for a sta-
tistical stream flow analysis.Yne Blanding area lacks such flow records
and,therefore,precipitation analysis was used to determine the project
site flooding potential.
Flooding Analysis
To analyze the threat of flooding to the project site from adjacent
drainages and from direct precipitation,estimates of potential flooding
2-144
resulting from a probable max~mum flood (PMF)and a lOa-year flood were
used.A probable max~mum flood is defnied by the World Meteorological
Organization (1973)as:
"The hypothetical flood characteristics (peak discharge,
volume,and hydrograph shape)that are considered to be the most
severe reasonably possible at a particular location,based on
relatively comprehensive hydrometeorological analyses of criti-
cal runoff-producing precipitation (and snowmelt,if pertinent)
and hydrological factors favorable for maximum flood runoff."
A PMF is prepared by estimating probable max~mum precipitation (PMP)
amounts over the drainage basins,and then arranging these amounts in an
optimum time sequence to produce the maximum flood runoff likely.A PMF
represents the most severe runoff conditions considered to be "reasonably
possible."
While a PMF is an outstanding event,a flood resulting from the
lOa-year precipitaton (a lOO-year flood)is smaller and more likely to
occur.The term "lOa-year precipitation"is the rainfall of .g particular
duration,usually 24 hours or less,that is equaled or exceeded once
every 100 years.A lOa-year flood has about a one percent probability of
occurring once ~n anyone year.
Precipitation Analysis Probable max~mum precipitation used ~n
deriving the PMF,is defined by the World Meteorological Organizgtion
(1973)as:
"The theoretically greatest depth of precipitation for a given
duration that is meteorologically possible over the applicable
drainage area that would produce flood flows of which there is
virtually no risk of being exceeded.These estimates involve
certain modifications and extrapolation of historical data to
reflect more severe rainfall meteorological conditions than
actually recorded,in the general region of the basin under
study,insofar as these are deemed reasonably possible of
occurrence on the basin of hydrometeorological reasoning."
2-145
Two types of probable max~mum precipitaton (PMP)were considered in
developing the probable maximum flood.The first is thunderstorm rain-
fall,characterized by extremely intense precipitaton of short duration.
The second is the rainfall from a general-type storm,characterized by
less intense precipitation over a much longer period of time.
The PMP estimate for different durations from thunderstorm and
general type storms are presented on Plate 2.6-8.These data were taken
directly or derived from tables and charts of the U.S.Bureau of Reclam-
ation's (973)"Design of Small Dams."The values are for PMP at a point
(applicable to an area up to 10 sq mi (26 sq km).For areas over 10 sq
mi,the values shown must be reduced by appropriate areal reduction
factors.As shown,the general type storm PMP produces 9.8 in (249 mm)
of rainfall in 48 hours.The PMP generated by a thunderstorm is more
intense,producing 7 in (178 mm)in only 1 hour.The thunderstorm
is not expected to last more than 1 hour in this region (USBR,1973:52).
In addition to the PMP rainfalls,the rainfall events having return
periods of 2 to 100 years were determined for the area.The values shown
on Plate 2.6-8 were computed from NOAA and NWS (1973).The resulting 2-,
5-,10-,25-,50-and 100-year 24-hour precipitation depths are 1.4 in
(35 mm),1.8 in (45 mm),2.1 in (53 mm)2.5 in (63 mm),2.8 in (72 mm)
and 3.2 in (81 mm),respectively.Precipitation depths for these return
periods are shown on Plate 2.6-8 for the 24-hour duration as well as
intermediate durations down to 15 minutes.
Unit Hydrographs Unit hydrographs were developed to describe the
rainfall-runoff response of the study basins which are the basins for the
drainages adjacent to the project site shown on Plate 2.6-5.Ideally,
the unit hydrographs should be determined and verified from historical
floods and associated rainfall/runoff relationships.Since such data
were not available for these watersheds,synthetic unit hydrographs were
derived based on the physiographic characteristics of the drainage areas.
These synthetic unit hydrographs were computed using the procedures set
~FROM,PRECIPITATION ATLAS OF THE WESTERN
UNITED STATES,VOL.VI-U7A4-NOAA
AND NWS,1973.
48241262 3
TI ME (H 0URS )
1.50.25
"".-"".-
I
~/
v/
/
THUNDERSTORM GENERAL-TYPE STORM /
PMP (USSR 1973)'\PMP (USSR,1973)./--y
///'
/,;"
.//
//
//'
/~
/'/
/
i/----/~0.-~50,;'~25~,,":::::=----:10
",.'::::::=:::::--___5-",.""=-----'---"".--2 YR.----1
8
10
2
9
......
U
lLJ
c:::3c..
z:
o 5......
l-
e(
I-
;:4
Vl 7
lLJ
:I:
U
::;6
a ""ac=•.....n....-_""a
0-z ....•I ...:::!
:g I.0~I'"Z-I •.0
1ft .c=a
"->I .......Z ""a
~n ....
Q)I -e =-
2-147
out by the U.S.Bureau of Reclamation (USBR)and the Soil Conservation
Service (SCS).
Flood Hydrograph Analysis Using the previously described precipi-
tation quantities and depth-duration relationships given on Plate
2.6-8,the runoff producing rainfall was computed.Retention losses,
rainfall lost by soil infiltration or evaporated from the soil surface,
were then determined by SCS criteria.For the PMP,near-saturated
antecedent moisture conditions were adopted corresponding to curve
number 85 (USBR,1973).For the 100-year event,lIaveragell basin condi-
tions were assumed,resulting in the use of curve number 60.Incremental
runoff quantities were then convoluted with the previously determined
unit hydrographs to obtain the flood hydrographs for each event.Com-
parison of the PMF's front thunderstorms and general storms showed that
the thunderstorm produced the longest peak flows.The hydrographs from a
PMP thunderstorm are shown on Plate 2.6-9.
The PMF hydrographs shown for Cottonwood Wash,Westwater Creek and
Corral Creek adjacent to the project site have peak discharges of 66,000
cfs (1869 cms),18,000 cfs (510 cms)and 14,000 cfs (396 cms),respec-
tively.The 100-year discharges for the same watersheds are 4500 cfs
(127 cms),450 cfs (12.7 cms)and 114 cfs (3.2 cms),respectively.By
observation,the water courses for these three creeks have capacities
which far exceed the computed PMF values.Therefore,the project site
cannot be inundated due to floods on these drainages.
Flooding of the project site due to direct precipitation is dis-
cussed in detail in Appendix H.The precipitation depth-duration used in
Appendix H is the same as that developed above,under IIPrecipitation
Analysis.II
The flood of record on Cottonwood Wash that occurred on August 1,
1968 was 20,500 cfs (581 cms).The rainfall that produced this record
flow was almost 4.5 in (114 mm)in a 24-hour period.This flow is over 4
times the estimated 100-year discharge.As mentioned previously,no
>;~,c,.>~~;:..,.
,/
72000
12
L COTTONWOOD WASH
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
PEAK=25,600 CFS
4 6 8 10
TIME (HOURS)
UNIT HYDROGRAPHS
2
jJWESTWATER CREEK
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
PEAK=5800 CFS
.CORRAL CREEK
UNIT HYDROGRAPH
I "PEAK=3100 CFS...~te:
28000
32000
4000
16000
w
(C)
n:::
c:{:cu 8000
(f)
.......o
u.......
CO
=:)
U
~12000
ozou 24000w
(/)
n:::w
0....20000
I-wwu..
~~~TTONWOOD WASH PEAK
~OOO CFS
FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS
jCWESTWATER C~EE.KPEAK18,000tF8
-CORRALL CRE~KPEAK14,000 CFSJ.,<'\:'
o IV .'..'ii',,O.IP ."I ",r I'.o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0
TIME (HOURS)
8000
w
~24QOO
c:{:cu
(f)
.......016000
64000
I-
w 40000wu..
u.......
CO 32000=:)
u
48000n:::w
0....
o 56000zouw
(/)
~=c::::
Z
Il:'...,
::a.."en::a....==~::a..~...-...,.."-......->e=--<.Ill:'c::::l::a •1=IC")0I::a
I.8..".=I en
"1JSrn
"->
0-
I
'0
2-149
statistical frequency analysis was performed on the meteorological data,
but this 4.5 in (114 mm)rainfall was certainly an extremely unusual
event,most probably generated by a general-type storm system,since high
runoff occurred for several days both before and after the peak flow
event.
The PMF hydrograph shown on Plate 2.6-9 ~s the result of the
thunderstorm PMP,i.e.7 in (178 mm)of rainfall in 1 hour.Although the
PMP associated with a general-type storm produces more rainfall,9.8 in
(249 mm),the intensity is much less since the duration is much longer at
48 hours.The PMF hydrograph from such a rainfall would result in more
volume of runoff than the PMF thunderstorm but the peak discharge would
be less,therefore being less critical as far as flooding potential is
concerned.Also,since the flood of record on Cottonwood Wash occurred in
August,no snowmelt baseflow was added to the above PMF estimate.If the
snowmelt component were included it would produce a negligible change in
the peak flood flows shown.
2.6.3 Water Quality
Water quality determinations are being made of surface and ground
waters in and around the proposed mill site to evaluate and describe the
existing conditions and to be able to make predictions of possible future
impacts on the water quality as a result of the planned action.
Sampling stations are located to provide baseline water quality
conditions up gradient and down gradient from the site for both subsur-
face and surface waters.These locations were chosen to be as represen-
tative of specific conditions as possible and the frequency of sampling
was selected to provide a statistically valid sampling.
The water quality parameters chosen for analysis represent the major
chemical,physical and radiological properties that would be important
for possible intended uses of the water and would be appropriate to
monitor during the life of the project to detect possible changes in
water quality.
2-150
An explanation of the significance of selected chemical and physical
prop~rtics of water and a discussion uf the water sampling procedures and
techniques are included 1n Appendix B.
2.6.3.1 Ground Water Quality 1n Project Vicinity
In general,ground water quality is related to the type of geologic
formation from which the water is derived.The ground water from wells
drilled into the alluvium and at shallow depths in the Dakota sandstone,
the Burro Canyon formation and the Morrison formation is slightly min-
eralized with a range of total dissolved solids from approximately 300 to
2000 milligrams per liter (mgil)(Feltis,1966:28).
The water quality 1n the deeper aquifers,such as the Navajo sand-
stone and the Entrada sandstone,varies considerably.The Entrada has
yielded fresh water to water wells in some areas of southeastern Utah and
saline water in others.No data are available regarding its quality in
the vicintiy of the project site.The Navajo sandstone,however,yields
fresh water to the mill site well.Its total dissolved solids content is
about 245 mg/l.Generalized descriptions of ground water quality from
many different formations present in the region and the Blanding vicinity
are listed by specific wells and location in Table 3 of Feltis (1966).
l.J'ater samples have been collected and analyzed -from spr1ngs and
wells in the ?roject vicinity as part of the baseline field investiga-
t1ons.The locations of these sampling sites and other preoperational
water quality sampling stations are sho~~in Plate 2.6-10 (those north of
the project site are upgradient).Results of analyses are listed 1.n
Table 2.6-6.
In general,the quality of the shallow ground water discharging from
the springs in the project vicinity ranges from 780 to 1270 mg/l in total
dissolved solids.The ground water is a sodium sulphate-bicarbonate to a
sodium-calcium sulphate-bicarbonate type water with a neutral to slightly
alkaline pH (see analyses of stations No.G4R and G3R).
PLATE 2.6-1 0
TABLE 2.6-6
r;;i{.~;",~±·'·
WATER QUALITY OF GROUND WATERS AND SPRINGS IN PROJECT VICINITY
Location
Station No.
Spring in Corral Ck
GIR
Blanding Mill Site Well in Navajo Sandstone
G2R
COllec'tion Date
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)
Field pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature ('C)
Estimated Flow,gpm
Determination (l~
7/25/77 11/10/77 1/27/771 5/4/772 7/25/77
400
6.9
22.2
20
12/05/77 12/05/77 3
pH
TDS (@180'C)
Redox Potential
Alkalinity (as CaC03)
Hardness,total (as CaC03)
,Carbonate (as C03)
Aluminum,dissolved
Ammonia (as N)
Arsenic,total
Barium,total
Boron,total
Cadmium,total
Calcium,dissolved
Chloride
Sodium,dissolved
Silver,dissolved
SUlfate,dissolved (as 504)
Vanadium,dissolved
Manganese,dissolved
Chromium,total
Copper,total
Fluoride,dissolved
I ron,total
Iron,dissolved
Lead,total
Magnesium,dissolved
Mercury,total
Molybdenwn,dissolved
Nitrate (as N)
Phosphorus,total (as P)
8.0
244--
189
J.96
t:l t:l
Z ZHH 0.0I>':I>':t:lo P.Ul Ul 0.0
D-l D-l 0.014f-<f-.<0.00<0<U U
0 0..:I ..:I 0.040
f-<[~0.0
Cl 0 51ZZ
A A 0.0
..:I ..:I 8.0:::>:::>0 0UU 0.0
;s:;s:24
0 0..:I ..:If.L.~L,0.020
;s:;s:0.0
0 0..:I ..:I 0.0
0.17
0.54--
0.0
17
0.0
--
0.05
(ortho)0.03
7.9
245
180
49
50?
17
0.1
19
00
0.12
7.7
1110
220
224
208 >0>0 >0>0PH>:;~I>':0 0 0I=lf-<I=lf-<<0.01 ~,~~~<0.1 ~o fJ.:lO<0.01 ....:I~..:I~N
0.13 t:loO<t:loO<I;:;;;..:1 ;:;;;..:100 ......
U19 Ut:l VI
<0.1 Z Z N
0.004 f-<H f-<HD-lf-<roLl f-<
51 >OUl >OUl~~<1 f-<[....f-<f-<0 05.3 Z..:I Z..:I0<0<[I).....Ul .....<0.002 .....u .....u
UllO<:Ull>':17 >OD-l >OD-l
<0.002 ~~~~0.03 ZO ~80.02 O<U
0.005
0.22
0.61
0.57
0.02
18
0.002
<0.01
<0.05
<0.01
1Utah State Division of Ilealth Analysis,Lab No.77061
2partial analysis by Hazen Research,Inc.,Sample No.HRI-11503
3Replicate sample analyzed for Quality Assurance on radioactivity
-~;~:r:,-
TABLE 2.6-6 (Continued)
Location
Station No.
~!ing in Corra.l Ck
GIlt
Blanding Mill Site Well in Navajo Sandstone
G2R
Collection Date .7/25/77 11/10/77 1/27/771 5/4/772 7/25/77 12/05/77 12/05/773
Determination (m&L!l
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica,dissolved (as SiO~)
Strontium,dissolv~d &"
Uranium,total (as U)
Uranium,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Deterlllin~tj~_JQfi!lJ
Gross Alpha+Prec.ision'l
Gross Beta+Precision4
Radium-22b+Precision4
Thorium-23D+Precision 4
Lead-210+Prec is ion'l
PoloniulII-=-210+Precision~
tC:)t:l
Z ZHH0::0::P.P.<I)<I)
~~E-o E-o..;~u u00
o-l o-l
E-o E-o00ZZ
r::l r::lo-l o-l:::>:::>0 0uu
:=:::=::0 0~o-lr.t.r.t.
:;,:::::0 0~~o-l
3.0
0.0
12
0.0
5.8
7+1
<20+?
3.2
0.05
12
0.67
<0.002
<0.002
0.39
10.2+2.6
73+19
0.1+0.3
0.7+2.7
1.0+2.0
0.0+0.3
><><<Xl 0::or::lE-o~<f.E-oc:2~o~~<XlP.~~~o
Ut:l
ZE-oH~E-o><<1)
~E-oE-ooZo-l~
<l)HHU<1)0::><~o-l::<:~::<:zo<U
><><<Xl 0::or::lE-o~;:2
~oo-l<XlP.";~.....:Io
Ut:l
ZE-oH~E-o><<n~E-oE-ooz~
<l)HHU<1)0::><~~~zo..:u
t~I
I-'
VI
W
4Variability of the radioactive disintegration process (counting error)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-210 is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-210 in approximately 1380 days or 3.8 years.
Illere will be equal activities of polonium-210 and lead-210 when in equilibrium.
TABLE 2.6-6 (Continued)
..;.;...(~.'~
Spring in Spring in Spring in
Location Cottonwood Creek Cottonwood Creek Westwater Creek Abandoned Stock Well
Station No.G3R G4R G5R G6R
Collection Date 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)950 2400 760
r:ield pI!7.4 6.4 6.7
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (·C)13.5 24 70
Estimated flow,gpm .5 10 2
Determinati'!.!!.--J..!!!.8/IJ
pH IJ..l 7.8 7.0 8.1
TDS (@IS0·C)...:I 975 1270 780
Redox Potential p..260 240 260
Alkalinity (as CaC03)~187 643 252VlHardness,total (as CaC03)477 232 264>-N...:I ICarbonate(as C03)f.4 0 0 0l-<....Aluminum,dissolved <t:<0.1 0.06 0.4 Vl
Ammonia (as N)::J <0.1 0.13 <0.1 IJ..l IJ..l .f:-0'...:I ...:I IJ..l IJ..lArsenic,total Q --<0.01 --n.p.....:I ...:I<~~p..0.,Barium,total <0.2 0.25 <0.2 ~::>:0 Vl Vl <f-l-<Vl (J)Roron,tota l.0.2 0.3 0.1 0 0~l-<l-<0 0Cadmium,total IJ..l 0.004 0.004 0.002 l-<E-<
Calcium,di~solved E-<375 58 135 ~~~IJ..l 1.Ll IJ..l IJ..lChloride25171E-<E-<...:I ...:I..,;~"'l "'lSodium,dissolved ::r:200 400 115 ;3::<t:<t:0 Z z::>0 0 ::J ::>Silver,dissolved 0 --0.004 --z zzSulfate,dissolved (as S04)IJ..l 472 333 243
Vanadium,rli.ssolved E-<<0.01 0.006 <0.01
Manganese,,Jissolved 0 <0.005 1.1 0.060zChromium,total 0.1 0.02 <0.01
Copper,toted <0.005 0.005 <0.005
Fluoride,dlssolved 0.6 1.0 0.5
Iron,total 0.05 0.34 0.16Iron,dissolved 0.02 0.32 O.ll
Lead,total <0.05 0.03 <0.05
Magnesium,dissolved 265 19 28Mercury,to ta]<0.005 0.002 0.001
Molybdenum,dissolved --<O.Dl
Nitrate (as N)2.77 0.06 0.26
Phosphorus,tot.al (as P)0.06 0.07 0.07.
TABLE 2.6-6 (Continued)
G3R
Spring in
Location Cottonwood Creek
Station No.
Spring in
Cottonwood Creek
G4R
Spring in
Westwater Creek
G5R
Abandoned Stock Well
G6H
Collection Date 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Determination (mg/l)
Potassium.dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica dissolved (as Si02)
Strontium,dissolved
Uranium,total (as U)
Uranium,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
D~lermination (pCi/~
Gross Alpha+Precision-
Gross Beta+Precision-
Radium-226+Precision-
Thorium-230+Precision~Lead-2l0+Pr~~ision­
Polonium-=-210+Precis ionI,
~l..:l
0..~ff)
><....lJ.1.lf-<~0'
J.1.l~
of-<
~J.1.lf-<«,;;::
::r:'-':::>ozP-l
f-<oZ
2.8 6.6 4.30.14
9 29 16
1.3 2.7 1.3
0.010 0.005 0;006 P-l J.1.l..:l ....l P-l P-lP.0......l ....l
0.010 0.004 0.006 ~~0..0..
0.015 0.06 0.15 ff)rn ~~
1 8 rn rn002839f-<f-<0 0f-<f-<2 1 ~~
11 21 P-l J.1.l J.1.l P-lf-<f-<....l iX5«,«,P'I;;::;;::«,«,NZZI00:::>:::>......z z V1JO.2+3.1 V137"+21
0.0+0.2
0.2+0.8
0.0+2.0
0.0+0.3
-Variability of the radioactive disintegtation process (counting error)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-2lD is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-210 in approximately 1380 days or 3.8 years.
There will be equal activities of polonium-2lD and lead-2lD when in equilibrium.
.'_~.>-l,~_~:;J''
Location
Station No.
TABLE 2.6-6 (Continued)
Abandoned Stock Well
G7R
~':,,:;-~,-"C',•
'\
Collection Date
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/em)
Field pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Temperature (oC)
Estimated flow,gpm
Determination (mg/l)
7/25/77 .11/10/77 Future date Future date Future date
pll
TDS (@lSO·C)
Redox Potential
'Alkalinity (as CaC03)
Hardness,total (as CaC03)
Carbonate (as C03)
Aluminum,dissolved
Ammonia (as N)
Arsenic,total
Barium,total
Roron,total
Cadmium,total
Calcium,dissolved
Chloride
Sodium,dissolved
Silver,dissolved
Sulfate,dissolved (as 504)
Vanadium,dissolved
Manganese,dissolved
Chromium,total
Copper,total
Fluoride,dissolved
Iron,total
Iron,dissolved
Lead,total
Magnesium,dissolved
Mercury,total
Molybdenum,dissolved
Nitrate (as N)
Phosphorus,total (as P)
III III NH~~p..p..I~~i-'V1U)U)0\
0 0
E-<E-<
~L1 III
H H
~~-<-.,;z Z .J;:J ;:J
Location
Station No.
TABLE 2.6-6 (Concluded
G7R
'.,.~.~ji.::'':i.
Collection Date 7/25/77 11/10/77 Future date Future date Future date
----_._------------------------------------------------------------
Determination._l~gLll
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica dissolved (as Si02)
Strontium,dissolved
Uraniwn,total (as U)
Uranium,·dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Determination (pCi/l)
Gross Alpha+Precision~
Gross Beta+Precision'f
Radillm-226+Precision~
Thorium-23~+Precision~
Lead-2l0+Precision~
Polonium:-2l0+Precision~
f.Q f.Qo-l o-lp.,p.,
~~Ul Ul
0 0E-<E-<
f.Q f.Q
o-l o-l
!Xl !Xl...;...;NZZI::>::>.....
\Jl-J
~Variability of the radioactive disintegration process (counting error)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-2IO is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-2l0 in approximately 1380 days or 3.8 years.
There will be equal activities of polonium-21D and lead·210 when in equilibrium.
2-158
Hore information will be gathered regarding the quality of shallow
ground water at the mill site and tailing retention site.These data
will be submitted in the Supplemental Report.
The water quality analysis of ground water from the mill site
well drilled into the Navajo sandstone is included in Table 2.6-6 for
reference and comparison with other ground waters.However,it must be
recognized that the ground water in the Navajo sandstone beneath the mill
site is isolated from the shallow'ground water regime of the Dakota-
Morrison rock formations by several hundred feet of less permeable
geologic formations.Therefore,because these geologic formations are of
different character and physical composition,it is understandable that
the ground water compositions are entirely different in each formation.
Specifically,based on analyses of water from the Blanding mill site
well (Station No.G2R),the ground water in the Navajo sandstone 1S a
calcium-bicarbonate type water with low total dissolved solids,and a
very slightly alkaline pH.The dissolved iron content of 0.57 mg/l,
however,would require treatment 1n order to meet U.S.Public Health
Service (1962)recommended standards of 0.3 mg/l for drinking water.
2.6.3.2 Surface Water Quality in Project Vicinity
Surface water samples have been collected at several locations
around the project site and analysed as part of the baseline field
studies.The locations of these preoperational surface water quality
sampling stations are shown on Plate 2.6-10 and the results of the
analyses are presented in Table 2.6-7.
Two sets of surface water samples have been collected from the
Blanding site area;one in July 1977,another in November 1977.Samples
were collected from Westwater Creek,Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek,
intermittent streams which drain the mill site area;and,from a surface
stock pond just southeast of the proposed mill site.Attempts have been
made to sample Recapture Creek at Station No.S4R and a small wash south
TABLE 2.6-7
WATER QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS IN PROJECT VICINITY,BLANDING,UTAH
Corral/Recapture
Location Westwater Creek Corral Creek Corral Creek Creeks Junction
Station No.SIR S2R S3R S4R--Collection Date 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)490 2000 2400
field pH 7.6 6.8
Dissolved Oxygen >Ll -->Ll >Ll
Temperature (·C)~3 H ~27.7 8p..p..p..
Estimated Flow,sec-ft ;;;;0.02 ~~0.09 0.02~U)U)U)
Determination (mg/l)>->->-H H Hpll>Ll 8.2 ~Ll >Ll 6.7 8.0E-<E-<E-<TDS (@l80·C)~496 <:t:~1350 3160
Redox Potential :::.220 :::.:::.260 2400-0-0-Alkalinity (as CaC03)>Ll 206 >Ll >Ll 70 172 >Ll >Lli=l i=l i=l H HlIardness·,total (as CaC03)~262 ~<:t:853 1910 p..p..
0 0 0 ~~Carbonate (as C03)E-<0 E-<E-<0 0 U)U)
Aluminum,dissolved ~0.2 ~~0.04 <0.1 0 0
Ammonia (as N)<0.1 0.15 <0.1 E-<E-<N>Ll >Ll >LlArsenic,total ~--~~<0.01 --~;;;;IE-<E-<E-<~.....Barium,total U)<0.2 U)U)0.36 0.4 >Ll >Ll VI
Z p,;p,;\0Z=~E-<E-<Boron,total H 0.1 H H 0.1 0.2 U)U)
Cadmium,total ~<0.002 p,;~0.004 0.006 z zCalcium,dissolved >Ll 76 >Ll >Ll 150 78 H HE-<E-<E-<Chloride ~17 ~~S4 152 p,;p,;
Sodium,dissolved ::::::::115 160 >Ll >Ll
~31 E-<E-<~:r.~~t.:l t?t.:l ::::::::Silver,dissolved :::.--:::.:::.0.004 --0 0 0 0 0Sulfate,dissolved as S04)z 103 z z 803 2000 z zVanadium,dissolved >Ll <0.01 >Ll >Ll 0.004 <0.01
Manganese,dissolved E-<0.030 E-<E-<0.20 0.030000Chromium,total z <0.01 z z 0.02 0.01
Copper,Total <0.005 0.01 0.010
Fluoride,dissolved 0.3 0.32 0.6
Iron,total 0.28 0.08 0.09
Iron,dissolved 0.17 0.12 0.07
Lead,total <0.05 0.04 0.15
Magnesium,dissolved 17 120 20
Mercury,total <0.0005 0.002 <0.0005Holybdenum,dissolved --<0.01NitrateCasN)<0.05 0.21 0.11
Phosphorus,total (as P)0.05 0.21 0.06
::":'''':'';';'~,~~>:
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
",.::,"\
Location
Station No.
Westwater Creek
SIR
Corral Creek
SZR
Corral Creek
S3R
Corral/Recapture
Creeks Junction
S4R
Collection Date
Determination (I!!&.LU
7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica dissolved (as Si02)
Strontium,dissolved
Uranium,total (as U)
Uranium,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Determinati~_Ci/l)
Gross Alpha+Precision l
Gross Deta.Precisionl
Radium -226"+Precision1
Thorium -23IT+Precisionl
Lead -2l0+Pricision1
Polonium ~ZlO+Precisionl
2,8 13 4.8 P'l P'l
0 --0 0 0.16 o-l o-l
E-o E-o E-o --Po.Po.
~JJ~7 ~~10 2 ~:ii0.44 1.9 2,2 UJ UJ
J-Ll..:.:l 0.006 P'lP'l P'lP'l 0.005p:p..~o-l P:o-l 0.028 0 0
~:ii E-oA.E-oPo.E-o [....
0.002 UJ:2:UJ:iiUJ<'(0.002 0.028 :ii ~z 0,09 ZUJ ZUJ 0.06 0.02H:><H H P'l P'l
o-l 6 ;...:><11 P:P:
P:P'l 23 t:x:o-l t:x:o-l E-o E-oP'lE-o P'lr.!.l J.Ll P'l 79 UJ UJ
E-o<'(1 E-oE-o E-oE-o 1<'(::><'(<'(<'(<'(Z z:s:o-12 :s::::>:s:::>9 H H
P'l cy 0-::co ::c ~l :J::P'l P:po:
t:l<'(t:lO t:lO P'l r.!.l N::>::><'(::><'(E-o E-o I000<'(<'(z z z :s::s:......
P'l P'l P'l 15+2 0'\
180+20 0 0 0
E-<r....E-o Z Z
0 0 0 0.0+0.3zzz3.1+6.5
1.4+2.1
0.0!:0.3
IVariability of the radioactive disintegration process (counting error)at the 95%confidence level.1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-210 is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-2l0 in approximately
1380 days or 3.8 years.There will be equal activities of polonium-2l0 and lead-2l0 when in equilibrium.
TA~LE 2.6-7 (Continued)
Location Surface Pond Unnamed Wash Cottonwood Creek COttOllWOOtl Creek
Station No.S5R S6R S7 S8R
Collection Date 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 )1/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)100 550 445
Field pH 6.8 6.6 6.9
Dissolved oxygen
Temperature (0 C)7 35 6.0
Estimated flow,sec-ft None 0.4 0.07
Determination ~
pH 6.9 7.5 8.2
IDS (@180°C)26·l 944 504RedoxPotential280220260
Alkalinity (as CaC03)218 134 195Hardness,total (as CaC03)67 195 193
C,lI"buna te (as C03)0 0 0.Aluminum,dissolved 2.0 3.0 0.7Ammonia(as N)<0.1 0.12 <0.1 N
Arsenic,total --0.02 --I.....B<lrium,total <0.2 1.2 0.2 0\
~~~~.....
....:l ....:l ....:l ....:lBoron,total 0.2 n.n.n.n.0.1 0.2
Cadmium,total r::l <0.002 ~~::;:~0.004 <0.002~..;
C<llcium,dissolved ....:l 22 Ul Ul Ul Ul 79 54n.Chloride ~8 0 0 0 0 13 24Sodium,dissolved 0.6 ~~~~i 36 66Ul~!P::P::~
~~~....:l ....:lSilver,dissolved 0 --~~IX1 IX1 0.002
Sulfate,dissolved as S04)z 64 ...;~...;...;564 132:==z z
Vanadium,dissolved <0.01 :=>:=>0.003 <0.0100Manganese,dissolved 0.095 z z 0.84 0.065
Chromium,total 0.04 0.14 <0.01
Copper,total 0.005 0.09 0.005Fluoride,dissolved <0.1 0.36 0.2Iron,total 9.4 150 5.9
Iron,dissolved 1.2 1.4 0.62Lead,total <0.05 0.14 <0.05
Magnesium,dissolved 3.2 24 17Mercury,total <0.0005 0.002 <0.0005Molybdenum,dissolved --<0.01 0.10Nitrate(as N)4.26 1.77 0.14Phosphorus,total (as P)0.04 0.05 3.2
·c~-:';i;~'.~:;.-~-
Location
Station No.
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
Surface Pond Unnamed Wash Cottonwood Creek Cottonwood Creek
S5R S6R S7 S8R
Collection Date
Determination (mg/l)
7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77 7/25/77 11/10/77
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica dissolved (as Si02)
Strontium,dissolved
Uranium,total (as U)
Uraniwn,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Determination (pCi/1)
Gross Alpha+Precisionl
Gross Beta+Precisionl
Radium-226+Precision l
Thorium-23D+Precision l
Lead-2l0+Pr"€:cision1
Polonium-=-210+Precisionl
14 6.9 3.2
0.08210 80.10 0.64 0.600,004 [.I.l [.I.l 0.027 0.004,-1 ...:lp.p.[.I.l [.I.l~~...:l ...:lQ0.003 r:>.Po.0.015 0·.004[.I.l 0.02 U)U)~:::;:0.06 0.05...:l -<Po.15 0 0 U)U)7~f-f-7l 0 0 61U)2 c:x:c:x:E-<E-<21.L1 ~lE-<268 f-f-[.I.l I.I~1460-<-<...:l ...:lZ:s:~P'l P1 1-.)<f,<f,
0 0 z Z IZZ::>::>....
!J'16+3 N
72+17
0.6+1.3
0.9+0.6
0.8+1.9
0.D+0.3
IVariability of the radioactive disintegration process (counting arros)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-2lD is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-ZID in approximately
1380 days OJ'3.8 years.There will be equal activities of polonium-ZID and lead-ZlD when in equilibrium.
.,,'.:~~;,~~:f-
Location----
Station No.
TABLE 2.6-7 (Continued)
We 5 twater Creek~_
S9
Collection datc
Field Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)
Field pH
Dissolved Oxygen
Ten1perature ('C)
Estimated Flow,sec-ft
Det~rmination (mg/l)
7/25/77 11/10/77 future dates Future dates
pll
TDS (@180'C)
Redox Potential
Alkalinity (as CaC03)
Hardness,total (as CaC03)
.Carbonate (as C03)
Aluminum,dissolved
Ammonia (as N)
Arsenic,total
Barium,total
BOTon ,tota 1
Cadmium,total
Calcium,dissolved
Chloride
Sodium,dissolved
Silver,dissolved
Sulfate,dissolved (as S04)
Vanadium,dissolved
Manganese,dissolved
Chromium,total
Copper,total
Fluoride,dissolved
Iron,total
Iron,dissolved
Lead,total
Magnesium,dissolved
Mercury,total
Molybdenum,dissolved
Nitrate (as N)
Phosphorus,total (as P)
P-l P-l...l ...lp..p..
~~tI)tI)
0 0 Nf-<~~,
~~.....
0\
P-l P-l LV
~,~
f-<f-<
tI)tI)
z ....,..~1-1 1-1
~~
P-l ~~
f-<f-<~~:=::
0 0zz
~:::,~,'~~~'~:.-~c'.'.
Location
TAB~E 2.6-7 (Concluded)
Westwater Creek
S9
----,------Station No.
Collection date
Determination (mg/ll
7/Z5/77 11/10/77 Future dates Future dates
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica,dissolved (as SiOZ)
Strontium,dissolved
Uranium,total
Utaniwn,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Determination (pCi/l)
Gross Alpha.Precision1
Gross Beta+'Precision1
Radium-22 (i+f'recis ion 1
Thorium-Z30+Precision 1
Lead-ZIO.Pr;~cisionl
Polonium~2IO+Precisionl
~J.1.l..::I ..::IP..P..~~U)U)
0 0
E-o E-o
~~J.1.l J.1.lP:P:E-o E-oU)U)
z Z
H H
P:P:J.1.l J.1.lE-o E-o N
~~i
I-'
0 0 0'\
Z Z ~
IVariabilitJ of the radioactive disintegration pro~ess (counting error)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-ZIO is 138 days,it will be in equilibrium with lead-ZlD in approximately
1380 days or 3.8 years.There will be equal activities of polonium-ZlO and lead-ZlO when in equilibrium.
2-165
of the plant site at Station No.S6R;but,at the times of sampling these
statio~s h~ve had no water to sample.
The sampling times in July and November occurred within a few days
of major precipitation events within the drainage area of these streams.
At other times during the period from July 1977 to present there has not
been sufficient flow available in the streams for sampling.It ~s
intended that these streams will be sampled at the same site locations ~n
the spring at a time when the snow1llelt runoff hopefully will provide
adequate flow in the streams for representative sampling.
The analyses of water samples collected at Stations SIR and S8R on
Westwater and Cottonwood Creeks indicate that the water is of a calcium-
sodium sulphate type with a slightly alkaline pH.The water analyses
from Station S3R on Corral Creek indicate that this water is a mixed
calcium-sodium-magnesium sulphate type water of slightly acidic pH with
high amounts of chlorides.The total dissolved solids of all the surface
waters sampled in the project vicinity,except for the pond (Station No.
S5R)range from 944 to 1350 mg/l,and the total suspended solids range
from 9 to 146 mg/l.
2.6.3.3 Ground Water Quality in Vicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station
The only available ground water information on the vicinity of the
Hanksville Ore-Buying Station are the analyses of the ground water from
the deep well at the ore-buying station (Table 2.6-8).
The analyses of the ore-buying station well water indicate that this
water from the Entrada sandstone is slightly alkaline and moderately
saline.The water is a sodium-sulphate type with a range of 6020 to 7230
mg/l in total dissolved solids and concentrations of manganese,silver,
iron and sulphate that exceed permissible limits for drinking water as
set by the u.S.Public Health Service (962)and the U.S.EPA interim
primary standards for public drinking water supplies (see Table B-2 of
Appendix B).
(
,_::;;·:':U·"~~:~'·
TABLE 2.6-8
",!',·;t;":,>O{.-".1':~:·~··:
WATER QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AND SURFACE WATER IN VICINITY OF HANKSVILLE ORE-BUYING STATION)HANKSVILLE,UTAH
Location Ore-Buying Station Well in Entrada Sandstone
Station No.IIGIR--
Collection Date 12/21/761 7/25/77 12/5/77 12/5/772 Future date
Pield Specific Conductivity (umhos/cm)7400 :>.,:><c:G c:G
Field I'll 6.6 0 0f-<f-<Dissolved Oxygen -.~~Temperature (·C)19.5 0 0Estimatedflo\\',gpm 20 !Xl <Xl««...:l ...:l
Determination l.!nJu'.!l (.')(.')
Z ZHHpH8.3 6.9 f-<f-<Vl VlTDS(@180·C)7230 6020 f.L1 f.L1RedoxPotential-240 f-<f-<
Alkalinity (as CaC03)62 60 ...:l ...:l<t:«Hardness,total (as CaC03)1350 1080 ...uu....c:G ~Carbonate (as C03)0.0 0 f.L1 f.L1
Aluminum,dissolved -<0.01 ~~NAmmonia(as N)1.2 0.53 0 0 IuuArsenic,total 0.002 <0.01 I-'
~~'"Barium,total 0.0 0.05 !Xl !Xl '"!=l !=lBoron,tota 1 1.06 1.2 f.L1 f.L1f-<f-<Cadmium,total 0.0 0.008 ~~f.L1Calcium,dissolved 352 345 ...:l ....:tp.,p.,Chloride 132 94 ;:;:;:;:0 0Sodium,dissolved 2020 1790 u u
E-f-<Silver,dissolved 0.070 0.004 f.L1 f.L1~~Sulfate,dissolved (as S04)4720 3920Vanadium,dissolved <0.002 f-<f-<-0 0Manganese,dissolved 0.160 0.06 z z
Chromium,total 0.0 0.03 Ul VlH....U}VlCopper,total 0.085 0.03 >-~....:t ...:lFluoride,dissolved 0.40 0.47 <t:«lron,total 1.28 2.2 z ~«Iron,dissolved -1.3Lead,total 0.0 0.11
Magnesium,dissolved 114 115Mercury,total 0.0 0.002MOlybdenum,dissolved -O.OJNitrate(as N)0.0 <0.05Phosphorus,total (as P)(ortho)0.5 0.02
lUtah Divislonof Health,Lab.No.761461
2Rcp1icate sample analysis for Quality A5~;urance on radioacti.vity.
Location
Station No.
TABLE 2.6~8 (Concluded)
Ore-Buying Station Well in Entrada Sandstone
HGIR
Collectioll Date
Determination ('!!Ell)
Potassium,dissolved
Selenium,dissolved
Silica dissolved (as Si02)
Strontium,dissolved
Uranium,total (as U)
Uranium,dissolved (as U)
Zinc,dissolved
Total Organic Carbon
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Oil and Grease
Total Suspended Solids
Determination (pCi/l)
Gross Alpha +Precision 3
Gross Betn+Precision 3
Rndium-ZZ6+Precision3
Thorium-Z30+Precision3
Lead-ZI0+Pricision3
Polonium-=-ZI0+Precision 3
12/21/76:1
15.0
0.0002
4.0
0.999,
7/25/77
9.9
0.38
7
11
0.015
0.007
1.0
700+40?
2900+l00?
O.Z+'O.3
0.8+1.1
0.0+1.9
0.0+0.3
12/5/77
>-0>-0t:Q~oPf-<~~PolO.--1t:Q0.."';;S...:JoUr..?Zf-<HPolf-<>-0 V)
J.Llf-<f-<oz~
V)HHU
U)~>.Pol~~zo"';U
12/5/77 2
>-->-0I'Q~oP~~"'1~f-<c':PolO"'<I'Qo..~::E~oUr..?Zf-<HPolf-<>-0 V)CLlf-<f-<oZ...<...;
V)H
HUV)~
>-0 Pol...<-...;;¥:
ZO~U
Future date
I...;)
I
I-'
Q'\
~
3Variability of the ,radioactive disintegration process (counting error)at the 95%confidence level,1.960.
Since the half-life of polonium-ZIO is 138 days,it will be in equilibrimn with lead-Z10 in approximately 1380 days or 3.8 years.
There will be equal activities of polonium-ZIO and lead-Z10 when in equilibrium.
2-168
2.6.3.4 Surface Water Quality ~n Vicinity of Hanksville
Ore-Buying Station
The Hanksville ore-buying station is located in an area of very low
precipitation (see Section 2.7.3).Consequently,there are no perennial
streams near the site.Only small ill-defined channels drain the site
area during short-duration storm events.Nevertheless,two surface water
sampling stations on Halfway Wash (Plate 2.6-11)have been selected in
the vicinity of the Hanksville ore-buying station to determine water
quality during the few times a year when surface runoff may occur.
However,it has not been possible,from the period of July 1977 to
December 1977,to collect water samples in the vicinity as there has been
no collectable surface runoff.
2.7 METEOROLOGY AND AIR QUALITY
2.7.1 Regional Climatology
The climate of southeastern Utah ~s classified as dry to arid
continental.Of main importantance in the determination of the clima-
tology of this area are its location between major mountain ranges,its
distance from major moisture sources and its proximity relative to major
storm tracks.The region including the Blanding vicinity,is typified by
warm summer and cold winter temperatures,precipitation averaging
less than 35 centimeters 03.8 in)annually,low humidity,clear skies
and large annual and diurnal temperature variations.
Total annual precipitation in the region is low as moisture from the
Pacific and Gulf of Mexico is largely removed as it passes over the
Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountain chains.The Blanding vicinity,which
averages nearly 30 centimeters (11.8 cm)annually,receives considerably
more precipitation than areas to the west and northwest.Precipitation
occurs throughout the year at Blanding but over one third of annual
precipitation occurs in the three-month period of August through October.
With the absence of local sources of rr.oisture,thunderstorms (which
usually comprise a major portion of the annual precipitation in most
areas)are not abundant in this area;this accounts for the relatively
~.f-.~:.
to"
~:
5;;.:r
,.
~,:",t~
MI.
MAX.
100
(1972)
YIELD-AF/SQ.
MIN.AVE.----6.7 31
(1969)
'---
r--
'--
'-----
r--
.....---
u-u--
AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW=6300 AF (1964-1974)
DRAINAGE AREA=205 SQ.MI.
AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELD =31 AF/SQ.MI.
.....---
1600
1400
I-ww
~1200w
0:::u
'":1000
3:o
-l
LL..800
MI
MAX.
862
(1972)
YIELD-AF/SQ.
MIN.AVE.----26 212
(1970)
r--
...--
>-I---l
:I:
I-600:z
0
::E
w 400~'-----,<t
0:::wI>200~
<t
AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW=800AF-(1965-1974)
DRAINAGE AREA=3.77 SQ.MI.
AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELD=212.2 AF/SQ.MI.
250 -
200 -
150 -
100..,
5°h
400
w
~<t0:::w><t
>-
-l
:I:
I-:zo
::E
I-350
ww
LL..
~300-
0:::
U
<t
3:o
-l
LL..
I I I I .-I -,
OCT NOV DEC JAN FE.B MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT
MONTH
RECAPTURE CREEK NEAR BLANDING
USGS GAUGE 09378630
I I I I ,-I r I I I-I
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT
MONTH
COTTONWOOD WASH NEAR BLANDING
USGS GAUGE 09378700
AVERAGE ANNUAL FLOW=734 AF (1965-1971)
DRAINAGE AREA=4.95 SQ.MI.
AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELD=148 AF/SQ.MI.
r------
YIELD-AF/SQ.
350
I-w
~300
w
0:::
U
<t 250
3:
~200
I..L.
>-
~150I-:zo
::E 100
w
~
<t
0:::50w><t
r---t.-.-.
r-
I
L.-
MIN.AVE.----
47.1 148
(1970)
~
MI.
MAX.
281
(1965)
NOTES
1.FOR THE LOCATION OF WATERCOURCES
SUMMARIZED,SEE PLATE
2.SOURCE OF DATA.WATER RESOURCES
COMPILED AND PUBLISHED BY US GS
DATA RECORDS.
f:
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY J~E JULY AUG SEPT
MONTH
SPRING CREEK ABOVE DIVERSIONS,
NEAR MONTICELLO
USGS GAUGE 09376900
STREAMFLOW SUMMARY
BLANDING,UTAH VICINITY...............
~-:
r,:"
PLATE 2.6-6
NORMAL ANNUAL
PRECIPITATION (INCHES)
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.6-7
PLATE 2.6-1 1
2-170
light spring and summer rainfall.Likewise winter precipitation is
scanty as this area is missed by many major winter storms that pass too
far to the north or form too far to the east to significantly affect the
area.Most of the winter precipitaton falls as snow but rapid warming
during the day 1.n the winter is characteristic so that snow does not
remain on the ground long.
Winds are usually light in this area,averaging two to five meters
per second;however,higher average speeds occur in the spring and
summer.On an annual basis,northwest through north winds are the most
frequent.With the high percentage of clear skies and low wind speeds,
nighttime inversions are common.
2.7.2 Climatology of Blanding and Project Site
2.7.2.1 Data Sources
Long-term meteorological data are available from the National
Weather Service station 1.n Blanding,Utah,located approximately 10
kilometers north of the project area.With its close proximity and
similar terrain,climatic conditions at Blanding should be fairly
representative of those at the project site.Therefore,these data have
been used to a large degree to describe the climatology of the project
site.To a much lesser degree,additional meteorological data from Green
River,Utah,located approximately 160 kilometers to the north-northwest
have also been used in this report to estimate specific climatic condi-
tions.Other sources employed 1.n the compilation of this report are
referenced within the text.
An on-site meteorological monitoring program was initiated in early
March 1977 (see Section 6.1.3).The exact location of the monitoring
station is indicated on Plate 2~7-l.Limited correlations between these
data and concurrent Blanding meteorological data have been made in order
to determine the representativeness of the Blanding station data to
actual site conditions.A more detailed correlation is planned after the
collection of one year of on-site data when it is felt that the data base
will be of sufficient length to yield a more valid.comparison.Results
PLATE 2.7-1
2-172
of the first S1X months of data collection from this program are pre-
sented in Appendix C.Results from the full year of data collection
will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.7.2.2 Temperature
Plate 2.7-2 summarizes means and extremes of temperatures recorded
at Blanding,Utah from 1951 through 1974.These data show that the mean
annual temperature is 9.9°C (49.8°F),and the mean monthly temperature
vanes between -2.S o C (27.S0 F)in January and 23.loC (73.6°F)in July.
The average daily maX1mum temperatures range from 3.8°C (38.8°F)in
January to 31.9°C (89.S 0 F)in July.The average daily minimum tempera-
tures range from -8.8°C (16.2°F)to l4.2°C (S7.6°F)in January and July,
respectively.The normal diurnal variation of temperatures 1S lS.SoC
(27.9°F),but normally the range 1S greater 1n the summer months and
narrower in the winter.
On the average,temperatures can be expected to r1se to 32°C (90°F)
or above 35 days per year and fall to -18°C (O°F)or below only 4 days
per year.Only on an average of 15 days per year does the daily maximum
temperature fail to rise above freezing but the daily minimum temperature
dips to freezing or below on approximately 161 days per year.
As shown in Plate 2.7-2 the normal last and first freezes (tempera-
ture occurrences of O°C or below)occur on May 12 and October 13,
respectively.The average continuous period without freezes is 153 days.
However,freez ing conditions have been recorded in every month except
July and August.
2.7.2.3 Precipitation
Plate 2.7-3 indicates the monthly means and extremes of precipita-
tion recorded at Blanding,Utah from 1951 through 1974.Annual precipi-
tation at Blanding averages 29.7 centimeters (11.69 in).August and
October are typically the wettest months,averaging 4.2 and 4.1 centi-
meters (1.64 and 1.63 in),respectively;together these two months
average almost 30 percent of the total annual precipitaton.June is
40
MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES
OF TEMPERATURES
BLANDING,UTAH
AN NUAL MEAN:9.9°C
30
r--.
()20
°'"
W
0::::>
l-
e::{
0::
W 10a:.
:Ew
I-
°
MONTH
EXTREME 16 18 24 27 33 38 38 37 34 29 21 15MAX.
MEAN 3.8 6.9 10.9 16.3 22.8 28.7 31.9 30.2 26.0 18.8 10.2 4.5MAX.
MEAN -2.5 0.5 3.4 8.4 14.1 19.4 23.1 21.6 /7.2 10.9 3.6 -1.7
MEAN MIN.-8.8 -5.9 -3.2 0.4 5.4 10.1 14.2 13.1 8.4 2.9 -3.2 -7.8
EXTREME -I -19 -22MIN.-29 -22 -15 -II -6 8 3 -5 -12
(A)MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM
(B)MEAN MONTHLY
(C)MEAN D~llY MINIMUM
(D)FREEZE DATES DA.....MOOR.
PLATE 2,7-2
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION
BLANDING,UTAH
6.0
r-..
~
0....,4.0
z
0-I-
<t:
I-
a..-0w 2.0c::a..
PRECI PITATI ON ANNUAL MEAN:29.7 CM
MONTH I JAN I FEB I MAR I APR I MAY ,JUNE IJULY I AUG I SEP I OC T I NOV I DEC
MONTHLY 2.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.4 i.i 2.7 4.2 2.4 4.i 2.2 3.3MEAN
MONTHLYMAXIMUM 10.3 4.4 5.0 5.4 5.1 5.5 7.8 12.6 9.6 16.8 5.2 9.3
30
r-..
~
0....,
I-20
w
W
...J
U)
~
0 10z
U)
MEAN MONTHLY SNOWFALL
BLANDING,UTAH
ANNUAL MEAN:90.7 CM
MONTH I JAN I FEB I MAR I APR I MAY IJUNE IJULY I AUG I SEP I OCT I NOV I DEC I
MONTHL Y 22 9 16.0 13.0 5.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 7.9 25.4MEAN•
MONTHLY 93.5 55.9 45.5 38.6 -4.,3.3 27.9 73.7
MAXI MUM
DAM•••MOO••
PLATE 2.7-3
2-175
generally the driest month,receiving about 1.1 centimeters (0.42 in).
Seasonally,spring is the driest and fall is normally the wettest.Daily
precipitation amounts in excess of 0.25 centimeters (0.1 in)typically
occur 31 days per year,and the greatest daily precipitation recorded in
the 25-year record was 11.4 centimeters (4.48 in).The greatest monthly
precipitaton recorded in the data period was 16.8 centimeters (6.62 in)
and occurred in October 1972.
A good deal of the summer precipitation in the Blanding area ~s
associated with thunderstorm activity.Approximatley 20 to 30 thunder-
storm days occur each year in this area and brief but intense rainfall
associated with these storms may occasionally result in local flooding.
While most of the precipitation in the Blanding vicinity falls as
rain,snowfall accounts for approximatley 30 percent of the total annual
precipitation.The annual average snowfall at Blanding is 90.7 centime-
ters (35.7 in),and some snowfall is normally recorded in every month
from October through May.Monthly snowfall data are summarized in Plate
2.7-2 and show that the monthly maximum recorded snowfall was 39.5
centimeters (36.9 in).Th~greatest snowfall recorded from a single
storm was 50.8 centimeters (20.0 in).
2.7.2.4 Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is dependent upon both moisture content and the
temperature of the air.Generally relative humidity is the highest in
the early morning hours and lowest in the afternoon.
While relative humidity data are not routinely collected at Bland-
ing,the U.S.Department of Commerce (1965)presents general estimates
for this area.Table 2.7-1 indicates the monthly and annual mean rela-
tive humidity in the Blanding vicinity.The mean annual relative
humidity is 44 percent and on a monthly basis is highest in January and
lowest in July,averaging 62 and 35 percent,respectively.
2-176
TABLE 2.7-1
MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY
BLANDING,UTAH
Month Relative Humidityy
(Percent)
Jan 62
Feb 58
Mar 47
Apr 38
May 38
Jun 36
Ju1 35
Aug 40
Sep 41
Oct 42
Nov 46
Dec 58
Annual 44
Source:U.s.Department of Commerce,1968
2-177
2.7.2.5 Fog
Based upon five years of Blanding meteorological data,1970 through
1974,visibility reductions to 1.6 kilometers (1 mile)or less caused by
fog or meteorological conditions concomitant with fog occur on the
average of 8 days per year.Visibility reductions to less than 0.4
kilometers (0.25 mile)occur less than 5 days per year.The monthly
distribution of fogging days is indicated in Table 2.7-2.Typically in
this area heavy fog is more prevelent ~n the winter months with January
having the most fogging occurrences.In the five-year data period,fog
reducing visibility to 1.6 kilometers (l mile)or less occurred exclu-
sively in the five months of November through March.
2.7.2.6 Evaporation
The closest point to the Blanding project site where evaporation
data have been collected is Green River,Utah approximately 160 kilo-
meters to the north-northwest.Data from there indicate an average
evaporation of 118.8 centimeters (46.8 in)from May through October.The
greatest monthly evaporation occurs in July,averaging 25.8 centimeters
(10.15 in).
Evaporation data are not collected from November through April
due to freezing conditions;however,the U.S.Department of Commerce
(1965)estimates that 76 percent of the total annual evaporation in this
area occurs from May through October.Therefore on an annual basis
evaporation is expected to average 156.3 centimeters (61.5 in).
2.7.2.7 Sunshine Duration and Cloud Cover
Sunshine duration is defined as the number of hours of sunshine
reaching the surface that is intense enough to cause distinct shadows.
Sunshine data are not collected at Blanding.However,the U.S.
Department of Commerce (1968)has determined sunshine duration and cloud
cover throughout the contiguous United States and the monthly and annual
data from that source for the general Blanding vicinity are presented in
Table 2.7-3.
2-178
TABLE 2.7-2
MEAN FOG OCCURRENCE DAYS AT BLANDING,UTAH
1970-1974
Visibility Visibility
Month <1.6 kilometers <0.4 kilometers
Jan 3 2
Feb 1 <1
Mar 1 <1
Apr 0 0
Hay 0 0
Jun 0 0
Jul 0 0
Aug 0 0
Sep 0 0
Oct 0 0
Nov 1 1
Dec 2 1
Annual 8 4.6
2-179
TABLE 2.7-3
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL SUNSHINE DURATION AND SKY COVER AT
BLANDING,UTAH
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Mean Percentage
of possible Sunshine
61
70
69
70
71
81
72
73
81
72
64
60
70
Mean Sky Cover
(Percent)
59
52
51
51
51
34
48
46
29
40
40
49
46
Source:U.S.Department of Commerce,1968
2-180
On the average the Blanding area receives 70 percent of the total
possible sunshine annually.On a monthly basis,September receives the
greatest amount and December the least.The mean annual daylight sky
cover (clouds)for this area is 46 percent.January is usually the
cloudiest month and September the clearest.
2.7.2.8 Winds
A wind rose of the annual percent frequency distribution of winds
recorded at the Blanding NWS station from 1970 through 1974 is shown in
Plate 2.7-4.Seasonal wind roses are presented in Plate 2.7-5.Tabula-
tions of monthly and annual distributions of wind direction and mean wind
speeds used in the compilation of Plates 2.7-4 and 2.7-5 are presented in
Appendix C.
From the five-year Blanding wind record,northerly winds are the
most frequent in all months and winds from the northwest,north-northwest
and north collectively occur over 35 percent of the time annually.East
and east-southeast winds are the least frequent and annually occur only
2.7 and 2.8 percent of the time,respectively.Calm conditions are not
common,occurring 12.6 percent of the time in the winter,4.0 percent in
the spring and 7.6 percent annually.
From Appendix C (Tables C-l through C-13)the mean annual wind
speed is 3.0 meters per second (6.7 mph),but higher average wind speeds
occur in the spring and early summer.On a monthly basis,April usually
has the highest average wind speeds and January the lowest,averaging 3.9
and 2.2 meters per second (8.7 and 4.9 mph)for the respective months.
Generally,the highest average wind speeds occur with south-southwest
through west-southwest winds and the slowest with north and east winds.
Wind speeds 3-n excess of 10 meters per second (22.4 mph)are not
common and occur on an average of only 0.8 percent of the time annually
(Table 2.7-4).High winds are most common in spring,especially in March
and April when wind speeds in excess of 10 meters per second occur 2.0
percent and 1.9 percent of the time,respectively.
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF WIND BY DIRECTION
BLANDING,UTAH 1970-1974
DAMeS a MOOR.
PLATE 2.7-4
WINTER
SUMMER
SPRING
FALL
SEASONAL PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF WIND BY DIRECTION
BLANDING,UTAH 1970-1974
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.7-5
TABLE 2.7-4
MONTHLY PERCENT FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE OF WIND SPEEDS
IN EXCESS OF 10 MPS BY DIRECTION
BLANDING.UTAH
Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec All
N 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
NNE 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
NE 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
ENE 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
E 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
ESE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 b.o 0.0 0.0
SE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
SSE 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
S 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SSW 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.2 N
SW 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2
I
~
WSW 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00w
W 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WNW 0.1 '0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
NW 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1
NNW 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
ALL 0.4 0.6 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.2 0.8
2-1'84
On-site wind data have been collected since March 1,1977.Wind
roses from the on-site program and the Blanding NWS station for the
period March through August 1977 are presented for comparison in Plate
2.7-6.The tabulated percent frequencies of wind direction and mean wind
speeds at each station are presented in Table 2.7-5.
The on-site data indicate that the first and second most frequent
wind directions for the six-month period were south-southwest and north-
west,occurring 10.8 and 10.3 percent of the time,respectively.For the
same period the Blanding NWS data show that northerly winds prevailed and
occurred 12.1 percent of the time;south-southwest winds were the second
most frequent and accounted for 11.5 percent of the winds.
While north winds at the proposed site occurred only 5.0 percent of
the time compared to 12.1 percent at the NWS station,the total occur-
rence of northwest,north-northwest and north winds at the site compared
favorably to the NWS data,occurring 21.7 and 26.1 percent,respectively.
Likewise 25.8 percent of the total recorded winds at the NWS station blew
from the three sectors,south,south-southwest and southwest,compared to
31.0 percent at the site for the same three sectors.Wind frequencies
from each of the other 10 sectors show agreement within 1.5 percent for
each sector except the northeast where winds at the site occurred 6.6
percent of the time compared to only 2.6 percent at.the NWS station.
The apparent differences 1n individual wind direction frequencies
can be explained at least in part by the differences in data acquisition
techniques at the two sites.The on-site winds were reduced as an
average direction over the entire hour while the NWS station winds are
reduced as no more than a 10-consecutive-minute average during the
hour.Also as shown in Plate 2.7-1,the Blanding NWS station's elevation
is slightly over 6000 feet MSL and the higher terrain to the northwest
would tend to funnel winds from this direction into a more northerly
direction.
PERCENT FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE
OF WIND BY DIRECTION
MARCH THROUGH AUGUST,1977
ENERGY FUELS SITE
BLANDING NWS STATION
PLATE 2.7-6
'.-~~:L~,'",":';,:,>,·L:'~1-~_"-;,'.''',"~~-,:,'<,
TABLE 2.7-5
aPERCENTFREQUENCYDISTRIBUTIONOFWINDSPEED(CLASSES)
BY WIND DIRECTION AT THE ON-SITE STATION AND THE BLANDING NWS STATION
March-August 1977
On-Site Blanding NWS
b MWS c c0-3 >3<6 >6<10 >10 Total 0-3 >3<6 >6<10 >10 Total 11W8
N 1.7 2.5 0.7 0.1 5.0 4.2 6.9 4.7 0.3 0.1 12.1 2.9
NNE 1.3 3.5 0.6 0 5.4 4.1 2.4 1.7 0.2 0 4.3 3.1
NE 1.9 4.2 0.5 0 6.6 3.8 1.1 1.1 0.3 0.1 2.6 4.1
ENE 1.8 1.2 0.2 0 3.3 3.2 1.3 0.9 0.1 0.1 2.3 3.2
E 1.5 0.9 0.3 0 2.7 3.3 1.5 0.5 0.1 a 2.1 2.8
ESE 1.4 1.3 0.6 0.2 3.5 4.3 2.3 0.4 0.1 0 2.8 2.4
SE 1.8 3.4 0.9 0.1 6.1 4.2 3.0 1.8 0 0.3 5.1 3.1
SSE 1.4 3.1 0.5 0 5.1 4.0 2.0 2.6 0.3 0.1 5.0 3.4
S 1.8 6.1 2.0 0.3 10.2 4.7 2.0 2.0 0.6 0 4.6 3.5 rg
88\'1 1.2 5.0 3.4 1.1 10.8 6.1 2.8 5.4 3.0 0.3 11.5 4.7 .....
00
8W 1.6 4.8 3.0 0.6 10.0 5.4 2.3 5.3 2.1 0.1 9.7 4.5 Q"\
WSW 0.7 1.8 2.6 0.6 5.7 6.6 1.6 4.1 1.4 0 7.0 4.4
\'1 1.2 1.9 1.7 0.3 5.1 5.4 2.8 2.2 0.8 0 5.7 3.4
WNW 0.7 1.9 0.9 0.2 3.7 4.9 2.4 0.8 0.6 0 3.8 3.3
N"w 1.9 5.1 2.4 0.9 10.3 5.8 2.7 2.6 0.4 0 5.6 3.4
NNW 1.7 3.4 1.0 0.2 6.4 4.5 4.9 2.5 0.9 0 8.4 3.1
Calm 0.1 0.1 7.5 7.5
All 23.80 50.2 21.2 4.8 100.0 4.9 49.4 38.30 11.2 1.1 100.0 3.3
aWind speed classes in meters per second
bDue to rounding summation of rows and columns may differ from total
cMWS =mean wind speed in meters per second
2-187
The fact that 0.1 percent calms were recorded at the site while 7.5
percent of all observations at the Blanding NWS station were recorded as
calm is attributable to the different methods of data acquisition men-
tioned above and instrument sensitivity.The wind instrument at the site
has a starting threshold speed of approximately 0.25 meters per second
while the NWS station instrument has a starting threshold of approxi-
mately 1.3 meters per second.The 7.5 percent calm conditions recorded
at the Blanding NWS station are not distributed by wind direction within
the frequency distribution and thus could also affect the relative wind
frequencies somewhat.
The March through August 1977 Blanding NWS wind rose (Plate 2.7-6)
compares very f avorably with c1imatologica1 means.The mean wind
speed of 3.3 meters per second ~s only slightly higher than the annual
mean wind speed of 3.0 meters per second (see Appendix C,Table C-13).
;The 7.5 percent calm conditions observed in the six-month data set al~o
compare very favorably with the climatic mean of 7.6 percent.
2.7.2.9 Severe Weather
Tornadoes
Tornado occurrences ~n the Blanding area are rare.From 1916
through 1958,only 8 tornadoes were reported in all of Utah and none was
reported in the Blanding area.Thom (1963)states that the probability
of a tornado occurring at any point in the project vicinity is virtually
zero.
Strong Winds
Thom (1968)has computed the recurrence interval of extreme winds
(as measured 30 feet above the surface).These are listed below (Table
2.7-6)for the project area.
2-188
TABLE 2.7-6
MAXIMUM WIND SPEED AND RECURRENCE INTERVAL IN THE BLANDING VICINITY
Recurrence Interval Maximum Wind Speed
2 years 25 mps
10 years 29 reps
25 years 32 mps
50 years 35 mps
100 years 37 mps
On the average,25-meter per second (56 mph)wind speeds should
occur every two years at the site,while 35-meter per second (78 mph)
winds should occur once every 50 years.
Maximum Precipitation
Hershfield (1961)and Miller (1964)have estimated max~mum precipi-
tation amounts for selected durations and recurrence intervals throughout
the contiguous United States.These estimates are presented in Table
2.7-7 for the site area.These data suggest that a maximum one hour
rainfall of 1.65 centimeters (0.65 in)should occur on the average of
every two years at the site,and maximum daily and weekly precipitation
of 9.8 and 12.90 centimeters (3.7 and 5.1 in)should occur once every
100 years.
The maximum single 24-hour precipitation amount recorded at Blanding
in the 69-year data period (1906 through 1974)was 11.4 centimeters (4.5
in)and occurred on August 1,1968.This precipitation amount exceeds
the 100-year estimate presented in Table 2.7-7.
2.7.2.10 Diffusion Climatology
Mixing Heights
From a climatological standpoint,a general estimate of the atmos-
pheric diffusion trend of an area can be made from examination of the
mixing height and the mixing layer wind speeds of the area.The mixing
height is defined as the height or layer above the surface through which
2-189
TABLE 2.7-7
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM POINT PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS (cm)IN THE
BLANDING AREA FOR SELECTED DURATIONS Ai~D RECURRENCE INTERVALS
Recurrence Intervals (Years)
Duration 2 5 10 25 50 100
30 minutes
1 hour 1.65 2.41 3.05 3.58 4.22 4.50
2 hours 1.98 2.69 3.51 4.14 4.75 5.38
3 hours 2.11 3.02 3.99 4.67 5.26 5.74
6 hours 2.74 3.81 4.37 5.18 5.66 6.53
12 hours 3.23 4.27 5.44 6.32 7.34 7.98
24 hours 3.81 5.03 6.25 7.29 7.72 9.80
2 days 4.78 5.92 6.50 7.75 8.03 10.39
4 days 5.18 6.32 8.03 9.17 10.57 12.09
7 days 6.05 7.04 8.46 10.52 12.01 12.90
2-190
relatively vigorous vertical mixing of effluents can take place.The
average wind speed through this layer is called the mixing layer wind
speed.Generally,the higher the mixing height and mixing layer wind
speed the better the diffusion capabilities of the area,and conversely
the lower the mixing height and mixing layer wind speed the poorer the
atmospheric diffusion.
Seasonal and annual mean mixing heights and mixing layer wind
speeds for the morning and afternoon hours for the general project site
vicinity are presented in Table 2.7-8.As shown in this table,the
morning mixing heights and wind speeds are generally lower than those in
the afternoon.The annual mean morning mixing height in this area is 345
meters (1130 ft)compared with the mean afternoon height of 2650 meters
(8690 ft).Mean wind speeds are 3.9 and 5.4 meters per second (8.7 and
12.1 mph),respectively,for morning and afternoon.Seasonally,spring
demonstrates the best diffusion capabilities and winter demonstrates the
worst.
The dispersion of pollutants may be limited during persisting
conditions of mixing heights of 1500 meters (4920 ft)or less and mixing
layer wind speeds of 4 meters per second (9 mph)or less (Stackpole,
1967;Gross,1970).Holzworth (972)tabulated the number of cases of
such restrictive conditions for the five-year period,1960 through 1964.
Episodes persisting for at least two days for various combinations of
mixing heights and wind speeds are summarized for the site area in Table
2.7-9.
From the table,46 episodes of a 1500-meter or less mixing height
and a 4.0-meter per second or less wind speed were observed in the
five-year period and persisted for a total of 215 days.The greatest
frequency of episodes occurred in the winter months,indicating that this
is the worst season for dispersion of effluents.
Atmospheric Stability
A method for determining and classifying atmospheric stability
based upon the parameters of sky cover,wind speed and solar angle
2-191
TABLE 2.7-8
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MIXING HEIGHTS AND MEAN WIND SPEEDS
BLANDING VICINITY
Morning Afternoon
Mixing Mixing
Height Wind Speed Height Wind Speed
(meters)(meters/sec)(meters)(meters/sec)
Winter 265 2.9 1160 3.9
Spring 580 5.1 3610 7.0
Summer 280 4.1 4060 6.5
Fall 260 3.4 2200 4.8
Annual 345 3.9 2650 5.6
Source:Holzworth,1972
TABLE 2.7-9
NUMBER OF RESTRICTED MIXING EPISODES LASTING TWO OR
MORE DAYS IN FIVE YEARS AND TOTAL EPISODE DAYS
(IN PARENTHESES)IN THE BLANDING AREA
Wind Speed Mixing Heights
<500 m <1000 m <1500 m
<2.0 m/sec 4(10)11 (30)14(30)
<4.0 m/sec 12(40)33(150)46(215)
<6.0 m/sec 12(42)41(195)63(295)
Source:Holzworth,G.C.,1972
2-192
Degree of Stability
Extremely unstable
Unstable
Slightly unstable
Neutral
Slightly stable
Stable
A
B
C
D
E
F
was developed by Pasquill and Turner (Pasquill,1961).This method
assumes that unstable conditions occur when the atmosphere near the
surface undergoes warming during instances of low wind speeds,and stable
conditions occur with atmospheric cooling associated with low wind
speeds.Neutral conditions occur with either cloudy skies or high \"ind
speeds.The stability classifications based upon this me thad are as
follows:
Class
Generally during unstable conditions volumes of air can move up
or down freely,resulting in rapid vertical mixing through a relatively
deep layer of air with little buildup near the surface.Conversely,
during stable (inversion)conditions volumes of air do not move freely in
a vertical direction but are restricted to a certain level and,as a
result,pollutants may remain trapped near the ground.During neutral
conditions,volumes of a1r will experience no upward or downward accel-
eration but will be free to move due to external impetuses such as
winds.
The monthly and annual frequencies of each Pasquill stability class
for Blanding,based upon 1970 through 1974 data,are indicated in Table
2.7-10.Annually,unstable conditions (Classes A,B,and C)occur ap-
proximately 26.0 percent of the time,stable conditions (Classes E and F)
approximately 46.6 percent,and neutral (Class D)approximately 27.3
percent.January normally has the highest occurrence of stable (inver-
sion)conditions,averaging 56.6 percent.However,the \olinter months
(December,January,February)each average over 52 percent occurrence of
stable conditions.The summer months,on the average,have the lowest
frequency occurrence of stable conditions but the highest occurrence of
unstable conditions.The three months of June,July,and August each
average more than 36 percent occurrence of unstable conditions.Neutral
2-193
TABLE 2.7-10
MONTHLY PERCENT FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE FOR STABILITY CLASSES
BLANDING,UTAH
:~j
l10nth A B C D E F
Jan 0.0 4.0 11.1 28.3 13.3 43.3
Feb 0.5 6.6 10.7 29.4 15.6 37.3
Mar 0.2 9.5 12.9 35.8 16.0 25.6
Apr 0.3 7.7 14.6 36.5 15.2 25.8
May 3.0 14.4 16.7 23.8 15.7 26.4
June 5.7 17.2 15.9 18.8 13.9 28.5
July 6.5 16.5 16.3 21.1 13.3 26.3
Aug 4.6 14.8 17 .3 21.7 12.0 29.6
Sep 0.2 14.9 13.5 20.0 14.0 37.4
Oct 0.1 12.4 10.6 32.9 1l'.6 32.5
Nov 0.0 4.4 13.7 29.2 14.2 38.5
Dec 0.0 5.4 9.3 31.0 13.6 40.7
Annual 1.8 10.7 13.6 27.3 14.0 32.6
2-194
conditions are infrequent throughout the year,averaging from 18.8
percent occurrence in June to 36.5 percent in April.
Plates 2.7-7 through 2.7-9 present the annual frequency distribu-
tions of Pasquill stability classes by wind direction.The monthly and
annual frequency distributions of Pasquill stability classes by T,yind
direction and associated mean wind speeds are also tabulated and pre-
sented in Appendix C (Tables C-l through C-13).Throughout the year,
unstable conditions occur most frequently with south through south-
southwest winds and in every month stable conditions are predominately
associated with north winds.Neutral conditions are more evenly dis-
tributed between northerly and southerly component winds throughout
the year.
The spring months exhibit the best diffusion capacity and winter the
worst.The high frequency of stable conditions in the winter months is
probably the result of somewhat slower wind speeds during this season.
The relatively high percentages of stable and unstable conditions and the
relatively low frequency of neutral conditions throughout the year
reflect the low winds and high percentage of clear skies that are char-
acteristic of this area.
As shown 1.n Appendix C (Table C-13)the annual mean wind speed
associated with each stability class are as follows:
Class A 1.9 mps
Class B 2.4 mps
Class C 3.5 mps
Class D 4.2 mps
Class E 3.4 mps
Class F 1.9 mps
2.7.3 Climatology of Hanksville and Buying Station
The climate at Hanksville is similar to that at Blanding but the
area is generally drier and the winds are somewhat slower.
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF STABILITY CLASSES A AND B
BY WIND DIRECTION
BLANDING.UTAH 1970-1974
STABILITY CLASS A
STABILITY CLASS B
..........._.
PLATE 2.7-7
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF STABILITY CLASSES C AND 0 BY WIND DIRECTION
BLANDING.UTAH 1970-1974
STABILITY CLASS C
STABILITY CLASS D
DAMES.MOCHa.
PLATE 2.7-8
STABILITY CLASS E
STABILITY CLASS F
ANNUAL PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
OF STABILITY CLASSES E AND F BY WIND DIRECTION
BLANDING,UTAH 1970-1974
DA..••.O_.
PLATE 2.7-9
2-198
2.7.3.1 Data Sources
Long-term meteorological data are available from the National
Weather Service station in Hanksville,Utah,located approximately 20
kilometers (12 mi)north of the site area (Plate 2.7-10).These data,to
a large degree,have been used to describe the climatology of the site
area and should generally be representative of site conditions.To a
much lesser degree meteorological data from Green River,located approx-
imately 98 kilometers (61 mi)northeast of the site,have also been used
in this report to estimate specific climatic conditions.
An on-site meteorological monitoring program was initiated in
early March 1977 (see Section 6.1.3).An insufficient data base has been
collected from this program to adequately describe the site-specific
climatology for the buying station at Hanksville.Therefore,these data
have not been used in this report.However,resul ts of the firs t six
months of data collection from this program are presented in Appendix
C.Results from the full year program will be presented in the Supple-
mental Report.
2.7.3.2 Temperature
Plate 2.7-11 summarizes of means and extremes of temperature re-
corded at Hanksville,Utah from 1951 through 1974.These data show that
the mean monthly temperature varies from between -3.5°C (25.rF)in
January to 26.6°C (79.9°F)in July,and the annual average temperature is
11.7°e (53.l0 F).The average daily maximum temperatures range from 4.3°e
(39.8°F)in January to 36.3°C (97.3°F)in July,and the average daily
ml.nl.mum temperatures range from -11.3°e (l1.6°F)to l6.9°e (62.5°F)in
January and July,respectively.The normal diurnal range of temperatures
(the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature)
is l7.6°C (3l.7°F)but on the average this range is highest in the summer
months and lowest in the winter months.Singular record high and low
temperature extremes are 43.3°e (110°F)and -33.3°C (-28°F).
On the average,temperatures can be expected to rl.se above 32°e
(90°F)or above 86 days per year and fall to -18°C (O°F)or below only 9
\\.
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.7-10
MONTHLY MEANS AND EXTREMES
OF TEMPERATURES
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
40 ANNUAL MEAN:fl.7°C
30
,.....20()
°'-'
wa:::
:)
I-
<l:a:::w 10a..
~w
I-
o
-10
MONTH
EXTREME 18 23 29 32 38 42 43 41 39 33 26 20MAX.
MEAN 9.0 14.6 20.1 26.8 32.6 36.3 34.3 29.4 21.7 12.0 5.2
MAX.4.3
MEAN -3.5 I.I 6.1 11.3 17.4 2.2.7 26.6 25.1 '9.6 12.6 4.1 -2.1
MEAN MIN.-jf.3 -6.9 -2.4 2.4 7.9 12.7 16.9 /5.9 9.8 3.3 -4.0 -9.4
EXTREME
MIN.-33 -29 -14 -9 -5 0 3 2 -2 -21 -22 -26
(A)MEAN DAILY MAXIMUM
(S)MEAN MONTHLY
(C)MEAN DAILY MINIMUM
(0)FREEZE DATES DAM .
PLATE 2.7-11
2-201
oays per year.Substantial nocturnal cooling is common because of
relatively clear skies and freezing temperatures (O°C)or less occur on
an average of 154 days per year.
Normally,the last and first freezes (temperature occurrence of O°C
or below.)occur on May 5 and October 13,respectively (Plate 2.7-10).
The average freeze-free period is 160 days.However,freezing conditions
have been recorded in every month except July and August.
2.7.3.3 Precipitation
Mean monthly precipitation for Hanksville,based upon 24 years
(1951-1974)of record,is indicated in Plate 2.7-12.The annual average
precipitation at Hanksville is only 12.6 cm (4.96 in)with approximately
45 percent of the total occurring in the three months of August,
September and October.August,which averages 2.5 cm (0.97 in)of
precipitation,is normally the wettest month and it is the only month
that averages more than 2.0 centimeters of precipitation.January and
February are typically the driest months,receiving only 0.5 centimeters
(0.2 in)of rainfall each.Daily precipitation amounts in excess of 0.25
centimeters (0.1 in)occur on the average of 14 days per year,and the
greatest daily total prec~p~tation amount recorded in the 24-year record
was 4.6 centimeters (1.8 in).The greatest monthly precipitation amount
recorded in the data period was 9.1 centimeters 0.58 in)and occurred in
October 1972.
While most of the precipitation in the vicinity falls as rain,
the annual average snowfall at Hanksville is 19.8 centimeters (7.8 in).
The maximum monthly recorded snowfall was 43.2 centimeters (I7.0 in),
and the greatest snowfall from a single storm was 38.1 centimeters (15
in).Snowfall data are summarized in Plate 2.7-12.
2.7.3.4 Relative Humidity
While humidity data are not collected in the Hanksville area,the
relative humidity in this area is generally low.Estimates from the
U.S.Department of Commerce (1968)indicate that the mean annual relative
MEAN MONTHLY PRECIPITATION
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
3.0
,.....
~
0
'-'2.0
z
0-I-
<{
I-
a..-0 1.0w
0::a..
PRECIPITATION ANNUAL MEAN:12.6 CM
MONTH I JAN I
MONTHLY 0.5
MEAN
MONTHLY 1.7
MAXIMUM
6.0
FEB I MARl APR I MAY I J UNE IJUL Y I AUG I SEP I OCT
0.5 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 2.5 1.4 1.8
1.3 2.6 6.0 2.5 3.2 3.f 7.5 4.6 9.f
MEAN MONTHLY SNOWFALL
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
NOV I DEC
f.O 0.7
4.2 3.9
ANNUAL MEAN:19.8 CM
4.0,.....
~
0
'-'
3§:
0z
Cf)
2.0 ,
MONTH I JAN I FEB I MAR I
MONTHLY 5.1 2.0 3.0
MEAN
MONTHLY 44.7 12.7 20.8
MAXIMUM
APR I MAY I JUNE I JULY I AUG
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5
SEP I OCT I NOV I DEC J
0.0 0.8 2.5 6.4
17.8 17.3 43.2
PLATE 2.7.-12
2-203
humidity in this area ~s approximately 40 percent and varies from a
winter average of approximately 65 percent to a summer average of approx-
imately 30 percent.
2.7.3.5 Evaporation
The closest available evaporation data to the Hanksville area are
collected at Green River,Utah approximately 90 kilometers north-
northeast.These data show that an average evaporation of 118.8 centi-
meters (46.8 in)occurs from May through October.The greatest monthly
evaporation occurs in July,averaging 25.8 centimeters (10.2 in).
Evaporation data are not collected from November through April due
to freezing conditions;however,the U.s.Department of Commerce (1965)
estimates that 76 percent of the total annual evaporation in this area
occurs from May through October.Therefore on an annual basis evapora-
tion is expected to average 156.3 centimeters (61.5 in).
2.7.3.6 Sunshine Duration and Cloud Cover
Sunshine duration is defined as the number of hours of sunshine
reaching the surface that is intense enough to cause distinct shadows.
The U.S.Department of Commerce (1968)has determined sunshine duration
and cloud cover throughout the contiguous United States.Monthly and
annual data for the general Hanksville area are presented in Table
2.7-11.
On the average,Hanksville receives 71 percent of the possible
annual sunshine.Sunshine duration is highest in September and the
lowest in December.The mean annual daylight (sunrise to sunset)sky
cover (clouds)for this area is slightly less than 50 percent.The
greatest amount of daylight sky cover occurs in January and December,
averaging approximately 60 percent,and the least amount occurs in
September,averaging 30 percent.
:{.'
2-204
TABLE 2.7-11
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL SUNSHINE DURATION
AND SKY COVER AT HANKSVILLE J UTAH
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
A.."lnual
Mean %of
Possible Sunshine
59
71
69
71
72
81
78
76
82
71
62
54
71
Mean %
Sky Cover
61
58
57
58
51
39
46
48
30
39
47
60
49
Source:U.s.Department of Commerce J 1968.
2-205
2.7.3.7 Winds
Plate 2.7-13 presents the annual wind rose at Hanksville based
upon 1949 through 1954 surface meteorological data.Table 2.7-12 pre-
sents the seasonal and annual frequency distribution of wind direction
and wind speed at Hanksville for the same 5-year data period.Calm
conditions,which were recorded approximately 19.8 percent of the time,
are included in the distributions as a weighted average.
Northwest winds are the most frequently occurr~ng in all seasons
except summer and,on an annual basis,winds from the northwest through
north occur nearly 27 percent of the time.During the summer winds from
the south-southwest are the most dominant,occurring 10.5 percent of the
time.Winds from the west-southwest and west are the least frequently
occurring during all seasons and,on an annual basis,winds from these
directions occur only 2.9 and 3.4 percent,respectively.
During all seasons the lowest average wind speeds occur with
easterly winds while the highest average wind speeds are associated with
south-southwest winds.With the relatively high occurrence of calm
conditions,the mean annual recorded wind speed is only·2.5 me ters per
second (5.6 mph).The highest average wind speeds occur in the spring
and the lowest in the winter averaging 3.2 and 1.9 meters per second (7.2
and 4.3 mph),respectively.
2.7.3.8 Severe Weather
Tornadoes
Tornadoes are extremely rare in the Hank~vilIe area.Thom (1963)
states that the probability of a tornado occurring in this area is
virtually zero.
Strong Winds
Thom (1968)has computed the recurrence interval of extreme winds
(measured 30 feet above the surface);these are listed in Table 2.7-13
for the Hanksville vicinity.On the average,25-meter per second (56
"'-,-
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF WIND DIRECTION
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
1949-1954
10
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.7 - 13
(
>'.~:1'J~..~i'C'."'~
'l'AElU:2.7-12
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION
AI''''D WIND SPEED A'f HANKSVILLE,UTAH 1949-1954
Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual
Occurrence MWSd Occurrence MWSa Occurrence MWSa Occurrence MWSa Occurrence MW?
Direction ('til (mps)('ti)~('til (mps)('ti)(lOpS)('ti)(mps)
N 12.2 2.4 6.4 2.7 6.5 2.3 9.4 "2.1 8.5 2.3
NNE 6.5 ,2.8 3.9 3.1 3.9 2.7 4.4 2.3 4.6 2.7
NE 7.9 2.0 5.3 2.8 5.1 2.4 7.6 2.2 6.4 2.3
ENE 3.5 1.5 3.5 2.4 3.8 2.3 3.8 2.0 3.7 2.1
E 5.5 1.3 4.8 1.9 5.3 1.9 5.8 1.5 5.3 1.6
ESE 4.5 1.7 5.7 2.4 6.3 2.3 5.4 2.1 5.5 2.2
SE 5.6 1.6 5.6 2.5 6.5 2.4 6.5 2.0 6.0 2.2
SSE 6.2 2.5 7.5 3.3 8.8 3.3 6.7 2.7 7.3 3.0
S 5.9 2.2 6.7 3.4 8.7 3.4 7.8 2.7 7.3 3.0
SSW 5.0 5.0 9.9 6.3 10.4 5.3 7.3 5.1 8.2 5.6
SW 4.2 3.4 7.3 5.5 8.0 4.5 6.0 3.6 6.4 4.4
WSW 2.1 2.7 3.3 4.2 3.7 3.8 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.6
W 3.7 2.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.0 2.2 3.4 2.8 N
WNW 6.4 3.0 7.4 4.7 5.5 3.2 4.9 2.8 6.1 3.6 I
N
0NI~12.2 2.7 11.2 4.2 7.6 3.0 10.8 2.6 10.5 3.2 -....l
NNW 8.7 2.2 7.6 3.6 6.6 2.9 8.2 2.3 7.8 2.8
Average -1.9 -3.2 -2.8 -2.0 -2.5
---
MWS -Mean Wind Speed in meters per second
Source:National Climatic Center,1971
2-208
mph)wind speeds should occur every two years in the area while 37-meter
per second (83 mph)winds should occur only once every 100 years.
TABLE 2.7-13
MAXIMU}f WIND SPEEDS AND RECURRENCE
INTERVALS AT HANSKVILLE
Recurrence Interval
2 years
10 years
25 years
50 years
100 years
Maximum
Wind Speed
(meters per second)
25
29
33
35
37
Maximum Precipitation
Table 2.7-14 presents estimated maximum precipitation and recurrence
intervals within the general Hanksville vicinity.It is estimated that
a one-hour rainfall maximum of 1.66 centimeters should occur every two
years,and a 24-hour maximum of 6.35 centimeters should fall every 100
years.From 1951 through 1974,the greatest daily precipitation amount
recorded at Hanksville was 4.57 centimeters and occurred on August 1,
1968.
2.7.3.9 Diffusion Climatology
Mixing Heights and Wind Speeds
Holzworth (972)determined the seasonal and annual mean mixing
heights and wind speeds for the morning and afternoon hours throughout
the contiguous United States for the five-year period 1960 through 1964.
These are presented in Table 2.7-15 for the general Hanksville area.
From Table 2.7-15,the morning mixing heights and wind speeds
are lower than the afternoon.The annual mean morning mixing height is
285 meters (935 ft)compared with the afternoon height of 2520 meters
(8266 ft);mean wind speeds are 4.3 and 5.4 meters per second (9.6 and
2-209
TABLE 2.7-14
ESTIMATED MAXIMUM POINT PRECIPITATION AMOUNTS (cm)
AT HANKSVILLE SITE FOR SELECTED
DURATIONS AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
Recurrence Intervals (Years)
Duration 2 5 10 25 50 100
1 Hour 1.55 2.18 2.72 3.25 3.73 4.24
2 Hours 1.68 2.36 2.97 3.53 4.01 4.67
3 Hours 1.83 2.59 3.15 3.86 4.34 4.93
6 Hours 2.08 2.77 3.61 4.24 4.88 5.36
12 Hours 2.31 3.15 4.04 4.88 5.23 6.12
24 Hours 2.49 3.71 4.47 5.00 5.94 6.35
2 Days 2.82 3.86 4.93 5.62 6.25 7.16
4 Days 3.38 4.32 5.13 6.30 6.91 7.82
7 Days 3.81 4.42 5.66 6.93 7.29 8.15
Sources:Hershfield,1961;Miller,1964
2-210
TABLE 2.7-15
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL MIXING HEIGHTS AND MEAN WIND SPEEDS
HANKSVILLE VICINITY
Morning Afternoon
Mixing
Height
(meters)
Wind Sped
(Meters/sec)
Mixing
Height
(meters)
Wind Speed
(meters/sed
Winter 250 3.5 1070 4.1
Spring 395 5.3 2940 6.6
Summer 245 4.2 3970 6.1
Fall 230 4.3 2090 4.9
Annual 285 4.3 2520 5.4
Source:Holzworth.1972
2-211
12.1 mph),respectively.Seasonally,winter and fall demonstrate the
worst diffusion capabilities and spring the best.
According to the National Air Pollution Potential Forecasting
Program (Stackpole,1967;Gross,1970)the dispersion of pollutants could
be limited with persisting mixing heights of 1S00 meters or less and
mixing layer wind speeds of 4 meters per second or less.Holzworth
(1972)tabulated the number of cases of such restrictive conditions for
the five-year period,1960 through 1964.Episodes persisting for a least
two days for various combinations of mixing heights and wind speeds are
summarized for the general Hanksville vicinity in Table 2.7-16 (page
2-213).
Fifty-two episodes of a 1,SOO-meter or less mixing height and a
four-meter per second or less wind speed were observed in the five-year
period and persisted for a total of 220 days.The greatest frequency of
episodes occurred in the winter months.
From Table 2.7-17,it appears that spring exhibits the best dif-
fusion capacity and winter the worst.The high frequency of unstable
conditions in the summer months is probah 1y the result of the somewhat
slower wind speeds and greater solar insolation during this season.The
relatively high percentages of stahle and unstable conditions and the
relatively low frequency of neutral conditions throughout the year
reflect the low winds and high percentage of clear skies that are char-
acteristic of this area.
Table 2.7-18 presents the annual frequency distribution of Pasquill
stability classes by wind direction and associated wind speeds.Gen-
erally,unstable conditions occur most frequently with south-southeast
winds and stable conditions are associated with northwest through north
winds.
2-212
TABLE 2.7-17
SEASONAL AND ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF STABILITY OCCURRENCE (%)
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
Stability Class
Season A B C D E F
Winter 0.32 1l.47 11.70 21.69 5.41 49.40
Spring 2.91 14.99 10.67 30.47 7.52 33.43
Summer 6.61 19.82 13.02 18.45 6.85 32.26
Fall 1.80 19.06 9.41 16.05 5.24 48.44
Annual 2.93 16.36 1l.20 21.68 6.26 41.57
/
~~i;;·,;,.:;
TABLE 2.7-18
ANNUAL PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PASQUILL STABILITY CLASSES BY DIRECTION
HANKSVILLE,UTAH
A B C D E F
"I %%%%%'0
Direction Frequency Frequency Frequency ~requency Frequency Frequ~
N 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.7 5.3
NNE 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.4 2.4
NE 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.9 0.4 3.7
ENE 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.2 2.0
E 0.2 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 3.2
ESE 0.3 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.2 2.2
SE 0.3 1.6 0.8 0.7 0.3 2.4
SSE 0.4 1.9 1.1 1.6 0.3 1.9
S 0.3 1.7 1.1 1.5 0.4 2.2 N
SSW 0.2 1.1 1.1 4.0 0.4 1.2 IN
0.1 1.0 0.8 2.3 0.5 1.6 .....SW w
WSW 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.2 0.8
W 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.3 1.4
WNW 0.1 0.9 0.7 1.8 0.5 2.1
N\'1 0.1 1.1 0.9 2.5 0.8 5.2
NWN 0.2 0.9 0.7 1.5 0.5 4.1
Alla 2.9 16.4 11.2 21.7 6.3 41.6
aMay not equal total of column because of rounding off
2-214
TABLE 2.7-16
NUMBER OF RESTRICTED MIXING EPISODES LASTING TWO OR
MORE DAYS IN FIVE YEARS AND TOTAL EPISODE DAYS
(IN PARENTHESIS)IN THE HANKSVILLE VICINITY
Wind Speed
<2.0 m/sec
<4.0 m/sec
<6.0 m/sec
Mixing Heights
<500 m <1000 m <1500 m
1(3)5(12)6(13)
16(55)37(141)52(220)
12(42)44(215)62(294)
Source:Holzworth,G.C.,1972
2.7.4 Air Quality
2.7.4.1 Regulatory Standards
Ambient air quality standards for various gaseous and particulate
pollutants have been promulgated by the u.S.Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA),and the Utah Division of Health has adopted these standards
as applicable throughout the state.The current national and Utah
primary and secondary air quality standards are presented in Table
2.7-19.Primary air quality standards define the relative air quality
levels judged necessary,with an adequate safety margin,to protect the
public health.Secondary air quality standards are those specifically
Atmospheric Stability
Seasonal and annual percentage frequency distributions of each
Pasquill stability class (see Section 2.7.2.10 for explanation)for
Hanksville are presented in Table 2.7-17.Annually,unstable conditions
(Classes A,B,and C)occur approximately 30.5 percent of the time,
stable or inversion conditions (Classes E and F)approximately 47.8
percent,and neutral (Class D)approximately 21.7 percent.Unstable
condi tions occur mes t frequently in the summer months,averaging 39.5
percent and are least frequent in winter,averaging 23.5 percent.Stable
conditions throughout an average year vary between 41.0 percent (spring)
and 54.8 percent (winter).
2-215
TABLE 2.7-19
NATIONAL AND STATE OF UTAH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Pollutant
Nitrogen
Dioxideb
Sulfur
Dioxide
Averaging Time
Annual Average
Annual Average
24 Hour
3 Hour
Federal Primary
Standard
c0.05 ppm 3 d
(100 ]J.g/m )
0.03 ppm3(80 j..lg/m )
0.14 ppm 3
(365 j..lg/m )
Federal Secondary
Standard
0.05 ppm 3
(100 llg/m )
0.05 ppm 3
(1300 llg/m )
Suspended
Particulate
Hydrocarbons
(corrected for
methane)
Annual Geometric
'75 j..lg/m3 3Mean60j..lg/m
260 3 150 324Hourj..lg/m j..lg/m
3 Hour 0.24 e 0.24 ppm 3ppm3
6-9 A.M.(160 j..lg/m )(160 ;.Ig/m )
Pho::ochemical
Oxidants
Carbon Monoxide
1 Hour
8 Hour
1 Hour
0.08 ppm 3
(160 j..lg/m )
9 ppm 3 f
(10 mg/m )
35 ppm 3
(40 mg/m )
0.08 ppm 3
(160 j..lg/m )
9 ppm .,
(10 mg/m-')
35 ppm 3
(40 mg/m )
All standards except annual average are not to be exceeded more than once a year.
~From the Bureau of National Affairs,1975
Nitrogen dioxide is the only one of the nitrogen oxides considered in the
ambient standards~ppm 3 parts per million
j..lg/m =micrograms per cubic meter~axL~um 3 hour concentration between 6-9 A.M.
mg/m3 =milligrams per cubic meter
2-216
concerned with protecting the public welfare from any known or adverse
effects of a pollutant.
National and Utah New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)governing
the release of emissions are not applicable for projects of this small
s~ze.
2.7.4.2 Priority Classifications
The project site,located in San Juan County,is part of the
Four Corners Interstate Air Quality Control Region which encompasses
parts of Colorado,New Mexico and Arizona as well as Utah.A classi-
fication system for all Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR)was estab-
lished (as outlined in the Federal Register of April 14,1971)for the
purpose of air pollution control planning and evaluation.Each AQCR is
classified into one of three groups for each major pollutant.
A Priority I classification indicates that significant violation
of the federal standards exists for a portion of the region and special
emission controls are needed.Priority II and III classifications
indicate better air quality within the region,with a priority III classi-
fication indicating better air quality than priority II.Each AQCR is
classified separately with respect to each of the following pollutants:
sulfur oxides,particulate matter,carbon monoxide,nitrogen dioxide,
and photochemical oxidants.Where an AQCR is classified Priority I on
the basis of measured or estimated air quality levels resulting from
emissions predominately from a single point source,it is further clas-
sified Priority IA.Ambient pollutant concentrations that ~efine the
classification system are outlined in Table 2.7-20.
The priority classifications for the Four Corners Interstate Air
Quality Control Region are presented ~n below.
Particulate Sulfur Nitrogen Carbon Photochemical
Matter Oxides Dioxide Monoxide Oxidants (HC)
Priority
Classification IA IA III III III
2-217
TABLE 2.7-20
FEDERAL REGIONAL PRIORITY CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON ~rnIENT AIR QUALITY
Pollutant
Sulfur Oxides
Particulate
Matter
Carbon
Monoxide
Nitrogen
Dioxide
Photochemical
Oxidants
Avg.Time
Ann.Avg.
24-hour
3-hour
Ann.Avg.
24-hour
8-hour
I-hour
Ann.Avg.
I-hour
Priority Group
I II III
Greater than From -To Less th;:tn
100 3 60-100 3 3llg/m3 llg/m3 60 llg/m3455llg/m 260-455 j.lg/m3 260 l.lg/m.,
1300 1-lg/m 1300 llg/m.J
95 / 3 60-95 3 60 3l.lg/m3 llg/m3 llg~m3
325 llg/m 150-325 l.lg/m 150 ',.Ig/m
14 3 3mg/m3 14 mg/m355mg/m 55 mg/m
110 3 no 3llg/m ]lg/m
3 3195l.lg/m 195 j.lg/m
Note:In absence of measured data to the contrary,any region containing
an area whose 1970 "urban place"population exceeds 200,000 will
be classified Priority I.All others will be classified Priority III.
No priority II classification for CO,N0 2,and Photochemical Oxidants
Hydrocarbon classifications will be same as for Photochemical Oxidants
Source:Code of Federal Regulations;40 CFR 51.3
2-218
The priority IA classification of particulates and sulfur dioxide for the
AQCR are based upon emissions from specific fossil-fueled power plants
within the region,none of which lies within 50 kilometers of the
Blanding site.Therefore,the air quality in the vicinity of the
Blanding site is expected to be better than the IA classification would
indicate.
2.7.4.3 Significant Deterioration
Rules have been promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency
as of December 1974 and as further modified in the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977 with regard to prevention of significant deterioration
(PSD).Under this law,each area of the nation with air quality better
than that defined by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for
sulfur dioxide (S02)and total suspended particualtes (TSP)must be
identified and designated as Class I,II or III for purposes of allowable
air quality degradation.A class I area would allow a very small
increase in air pollution,~n Class II a larger increase and Class III
would allow a~r pollution levels up to,but not exceeding,the national
ambient standards.Currently San Juan County,in which the project site
is located,is classified as a Class II area.
The significant deterioration regulations apply specifically to
certain stationary source types and sizes (of which uranium milling
processes are not included),and more generally to any source that has
the potential to emit more than 250 tons per year of any air pollutant.
With the expected low emission rates,this law should not be applicable
to the proposed milling project.
Preliminary estimates based upon current planning indicate total
particulate emiss ions from the White Mesa Uranium Project will not be
greater than 200 tons per year.However,detailed planning is in pro-
gress and a more refined estimate of total emissions will be presented in
the Supplemental Report.
2-219
2.7.4.4 Existing Air Quality
The Utah Division of Health maintains a network of air monitoring
stations throughout the state.The closest monitoring station to the
project area is at Bull Frog Marina located approximately 105 kilometers
(66 mD west of the proposed site.Only particulate and sulfur dioxide
concentrations are measured at Bull Frog (Table 2.7-21).
Only the short-term (24-hour)particulate standard has been exceeded
at the Bull Frog station;the annual average is well below the standard
of 60 ~g/m3 for all three data years.The 24-hour violations must have
been associated with conditions of high winds and blowing dust.
While only 1976 data are available,sulfur dioxide concentrations
measured at Bull Frog Marina are low and well below the applicable
ambient standards.The maximum one hour average recorded in 1976 was
only 0.03 ppm.
As part of the on-site monitoring program,four sulfation plate
monitoring stations were installed at various locations around the
project site;sampling locations are shown on Plate 2.7-1.Data col-
lection s trated in March 1977 and the sulfation plates were routinely
exposed for one month periods.Results of the first seven months (March
through September 1977)of data collected are presented in Table 2.7-22.
While conversion of sulfation plate data to actual S02 concentra-
tions ~s not accurate,sulfation plates do provide an indication of
background sulfur dioxide.From Table 2.7-22,all monthly sulfation
values were below the minmum detectable limit of the analysis procedure.
This would tend to indicate that sulfur dioxide concentrations in the
site vicinity are very low.This conclusion agrees with the state data
collected at the Bull Frog Marina.
In October.1977,a total suspended particulate sampling program
was initiated at the project site.Plate 2.7-1 dipicts the exact sam-
pling location.While data collection has been limited,initial
2-220
TABLE 2.7-21
AIR QUALITY DATA COLLECTED AT
BULL FROG MARINA,1975 THROUGH 1977
Total Suspended3 Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates (~g/m )(ppm)
Annual 1 Maximum Annual Maximum
Year Average 24-hour Average I-hour
19772 24 258 ND3 ND3
1976 15 120 <'01 .03
1975 14 183 ND3 ND3
1Annual average as a geometric mean
2Determined from January through September data only.Annual
geometric mean extrapolated for full year.
3 .1"..No data-spec1I1c parameter not operat1onal
2-221
TABLE 2.7-22
2MONTHLYSULFATIONVALUES(~g S03/cm /day)
BLANDING,UTAH,1977
B-1
B-2
B-3
B-4
March
<1.3
<1.3
April
<1.2
<1.2
<1.5
<1.5
<1.5
<1.5
June
<I.3
<1.3
<1.3
<I.3
<I.1
<I.1
<1.1
<I.1
August
<1.6
<1.6
<1.6
<1.6
September
<1.3
<1.3
<1.3
<1.3
2-222
indications are that total suspended concentrations agree fairly well
with the longer term Bull Frog Marina data.
2.8 ECOLOGY
2.8.1 General Ecology of Region
The natural vegetation occurring on the project site and within
a 25-mile radius is characterized by Pinyon-Juniper woodland intergrading
with the Big Sagebrush association of the Northern Desert shrub formation
(Hunt,1953).A plant formation used in this context refers to a group-
ing of plant communities,whose distribution is largely influenced by
climate,specifically in the semi-arid region of the Project site by
altitude.An association is defined as groupings of plant communities,
whose distribution is locally affected by soils and available moisture.
Both associations are extensively distributed throughout Utah.In 1947,
20 percent of Utah was covered by Pinyon-Juniper woodland;the remaining
area was dominated by Northern Desert Shrub vegetation,with minor
occurrences of Aspen-fir and Alpine Tundra (Woodbury,1947;Tidestrom,
1925).Cottam (1961)estimates that the areal extent of the Pinyon-
Juniper woodland in Utah has increased sixfold since white settlement in
the mid-1800s.This is attributed to overgrazing and lack of fires.
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland,also called pigmy conifer woodland,
1S dominated by Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma)in Utah,with occur-
rences of Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis)as a co-dominant or sub-dominant
tree species.The woodland forms a be 1t between the Northern Desert
Shrub Formation and Western Yellow Pine forest formation.The woodland
is altitudinally distributed from 5000 ft (1650 m)to about 7500 ft (2273
m)in San Juan County,reaching 6000 (1818 m)to 6500 ft (1969 m)msl in
the Abajo Mountains to the east of the project site.The lower limits of
distribution reach about 5200 ft (1576 m),although the woodland also
extends down drainages meeting the Big Sagebrush type.The project
site lies at an elevation of 5600 to 5700 ft (1697 to 1727 m),just above
the lower altitudinal limit of this association.The appearance of the
woodland is short scrubby conifers with a dense canopy,although upon
inspection the understory is usually more open with wide spaces between
2-223
trees.The understory is composed of grasses,forbs and shrubs also
found in the Big Sagebrush association.At the lower limits of distri-
bution,the stands are more open with individuals of shorter heights than
in the more dense stands at the upper distribution of the association.
Usually the Pinyon-Juniper woodland occurs on shallow rocky imperme-
able soils of exposed canyon ridges and slopes while communities of the
Big Sagebrush association occur on deeper well drained soils on flatter
terrain of valley floors,mesas or flattened slopes (Woodbury,1947).
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland contains a variety of wildlife habitats
including isolated trees on rocky cliffs dense stands of trees and stands
interrupted by Big Sagebrush communities.Understory vegetation com-
prised mostly of forbs and shrubs also provides further habitat diver-
sity.Most of the wildlife species found in the Pinyon-Juniper woodland
are not permanent residents but use other vegetative associations found
above and below the woodland.The most characteristic small mammals
inhabiting the pigmy conifer woodland include woodrats (Neotoma sp.)and
the Pinyon Mouse (Peromyscus truei)although the ubiquitous Deer House
(Peromyscus manicu1atus)usually is the most abundant rodent.The Pinyon
Jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus),the Plain Titmouse (Parus inornatus)and
the Common Bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus)are permanent bird residents
(Frischknecht,1975).Throughout the year,about 75 species inhabit this
kind of woodland at various times,making up the most numerous vertebrate
fauna (Frischknecht,1975).These species include several raptors:
Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos),Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis),Bald
Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus),Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus),
Swainson's Hawk (Buteo swainsoni),Kestrel (Falco sparverius)and Red-
tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).
Bobcats (Lynx rufus),
Rabbits (Sylvilagus
a dominant species in
Other mammals found in
Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus)are also
the woodland,and the principal big game species.
the Pinyon-juniper include Coyotes (Canis latrons),
Badger (Taxidea taxus)and Desert Cottontail
audubonii)(Frischknecht,1975).
2-224
Communities occurring 1.n the Big Sagebrush as sociation are charac-
terized by the dominant,Big Sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata),which
grows from 2 to 16 ft (0.6 to 4.9 m)in height on favorable areas and 1.S
widely distributed a1titudinally from 3800 to to 7500 ft (1151 to 2273 m)
msl (Woodbury,1947).Usually the shrubs in the association are widely
spaced but occur closer together in more favorable areas.Grasses are
the principal component of the understory.Historically,areas of
well-developed Big Sagebrush stands have yielded good dryland farmland in
Utah,probably reflecting Big Sagebrush's preference for deep alluvial
soils (Tidestrom,1925).
Since the Big Sagebrush Association is widely distributed altitud-
inally,many species occurring in the Pinyon-Juniper woodland and 1.n
desert shrub associations also occur in this association.Important
small mammals of this association include Pocket Mice (Perognathus sp.),
Kangaroo Mice (Microdipodops sp.)and Voles (Microtus sp.).In western
Utah,Deer Mice and Kangaroo Rats are numerous but locally restricted.
Blacktail Jackrabbits (Lepus townsendii)are also important constitu-
ents of the fauna.Generally,bird species utilizing this association
came from other associations,such as the Swainson's Hawk,Prairie Falcon
(Falco mexicanus),Burrowing Owl (Bubo virginianus)and Horned Lark.
Bird populations are low during the breeding season according to Kendeigh
(1961),averaging 25 pairs per 40 hectares (lOa acres).Other important
bird species occurring in this association include the Sage Grouse
(Centrocercus urophasianus),Poor-will (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii),Sage
Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus),Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli)and
Brewer's Sparrow (Spizella breweri).Reptiles occurring in this associ-
ation are also common to other associations but occur in lesser numbers
(Shelford,1963).Lizards are abundant and visible.Important reptiles
include the Collared Lizard (Crotaphytus col1aris),Sagebrush Lizard
(Sceloporus gaciosus),Striped Whipsnake (Masticophis taeniatus),and
Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis)(Kendeigh,1961).
Throughout the region and on the project area itself,communities of
the Pinyon-Juniper woodland and Big Sagebrush association intergrade.
2-225
This integradation is influenced by soil type,texture,available soil
moisture and past grazing practices.Where the soil type is preferred by
one community type,there is a sharp demarcation line between the assoc-
iations but where soils are more intermediate communities of the Pinyon-
Juniper woodland and Big Sagebrush associations intergrade.Where they
intergrade,as on some parts of the project site,junipers are widely
scattered among species common to the Big Sagebrush association,being
100 ft (30.3 m),or more apart.
Since whiteman's settlement,the project site and portions of
the surrounding region and San Juan County in general have been utilized
for cattle grazing and to a much lesser extent for dryland farming and
some irrigated farming (USDA,1962).
Cattle and sheep graz1ng reached its peak in San Juan County between
1925 and 1930.During that period,cattle numbers ranged from 26,184 in
1925 to 15,168 to 119,802 in 1930 (USDA,1962).According to the United
States Department of Agriculture (1962:13)"Heavy grazing by large
numbers of livestock has brought changes to the vegetation 1n the area
and has caused the range to deteriorate."Various practices to increase
the productivity of the rangeland including controlled fires and chain-
ing,were and still are being used.As a result of these treatment
practices,many seral plant communities to the climax Pinyon-Juniper
woodland and Big Sagebrush associations occur throughout the region.
2.8.2 Ecology of Project Site
As discussed elsewhere (Sections 2.4 and 2.6),the project site lies
on a plateau,with gently roUing topography that is incised with deep
canyons.Elevations range from 5577 ft (1690 m)msl in the south to 5685
ft (1723 m)msl in the north.Canyons with steep rocky slopes and
shallow rocky fine sandy loam soils border the east side of the project
site beyond State Highway 47 and the west side.Two soil types occur on
the site,the Mellenthin soil type and the Blanding soil (see Section
2.10).The natural climax vegetation that occurs on Mellenthin soils is
the Pinyon-Juniper woodland and on the Blanding soil,a deep very fine
2-226
sandy loam,communities of the Big Sagebrush association (USDA,1962).
All the plant communities studied on the project site except the Pinyon-
Juniper woodland occur on the Blanding soil type.Annual precipitation
in the region averages 12.77 inches per year and the average length of
the growing season is 129 days from May 25 to October 1.Precipitation
is distributed throughout the year but May and June are drier than the
rest of the growing season.Precipitation is distributed so about 55
percent occurs during the growing season and 45 percent during the winter
(see Section 2.7).
2.8.2.1 Vegetation
Vegetation sampling locations are indicated on Plate 2.8-I.
Seven communities found on the project site are outlined on Plate
2.8-2.The communities are named either according to the dominant
species in the climax vegetation (for example,Big Sagebrush community)
or so as to identify the type of disturbance that contributes to the
present vegetative composition (for example,reseeded grassland).
Community Distributions and Structure
With the exception of small portions of the Pinyon-Juniper woodland
and the Big Sagebrush community type,the majority of the plant com-
munities found on the project site are seral or disturbed communities
that reflect past grazing use and treatments designed to improve the site
for rangeland.These treatments include chaining,plowing and reseeding
with Crested Wheatgrass.About 94 acres of Pinyon-Juniper woodland occur
on portions of the eastern and western edges of the site,232 acres of
Big Sagebrush,5 acres of vegetation associated with stockponds and
overflow,27 acres of disturbed vegetation on and immediately surrounding
the present buying station and seral communities recovering from past
disturbances of chaining and plowing,567 acres of controlled Big Sage-
brush,and 369 acres of reseeded grassland.These communities.are
separated by fences once used to separate individual pastures.Species
composition of the communities sampled on the site are listed in Table
2.8-1.Parameters describing the structure of communities described
below are presented on Table 2.8-2.Sampling methods and locations are
discussed in Section 6.1.4.3.
VEGETATION
Transect Locations
J- P -Juniper -Pinyon Community
BS -Big Sagebrush Community
CBS -Controlled Big Sagebrush Community
RG I -Reseeded Grassland I Community
RG 2 -Reseeded Grassland IT Community
D-Disturbed Community
T-S -Tamarisk-Salix Community
SCALE m FEET
[2]Grassland Grid (Reseeded Grassland I)
~Big Sagebrush/Grass Grid (Controlled Big Sagebrush)
WILDLIFE
Small Mammal Live-Trapping Transect
,\Juniper -Pinyon Transect
~Tamarisk -Grass Transect (Tamarisk-Salix)
ill Big Sagebrush Grid
Modified Emlen Bird Transect
Ernlen I -Grassland
Emlen 2 -Big Sagebrush origin - 0
2000 150C 1000 500 0
I
direction of travel ---...,.
1000 2000 3000
PLATE 2.8-1
COMMUNITY TYPE
PLATE 2:8-2
ITJ JUNIPER
1820'
I
910'
CONTROLLED
BIG SAGEBRUSH
SCALE IN FEET
o TAMARIX-SALIX
III DISTURBED
~BIG SAGEBRUSH
910'455'
!
r-=J RESEEDED
L:.c"j GRASSLAND
.RES E E D E D[=:J GRASSLAND II
Ifi]PINYON-JUNIPER
2-229
TABLE 2.8-1
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF COill1UNITIES SAMPLED
AT THE BLANDING PROJECT SITE
Scientific Name
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum
Aristida longiseta
Bromus tectorum
Festuca octophora
Hilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Forbs
Asclepias subverticillata
Artemesia biennis
Aspergo procumbens
Aster arvenosus
~galus convallarius
Chichorium intybus
Convolvulus arvensis
Conyza canadensis
Eriogonum gordonii
Eriogonum ovulotolium
Euphorbia fendleri
Grindelia squarrosa
Gilia leptomeria
Helianthus annuus
Lappula redowski
Medicago sativa
Salsola kali
Senecio longilobus
Senecio multicapitatus
Sphaeralcea coccinea
Tragopogon pratensis
Shrubs
Artemesia ludoviciana
Artemesia tridentata
Chrysothamnous
viscidiflorus var.
slenophyllus
Common Name
Crested Wheatgrass
Red Threeawn
Cheatgrass
Sixweeks Fescue
Galleta Grass
Indian Ricegrass
Bottlebrush
Squirreltail
Sand Dropseed
Butterfly Milkweed
Biennial Wormwood
Catchweed
Aster
Timber Poison
Milkvetch
Chicory
European Gloryvine
Horseweed Fleabane
Eriogonum
Eriogonum
Euphorbia
Curlycup Gumweed
Gilia
Common Sunflower
Stickweed
Alfalfa
Common Russian-
Thistle
Threadleaf Groundsel
Groundsel
Scarlet Globemallow
Meadow SaIs ify
Louisiana Sagebrush
Big Sagebrush
Douglas Rabbitbrush
Community of
Occurrence
RGI ,RGII,TS,CBS
RGI,JP
JP
TS,JP
BS,JP,CBS,RGII
JP,CBS
BS,JP,CBS,RGII
RGII
RGII
TS
TS
RGII
CBS
RGII
RGII
RGII
TS
JP
RGII
TS,D,RGII
JP
RGII
JP
D
CVS,RRl,BS ,RGI!
RGII
RGII
RGl,CBS,RGII
RGI
RGI!
RGl,BS,JP
RGII
2-230
TABLE 2.8-1 (Concluded)
Scientific Name
Shrubs
Cowania mexicana var
Quberulus
Echinocereus
triglochidiatus
Ephedra viridis
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Lycium pallidum
Opuntia polyacantha
Yucca angustissima
Trees
Juniperus osteosperma
Pinus edulis
Salix exigua
Tamarix pentandra
Common Name
Cliffrose
Claretcup Echinocereus
Green Ephedra
Broom Snakeweed
Pale Wolfberry
Plains Pricklypear
Fineleaf Yucca
One-seeded Juniper
Pinyon Pine
Coyote Willow
Tamarisk
Community of
Occurrence
JP
CBS
RGl,BS,JP,CBS
CBS,RGI!
RGI,RGI!
JP,CBS,RGI!
BS,JP
RGl,JP,CBS
JP
TS
TS
Communities -Juniper-pinyon (Jp);Big Sagebrush (BS);Controlled
Big Sagebrush (CBS);Reseeded Grassland 1 (RGI);
Reseeded Grassland II (RGII);Disturbed (D);Tamarix-
Salix (TS)
',!:.~:\"-:,,:;·;(.-~_6li~
.'\
,:.,:,,;'
TABLE 2.8-2----
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE PARAMETERS OF
THE BLANDING SITE PLANT COMMUNITIES
Relative1 .1 Relative1 Relative1 ImportancePercent
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value
COHNUNITY
RESEEDED GRASSLAND I
GROUP SPECIES
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum 92.0 12.0 78.2 66.4 236.2
Festuca octofora 1.0 0.1 0.5 5.6 7.5
Hilaria jamesii 2.0 0.3 2.4 2.4 6.4
Sitanion hystrix 1.0 0.1 0.5 2.4 3.5
Total 12.5
Forbs N
Cichorium intybus 0.3 0.2 1.2 2.4 3.5 IN
Sphaeralcea coccinea 0.3 0.1 0.5 2.4 2.8 w....
Total 0.3
Shrubs
Gutierrezia sarothrae 4.0 1.9 13.3 16.0 33.3
LyciulD pallidulD 0.3 0.5 3.6 2.4 5.9
'fo tal 2.q·
Total Vegetative Cover 15.2
Bare Ground 61.0
Litter 24.2
RESEEDED GRASSLAND II
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum 96.0 8.9 82.7 75.0 253.7
Total 8.9
1percentages may not add to one hundred due to rounding.
TABLE 2.8-2 (Continued)
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequencl,Value-
COMMUNITY----
RESEEDED GRASSLAND II (cont'd)
Forbs
Salsola kali 0.6 0.1 1.2 5.0 6.8
Sphaeralcea coccinea 3.0 1.4 13.0 15.0 31.0
Total 1.5
Shrubs
Gutierrezia sarothrae 0.6 0.3 3.1 5.0 8.7
Total 0.3
Total Vegetative Cover 10.7
Bare Ground 79.7
Litter 9.5 I'.)
II'.)
(.oJ
I'.)
TAMARIX-SALIX
Forbs
Asperugo procumbens 3.8 0.5 4.1 7.7 15.6
Grindelia squarrosa 66.0 9.0 75.0 53.9 194.9
Salsola kali 1.9 0.2 1.7 7.7 11.3------Total 9.7
Shrubs
Artemesia tridentata 9.4 0.8 6.7 15.4 31.5
Total 0.8
Trees
Salix exigua 1.9 1.0 8.3 7.7 17.9
Tamarix pentandra 16.9 0.5 4.2 7.7 28.8
Total 1.5
Total Vegetative Cover 12.0
Bare Ground 67.9
Litter 20.1
,/
Parameter
COMMUNITY
DISTURBED
"iS~h.:.-·".
TABLE 2.8-2 (Continued)
Relative Percent Relative Relative
Density Cover Cover Frequency
Impor~ance
Value
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum
Festuca octoflora
92.0
2.0
Total
9.0
0.2
9.2
68.0
2.0
66.0
16.7
226.6
20.7
Forbs
Salsola kali
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li.tter
6.0 4.0
Total 4.0
13.2
80.0
7.0
30.0 16.7 52.7
CONTROLLED BIG SAGEBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron desertorum
Hilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sitanion hystrix
Forbs
Astragalus conva11arius
-Sa1s01a kali
~phaeralcea-coccinea
Shrubs
Artemesia tridentata
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Litter
19.0
16.0
3.0
10.0
3.0
11.0
0.2
27.0
10.0
Total
Total
Total
3.4
2.8
0.5
1.7
8.4
0.5
1.9
0.1
2.4
4.7
1.8
6.5
17.3
67./+
15.3
19.3
15.9
3.0
9.8
3.0
11.2
0.2
27.0
10.4
15.0
18.0
2.0
24.0
5.0
15.0
2.0
7.0
12.0
53.3
49.9
8.0
43.8
11.0
37.2
2.4
61.0
32.4
NINWW
!.,,~~~,,-~'.
TABLE 2.8-2 (Continued)
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value----
COMMUNITY
BIG SAGEBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Hilaria jamesii 72.8 12.7 38.1 35.9 146.8
Sitanion hystrix 19.0 1.1 3.3 23.4 45.7
Total 13.8
Shrubs
Artemesia tridentata 4.6 18.9 56.8 20.3 81.7
Gutierrezia sarothrae 3.6 0.5 1.5 10.9 16
Total 19.4
Lichen 0.1 0.3 9.4 11.2
Total Vegetative Cover 33.3 1',)
Bare Ground 49.9 I~-.)
Litter 16.9 w~
PINYON-JUNIPER
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longiseta 13.1 2.1 8.1 9.7 29.3
Bromus tectorum 1.2 0.1 0.4 4.8 12.4
Hilaria jamesii 26.2 0.8 3.1 9.7 39.0
Oryzopsis hymenoides 1.2 0.6 2.3 1.6 5.0
Sitanion hystrix 4.8 0.1 0.4 3.2 8.3
Total 3.8
Forbs
Cilia leptomeria 8.3 0.04 0.1 1.6 10.1
Lappula redowski 1.2 2.4 9.3 1.6 11.7
Total 2.44
Parameter
COMMUNITY
PINYON-JUNIPER (cont'd)
Shrubs
TABLE 2.8-2 (Concluded)
Relative Percent Relative Relative
Density _Cover Cov~r ..F!"l:!<]uerl£Y
Importance
Value
Artemesia tridentata
Chrysothamnous viscidiflorus
var.Slenophylhs
Cowania mexicana
Erigonium ovulofolium
Gutierrezia sarothroe
Opuntia polycantha
Total
Trees
Juniperus osteosperma
Pinus edulis---Total
Lichen
Moss
Total Vegetative Cover
Bare Ground
Li.tter
Rock
5.9 4.0 15.4 9.7 30.3
1.2 0.3 1.1 3.2 5.6
3.6 4.0 15.4 4.8 23.0
3.6 0.1 0.4 1.6 5.6
14.3 1.3 5.0 11.3 30 .l~
2.4 0.2 0.8 3.2 6.3
9.9
N
4.8 7.2 27.8 6.5 37.6 IN
1.2 0.8 3.1 1.6 5.7 w
V1
8.0
1.0 3.9 19.4 29.5
0.8 3.1 3.2 6.3
25.9
55.6
15.6
4.4
2-236
The Pinyon-Juniper woodland on the site is restricted to shallow
soils along the canyon rims on the east and west of the site.A sharp
boundary occurs between this community and the other communities on the
site.About 30 individual Utah Juniper trees are scattered across the
project site on the Blanding soil (see Plate 2.8-2).The Pinyon-Juniper
woodland contains the most species of communities sampled on the site
(see Table 2.8-1).While the woodland is stratified into four layers,
the dominant tree layer gives the woodland an overall appearance of dense
vegetation.However,its species are widely separated;vegetative cover
made up only 25.9 percent of the ground cover and bare ground made up
55.6 percent in areas sampled.Litter is an important component of
ground cover,comprising 15.6 percent with rock 4.4 percent and lichens
and mosses 1.8 percent (Table 2.8-2).The dominant species as reflected
by importance value ~n the woodland is Utah Juniper (Juniperus
osteosperma)with infrequent occurrences of Pinyon Pine (Pinus edulis).
In the shrub layer,shrubs were widely spaced with grasses and forbs
occurring in open areas,the shrub layer was the most important component
of the understory,contributing about 10 percent of the vegetative cover.
Big Sagebrush,Cl iffrose (Cowania mexicana)and Broom Snakeweed
(Gutierrezia sarothrae)were the dominant shrubs,based upon importance
value.
The Big Sagebrush communi.ty is composed of two layers shrubs and
grasses.This community is dominated by open stands of Big Sagebrush,3
to 5 feet tall.The stand is interspersed with occasional shrubs of
Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothroae).About 20 percent of the ground
cover is Big Sagebrush with open spaces of bare ground interspersed with
grasses (Table 2.8-2).About 52 percent of cover was bare ground.The
understory layer of grasses was not diverse,two species were sampled
with Ga1leta Grass (Hilaria jamesii)being the most important grass
species.
The other five communities occurring on the site are ~n var~ous
stages of recovery from past disturbances due to range treatment and
overgrazing.Evidence of chaining and plowing was apparent in the
2-237
reseeded rangeland communities and controlled Big Sagebrush communities.
Old trunks of Big Sagebrush made up much of the litter sampled in those
communities.Chaining not only increases the litter but also removes the
dominant shrub layer in the community,releasing grasses and forbs from
competition by shrubs.Several weedy species common to abandoned
pastures and overgrazed rangeland are common in these communities (See
Table 2.8-1).Species classed as weeds because they are introduced and
provide little or no forage value to wildlife or livestock,include
Aristida longiseta,Sitanion hystrix,Salsola kali,Cichorium intybus,
Asperugo procumbens,Grindelia squarrosa (Holmgren and Anderson,1970).
Table 2.8-2 presents relative frequency,relative cover,relative density
and importance values of species sampled in each community type.
The reseeded Grassland I,occupying the northeastern portion
of the site is dominated by the grass layer,with occasional occurrences
of shrubs such as Broom Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothroe)and Wolfberry
(Lycium pallidum).In addition to being chained in the past,this area
was also reseeded in Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum),which
made up 8.9 percent of the ground cover and was the dominant species in
the community,based upon importance value.The vegetative cover ~s
sparse in this community;61 percent of ground cover was bare ground and
24.2 percent litter.The relative frequency of Crested Wheatgrass
sampled was 75 percent while Broom Snakeweed was 3.1 percent and forbs
14.2 percent (Table 2.8-2).Usually with chained areas,native species
reinvade 12-15 years after treatment.With the additional reseeding of
Crested Wheat,this period would be much longer.
The reseeded Grassland II community ~n the southern portion of
the project site is physically separated from the other communities by
fences and roads (see Plate 2.8-2).This community is in an earlier
stage of recovery from disturbance than the reseeded Grassland I com-
munity in the northern portion of the site.Vegetative cover is sparse,
10.7 percent of ground cover,and is dominated by the only grass species
sampled Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum).Bare ground makes up
79.7 percent of cover and litter 9.5.Only four species were sampled ~n
2-238
this community,Crested Wheatgrass which was used in reseeding,and three
weedy species.In later stages of recovery from mechanical treatment and
reseeding,rangeland should support a more diverse composition of native
grasses as well as introduced species than the rangeland communities
studied.
The controlled Big Sagebrush community appears to be the oldest
community to recover from chaining.A shrub layer is present and the
dominant species in the community is Big Sagebrush,based upon importance
values.Crested Wheatgrass was the dominant species in the grass layer.
Vegetative cover was a low 17.3 percent,while bare ground contributed
67.4 percent to ground cover and litter,mainly uprooted Big Sagebrush,
15.3 percent.
The disturbed plant community on and surrounding the present
Blanding buying station contained a single layer dominated by Crested
Wheatgrass.Vegetative cover was sparse,being 13.2 percent of ground
cover,while bare ground made up 8.0 percent.
The Tamarix-Salix community type is associated with two stock
ponds on the project site (see Plate 2.8-2).The water levels in the
ponds fluctuate and at the time of sampling the ponds were dry.The
variability in moisture a.round the ponds is reflected in the forb layer
which was composed of only weedy species.Vegetative cover was sparse
(12.0 percent),bare ground was 67.9 percent of ground cover and litter
20.1 percent (see Table 2.8-1).No grasses were sampled,and forbs were
the dominant group in the vegetative cover.The most prominent layer in
the community is the tree layer made up of Tamarix and willows along the
dam.Although not sampled,two mature cottonwood trees occur at the
westernmost pond and several saplings occurred at the easternmost pond
(see Plate 2.8-2).
Vegetative Production
Annual produc tion on
dry yields from seasonal
the project site was measured
clippings (see Section 6.1.4.3
as total a~r
for sampling
2-239
methods and locations).Only two range sites occur on the site,the
semidesert upland stony hills (Pinyon-Juniper)range site and semidesert
loam range site.Descriptions for these two range sites were used to
estimate condition classes of the communities sampled (USDA,1971 and
1975).The Pinyon-Juniper community sampled is on the semidesert upland
stony hills (Pinyon-Juniper)range site while the other communities
sampled are on the semidesert loam.Because all community types other
than the Pinyon-Juniper community had been subjected to various range
improvement treatments (such as chaining,plowing and reseeding with
Crested Wheatgrass),production samples were taken from each community
type and condition classes were then based upon the semidesert loam range
site description.
Annual production samples from the project site varied between
communities within the semidesert loam range site and between the semi-
desert upland stony hills (Pinyon-Juniper)range site and the semidesert
loam rangesite.Production measurements discussed below may be mislead-
ing since precipitation for 1977 at the project site and fer San Juan
County was classed as drought conditions (see Section 2.7).Until July,
no production was evident during sampling on the site.
Based upon percent composition by dry weight,the Pinyon-Juniper
community is in fair condition (see Table 2.8-3 for actual percentages in
comparison to climax composition).Total yield for the Pinyon-Juniper
community was 206 lbs/acre air dry,while the total annual yield in an
unfavorable year for a semidesert stony hills (Pinyon-Juniper)range site
in fair condition is 1200-500 lbs/acre air dry (USDA,1971).Generally,
understory cover varies from 35 to 40 percent.However,in the Pinyon-
Juniper community sampled total understory vegetative cover was 30
percent which may account for the lower yield.This community type also
was overgrazed in the past,as evidenced by the high percentage of
increaser shrubs present.An lncreaser species is one that increases in
occurrence when the range is grazed too heavily.Big Sagebrush,rabbit-
brush and snakeweed composition in the Pinyon-Juniper community totalled
2-240
TABLE 2.8-3
PRODUCTION AND PERCENT COMPOSITION OF THE
PINYON-JUNIPER COMMUNITY ON THE SEMIDESERT STONYHILLS
(Pinyon-Juniper)Range Sitea
Plant Group and Species
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Agropyron spicatum
Muhlenbergia emersleyi
Bouteloua gracilis
Carex geophila
Hilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Koeleria cristata
Sitanion sp.
Agropyron smithii
Poa secunda
Forbs
Erigeron sp.
Chrysopsis villosa
Astragalus sp.
Others
Phlox sp.
Shrubs and Trees
Artemesia tridentata
Artemesia nova
Juniperus -;P:-
Phlox sp.
Pinus edulis
Chrysothamnous sp.
Aster sp.
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Total percent composition
Total production
Condition class
Maximum
Percent
in Climax
25
2
5
10
1
25
1
1
1
1
1
1
Tr
2
1
5
1
35
1
15
5
1
3
Percent in Juniper-Pinyon
Community
5
23
0.1
12
4
14
36.1
206 Ibs/acre
Fair
aTaken from the 8CS range site description
\_~-
\"'-:.'......-
2-241
30 percent while increaser percent composition ~n the potential native
community normally ranges from 5 to 12 percent (USDA,1971).
Based upon percent dry weight composition,all the communities
sampled on the semidesert loam range site were in poor condition except
the Big Sagebrush and controlled Big Sagebrush community types (Table
2.8-4).Production on these sites was mostly weeds causing the low
condition class classification.Annual dry weight production ~n the
reseeded Grassland I community was 119 lbs/acre,on the reseeded grass-
land II community 148 lbs/acre,on the disturbed community 32 lbs/acre
and on the Tamarix-Salix community 1585 lbs/acre.On a semidesert loam
rangesite in an unfavorable year,production generally varies from 300 to
225 lbs/acre (USDA,1971).
The Big Sagebrush and Controlled Big Sagebrush community types were
~n fair condition (see Table 2.8-4).Production of the Big Sagebrush
community was 159 lbs/acre and the Controlled Big Sagebrush community 380
lbs/acre.In an unfavorable year on a semidesert loam range site in fair
condition production can range from 1100 lbs/acre to 250 lbs/acre (USDA,
1971)•
Endangered and Threatened Plant Species
No plant species designated as endangered and offered special
protection by the U.S.government occurs in Utah (Federal Register Vol.
42 (55):40682-40685,August 11,1977).Fifty-nine species nominanted
as possibly warranting endangered or threatened status and protection
occur ~n Utah (Federal Register Vol.41 (117):24524-24572,June 16,
1976).Of these species all are endemic to certain areas in Utah
and six occur in San Juan County.Brief descriptions of the type
localities for the latter,taken from Welsh,et al.(975),are listed
below.
Erigeron kachinensis Welsh &Moore
Habitat -an endemic species known only from its type locality,
hanging gardens and seeps near Kachina Natural Bridges in Natural Bridges
National Monument,about 45 miles west of the project site.
TABLE 2.8-4
PRODUCTION AND PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COt~1UNfTIES
SAMPLED ON THE SEMI DESERT LOAM RANGE SITE
Plant Group
and Species
Maximum
Percent
in Climax
Big
Sagebrush
Controlled
Big Sagebrush
Community
Reseeded
Grassland I
Reseeded
Grassland II Disturbed
Tamarix-
Salix
Grasses and Grasslike
Plants
Agropyron spicatum
Bouteloua gracilis
Sitanion hystrix
Hilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Stipa comata
ArI;ti~p~
Forbs
Annuals
Aster sp.
Eriogeron sp.
Eriogonum sp.
Astragalus sp.
Lomatium sp.
Brassica sp.
Lathyrus sp.
Penstemon sp.
Phlox sp.
sphaeralcea coccinea
Lappula sp.
10
15
5 Tr 10 Tr
10 9 11 6
20 5
20 N
2 I
N.p-
N
5
1
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
5 5
2
/
TABLE 2.8-4 (Concluded)
.~'-'-~.
Plant Group
and Species
Shrubs and Trees
Artemesia tridentata
Artemcsia nova
Artemesiaspinescens
Eriogonum sp.
Atriplex canescens
Artemesiacampestris
Phlox hoodii-=:-:---:---_.-Ephedra sp.
Gilia sp.
~ia polyacantha
Atriplex confertifolia
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Eurotia lanata
Chrysot'h"amnou~sp.
Maximum
Percent
in Climax
20
5
10
1
5
15
1
1
1
1
8
5
40
5
Big
Sagebrus~
85
9
Controlled
Big Sagebrush
19
20
Community
Reseeded
Grassland I
6
Reseeded
Grassland II
30
Disturbed
Tamarix-
Salix
6
NI
N.p-
W
Total percent composition
Total production
Condition class
34%
159 lbs/acre
Fair
44%
380 Ibs/acre
Fair
11%
119 lbs/acre
Poor
1%
148 Ibs/acre
Poor
0%
20 lbs/acre
Poor
6%
1585 Ibs/
acre Poor
ITaken from the SCS range site description
2-244
Astragalus cronquistii Barneby
Habitat -an endemic species very restricted,its type locality is
~n the desert along west side of Comb Wash,9 miles west of Bluff and
about 30 miles south-southwest of the project site.
Astragalus iselyi Welsh
Habitat -an endemic,edaphically restricted,type locality is at
Brumley Bridge,about 1.5 miles north of Pack Creek Ranch and about 70
miles north of the project site.
Phacelia indeccra Howell
Habitat -an endemic species,type locality Bluff,about 20 miles
south of the project site.
Eriogonum humivagans Reveal
Habitat -an endemic species known only from the type locality about
13.5 miles east of Monticello at 6,800 feet,about 30 miles northeast of
the project site.
Zigadenus vaginatus Rydb
Habitat -an endemic species,type locality Armstrong Canyon near
Natural Bridges,about 40 miles west of the project site.
According to the BLM Monticello (Personal Communications,Mr.Nick
Sandberg and Mr.Rick Mcquire Range and Wildlife Specialists,November
10,1977)no endangered species occurs in the vicinity of or on the
project site.Although an extensive list and description of endangered,
threatened,extinct and endemic species of Utah was published in 1975
(Welsh et ale 1975),only the species listed above were designated by the
Federal government as warranting further study for designation as endan-
gered or threatened.Due to the disturbed nature of the project site it
is unlikely any species listed above occurs on the site.
2-245
2.8.2.2 Wildlife
This section contains baseline information collected through four
seasons at the Blanding site for the purpose of predicting impacts
associated with construction and operation of the proposed mill and
formulating mitigation measures to reduce those impacts.The ensuing
discussion concentrates on species actually observed,trapped,or posi-
tively known to occur in the area from unmistakable sign such as scat,
tracks and middens (see Plates 2.8-1 and 2.8-3 for sampling locations).
A list of species potentially occurr~ng in the vicinity,based on general
distributions,is in Appendix D.
Amphibians and Reptiles
Amphibians function as secondary consumers in ecosystems,feeding
primarily upon insects and other invertebrates and,in turn,are consumed
by vertebrate predators.The arid nature of the project site,the lack
of perennial water,and the limited number of vegetated stock ponds
indicate that local amphibian populations are small or non-existent.
Seven species potentially occur in the area (see Appendix D)based on
distribution range maps (Stebbins,1966).However,the only amphibian
seen during field work for this report was one Tiger Salamander
(Ambystoma tigrinum)in Pinyon-Juniper habitat to the west of the project
site.
Reptiles function as secondary or tertiary consumers 1n eco-
systems,depending upon the species.Eleven species of lizards and five
species of snakes potentially occur in the area (see Appendix D)based on
distribution range maps (Stebbins,1966).Any of the eleven lizard
species could occur 1n the project vicinity,but not all would occur
together in one habitat.Ten sympatric lizard species is the highest
number known in western North America and a maximum of five species may
occur sympatrically in southeastern Utah according to Pianka (1965).
Three species of lizards were observed during field~V'ork:the Sagebrush
Lizard (Sceloporus graciosus)and the Western Whiptail (Cnemidophorus
tigris)both occurred in sagebrush and the Short-horned Lizard
(Phrynosoma douglassi)was observed in grassland.By mid-October
~~,",<,(
~r'-l
~'.35~..---\\_.'
{\•
PLATE 2.8-3
2-247
adults were in hibernation but young of the year Sagebrush Lizards were
still active in sagebrush.No snakes were observed during field work.
Birds
Birds are directly linked to functioning of ecosys tems through the
pattern and magnitude of energy flow.One dimension of the importance or
role of non-game birds in rangeland ecosystems 1.S the pattern of food
consumption.Total prey consumption values for rangeland similar to that
of the site have been determined from simulation models to fall in a
?restricted range (0.21S to 0.40S g dry wt per m-per season)over the
ISO-day breeding season from April through August (Wiens and Dyer,1975).
Animal prey rather consistently comprises 80 percent or more of the total
prey biomass consumed.In general,chewing insects dominate the diet
which also includes small percentages of omnivorous invertebrates,
scavengers,and grass seeds (Wiens and Dyer,1975).No one has been able
to quantify the effects of avian predation on controlling prey popula-
tions or their effects on such factors as herbage consumption by chewing
insects or plant growth suppression by sucking forms (Wiens and Dyer,
1975)•
A second way to V1.ew the importance of a bird community is to
evaluate energy flow through the avifauna in comparison with total
energy transfers among trophic levels of the ecosystem.Wiens and Dyer
(1975)reported avian biomass was several orders of magnitude less than
that of primary producers (photosynthetic plants),and the biomass of
secondary consumer (primarily insect-eaters)was 2-S times higher than
that of primary consumer.
A third way of assessing the importance of birds is by the role that
they play in nutrient cycling.Relative to invertebrates population
turnover in birds is slow.This means that nutrients ingested by birds
are not available for some time to other components of the ecosystem.
These nutrients can be exported out of the local ecosystem via migration
coupled with higher mortality rates on wintering grounds (Fretwell,1972
and Wiens,1974).However,the magnitude of nutrient export by birds is
2-248
generally negligible compared with that of streamflow (Wiens and Dyer,
1975).
Another dimension of the importance of birds is the recreation
that they provide for bird-watchers.Payne and DeGraaf (975)esti-
mated the total national direct expenditures for the enjoyment of non-
game birds to be $500 million.They predicted continued moderate growth
in this form of recreation.
In four seasons of field work,56 species of birds were observed in
the project vicinity (Table 2.8-5).A list of species potentially
present is in Appendix D.The estimated abundance of birds in the
project vicinity derived from modified Emlen transects and roadside bird
counts varied with habitat and season.Only four species were observed
during winter sampl ing in February.The mos t abundant species was the
Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris)which was concentrated in grassland
(Table 2.8-6).The Horned Lark and Common Raven (Corvus corax)were seen
in two of the four habitats sampled.Most winter roadside bird observa-
tions (55 percent)occurred in grassland habitat (Table 2.8-7).Spring
sampling in May showed a great influx of breeding species.The most
abundant species was again the Horned Lark in grassland (Table 2.8-6).
Horned Larks,Western Meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta),Brewer's Black-
birds (Eugphagus cyanocephalus),Common Ravens,White-throated Swifts
(Aeronautes saxatalis),Violet-green Swallows (Tachycineta thalassina),
and Lark Sparrows (Chondestes grammacus)were observed in two of the four
habitats sampled.Most spring roadside bird observations (62 percent)
occurred in grassland habitat (Table 2.8-8).While grassland continued
to be important to year-round residents,sagebrush became important in
spring;particularly to sparrows and meadowlarks (Table 2.8-6).Summer
sampling in August saw the continuation of the Horned Lark as the most
abundant species in grassland (Table 2.8-6).The Black-billed Magpie
(Pica pica)was seen in all four habitats,while the Common Crow and
Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura)were seen in three habitat types.Most
summer roadside bird observations (53 percent)occurred in grassland
(Table 2.8-9).The overall distribution of birds became more uniform in
2-249
TABLE 2.8-5
BLANDING BIRD INVENTORY
Species
Statewide
Relative
Abundance
Statusa Species
Statewide
Relative
Abundance
Status
Mallard
Pintail
Turkey Vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Golden Eagle
Marsh Hawk
Merlin
American Kestrel
Sage Grouse b
Scaled Quail
American Coot
Killdeer
Spotted Sandpiper
Mourning Dove
Common Nighthawk
White-throated Swift
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Western Kingbird
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Say's Phoebe
Horned lark
Violet-green Swallow
Barn Swallow
Cliff Swallow
Scrub Jay
Black-billed Magpie
Common Raven
Common Crow
Pinyon Jay
CP
CP
us
CP
CP
CP
UW
CP
UP
cs
CP
CS
CS
CS
CS
CP
CS
CS
CS
CP
CS
CS
CS
CP
CP
CP
CW
CP
Bushtit CP
Bewick I s Wren CP
Mockingbird US
Mountain Bluebird CS
Black-tailed Gnatcatcher H
Ruby-crowned Kinglet CP
Loggerhead Shrike CS
Starling CP
Yellow-rumped Warbler CS
Western Meadowlark CP
Red-winged Blackbird CP
Brewer's Blackbird CP
Brown-headed Cowbird CS
Blue Grosbeak CS
House Finch CP
~merican Goldfinch CP
Green-tailed Towhee CS
Rufous-sided Towhee CP
Lark Sparrow CS
Black-throated Sparrow CS
Sage Sparrow US
Dark-eyed Junco CW
Chipping Sparrow CS
Brewer's Sparrow CS
White-crowned Sparrow CS
Song Sparrow CP
Vesper Sparrow CS
aAfter Behle and Perry (1975)
bNot listed in Behle (1960 or Behle and Perry (1975)
Relative Abundance
C =common
U =uncommon
H =hypothetical
Status
P =permanent
S =summer resident
W winter visitant
2-250
TABLE 2.8-6
BLANDING BIRD POPULATION ESTIMATES FROM EMLEN TRANSECTSa
Individuals/lOa Acres
Habitat/Species Winter Spring Summer Fall
Grassland
Horned Lark 33.9 96.9 36.4 98.8
Meadowlark 7.3 7.3 18.8
Lark Sparrow 19.4 0.6
Brewer's Sparrow 47.1
Mourning Dove 2.4
Common Crow 1.1
Green-tailed Towhee 1.2
Black-billed Magpie 4.7
House Finch 9.4
American Goldfinch 36.2
Mountain Bluebird 2.4
Sagebrush
Horned Lark 4.7 26.5 3.5 13.7
Meadowlark 23.5 9.4
Lark Sparrow 17.7 4.1
Brewer's Sparrow 25.9 12.5
Vesper Sparrow 4.7
Sage Sparrow 3.5 13.0
Black-throated Sparrow 2.4 7.1
Mourning Dove 3.5 4.1
Brewer's Blackbird 8.6
Loggerhead Shrike 2.4 3.8
American Kestrel 1.a
a consecutive days.Average from surveys on two
2-251
TABLE 2.8-7
BLANDING WINTER 1977 ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance by Habitat
Pinyon/
Species Grassland Sage/Grass Sagebrush Juniper
Common Raven 5 1
Starling 1
Dark-eyed Junco 4
Totals 6 1 0 4
No.of Species 2 1 0 1
Species Diversity 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.00
2-252
TABLE 2.8-8
SPRING 1977 ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance by Habitat
Species Grassland Sage/Grass Sagebrush
Pinyon/
Juniper
Mourning Dove 10
Western Meadowlark 6
Brewer's Blackbird 9
Starling 8
Common Raven 3
Horned Lark 6
Western Kingbird 2
Cliff Swallow 12
White-throated Swift 2
Violet-green Swallow 16
Barn Swallow
Mockingbird 3
Scaled Quail
Loggerhead Shrike
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Brewer's Sparrow
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Turkey Vulture 4
Totals 81
No.of Species 12
Species Diversity 3.31
1
2
3
2
0.92
15
1
1
4
16
1
38
6
1.81
2
1
1
1
5
4
1.92
2-253
TABLE 2.8-9
SU}fMER 1977 ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance by Habitat
Species Grassland Sage/Grass Sagebrush
Pinyon!
Juniper
Mourning Dove 4
Western Meadowlark 2
Brewer's Blackbird 1
Common Crow 15
Horned Lark
Cliff Swallow 50
Violet-green Swallow 4
Black-billed Magpie 5
Mockingbird
Loggerhead Shrike 1
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Brown-headed Cowbird 1
Common Nighthawk
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
American Kes trel
Totals 83
No.of Spec ies 9
Species Diversity 1.91
3
2
3
4
1
3
3
1
20
8
2.87
3
1
1
5
5
15
5
2.04
16
7
2
1
1
9
2
38
7
2.19
2-254
summer,with species appearing 1n the sage/grass and pinyon/juniper for
the first time.In fall (October)the Horned Lark continued to be the
most abundant species in grassland (Table 2.8-6).The Western Meadowlark
was the most widely distributed species occurring in three of the four
habitats sampled.Most fall roadside bird observations (94 percent)
occurred in grassland (Table 2.8-10).With the approach of winter the
distribution of birds was again centering on grassland as summer resi-
dents left the area.
Species diversity 1S a measure of the probability of encountering
an individual of a given species among all the species present in an
area.In general,the greater the species diversity the greater the
ecosystem stability.Avian species diversities measured by the Shannon-
Wiener formula (Smith,1974)are shown for roadside bird counts by
habitat in Tables 2.8-7 through 2.8-10.Species diversity was generally
low in winter and greatest in grassland.In spring,diversity increased
in all habitats and remained greatest in grassland.In summer,diversity
declined in grassland and peaked in all other habitats.In fall,
diversity decreased and remained greatest in grassland.
The relatively small group of species characterizing the breeding
avifauna of the site was typical of rangeland habitat (Wiens and Dyer,
1975).Also typical was the small total number of species which inhab-
ited the area.The Horned Larks and meadowlarks were the associated
breeding majority species of the project site grassland (Table 2.8-6).
Average avian densities measured by Wiens and Dyer (1975)on other
rangeland during the breeding season ranged from 185 to 329 individ-
uals/km2•The avian density on grassland of the project site during
spring was 305 individuals/km2 based on extrapolation of Emlen transect
data.Eighty-four percent of these individuals belonged to the two most
abundant species,which is also typical of rangeland habitats (Wiens and
Dyer,1975).Shrub-steppe avifaunas generally contain more migratory
species than grassland avifaunas.The high interseasonal species turn-
over at the project site supports the preceeding statement.Wiens and
Dyer (1975)found that the total rangeland breeding bird community
2-255
TABLE 2.8-10
FALL 1977 BLANDING ROADSIDE BIRD SURVEY
Relative Abundance By Habitat
Species
Brewer's Blackbird
Common Crow
Western Meadowlark
Horned Lark
Black-billed Magpie
Red-tailed Hawk
Totals
No.of Species
Species Diversity
Grassland
29
2
4
3
9
47
5
1.64
Sage/Grass
1
2
3
2
0.92
Sagebrush
4,.,
L
1
7
3
1.38
Pinyon/
Juniper
o
o
o
2-256
appeared to be more stable annually than individual populations of the
dominant species;shrub-steppe densities exhibited the greatest LU-
stability.
Raptors are important as a recreational resource,often being
the favorites of bird watchers.They are also indicators of quality
habitat.Since raptors occupy the ecological niche of tertiary consumer,
their density and diversity in a particular area are positively cor-
related with the local ecosystem's structural and functional stability
and production.The following discussion presents raptor life history
information,largely derived from Eyre and Paul (1973),plus evidence of
breeding,habitat utilization,and migration on and adjacent to the
proposed mill site.
Harrier -The Harrier or Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus)is listed by Eyre
and Paul (1973)as a common year around resident in Utah,being often
associated with open lowlands and marshes.However,some individuals do
migrate.Migrating birds arn.ve in Harch or April and leave during
November.Mating takes place in early April,nesting in early Hay,egg
hatching in June,and fledging in July.The diet consists of small
mammals,birds,amphibians,reptiles and some insects.Rodents generally
account for more than two-thirds of their diet.Some Harriers live
longer than 16 years.
Harriers were sighted twice during the fall site reconnaissance,
once on an evening hunting flight in grassland 1/4 mile west of the
crusher and once near the pond 1/4 mile northeast of the site.No
evidence of nesting was found on the project site.The probability of
their nesting on the site is low considering the ephemeral nature of
local streams and this species'predilection for wetland nesting areas.
Prairie Falcon -Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus)are year-round resi-
dents in Utah with numbers augmented in fall by migrants (Eyre and Paul,
1973).Mating occurs in March,egg hatching in May,and fledging about a
month later.The diet consists of birds,mammals,reptiles and some
2-257
insects.In the Blanding area the summer diet may consist almost
entirely of Horned Larks,doves,and ground squirrels.The winter diet
is largely Horned Larks and Rosy Finches.
No sightings were made of this species bl;t what may have bef=n a
cliff eyrie was located about 3/4 mile east of the site.This species
has a strong tendency to return to the same nest for several years if
undisturbed.
American Kestrel The American Kestrel or Sparrow Hawk (Falco
sparverius)is perhaps the most common raptor in Utah and is a permanent
resident (Eyre and Paul,1973).Mating takes place in April,egg hatch-
ing in June and fledging in late June and July.The diet consists
primarily of insects and rodents.Sparrow-size birds are also eaten.
Kestrels were observed on or near the site in spring,summer
and fall.No evidence of nesting was found on the site.However,nests
of this species are inconspicuous and probably occur in juniper tree
cavities and in the cliffs west and east of the site.Kestrels are also
reported to use woodpecker holes and old crow and magpie nests (Eyre and
Paul,1973).These latter species are present on the site.
Merlin -The Merlin or Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius)is an uncom!l1on
fall and winter visitor in Utah (Eyre and Paul,1973).There are only a
few records of this species breeding in Utah (Eyre and Paul,1973).The
diet consists almost entirely of passerine birds,such as the House
Finch.
One winter observation (Feburary 1977)was made of a Merlin in
sagebrush/juniper on the northwestern edge of the site.
Red-tailed Hawk -The Red-tailed Haw'Ie (Buteo jamaicensis)~s the most
common buteo (broad-winged hawk)in Utah and is a year around resident
(Eyre and Paul,1973).Some individuals migrate to Mexico.Mating and
nesting take place in March,egg hatching in May,and fledging in June
2-258
and-July.The diet varies seasonally with prey availability,small
mammals constituting 85 to 90 percent of the prey base.Rabbits are
preferred in sagebrush areas.Mice and ground squirrels are substituted
~n areas lacking rabbits.Birds and snakes are taken infrequently.
The Red-tailed Hawk was observed on or near the site in summer
and fall.No evidence of nesting was found on the site or in the cliffs
to the west of the site.One suspected Red-tailed Hawk eyrie was located
~n the cliffs about 3/4'mile east of the site.This species has a strong
tendency to reoccupy the same nest for several years.
Golden Eagle -The Golden Eagle (Aguila chrysaetos)is a common year
around resident in Utah (Eyre and Paul,1973).Mating and nest
construction begins in January and February,egg hatching in late March
and April,and fledging in June.The diet consists generally of mammals
but Golden Eagles are the only raptors which are consistently successful
in preying on other raptors.Rabbits are important food items and
Whitetail Antelope Ground Squirrels,which occur on the site,are
utilized.
A Golden Eagle was sighted on a power pole in sagebrush/grassland
1/2 mile southeast of the Blanding ore buying station on October 10,
1977.Suitable nesting habitat is probably not available on or near the
site.This species prefers tall trees or tall cliffs generally remote
from man for nesting.
Turkey Vulture -The Turkey Vulture (Cathartes ~)~s a common spring
and summer resident in Utah arriving in March and migrating south in
September and October (Eyre and Paul,1973).Nesting takes place from
April through June,egg hatching 5-7 weeks later,and fledging about 2-2
1/2 months later.Turkey Vultures are scavengers and provide the ~m­
portant ecological function of accelerating the decomposition process and
the recycling of carbon and nutrients back into the ecosystem.The
Turkey Vulture was sighted once in sagebrush south of the buying station,
once in grassland of the site and three individuals were seen north of
2-259
the site ~n grassland ~n spring.One individual was sighted in p~nyon­
juniper 'about 2 miles northeast of the site in summer.No evidence of
local cliff nesting was found.
Great Horned Owl -The largest resident owl in Utah,the Great Horned Owl
(Bubo virginianus)establishes territories in November,mates in December
and January,with egg hatching from February through April,and fledging
occurring 2-2 1/2 months later.The diet consists almost entirely of
mammals.Jackrabbits,cottontails,and kangaroo rats are principal prey
items.Birds,amphibians,reptiles,fish,and insects are also eaten.
This species fills an important niche as a nocturnal and crepuscular
counterpart to diurnal raptors.
No sightings were made of this species,but a pellet was found
one mile west of the site in summer.Nests could occur in the area.
Nests are inconspicuous,usually in potholes of cliffs,and without the
usual white wash evident at other raptor cliff-nest sites.Great horned
owls also nest in remote abandoned buildings.
Mammals
Mammals are discussed below under the headings:big game,live-
stock,predators,rabbits,rodents and bats.A list of species poten-
tially occurring in the project vicinity,based upon general distribu-
tions,is in Appendix D.
Big Game -The Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus)is an important and
significant species in the structure and function of the project
vicinity's ecosystem.Deer undoubtedly constitute a significant pro-
poration of the faunal biomass on a seasonal basis.Deer are an economic
resource of the area and offer recreation for hunters and nature lovers.
Mule Deer inhabit the project vicinity and adjacent canyons during
winter.They spend the diurnal hours resting in pinyon/juniper habitat
located adjacent to the site's east and west boundary.They move out
into sagebrush and sagebrush/grass areas of the site to feed at dawn and
2-260
dusk,probably being more active ~n the evenings.Numerous pellet groups
and shed antlers were observed in sagebrush and pinyon/juniper habitats,
attesting to high winter use.Mule Deer bucks shed their antlers in
January and February of each year.Winter deer use of the project
vicinity,as measured by browse utilization,is among the heaviest in
southeastern Utah and is estimated at 61 deer days use per hectare (25
deer days use/acre)in the pinyon-juniper-sagebrush type in the project
vicini ty (Personal Communication,Mr.Larry J.Wi lson,Supervisor
Southeastern Region Utah Division of Wildlife Resources,July 27,1977).
This heavy browse utilization may be from light use by a large number of
deer or heavy use by a small number of deer.Since the Utah Division of
Wildlife resources does not fly witner aerial censuses,the present size
of the local herd is not known.
In addition to winter use,the project vicinity is heavily used as a
migration route.Daily movement of deer has been observed between
Westwater Creek and Murphy point (Personal Communication,Mr.Larry
Wilson).The deer move across the project s~te to Murphy point to winter
(see Plate 2.8-3).
Livestock -The project site lies in the White Mesa Grazing Allotment
of the Moab District of the U.S.Bureau of Land Management.The Allot-
ment supports an estimated 4,531 ADM's,being grazed by about 755 cattle
from December 1 to May 31.The entire area is only in fair condition due
to a past history of overgrazing.
Predators -There are seven species of mammalian predators that may
contribute to the structure and function of the project vicinity's
ecosystem:the Coyote (Canis latrans),Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes),Gray Fox
(Urocyon cinereoargenteus),Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephitis),Badger
(Taxidea taxus),Longtail Weasel (Mustela frenata),and Bobcat (Lynx
rufus).Structurally,these predators occupy the ecological niche of
secondary and tertiary consumers and sit at the apex of the pyramid of
biomass and at the top of the food web.Functionally,predators reduce
numbers of herbivores and complete the nutrient cycle.Of the species
2-261
named,the Coyote probably is the dominant influent.Coyote scats were
observed on the site and have been trapped on the site and in adjacent
areas and sold to furriers (Personal Communication,Mr.Bryan Holt,
October 13,1977).
The Coyote 1.3 active year around and 1.S primarily nocturnal but
occasionally seen during the day.They are generally solitary but may
hunt in pairs.Rodents and rabbits are principal prey items but Coyotes
are omnivorous and will eat berries,insects,carrion,game animals and
domestic sheep (Lechleitner,1969).The hunting route is normally about
10 miles but may be up to 100 miles (Burt and Grossenheider,1964).
Coyotes mate from January through February and pups are born in April and
May.Litter size averages 5-6 but may be inversely related to population
density (McMahan,1975).The Coyote has lived 18 years in captivity
(Burt and Grossenheider,1964).
The Longtail Weasel is probably the most common and widely distri-
buted mammalian predator in Utah.Burt and Grossenheider (1964)state it
is found in all land habitats near water.Howeve"r,free water availa-
bility does not necessarily limit the distribution of this species.Utah
individuals have been observed in burrows 3 miles from the nearest
perennial water.Assuming a home range of 30-40 acres (Burt and Gros-
senheider,1964),the Utah observations indicate that Longtail weasels
are not dependent on free water.Physiologically,it should be possible
for weasels to maintain water balance from prey body fluids.Weasels,
which may be active anytime,feed mostly on small mammals and birds.
Mating takes place from July through August and the young are born the
following spring.The longtail weasel is of minor economic importance.
They occasionally raid poultry houses but also kill many small rodents.
Bobcats may also occur 1.n the area.This speC1.es is nocturnal
and seldom seen.None "was observed during this study but the boulder
strewn cliffs to the west and east of the site appear to be suitable
habitat.Tracks were seen at a stock pond within 3 miles of the site.
The Bobcat is solitary (Sparks,1974)and feeds on small mammals,birds
2-262
and untainted carrion (Burt and Grossenheider,1964).Reptiles and
amphibians are also taken (Lechleitner,1969).Mating takes place in
late winter and spring.The kittens (2-4)are born any month and leave
their mother in autumn or the following year.Bobcats usually wander
within a 2-mile radius but may wander ,25-50 miles (Burt and
Grossenheider,1964).Tne Bobcat has economic value.Its fur is sought
by trappers (Sparks,1974)and an ESSA survey indicated 1977 wholesale
pelt pnces ranged from $90-$100/pelt (USDI,1977).Individuals may
raid poultry houses of farms and ranches (Lechleitner,1969)but Bobcats
also destroy many rodents.Due to declining numbers,the Bobcat is now
under total state protection in Utah (Utah Div.Wildlife Resources,
1977)•
The two fox species,Striped Skunks,and Badgers are probably
only minor predator influents in the site vicinity based on the lack of
evidence for their presence.However,lack of evidence of the presence
of these species does not mean that they do not occur in the area.The
Red Fox had declining populations in 1952,while the Gray Fox occurred
"sparingly"(Durant,1952).These species prefer mountainous terrain,
which implies site habitat is only marginally suitable.Possible fox
scats were observed on the site.Frischknecht (975)did not mention
foxes in his discussion of predators within the pinyon-juniper ecosystem.
Armstrong (1972)and Lechleitner (1969)both reported the Gray Fox as an
inhabitant of Pinyon-Juniper in Colorado.The lack of Striped Skunk
roadkills in the region suggests that the area may be too arid for this
species,which commonly frequents irrigated farms.The Badger den has a
characteristic entrance configuration and badgers dig rodents out of
their burrows.No den entrances or digging were seen on or around the
project site.
Rabbits are important to the functioning of an ecosystem ~n ways
similar to those of rodents discussed in the next section.Rabbits are
particularly important prey of Coyotes and buteos.Cottontail rabbits
are classified as small game by the State of Utah and provide recreation
and food for hunters.
2-263
Rabbits were uncommon in 1977,as indicated by the results of
the roadside rabbit survey (Table 2.8-11)..Cottontail burrows were
evident with highest concentrations noted in sagebrush habitat.Black-
tail Jackrabbits were occasionally seen during all seasons.
TABLE 2.8-11
BLANDING RABBIT TRANSECT COUNTS
Seasonal Number of Individuals Observed!Milea
Winter Spring Summer Fall
0.06 0.00 0.13 0.06
0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00
Species
Blacktail Jackrabbit
a40 Total Miles Driven
Desert Cottontail
Rodents -Rodents are important to the functioning of an ecosystem in a
number of ways.They aid in the propagation of plants by seed dispersal
in scats and caches.They increase plant productivity through fertili-
zing nutrients,such as soluble salts,in their scats and by burrowing.
Burrows facilitate the penetration of water and oxygen to greater depths
and their mixing of soil horizons increases soil water-holding capacity.
These burrows also provide hibernation places for lizards and snakes.
Rodents constitute an important prey base for mammalian carnivores,
raptors and snakes.Finally,rodents can,in.times of population in-
crease,influence the success of reclamation efforts.
Nine species of rodents were trapped or observed during this study.
The distribution and relative abundance by habitat of each of these
species is shown in Table 2.8-12.Actual trap data are shown in Table
2.8-13.The Deer Mouse was t.he most abundant rodent and accounted for
52 percent of the individual rodents trapped.The Deer Mouse also had
the greatest distribution on the site.In contrast,only one Gunnison
Prairie Dog and one Northern Grasshopper Mouse were recorded on the
site.Note that abundance for all rodents was low compared to studies in
similar Upper Sonoran areas and that designations of abundance in Table
2.8-12 are relative between and within habitats on the site.Although
TABLE 2.8-12
RODENT DISTRIBUTION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE
BY HABITAT
...It:J~.;,.
Gunnison Prairie Dog
Whitetail Antelope Squirrel
Least Chipmunk
Colorado Chipmunk
Silky Pocket Mouse
Ord Kangaroo Rat
Deer Mouse
Pinyon House
Northern Grasshopper Mouse
Whitethroat Woodrat
Grassland
R
U
C
C
U
Sagebrush/Grassland
A
c
R
Sagebrush
C
c
U
U
A
Pinyon/Juniper
A
A
C
C
c
A
U?
Tamarisk/Grass
C
C
NIN
(J'\
.j::'-
A =Abundant
C =Common
U =Uncommon
R =Rare
?=None trapped,but middens indicate presence
TABLE 2.8-13
RODENT GRID AND TRANSECT TRAPPING DATA
Minimum
No.Trapped Per Habitat Minimum Estimated
100 'fral'Nights 'fral'l'ing Individuals Density Sex Hatlo Avcra'lc niomass
~-,abita1d.~~c:.ies .~ys)__Success %__'!~~~l~p_e_'.!_.!!.~E~.Etu!:.<:.~J~o/I-'&.~-wei9.!!..t--12.L -.L<W..'!'..~__._----
Sagebrush 7
Deer Mouse 4 16 21 4.9 9:7 18.1 89.4
Silky Pocket Mouse <1 4 0 1.2 3:1 7.B 9.3
Whi.tetail Antelope Squirrel 1 6 5 1.8 2:4 99.3 183.9
Ord Kangaroo nat <1 3 2 0.9 2:1 50.0 45.0
Sagebrush/Grass 2
Deer Mouse 2 7 6 2.2 4:3 18.5 40.0
Silky Pocket Mouse <1 2 1 0.6 1:1 10.0 6.2
Northern Grasshopper Mouse <1 1 0 0.3 1:0 19.8 5.9
NGrass2IN
1 a-Deer Mouse 6 3 1.8 5:1 19.2 34.6 v.
Silky Pocket Mouse 1 9 1 2.8 5:4 9.0 25.0
Tamarisk/Grass 5
DBer Mouse 5 2 0 2.3 2:0 18.2 41.4
Pinyon/Juniper 13
Pinyon Mouse <1 2 0 2.3 2:0 20.8 47.8
Whitetail Antelope Squirrel ,I 2 0 2.3 0:2 104.1 239.4
Ord Kangaroo Hat 2 1 0 1.1 1:0 50.4 55.4
Colorado Chi.pmunk 2 1 0 1.1 0:1 47.0 51.7
L<last Chipmunk 2 1 0 1.1 0:1 49.0 53.9
2-266
rodent populations cycle through periods of abundance and scarcity,it is
unlikely that different species would exhibiting synchrony in their
population cycles.Thus,it appears that the site was not particularly
productive of rodents in 1977.The fact that this was an exceptionally
dry year may have been a contributing factor in limiting rodent pro-
duc tion.
Species diversity is a measure of the probability of encountering
an individual of a given species among all the species present in an
area.Rodent species diversity from the trap da.ta,as measured by the
Shannon-Wiener formula (Smith,1974),increased in the order:tamarisk/
grass (0.00),Grassland (1.00),sagebrush/grassland (1.30),sagebrush
(1.6/+),Pinyon-Juniper (2.24).Greater species diversity usuaily is an
indication of greater ecosystem stability.Given the relative degrees of
disturbance ~n each of the project site habitats,the relative diversity
values are as would be expected.With the exception of the tamarisk/
grass habitat,the species diversity increases with increasing spatial
diversity.Rodent species diversity by habitat was also positively
correlated with minimum estimated rodent biomass (Table 2.8-13)by
habitat (r =0.83,p <0.01).In other words,the habitats with more
kinds of rodents also produced more grams of rodents.
Bats -No bats were observed in the Blanding area during field work.A
list of species potentially present in this vicinity is in Appendix D.
Endangered and Threatened Species
Two currently recognized endangered species (USDI,1977)plus one
formerly considered to be endangered could conceivably occur ~n the
project vicinity.However,the probability of habitation is low con-
sidering the food requirements of each of these species.The Black-
footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes)preys primarily on Black-tailed Prairie
Dogs which do not occur in Utah.Only one specimen of the ferret has
been recorded from Utah in San Juan County and that prior to 1952.
This specimen was from the D.Bayliss Ranch,2 miles south of Blanding
(Durrant,1952).Utah State Division of Wildlife Resources records
2-267
indicate only one unverified ferret sighting since 1952 near Vernal,
Utah.The Division feels it is highly unlikely that this animal occurs
in Utah (Linder and Hillman,1973).
The American Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus anatum)preys on
passerine birds,waterfowl,and shorebirds (Snow,1972).The lack of
significant aquatic habitat in the project vicinity indicates a 1m-.
probability for occurrence of this species.However,an eyrie has
been discovered about 30 miles west of Blanding in a desert rim-rock
habitat (Personal Communication,Al Heggens,Chief of Research in Non-
Game Animals Utah Division of Wildl ife Resources,December 14,1977).
This species may hunt the Blanding area during migrations.
The Spotted Bat (Euderma maculatum)H a rare inhabitant of the
region which has been removed from the Endangered Species List.Habitat
requirements appear to include sedimentary cliffs in proximity to water
(Snow,1974).The lack of such habitat in the project area probably
indicates the absence of this species.
The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources reports the Abert's Squirrel
(Sciurus aberti)as a species limited by habitat availability.This
species occurs in Ponderosa Pine habitat around Monticello,Utah.None
is expected 1.n the project area since there is no Ponderosa Pine habi-
tat.
2.8.3 Ecology of Hanksville Buying Station Vicinity
2.8.3.1 Ecology of Hanksville Region
Vegetative associations occurring on the Hanksville site and within
a 25-mile radius of the site are characteristic of the Northern Desert
Shrub formation,the most widely distributed vegetation in Utah and
Nevada (Shantz,1925).A formation used in the following discussions
refers to a grouping of plant communities whose distribution is largely
influenced by climatic factors.In the arid region of Hanksville,
climatic factors are most affected by altitude.An association is
defined as groupings or plant communities,whose distribution is locally
2-268
affected by soils and available moisture (Hunt,1953).In the Hanksville
region,p1aClt associations cove~large areas usually dominated by
one species for which the association is named.On large portions of the
desert surrounding the Henry Mountains below 5,000 ft.(about 14 miles
directly SSW of the Hanksville site)and on the site,the shadscale
(Atriplex sp.)and Blackbrush (Colegyne ramoissima)associations occur.
In areas with high salinity along streams below 5,000 ft,greasewood
(Sarcobatus sp.)occurs (Hackman,1973).The Big Sagebrush association
and Pinyon-Juniper Woodland associations occur at higher elevations (5000
to 7000 ft),as on the Blanding site.
The shadscale association is characterized by Shadscale Saltbrush
(Atriplex confertifolia)and Galleta Grass (Hilaria jamesii),the
two dominant species,although Mormon Tea (Ephedra torreyana)and Single-
leaf Ash (Fraxinus anomala)also may occur as co-dominants on sandstone
dip slopes and mesa tops.The shadscale association occurs from the
lower edge of the Big Sagebrush Association to alkali bottomlands and the
desert floor.It is found on alluvial soils of stream terraces,flood
plains,sandstone dip slopes and mesas and flats of sandy desert.The
shrub layer reaches about 18 inches in height and shrubs are spaced a few
feet apart.Shadscale is a shallow rooted shrub that prefers areas of
low salt concentration in the upper soil layers and tolerates higher
alkalinity in the deeper layers.During prolonged periods of drought,
shads cale may be temporarily replaced as the dominant species by Broom
Snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae)(Shantz,1925).Common shrubs in this
association include Atriplex canescens,Atriplex powellii,Atriplex
cuneata,Atriplex graciliflora,Eurotia lanata,Gutierrizia sarothrae and
Chrysothamnus sp.(Hunt,1953).
The Blackbrush association also covers large areas of desert in the
region.The Blackbrush association usually occurs on sandier soils and
lower areas of the desert than the shadscale association.Sometimes this
~s reversed as occurs on the Hanksville site.Common shrubs in this
association include Ephedra nevadensis,Ephedra viridis,Yucca harri-
maniae,Gutierrizia sarothrae and Chrysothamnous sp.(Hunt,1953).
2-269
Within the Northern Desert Shrub formation,rodents are the most
common mammals.Large mammals are generally absent,although Mule
Deer occur in small localized numbers.Common rodents include pocket
mice,kangaroo rats,deer mice,kangaroo mice,woodrats and Antelope
Ground Squirrels.Blacktail Jackrabbits and Desert Cottontails also
are common.Predators include Badgers,foxes,Coyotes and Bobcats.
Generally,birds are scarce in this formation but the greatest species
numbers occur along wastes or water where vegetation diversity offers
more habitats.Dominant bird species include Red-tailed Hawk,Mourning
Dove,Great Horned Owl Loggerhead Shrike and Black-throated Sparrow,
Prairie Falcon and Swainson's Hawk (Kendeigh,1961;Shelford,1963).
2.8.3.2 Vegetation of Hanksville Buying Station Vicinity
Community Structure
The plant communities occurring ~n the vicinity of the Hanksville
buying station are physiognomically similar,being dominated by the
shrub layer and large spaces of bare ground between shrubs.These
communities were distinguished in this study by species composition,
occurrence on soil type and the degree of disturbance of the area.
Vegetation sampling locations are indicated on Plate 2.8-4.Plant
distribution on the site is influenced by geology,soils and available
water.The topography of the Hanksville buying station vicinity is
gently rolling alluvial fans on the east that becoming hilly toward the
west and extend to a series of eroded shallow soil covered breaks or
cliffs on the west.Relief is fairly flat,elevations range from 4760
feet msl on the alluvial fans to the east of the station to 4913 feet on
the breaks l.n the west of the site.Annual mean precipitation in the
area is 6 in with an approximate 180-day growing season (see Section
2.7.3).May and June receive the least amount of rainfall during the
growing season;the most rainfall for one month occurs in August and
September (NOAA,1977).Due to the uneven distribution of precipitation
in summer and winter,two phenological groups of plants occur in the
region,warm season plants that utilize summer precipitation and begin
growth in May and mature in September and cool season plants that utilize
water stored in the soil during winter for initial growth and mature by
Mayor June or become dormant if sufficient water is not present.
1-
))
//~/
,"'"
,".',
,"'"
HANKSVILLE ECOLOGY SAMPLING LOCAIIONS
VEGETATION
Transect Location
SMT -Snakeweed -Morman Tea -Shadscale Community RT -Russian Thistle Community
SR -Snakeweed -Rabbitbrush Community MTSB -Mormon Tea -Shadscale -Blackbrush Community
WILDLIFE
Small Mammal Live -Trapping Transect Location
I Mormon Tea/Shadscale/Steep Breaks:~Mormon Tea/Shadscale/Gentle Breaks
TI Shadscale/Sagebrush
Modified Emlen Bird Transects
Emlen I -Mormon Tea -Grass Bird Transect
Emlen 2 -Mormon Tea -Shadscale Bird Transect ~
~Mormon Tea/Grass
p'Rabbitbrush Wash Bottom
~Grassland
origin - 0 direction of travel ~
SCALE I:418750
PLATE 2.8-4
2-271
Four plant communities occur on the site,three are associated with
the Shadscale association and one with the Blackbrush association,both
of which were discussed above.These communities are named according to
the dominant shrub species present and that which gives the community its
general appearance.The communities are the Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-
Shadscale type,the Russian This tIe type (Salsola kali),and Snakeweed-
Rabbitbrush type,all of which are components of the shadscale associ-
ation and the Mormon Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush type,part of the Black-
brush association.The communities are grouped into the two associations
based upon species composition,distribution of the associations in the
region (Hackman,1973)and distribution on soil types.The Snakeweed-
Mormom Tea-Shadsca1e type covers 79 percent of the vicinity studied,504
acres;the Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush type,occurring along a wash dissecting
the site,covers 6 percent or 42 acres of the area,the Russian Thistle
type covers 13 percent or 80 acres on an old dry lake bed and the Mormon
Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush type occurs on the breaks,covering 2 percent or
14 acres.All the communities except the Shadscale-Mormon Tea-Blackbrush
type occur on alluvial fans on the Neskahi (like),Rairdent (like)
and unnamed,soil types (see section 2.10.2 for a detailed description of
soils).The Shadscale-Mormon Tea-Blackbrush type occurs on the eroded
badland breaks.Plate 2.8-5 outlines the distribution of these com-
munities in the study area and Table 2.8-14 contains a list of species
found on the site.Section 6.1.4.3 includes a description of the samp-
ling methods and locations used in analyzing the vegetation.
The Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale community is dominated by
several shrubs,the dominant Broom Snakeweed,and sub-dominants Mormon
Tea and Shadscale Saltbush (Table 2.8-15).Generally,Shadscale Saltbush
and Mormon Tea would be expected to be dominant shrubs in communities of
the Shadscale association.However,within the community sampled these
dominants were distributed into subtypes reflecting varying salt levels
in the soils,varying salt tolerences of the species and moisture content
of the soils.Within this community three soil types occur:the Neskahi
(like),Rairdent (like),Cambic Gypsiorthid fine loamy-mixed and unnamed
(see Section 2.10 for specific soil descriptions).Analysis of these
)
:=IF:----
~"
,"U6 ......'.
,'''H
,'00:"
.-e.~--+-~:~-~.~.JJ
,/;"/-/
VEGETATION.MAP OF THE HANKSVILLE SITE
COMMUNITY TYPE
[]SNAKE WEED-MORMON TEA-SHADSCALE
[]MORMON TEA-SHADSCALE-BLACKBRUSH
SNA KEWEED-RABBITBRUSH
n RUSSIAN THISTLE
300 0 200 400 600 800!,
SCAlE IN FEET
PLATE 2.8-5
2-273
TABLE 2.8-14
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF COMMUNITIES
SAMPLED AT THE HANKSVILLE SITE
Scientific Name a
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longiseta
Hilaria jamesii
Oryzopsis hymenoides
Sporobolus airoides
Forbs
Dalea polygonoides
Eriogonum inflatum
Eriogonum jamesii
Eriogonum microthecum
Eriogonum ovalifolium
Euphorbia fendleri
Heterotheca villosa
Lepidium fremontii
Phlox caepitosa
Salsola kali
Wyethia scabra
Common Name
Red Threeawn
Galleta Grass
Indian Ricegrass
Alkali Sacaton
Sixweeks Dalea
Desert Trumpet Eriogonum
James Eriogonum
Slenderbush Eriogonum
Cushion Eriogonum
Fendler Spurge
Telegraph-plant
Fremont Pepperweed
Tufted Phlox
Russian Thistle
Badlands Wyethia
Community b
of Occurrence
SR
8MS;SR;RT;MTSB
SMS;SR;MTSB
SR
SM8;SR;MTSB
RT:MTSB
8r-18;SR
SM8
MTSB
SR;MTSB
RT
8M8;SR;MT8B
8M8;MT8B
8MS;8R;RT
MTSB
2-274
TABLE 2.8-14 (Concluded)
Community
Scientific Name Common Name of Occurrence
Shrubs
Artemesia filifolia Sand Sagebrush SMS;SR
Atriplex canescens Fourwing Saltbush SR
Atriplex confertifo1ia Shadscale Saltbush SMS;SR;MTSB
Chrysothamnous nauseous Rubber Rabbitbrush SR
Coleogyne ramossissima Blackbrush MTSB
Ephedra torreyana
Gutierrezia sarothrae
Opuntia polyacantha
Sarcobatus vermiculatus
Forbs
Tamarix pentandra
Torrey Ephedra
Broom Snakeweed
Plains Pricklypear
Black Greasewood
Tamarisk
SMS;SR;MTSB
SMS;SR
SMS;SR
SMS
SR
a Nomenclature follows Nickerson,Mona F.,Glen E.Brink and Charles
Feddema,1976;"Principal Range Plants of the Central and Southern
Rocky Mountains,January 1976,the USDA Forest Service General Tech-
nical Report Rm-20 and identifications were verified at the Rocky
Mountain Herbarium,University or Wyoming.
b SMS
SR
RT
MTSB
Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale Community Type
Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush Community Type
Russian Thistle Community Type
Mormon Tea-Shadscale-Blackbrush Community Type
"f:'
\.
.,.;~~:~':'<>i·~;.~'-l·,'.
TABLE 2.8-15
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF THE
HANKSVILLE SITE PLANT COMMUNITIES
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value
COHMUNITY
SNAKEWEED-MORMON TEA-SHAD SCALE
Group Species
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Hilaria jamesii 66.7 3.9 23.7 26.9 117.3
Oryzopsis hymenoides 3.7 1.0 6.0 6.6 16.3
Total 4.9
Forbs
Dalea polygonoides 0.3 0.5 3.1 3.3 6.7 ""Eriogonum jamesii 0.3 0.5 2.7 1.1 4.1 I~,)
Eriogonum microthecum 0.5 0.5 3.2 2.2 5.9 -...J
\.J1
Lepidium fremonti 3.7 0.7 4.3 9.9 17.9
Phlox caepitosae 4.7 0.5 3.4 8.2 16.3
Salsola kali 3.4 0.2 1.1 4.9 9.4
Total 2.9
Shrubs
Atriplex confertifolia 2.6 1.4 8.l.9.9 20.9
Artemesia filifolia 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.5 1.3
Ephedra torreyana 2.2 2.8 17.2 7.7 27.1
Gutierrezia sarothrae 11.3 3.4 20.9 17.6 49.8
Opuntia polyacantha 0.5 0.3 1.5 1.1 3.1
Total 8.00--
Lichen 0.6 3.7 3.7
Total Vegetative Cover 16.4
Bdre Ground 74.1
Rock 4.0
Litter 5.2
TABLE 2.8-15 (Continued)
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value
COMHUNITY
SNAKEWEED-RABBITBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Aristida longiseta 23.1 0.6 3.1 4.5 31
Hilaria jamesii 40.3 2.6 13.2 20.5 74
Oryzopsis hymenoides 1.5 0.4 2.1 2.3 6
Sporobolus airoides 9.0 2.3 11.7 11.4 32
Total 5.9
Forbs
Dalea polygonoides 0.7 0.7 3.5 4.5 9
Eriogonum jamesii 1.5 0.8 4.1 6.8 12 tv
Lepidium fremontii 0.7 0.1 0.6 2.3 4 Itv
Salsola kali 1.5 0.2 1.0 2.3 5 .......
0\
Total 1.8--Shrubs
Artemesia filifolia 3.0 1.5 7.6 9.1 20
Artiplex canescens 0.7 0.1 0.4 2.3 3
Chrysothamnous naseosus 3.0 5.7 29.4 9.1 42
Ephedra torreyana 0.7 0.6 3.1 2.3 6
Gutierrezia sarothrae 12.7 2.3 11.9 18.2 43
Opuntia polyacantha 0.7 0.4 2.1 2.3 5
Total 10.6
/\'
.:~;,~>:
TABLE 2.8-15 (Continued)
Relative Percent Relative Relative Importance
Parameter Density Cover Cover Frequency Value-
CONMUNITY
SNAKEWEED-RABBITBRUSH (Continued)
Trees
Tamarix pentandra 0.7 1.2 6.2 2.3 9
Total Vegetative Cover 17.9
Bare Ground 60.0
Rock 10.6
Litter 10.4
RUSSIAN THISTLE
Grasses and Grasslike Plants N
Hilaria jamesii 42.0 1.4 59.0 32.4 133.4 It-.:l
-...J
-...J
Total 1.4
Forbs
Eriogonum inf1ata 2.0 0.1 4.9 8.1 15.0
Sa1sola kali 56.0 0.9 36.1 59.5 151.6
Total 1.0
Total Vegetative Cover 2.4
Bare Ground 95.5
Rock 0.3
Litter 1.7
MORMON TEA-SHADSCALE-BLACKBRUSH
Grasses and Grasslike Plants
Hilaria jamesii 42.2 2.2 12.4 18.2 72.8
Oryzopsis hymenoides 1.6 0.2 1.1 3.0 5.7
Total 2.4
2-279
soils showed varying alkalinities in the upper 30 in (76 em).On the
Neskahi (like)and unnamed soils,salt levels were low (i.e.,ECe values
of 3 or less in the upper 30 in;see Table 2.10-2)and Broom Snakeweed
was the dominant shrub sampled.Shadscale saltbush and Mormon Tea,
however,were the co-dominants in the samples occurring on the Rairdent
(like)Combic Gypsiorthid fine-loamy mixed soil.Analysis indicated that
this soil type contained moderately high salt levels (i.e.,ECe of over 5
in the first 30 in;see Table 2.10-2 for complete analysis of the
soils).Based upon similarity indices of Jaccard (Mueller-Dombois and
Ellenbergy,1974),these subtypes are similar (Is J =79 percent)and
belong to the same community.Although forbs were abundant in the
grass-forb layer,grasses were the dominant life form group based upon
importance values (Table 2.8-15).Galleta Grass,a salt tolerant grass,
was the dominant grass species,vegetative cover was low (16.4 percent of
cover)while bare ground made up 74 percent and rock and litter 9.2
percent.
Only three species occurred 1n the Russian thistle type that
occurred on the old lake bottom to the east of the site.These are the
very salt tolerant,Hilaria jamesii,Eriogonum inflata and Salsola kali.
The occurrence of these three species was very sparse.Vegetative cover
made up only 2.4 percent of cover while bare ground made up 95.5 percent
and,rock and litter 2.0 percent.Russian Thistle,a species preferring
disturbed areas and classed as a weed (Holmgren and Anderson,1970)was
the dominant species.This community occurs on the Rairdent (like)
Cambic Cypsiorthid fine-loamy,mixed,calcareous soil type.Chemical
analysis of this soil showed the highest salt content of any soil types
on the site.
The Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush community occurs along the wash that
dissects the site.This community is also dominanted by the shrub layer,
Broom Snakefrleed and Rubber Rabbitbrush are the dominant species bas2d
upon importance values (Table 2.8-15).Most vegetative cover was
made up by shrubs,10.6 percent.Sixty percent of cover measured was
bare ground while rock and litter made up 21 percent,reflecting the
2-280
large amount of debris carried through the wash during flood stage.The
only tree species on the area was in this community,Tamarisk (Tamarix
pendra).
The Mormon Tea -Shadscale-Blackbrush community occurs on the badly
eroded breaks on the west side of the area.This community is dominated
by Mormon Tea (Ephedra torreyana)and Shadscale Saltbrush (Atriplex
confertifolia).Blackbrush,which is the dominant species in communities
of the Blackbrush association occurs as a less important species.
Vegetation in this community is sparsely distributed,Galleta Grass was
the most important species sampled in the grass and forb layer (Table
2.8-15).Seventy-two percent of ground cover was bare ground and 10
percent rock and litter.
Vegetative Production
Production studies were conducted during the 1977 growing season on
each of the plant communities sampled.Section 6.1.4.3 describes the
sampling methods used.Only a trace of production (less than 3g/l0m2)
was apparent on two communities (the Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale
community and Snakeweed-Rabbitbrush Community)and none on the remaining
communities sampled.The only species showing even a trace of production
were Dalea polygonoides,Pheox caepositsoa and Atriplex confertifolia.
Although no other site specific data are available on the production
of communities in the Hanksville vicinity,expected production values for
range sites occurring in the area are discussed below,in order to
provide some information on potential production at the Hanksville buying
station site.
Two range sites occur in the area studied,the Desert Loam and
Desert Sand range sites (SCS,1971 and 1975).Ninety-two percent of the
area is covered by the Desert Loam range site and 6 percent is covered by
the Desert Sand range site.The badlands were not considered as range
sites since they make up only two percent of the area and the terrain is
unsuitable for livestock grazing.Production values discussed below are
2-281
based upon SCS range site descriptions.In a favorable year with a
Desert Loam range site 1n excellent condition,annual production 1S
expected to be about 750 los/acre air-dry plant material,in an average
year 650 lbs/acre and in an unfavorable year 500 lbs/acre.
A Desert Sand range site 1n excellent condition during a favor-
able year may produce 900 lb/acre,during an average year 625 lbs/acre
and an unfavorable year 500 lbs/acre air-dry material.If the range is
in poor condition during an unfavorable year production can range from
300 to 35 Ibs/acre.The Hanksville site lies 1n the BLM Hanksville
allotment.The area received heavy grazing pressure by sheep and cattle
in the l800s and early 1900s.In 1973,the general condition of the area
of the Hanksville site was poor (BLM,no date).Therefore,the low
production measured during the unfavorable 1977 year is not unexpected
for the site.
Endangered and Threatened Plant Species
No endangered plants in the Federal Register August 11,1977 and
designated endangered and offered special protection by the U.S.Govern-
ment occur in Utah.Of the species nominated as warranting designation
and protect ion in the Federal Register I s June 16,1976 proposed list,
7 species occur in Utah and in Wayne Coun.ty.These include Gaillardia
spathu1ata,Sc1erocactus wrightiae,Astraga1u~harrisoni,Astragalus
loanus,Astragalus serpens,Phacelia indecora,and Gi1ia caespitos~.
Brief descriptions of type localities of these species are listed below.
These descriptions were taken from Welsh et al.(1975).
Gaillardia spathulata A.Gray
Habitat -an endemic,common throughout its range,neither threat-
ened nor endangered,found in Carbon,Emery,Garfield,Grand and Wayne
counties Utah.Type locality Rabbit Valiey,Wayne County at 7,000
feet.
2-282
Sclerocactus wrightiae L.Benson
Habitat -an endemic,restricted and rare species found 1n Emery and
Wayne counties.Type locality near San Rafael Ridge,Emery Co.,Utah at
5,000 feet.
Astragalus harrisonii Barneby
Habitat -an endemic,rare,known only from the type area,wash
below the Natural Bridge near Fruita,Wayne County,about 45 miles west
of Hanksville.
Astragalus loanus Barneby
Habitat -an endemic,rare,found in Garfield Piute,Sevier and
Wayne counties.Type local i ty Canyon east of Glenwood,Sevier county.
Found on open hillsides among sagebrush in gravelly volcanic soil 6,000-
8,900 feet.Apparently known only from the divide between the Sevier and
Fremont r1vers in Sevier and western Wayne counties (Barneby,1964).
Astragalus serpens M.E.Jones
Habitat -an endemic,local,and periodically abundance 1n disjunct
populations considered by Welsh et al.neither threatened nor endangered.
Found in Garfield,Piute and Wayne counties.Type locality Loa Pass
Wayne County about 8400 feet.
Phacelia indecora J.T.Howell
Habitat -an endemic and rare species found 1n Wayne and San Juan
counties.Type locality Bluff,San Juan County.According to Howell
(1943)Phacelia indecora is probably restricted to cliff gardens on the
bluffs of the San Juan River.
Gilia caespitosa A.Gray
Habitat -an endemic,rare,species found in Wayne County.Type
locality Rabbit Valley on barren cliffs of sandstone,Wayne County at
7,000 feet.Specimen 1n the Garrett Herbarium University of Utah was
collected in Wayne County,N side of Boulder Mt.1 mile SW of Teasdale
T298,R.4E Section 20 at 8,500 feet,on white sandstone in rock crevices
2-283
on a north facing slope in Juniper-pinyon woodland (Personal commun~ca­
tion,Ms.Lois Arnow,Curator,Garrett Herbarium,December 9,1977).
Although an extensive list and discussion of endangered,threatened,
extinct and endemic species of Utah was published in 1975 by Welsh et
al.,only the species listed above are designated by the Federal govern-
ment as warranting further study for inclusion on the endangered list of
plants and animals.
The other species listed either occur at different altitudes and in
different habitats,based upon the type locality,are known only from the
type locality or are common throughout their range (Welsh et al.,1975).
2.8.3.3 Wildlife
This section contains baseline information collected through four
seasons for the purpose of predicting impacts associated with the con-
tinued operation of the Hanksville uran~um ore buying station and for
formulation of mitigation measures to reduce the magnitude of those
impacts.The ensuing discussion concentrates on species actually
observed,trapped,or positively known to occur in the vicinity of the
buying station from unmistakable sign (for example,scat,tracks and
middens).Sampling locations are indicted on Plates 2.8-4 and 2.8-6.A
list of species whose general distribution includes the project vicinity
and,therefore,that possibly occur on the site is given in Appendix D.
Amphibians and Reptiles
The functions of amphibians and reptiles ~n ecosys terns are dis-
cussed in Section 2.8.2.1.No amphibians were observed during field work
and the scarcity of free water limits the potential use of the Hanksville
site by amphibians.Great Basin spadefoot toads (Scaphiopus
intermontanus)and Woodhouse's toads (Bufo woodhousei)occur in the area,
possibly being the most xeric-adapted of Utah amphibians.
Based on general distributions (Stebbins,1966),any of seven
species of lizards and five species of snakes (see Appendix D)could
.......aa••
PLATE 2.8-6
2-285
occur ~n the project vicinity.The only lizard species observed on the
Hanksville site during this survey were the Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus
graciosus)and the Side-blotched Lizard (Uta stansburiana).Young of the
year Sagebrush Lizards were active in October after adults had entered
hibernation.Gopher Snakes (Pituophis melanoleucas)and Desert Striped
Whipsnakes (Masticophis ~.taeniatus)probably occur in the area.
Presence of the Midget Faded Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor)is
questionable considering the aridity of the area.No snakes were ob-
served during field work for this report.
Birds
The function and importance of birds in the ecosystem are discussed
in Section 2.8.2.2.Only 18 species of birds were observed in four
seasons of field work at the Hanksville site (Table 2.8-16).Of these,
five species (Table 2.8-17)were seen during transect walks following
Emlen (1971)methods.Four additional species (Table 2.8-18)were
observed during roadside bird transect counts following methods of
Rotenberry and Wiens (1976),and Robbins and Van Velzen (1967 and 1974).
Thus,only nine species of birds occurred with any measurable frequency.
The Horned Lark was the dominant bird influent during all seasons or 1977.
Only two raptor species were seen in the Hanksville region.A
pair of Burrowing Owls (Speotyto cunicularia)-was observed in a wash
during the summer sampling effort and an American Kestrel (Falco
sparverius)was sighted during SUIIuner field work.possible evidence of
a Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus)eyrie was found in the cliffs about
2.6 miles WNW of the Hanksville ore buying station.At the base of this
"eyrie"a few rabbit ribs and some Coyote leg bones were found.It is
more likely,however,that this was the roost site of a Red-tailed Hawk
(Buteo jamaicensis),Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus)or Golden Eagle
(Aquil~chrysaetos).
Manunals
Mammals are discussed below under the headings:big game,live-
stock,predators,rabbits,and rodents.The function and importance of
2-286
TABLE 2.8-16
HANKSVILLE BIRD INVENTORY
Species
American Kestrel
Mourning Dove
.Burrowing Owl
Common Nighthawk
~{hite-throated Swift
Say's Phoebe
Common Raven
Common Crow
Rock Wren
Loggerhead Shrike
Western Meadowlark
Brewer's Blackbird
Blue Grosbeak
American Goldfinch
Black-throated Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Dark-eyed Junco
Song Sparrow
Relative Abundance
C common
U =uncommon
Statewide
Relative Abundancea
C
C
U
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
U
C
C
Status
P =permanent resident
S =summer resident
W =winter visitant
StatewideaStatus
P
S
P
S
S
S
P
W
S
S
P
P
S
P
S
S
W
p
aAfter Behle and Perry (1975)
2-287
TABLE 2.8-17
HANKSVILLE BIP~POPULATION ESTIMATES FROM EMLEN TRANSECTSa
Habitat/Species
Individuals/laO Acres
Winter Spring Summer Fall
Ephedra-Grass
Horned Lark
Sage Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Rock Wren
Ephedra-Shadscale
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Mourning Dove
24.9
5.2
43.~
2.6
1.8
9.0
3.6
aAverage from results of surveys on two consecutive days
b .d'b--~n ~cates none 0 served
2-288
TABLE 2.8-18
HANKSVILLE ROADSIDE BIRD TRANSECTSa
Relative Abundance By Habitat
Season/Species
Ephedra/Shadscale/Roadside
Grassland Sage Rabbitbrush
Winter
Horned Lark
Sage Sparrow
Spring
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Common Raven
Summer
Horned Lark
Black-throated Sparrow
Burrowing Owl
Fall
Horned Lark
Hestern Meadowlark
Loggerhead Shrike
47
5
6
2
3
1
5
2
3
50
1
5
2
1
aTotal observed during surveys on two consecutive days
2-289
each of these groups ~s discussed under the respective heading ~n Section
2.8.2.2.
Big Game
A few Pronghorn (~nti1ocapra americana)winter in the vicinity but
they are a minor influent.There is no evidence that deer use the
area.
Livestock
The Hanksville project site lies in the Henry Mountain Resource Area
Planning Unit of the Richfield District of the U.S.Bureau of Land
Management.The total allotment containing the Hanksville project site
covers 95,989 acres of which only 29,906 acres are suitable for grazing.
The latest available data for use were from 1974.six cattle operators
ran 600 cattle from September 1 to May 31.One sheep operator ran 2,090
sheep from October 1 to May 5.The total Am'f's in the allotment was
5,992.Cons idering the total acreage of this allotment,the areat s
available forage was low.Low annual precipitation is one factor
responsible for low production.However,a past history of severe
overgrazing by cattle and sheep has resulted in a poor range condition
(Hanksville BLM files).
Predators
There are four species of mammalian predators that may contribute to
the structure and function of the terrestrial ecosystem of the Hanksville
buying station vicinity:the Coyote (Canis 1atrans),Badger (Taxidea
taxus),Longtail Weasel (Muste1a frenata),and Bobcat (Lynx rufus).Of
these,the Coyote is probably the dominant influent since it is known to
occur in the area based on Scats.The habi tat may be marginal for the
other three species.Life history parameters and ecological relation-
ships of these species are reported in Section 2.8.2.2.The numbers of
predators supported by the vicinity of the buying station would have been
low in 1976-1977 because of the limited numbers of rodents and rabbits
present.
2-290
Rabbits
Rabbits and hares were uncommon in 1977,as indicated by the results
of the roadside rabbit survey (Table 2.8-19).Cottontail burrows were
present on the site,particularly in washes where they were the most
dense,but no individuals were seen during field work.Blacktail Jack-
rabbits (Lepus californicus)were occasionally seen during all seasons.
Eight carcasses were found in a pile in mid-October at the junction of
the buying station road and Highway 95.Presumably,these animals had
been shot in the area.
TABLE 2.8-19
HANKSVILLE ROADSIDE RABBIT SURVEY
Number of Individuals!Milea
Winter Spring Summer FallSpecies
Blacktail Jackrabbit
Desert Cottontail
a48 Total Miles Driven
o
o
0.2
o
0.2
o
o
o
Rodents
Only five species of rodents were trapped or observed on the
Hanksville site:the Great Basin Pocket House (Perognathus parvus),
Canyon Mouse (Peromyscus crinitus),Desert Woodrat(Neotoma lepida),Ord
Kangaroo Rat (Dipodomys ordi),and Whitetail Antelope Squirrel
(Ammospermophilus leucurus).The results of trapping (Table 2.8-20)as
well as the few observations of Whitetail Antelope Squirrels suggest
that the site was not productive of rodents during the study period.
Little vegetation production occurred in 1977 due to low precipitation.
This may have been a factor limiting rodent numbers.
Rare and Endangered Wildlife Species
No federally protected endangered or threatened wildlife species lS
known to occur or migrate through this section of Utah.
:~;:~~.i:~':'~}:~'
TABLE 2.8-20
HANKSVILLE RODENT TlillNSEGT TRAPPING DATA
No.Trapper per Habitat MiniJnum Average Minimum
100 Trap Nights Trapping Individuals Density Sex Ratio Weight Estimated
Habitat/Species (days)Success (%)'l'rapped (No/Ha)M:F (g)Biomass (g/Ha)
Ephedra/Shadscale/
Steep Breaks 4
Great Basin
Pocket Mouse 3 2 2.3 1:1 12.4 28.5
Canyon Mouse 1 1 1.1 0:1 17.0 19.4
Ephedra/Shadscale/
Gentle Breaks 9
Great Basin
Pocket Mouse 9 6 6.8 2:4 13.6 92.5
N
Shadscale/Sagebrush 1 IN
\0
i-'
Desert Woodrat 1 1 1.1 1:0 120.0 136.4
Ephedra/Grass 8
Great Basin
Pocket Mouse 8 4 4.5 2:2 17.2 78.2
Rabbitbrush Wash Bot"tom 6
Great Basin
Pocket Mouse 4 2 2.3 1:1 14.5 33.0
Desert W.::>odrat 1 1 1.1 0:1 76.0 86.4
Ord Kang::lroo Ra"t 1 1 1.1 0:1 45.0 51.1
Grassland 1
Ord Kangaroo Rat 1 1 1.1 0:1 56.0 63.6
2-292
2.9 BACKGROUND RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
On-going environmental radiation measurement programs are being
conducted at both the project site and in the vicinity of the Hanksville
buying station.The programs are designed to provide data frok one full
year to establish the radiation levels and concentrations of selected
members of the uranium series decay chain in terrestrial biota,soils,
air,and surface and ground water.The environmental radiation survey
programs are summarized in Section 6.1.5.
The radiometric data accumulated to date are provided in this
section.The Supplemental Report will contain the results of the full
year program upon its completion.
2.9.1 Blanding
2.9.1.1 Airborne Particulates
High volume air sampling of the env~rons of the project site at
Blanding was begun in April 1977 and will continue for one year.Samples
are being collected for twenty-four hours once a month.The sampling
location is indicated in Plate 2.9-1.The results of the radiometric
analyses performed to date are presented in Table 2.9-1.
Low volume a~r sampling of the environs at the project site was
initiated in September 1977.The three locations selected are being
sampled continuously for a seven-day period (168 hours)on a quarterly
basis.The locations of these sampling stations are shown in Plate
2.9-1.Data collected as a result of this program will be presented in
the Supplemental Report.
2.9.1.2 Radon Concentrations in Air
Heasurement of radon-222 concentration ~n air was initiated March
29,1977 and was repeated again in September of 1977.The results of
these measurements are presented in Table 2.9-2.The initial measurement
of ambient Rn-222 concentration was performed by LFE Environmental
Analysis Laboratories using the "single filter method."The second
PLATE 2.9-1
2-294
TABLE 2.9-1
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF AIR PARTICULATES COLLECTEDa
IN THE ENVIRONS OF THE BLANDING SITE
Collection .'
Date
April 1-2,1977
Hay 23-24,1977
Analyses
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Grass Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Activity con~entrationb
(pCi/m-)
0.0 +0.001
0.311 +"0.018
-<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
0.013 +0.001
0.023 +0.006
1.154 -:;0.058
0.001 +"0.001
0.002 +0.001
-<0.001
0.021 +0.001
aCollected by high-volume sampler
bU .. . / 3ran~um concentrat~on ~n ~g m
2-295
2-296
sampling was performed by Dames &Moore personnel using the "scintil-
lation flask method"(see Section 6.1.5.6).
2.9.1.3 Ground Water
Quarterly sampling of ground water and radiometric analysis of
composite samples was begun in July 1977 as part of the water quality
monitoring program described in Section 2.6.3.1.The results of analyses
to date are presented in Table 2.6-6.
2.9.1.4 Surface Water
Collection of composite surface water samples from the environs
of the project site was begun in July 1977 and is on-going (see Section
2.6.3.2).The results of radiometric analyses of samples collected to
date are presented in Table 2.6-7.
2.9.1.5 Soils
Collection of soil samples from the environs of the project site
was initiated in June 1977 and will be repeated,on a quarterly basis,
for a period of one year.The results of radiometric analyses will be
presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.1.6 Vegetation
Composite terrestrial vegetation samples were collected May 17,1977
at two locations on the project site.The results of the radiometric
analyses of these samples are presented in Table 2.9-3.
The higher concentration of lead-2IO relative to the other nuclides
is attributed to the foliar deposition of lead-2IO as a result of the
decay of atmospheric radon-222.This concentration is normal for radio-
nuclide measurements in vegetation.
2.9.1.7 Wildlife
Collection of terrestrial mammals,primarily Dipodomys ordi,in
the vicinity of the project site was begun during May 1977.Samples
were composited by station prior to analysis.Th~results of the
2-297
TABLE 2.9-3
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF VEGETATION
COLLECTED ON THE PROJECT SITE
Radiometric Analysisa Sampling Station
D&M-A D&M-B
Uranium (llg/g)
Thorium-230 (pCi/g)
Radium-226 (pCi/g)
Lead-210 (pCi/g)
aDry Weight
0.3 +0.1
0.10 +0.01
0.054 +0.003
2.0 +0.1
0.2 +0.1
0.12 +0.02
0.011 +0.001
2.6 +0.1
\.
2-298
radiometric analyses conducted to date on these samples are presented in
Table 2.9-4.
2.9.1.8 Environmental Radiation Dose
An initial program designed to measure,on a monthly basis,the
environmental dose at the site was initiated on April 1,1977.T..'1is
program was supplemented by a second program begun on September 19,1977.
Both programs were temporarily suspended on October 15,1971,pending
response checks on several thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)used in
the program.
The results of the TLD measurements collected to date are presented
in Table 2.9-5.The average annual dose equivalent for the Blanding
site is calculated to be 141.9 mrem.Of this total,67.8 mrem are attri-
buted to cosmic radiation (Oakley and Golden,1972)and 74.1 mrem is
attributed to terrestrial sources.
2.9.2 Hanksville
2.9.2.1 Airborne Particulates
High-volume sampling of airborne particulates at the Hanksville
Iorebuyingst'ation,on a one day per month basis,was initiated in April
1977 and will continue for a period of one year.The location of this
station is shown in Plate 2.7-10.The results of the radiometric
analyses performed to date are presented in Table 2.9-6.
A supplemental program of low-volume air sampling of the environs
at the station was begun in September 1977 and will continue for one
year.Samples are being collected for a seven-day (168-hour)period on a
quarterly basis.Data collected upon completion of these .programs will
be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.2.2 Radon Concentrations in Air
Measurement of radon-222 concentrations in air was initiated
March 29,1977 and was repeated again in September 1977.The results of
these measurements are presented in Table 2.9-7.The initial measurement
2-299
TABLE 2.9-4
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS
COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF THE PROJECT SITE
Radiometric Analysisa Sampling Station
D&M-A D&M-B
Uranium (llg/g)
Thorium-230 (pCi/g)
Radium-226 (pCi/g)
Lead-210 (pCi/g)
a .hDryWe~g t
0.4 +0.1
0.08 +0.01
0.109 +0.005
0.29 +0.01
o +0.1
0.022 +0.007
0.026 +0.002
0.13 +0.01
2-300
TABLE 2.9-5
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DOSE AT THE PROJECT SITE
B-N B-S
Exposure Period Dose (mrem/day)Dose (mrem/day)
April 1 to May 1,1977 0.162 +0.301 0.164 +0.588
May 1 to June 1,1977 0.136 +0.467 0.092 +0.363
June 2 to June 30,1977 0.496 +0.076 a
June 30 to July 30,1977 0.686 +0.694 0.677 +0.621
Aug 1 to Sep 19,1977 a 0.694 +0.293
aThese data are preliminary and are being reviewed.
2-301
TABLE 2.9-6
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF AIR PARTICULATES COLLECTED BY
HIGH-VOLUME SAMPLER IN THE ENVIRONS OF THE HANKSVILLE STATION
Collection
Date
April 12-13,1977
May 19-20,1977
June 14-15,1977
July 7-8,1977
Analyses
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Grass Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Gross Alpha
Gross Beta
Uranium
Thorium-230
Radium-226
Lead-210
Activity con§entrationa
(pCi/m )
0.23 +0.012
1.211-+0.058
0.027 +0.003
0.013 +0.001
0.011 +0.001
0.035 +0.002
0.076 +0.012
0.883 +0.041
0.004 +0.001
0.002 +0.001
-(0.001
0.021 +0.001
0.020 +0.004
1.275 +0.065
0.002 +0.001
0.006 +0.001
-(0.001
0.018 +0.001
0.041 +0.006
1.305 +0.074
0.014 +0.001
0.003 +0.001
0.006 +0.001
0.036 +0.002
aUranium concentration in ~g/m3
2-302
TABLE 2.9-7
HANKSVILLE &~BIENT RADON-222 CONCENTRATIONS
Sampling
Station
HR-1
DM-4
Wind Speed
Date &Direction
April 29,1977 5-10 mph
S-SE
Sep 19,1977 15-20 mph
S-SE
Rn-222 Concentration
(pCi/l)
0.0116 +0.006
0.210 +0.043
2-303
was performed by LFE Environmental Analysis Laboratory using the "single-
filter method."The second measurement,a grab sample,was performed by
Dames &Moore personnel using "the scintillation flask method."
Quarterly measurement
and discuss ion of resul ts
Supplemental Report.
of radon-222 concentration will continue
from a full year will be presented in the
2.9.2.3 Ground Water
Radiometric analysis of composite ground water samples on a quar-
terly basis was initiated in July 1977 as part of the water quality
monitoring program (see Section 2.6.3.3).The results of analyses
performed to date are presented in Table 2.6-8.
2.9.2.4 Surface Water
Permanent surface water bodies do not exist 1n the immediate
environs of the Hanksville station.Attempts will be made during the
program to collect samples of surface water from seasonal accumulations
that occur after rainy periods (see Section 2.6.3.4).
2.9.2.5 Soils
Collection of soil samples on a semi-annual basis was initiated
in June 1977 and is continuing.The results of the radiometric analyses
performed on these samples will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.9.2.6 Vegetation
Composite terrestrial vegetation samples were collected at two
locations adjacent to the Hanksville buying station on May 17,1977.The
results of the radiometric analyses of these samples are presented in
Table 2.9-8.
The higher concentration of lead-2l0,relative to the other
nuclides,1S attributed to the foliar deposition of lead-210 as a result
of decay of the atmospheric radon-222.The relative concentration of
lead-210 compared to other radionuclides is normal.
2-304
TABLE 2.9-8
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF VEGETATION COLLECTED
IN THE VICINITY OF THE HANKSVILLE ORE BUYING STATION
d ""A 1 "aRa1ometr1c.na YS1S
Sampling Station
D&M-C D&M-D
Uranium (llg/g)
Thorium-230 (pCi/g)
Radium-226 (pCi/g)
Lead-210 (pCi/g)
a "hDryWe1g t
0.8 +0.1
0.29 +0.01
0.125 +0.006
2.1 +0.01
0.6 +0.1
0.21 +0.01
0.027 +0.001
2.1 +0.1
2-305
2.9.2.7 wildlife
Collection of terrestrial mammals,primarily genera Perognathus and
Dipodomys,in the vicinity of the Hanksville ore buying station was
initiated in early May 1977 •Samples were composited by sampling station
prior to analysis.The results of the radiometric analyses of mammal
samples collected to date are presented in Table 2.9-9.
2.9.2.8 Environmental Radiation Dose
A program designed to measure,on a monthly basis,the environmental
dose at the Hanksville buying station was initiated on April 1,1977.
This program was supplemented by a second program begun on September 19,
1977.Both programs were temporarily suspended on October 15,1977,
pending response checks on several TLDs used in the program.
The results of the TLD measurements collected to date are presented
1.n Table 2.9-10.The average dose equivalent at the site is calculated
to be 121.9 mrem per year.The average cosmic ray dose equivalent for
Utah is estimated to be 67.8 mrem per year (Oakley and Golden,1972).
The remaining 54.1 mrem are attributed to terrestrial sources.
2.9.3 Highway Corridor from Hanksville to Blanding
2.9.3.1 Environmental Radiation Dose
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)were placed in triplicate
along the highway corridor (Utah State Road 95)between Blanding and
Hanksville during September 1977.These TLDs will be collected and read
on a quarterly basis for a period of one year.The locations of these
stations are indicated 1.n Table 2.9-11.Resul ts from this one year
program will be presented in the Supplemental Report.
2.10 OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES
2.10.1 Soils
2.10.1.1 Project Site
The Blanding vicinity 1.S characterized by steep canyons incised
into rolling plains.White Mesa,on which the project site lies,is a
broad ridge between Westwater and Corral Creeks.Its s lopes are flat
2-306
TABLE 2.9-9
RADIOMETRIC ANALYSES OF MAMMALS COLLECTED
IN THE VICINITY OF THE HANKSVILLE ORE BUYING STATION
Radiometric Analysisa Sampling Station
D&M-C D&M-D
Uranium (llg/g)
Thorium-230 (pCi/g)
Radium-226 (pCi/g)
Lead-210 (pCi/g)
a .hDryWel.g t
1.1 +0.1
0.18 +0.01
0.39 +0.02
0.94 +0.05
o +0.1
0.04 +0.01
0.090 +0.004
0.53 +0.03
2-307
TABLE 2.9-10
ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DOSE IN THE VICINITY OF
THE HANKSVILLE BUYING STATIONa
Exposure Period
April 1-30,1977
May I-June 2,1977
June 2-30,1977
June 30-July 30,1977
Aug I-Sep 19,1977
HR-l
Dose C"llim/day)
b
0.033 +0.351
0.483 +0.630
0.307 +0.115
HR-2
Dose ~m/day)
0.658 +0.279
0.092 +0.363
0.336 +0.422
0.467 +0.655
Q.D.
aThese data are preliminary and are being reviewed.
b ---=Missing Data
2-308
TABLE 2.9-11
LOCATION OF THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETERS
ALONG STATE ROAD 95 (BLANDING TO HANKSVILLE)UTAH
Station
DM-R-l
DM-R-2
DM-R-3
DM-R-4
DM-R-5
Location
23 miles from Blanding
43 miles from Blanding,
west of intersection with
State Road 275
68 miles from Blanding,
4 miles north of Fry Canyon
95 miles from Blanding
10 miles south of Hanksville
2-309
near the center and range up to 15-20 percent on the edges of the site
(Table 2.10-0.Soils are formed in the windblown silts and sands that
blanket the area.These materials range in depth from less than a foot
on the edges to many feet on the ridgeline.The climate is semi-arid
with 8-12 inches of precipitation per year.The Blanding soil is leached
to a depth of 10-20 inches and is calcareous throughout the remainder of
the parent material.
Rangeland ~s the most successful and common land use ~n this
vicinity.Dry-farming has generally not been successful.A con-
siderable amount of range improvement has been done on land in the site
vicinity.Improvement methods have consisted primarily of removal of
sagebrush,disking or plowing of the land,and reseeding with grasses.
The land is easily tilled except where bedrock outcrops are encountered.
Published information about the soils of the Blanding site is
available.A published soil survey report (Olsen,et ale,1962)
contains a soil map that includes the project site and descriptions of
the Blanding and associated soils.Results from laboratory tests of the
major series are reported from various locations in the county.
Other literature is published (see for example Gates et al.,1956;
or West and Ibrahim,1968)which details soil-plant.relationships in
southwest and southeast Utah.These studies associate the upland desert
types of vegetation occurring in these regions with moderately alkaline
non-saline situations.
The Blanding soil ser~es is the only soil occurring on the project
site ~n significant proportions (Plate 2.10-I).A small area of
Mellenthin very rocky fine sandy loam has been mapped on the eastern edge
of the site.This soil is like the Blanding soil,except that bedrock
occurs within 15-20 inches of the surface.Complete soil profile des-
criptions and results from laboratory analyses are contained in Appendix
F.
TABLE 2.10-1
SOIL SERIES INFORMATION FOR PROJECT SITE AND VICINITY
OF HANKSVILLE ORE BUYING STATION
Symbol
Profile
Nos.Soil Serl~.Slope
_g~~ver:E£.~
%of Approx.
Site Acreage Position-----Parent Material Range Site Classification
Project Site at Blandinga
BnD 4,9 Blanding silt loam 2-6%99.3 1520 Loess Uplands Hilldhlowl1 sandy Ii.Semi-desert loam Us tollic Haplat"f;id
silty mtls.fine-silty mixeJ mesic
MeG -Hellenthin very rocky 4-25%0.7 11 Hilly Uplands IHndblown sands Semi-desert stony Lithie.Ustollic
fine sandy loam Ii.sandstone hills Calciorthid 10<1my-
b skeletal,mixed mesic
Vicinity of Hanksville B'1yi.ng Station
BL:Ro -Badlands Ii.Rock 25%+5.5 35 Uplands tlixcd sandstones No t classHied Unclassi Ued
Outcrops and shales tv
NsB 3,5,7 Neskahi.(Uke)fine 1-4%52.1 334 Alluvial fan Nixed alluvium Desert sandy loam Typic Torrifluvent Iw
sandy loam coarse-loamy,mixed,I-'
cal.careous,menic 0
RIA 8 Rairdent(like)sandy 0-2%lO.2 65 Smooth valley Nixed alluvium Desert loam Cambic Gypsiorthid
clay loam bottom fine-loamy,mixed,
calcareous,mesic
Rsil 6 RaJrdent(like)fine 2-4%21.7 139 Alluvial fan Mixed alluvium Desert sandy loam Cambie.Gypsiorthid
sandy loam fine-loamy,mixed,
mesic
SlBD 4 Unnamed fine saildy 2-10%9.4 60 Alluvial fans Mixed alluvium Desert sandy loam Camhic Gypsi(lrt~d.d
loam coarse-loamy,mixed,
mesic
a Acreage values total 1531 acres within boundaries of this survey.
b Acreage values total 640 acres which includes an unlisted 7 acres of disturbed land at toP.huying station site.
T37S
900 0 600 2400
--------,SCALE IN FEET
..-..,;...,r"\....,./:r-'"\.'..'
."-/.\'\.J 2'j ..-
,.""(\..~/./:r
..~~,-.:'~.....;1w4.b··'-
:"\1'../\~..)«(:.f :.'-..BnD:~::).~/.".-J.....,'.:''"-'"'-.'"~..,1:'..~..~"'"'-
\\.:'.\.'"//)I\r ~
((
f \L'.28 )f
LEGEND
ROCK OUTCROP
INTERMITTENT
WATERWAY
NON-CROSSABLE
WATERWAY
GULLY
SMALL DAM
SOIL SAMPLING
LOCATION
AFFECTED AREAS
FOR SOIL LEGEND
SEE TA BLE 10./-1
---.,.-.
R22E
SOIL SURVEY MAp·PROJECT SITE
SOURCE USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE _.
PLATt:2.10-1
'-..
2-312
Blanding soils are deep soils formed lon windblown fine sands and
silts.Soil textures in the profile are predominantly silt loam;
however,silty clay loam textures are found at some point in most pro-
files (Table 2.10-2).Typically,this soil has a 4 to 5-inch reddish
brown silt loam lA'horizon overlying a reddish brown silt loam to silty
clay loam 'B'horizon that extends downward to 12 or 16 inches.The Ie'
horizon and the underlying parent material loS a light reddish brown
calcareous silt loam or silty clay loam.The lA'and 'B'horizons are
non-calcareous with a pH of about 8.0.Ph values on the Ie'horizon are
higher,with 8.5,as an average value.The lei horizon is calcareo·.ls.
Subsoil sodium levels (expressed as Exchangeable Sodium Percentage)range
up to 12 percent in some areas.This level is close to the upper limit
of acceptability for use in reclamation work.Other elements such as
boron and selenium,are well below potentially hazardous levels.
Potassium and phosphorus values are high in this soil and are
adequate for plant growth.Nitrogen is low,and could be added if
irrigation were to be used and green lush growth desired.However,it is
not generally recommended for open range seedings.Available moisture
percentage values are typical for silt loams and range from 6-9 percent
of the soil mass.
This soil is well suited to support crop growth.Low moisture
levels are the most common limiting factor.These soils are highly
erodible when exposed,and appropriate measures are needed to conserve
topsoil and moisture.
The Blanding soil series profiles on the project site,lon contrast
with those generally found county-wide,are higher in silt content,
having silty clay loam textures in the profile.They also have higher
carbonate concentrations than those representative for the whole survey.
These differences represent variations sometimes found in the Blanding
series.
TABLE 2.10-2
RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLE TEST ANALYSES FOR PROJECT SITE AND
VICINITY OF HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION
ProfIle 2 Available Water at ~-Organic Phos-
Symbol Soil Seri.es ~Depth Texture }Ioisture Saturation 1:1 1:5 Lime Gy?sum ECe ESP Car~on ~Potassium CEC-----%--%%%.;;;;r;.c %."ppm ppm meq/100 g.BLANDING SITE
BnD Blanding 4 0-4 SiL 7.6 36.0 7.4 7.9 0.3 0.15 1.2 1.1 0.63 15 198 12.8
Ustollic Haplargid 4-12 SiCL 8.7 49.0 7.6 8.0 0.3 0.14 0.8 0.2 0.53 3 170 16.6
fine-silty,mixed 18··1,0 SiCL 8.0 43.7 8.0 8.5 2.0 0.30 0.7 0.6 0.42 2 162 15.2
40-50 SiCL 6.4 37.8 8.1 8.6 2.1 0.18 1.2 2.0 0.32 3 165 14.9
9 0-5 SiL 8.9 38.7 7.6 8.1 0.3 0.17 0.9 l.8 0.53 10 182 13.1
5-12 SiL 9.3 45.6 8.0 8.4 0.3 0.18 0.9 1./,0.47 2 138 10.9
18-40 SiL 8.0 38.7 8.5 9.0 3.8 0.18 1.2 11.5 0.37 2 123 11.9
40-50 SiCL 9.0 38.9 8.8 9.2 1.6 0.18 1.0 12.5 0.26 1 161 15.9
HANKSVILLE SITE
NsB Neskahi(like)3 0-5 SL 5.7 25.6 8.3 8.8 6.1 0.20 1.4 3.6 0.42 9 174 8.5TypicTorrifluvent5-28 SL 4.9 26.6 8.1 8.7 7.2 0.29 1.3 4.0 0.32 2 182 8.5coarse-loamy,28-38 SL 6.0 32.3 7.2 8.2 8.2 9.50 4.2 0.1 0.32 4 167 8.7mixed,calcareous 38-60 SL 6.9 35.5 7.4 8.3 8.5 9.50 5.4 0.1 0.26 2 122 7.9 N
5 0-3 SL 5.1 23.8 7.8 8.4 4.2 0.25 1.3 4.3 I0.37 4 223 8.3 W3-12 SL 5.0 25.2 7.9 8.6 4.5 0.23 1.2 3.1 0.32 1 175 7.8 to-'12-30 SL 5.9 28.6 8.0 8.7 8.2 0.20 1.4 3.3 0.32 3 157 8.6 W
30-42 SL 5.3 27.5 7.2 8.2 7.3 6.90 3.6 0.9 0.26 3 189 7.642-60 SL 5.9 27,1,7.2 8.1 7.3 5.20 1,.6 1.5 0.26 1 200 7.8
0-12 SL 5.7 36.6 7.7 8.5 8.1 0.24 5.0 0.1 0.37 2 151 8.012-1.6 SL 4.3 23.2 7.4 8.1 5.5 1.50 1.4 2.7 0.21 1 21,8 8.5
RIA Rairdent(like)8 0-4 SCL 7.2 37.6 7.6 8.5 8.5 0.17 5.7 0.1 0.42 10 196 12.7CambicGypsiorthid4-48 CL 8.1 43.8 7.3 8.2 8.0 13.00 4.8 0.1 0.37 3 206 17.5fIne-loamy,mixed,48-54 SL 6.9 41..5 7.2 8.2 5.5 14.00 8.7 7.6 0.26 1 114 8.4calcareous54-60 SL 10.2 51.6 7.3 8.2 6.4 11.00 6.2 0.1 0.32 1 111 7.8
RsB Rairdent(like)6 0-2 SL 5.4 30.2 7.0 8.0 7.2 2.60 4.2 0.8 0.42 27 206 7.7CambicGyps10rthid2-36 SCL 9.0 48.6 7.2 8.1 6.2 1/,.00 6.2 6.6 0.37 1 345 12.7fine-loamy,mixed 36-50 SCL .7.1 40.5 7.5 8.4 7.6 7.70 5.4 0.2 0.32 3 271 13.4
SlBD Unnamed 4 0-30 SL 10.6 1,6.7 7.3 8.2 5.3 18.00 3.1 0.1 0.32 1 136 8.1CambicGypsiorthid30-48 SL 8.0 42.9 7.3 8.2 6.7 12.00 6.5 0.1 0.21 1 236 8.0coarse-loamy,mixed
12 Numbering system of soil profiles are independent for each site.
CL :clay loam;SCL =sandy clay loam;SiCL =silty clay loam;
SiL =silt loam;SL -sandy loam.
2-314
2.10.1.2 Hanksville Vicinity
The vicinity of the Hanksville buying station is characterized by
gently sloping broad alluvial fans set on the edge of severely eroded
badlands.The badlands,consisting of shale-sandstone breaks,occur
immediately to the west of the buying station.Broad fans occupy most of
the vicinity and in some areas are severely eroded and gullied.A dry
lake bed occurs to the east of the buying station.Slopes 1n the
vicinity generally range from 2-4 percent.Materials from which the fans
are derived are weathered sandstone and shales transported downslope from
the breaks.The soils are predominantly sandy loams with 5-15 percent
gravels mixed in.A few areas have sandy c lay loam textures in the
profile.All soils are calcareous,and about half of the area mapped has
high levels of gypsum in the profile.
This area has been used as rangeland over the years.The vegetation
is sparce and not conducive to intensive grazing.The primary limiting
factor is low precipitation,which annually is about 6 inches.No
dryland farming has been attempted in the area.
Several research papers have been published on soil-vegetation
relationships of the desert plants in southern Utah (Fireman and Hayward,
1952;Gates et al.,1956;Mason et al.,1967;West and Ibrahim,1968).
Shadscale tends to occupy soils with non-saline surface horizons and
saline-alkaline subsoils.This shrub occurs in nearly all of the mapping
units in the vicinity of the Hanksville buying station.
Literature relating to specific soils of the buying station vicinity
1S unavailable and this area had not been surveyed for range or soil
conditions prior to the present study.Soils on the site were found
to comprise five mapping units (Plate 2.10-2 and Table 2.10-1).The
soils described are not known to have been previously mapped or classi-
fied in the United States.Several of the profiles are similar or
related to soils already mapped and these have been classed as "like"the
comparable series.Mapping units RIA and RsB have very similar physical
·"
...-."
o
LEGEND
SA NDY AREA
GRAV ELL Y AREA
NON-CROSSABLE
WATERWAY
GULLY
SOIL SAMPLING
LOCATION
SOIL PROFILE
DES CRr PTION
825FORSOILLEGEND
SEE TABLE
BL:Ro
o5
....,a
SCALE IN FEET
NsB
NsB
1100
I
/"
T29S
SOIL SURVEY MAP
HANKSVILLE STATION VICINITY
SOURCE USDA SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
PLATE 2.10-2
2-316
and chemical properties but occur on different landscape positions.They
have been differentiated'for the purposes of this report.
All soils ~n the area mapped have minimal soil development.Soil
material from the surface downward is calcareous and classified as "c"
horizon,or undeveloped,material.Soil textures on the majority of the
site are sandy loam (Table 2.10-2).Mapping units RIA and RsB have
sandy clay loam textures in the profile.The soils have moderately
alkaline pH values and lime contents ranging from 4-9 percent.Gypsum is
high in all mapping units with the exception of NsB.Sodium values are
low,not exceeding 7.6 percent exchangeable sodium.The combination of
salts present ~s reflected in electrical conductivity values (ECe)which
range from 3 to 9.At these levels,production by plants,especially
those sensitive to salts,wi:!:l be reduced.Organic carbon values are
low,reflecting the low return of organic material in the desert envi-
ronment.Phosphorus values range from low to high relative to recom-
mendations for native range.Potassium values are high.The available
moisture ranged in samples from 5 to 10 percent and the moisture content
at saturation from 23 to 50 percent.These values,while somewhat low for
soils in general,are typical of sandy loam soils.
All soils on the study area are highly erosive.Those having sandy
loam surface textures will be most prone to wind·and water erosion.The
sand clay loam and clay loam textures would be difficult to work and
cultivate in reclamation operations.If soils high in gypsum are used
in reclamation and construction operations,the potential of differential
settlement after being leached is possible.High gypsum in'these soils
would not cause toxicity problems.Over 1/2 of the soils on the site,
are well suited for use in reclamation to depths up to 40 inches.
The following paragraphs describe specifically the four soil mapping
units defined.The fifth mapping unit is badlands and rock outcrop (see
Appendix F).
2-317
NsB:Neskahi (like)Fine Sandy Loam
This soil covers over half of the area mapped and occurs on the
central and east sides.It has fine sandy loam textures in the profile.
This soil does not contain exceSS1ve amounts of salt.Electrical con-
ductivity (ECe)values reach 5.0 in most profiles below depths of 40
inches.This level of salt concentration,if exposed,would restrict the
yield of some salt sensitive plants.All soil material above 40 inches
would be adequate for use in reclamation.
RIA:Rairdent (like)Sandy Clay Loam
This soil occurs on the dry lake bed toward the east side of the
site.It covers 10 percent of the total area mapped.It is heavier tex-
tured.than most soils on the area,with sandy clay loam and clay loam
textures to depths over 40 inches.This soil has high gypsum contents
throughout its profile and electrical conductivity values from 5-9.It
1S fine textured and highly susceptible to wind erosion.It 1S not
suitable for use in reclamation.
RsB:Rairdent (like)Fine Sandy Loam
This soil occurs on the north and west sides of the area mapped.It
covers about 140 acres,occurring on an alluvial fan pos ition,and 1S
gullied by recent erosion.This soil has a high gypsum content and
moderate electrical conductivity values of about 4-6.The dominant
condition of soil textures and salt content make this soil unsuitable for
uses in reclamation unless leached by irrigation.
SIBD:Unnamed Fine Sandy Loam·
This unit occurs in the southwest corner of the site.It is highly
eroded with severe gullying and washing.It has a high gypsum content
and moderate conductivity values (3-6.5).This soil is generally un-
suited for use in reclamation operations.However,specific small areas
are reclaimable if construction is planned in the areas of this mapping
unit.
2-318
2.10.2 Noise
To adequately describe sound quality in the area of the project,
an ambient sound survey was conducted at eight locations near Blanding
and Hanksville (Plates 2.10-3 and 2.10-4).These locations,tabulated
below,were selected to reflect the present on-site sound climates and
those at nearby noise sensitive land use areas.
Blanding Vicinity (see Plate 2.10-3)
Location i/:3
Location i/:4
Location iF!
Location i/:2
Playground near corner of Route 300 South
and 100 West Street between Blanding
Elementary School and Blanding Chapel.
North of project site along Route 163 near
junction of Route 95,adjacent to "Plateau
Resources"uranium ore buying station.
On project site,south of the uranium ore
buying s tation.
South of project site,near residence and
day care center in community of White Mesa.
Location #5 East of project site,adjacent to Wnite
Sands Missile Range.
Hanksville Vicinity (see Plate 2.10-4)
Location i/:6
Loeation i/:7
Location i/:8
Hanksville Elementary School yard approxi-
mately 10 miles north of the buying station.
On site,north of the uranium buying station.
Along Route 95,approximately 11 miles south
of the buying station and 70 feet from road.
The background ambient sound survey was conducted at the above
locations on Tuesday through Thursday,September 6-8,1977.Sound level
recordings were made during daytime (0700-1800),evening (1800-2200),and
nighttime (2200-0700)periods.Ten decibels were added to nighttime
(2200-0700)sound in computing the day/night average sound level,Ldn ,
as defined by the U.S.EPA (1974).A description of nomenclature,
instrumentation and data acquisition and analysis of the ambient sound
survey is presented in Appendix G.
AIBIENT SO'.D SU.VEY IEASUREIENT LOCATIONS
'ROJECT VICINITY
6 :5 0!6 12
I
SCALE IN MILES
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 2.10-3
AMBIENT SOUND SURVEY MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS
HANKSVILLE VICINITY
6 3 0!6 12I
SCALE IN MILES
DAMES B MOORE
PLATE 2.10-4
2-321
2.10.2.1 Ambient Sound Levels
A summary of the ambient sound survey data collected at the eight
monitoring locations is presented in Table 2.10-3.This table contains
the statistical A-weighted sound level L90 ,L50 ,and L10 ,Leq ,
Ld ,Land Ld at each measurement location.These data reoresentnn•
the typical ambient sound levels of the existing environment that would
be affected by the proposed project.
Detailed results of the ambient sound survey are presented,in
Appendix G,including A-weighted sound level histograms (indicating the
percentage of time a particular sound level occurred during the measure-
ment period)and the cumulative distribution of the A-weigh ted sound
level (indicating the percentage of time a sound level ~s exceeded).
Also included on each plate is the cumulative distribution of the sound
pressure level at the octave band center frequencies.The meteorological
conditions during which these data were taken are indicated in Table G-I,
Appendix Go
Measurement locations 1 and 4 are representative of noise-sensitive
residential areas north and south of the Blanding site,respectively.
The major daytime sound sources at location 1 were local traffic,inter-
mittent low flying aircraft and residential activities.At location 4,
the major daytime sound sources were residential activities,traffic
entering and leaving the day-care center and distant traffic.
At location 2,the microphone was located approximately 400 feet
from the are crushing,stockpiling and logistic operations of the Plateau
Resources'ore buying station,and about 70 feet from junction of Route
94 and Route 163.During the evening,the ore buying station activities
and local car traffic noise were reduced;however,the average sound
level (L )increased due to trucks passing by and distant shotguneq
no~se•
Location 3 represents the existing sound levels at the Blanding
ore buying station.Existing major daytime sound sources included
2-322
TABLE 2.10-3
SUM}iJ~.RY OF AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS -dBA
Statistical Daytime Evening Nighttime Day/Night
Sound Levels (0700-1800)(1800-2200)(2200-0700)Sound Levels
Location 1 9-6-77 @ 0915 9-6-77 @ 2025 9-7-77 @ 0035
LgO 45 40 37
Lso 50 44 45
LlO 61 52 50
Leq 57.5 50.6 46.4
Ld 56.5
Ln 46.4
Ldn 56.5
Location 2 9-6-77 @ 1000 9-6-77 @ 1950 9-6-77 @ 2355.
LgO 46 34 25
Lso 49 37 31
L10 54 56 49
Leq 55.7 58.6 47.1
Ld 56.7
Ln 47.1
Ldn 56.9
Location 3 9-6-77 @ 1040 9-6-77 @ 1800 9-6-77 @ 2240
LgO 45 35 30
Lso 47 38 32
LlO 49 42 44
Leq 46.9 39.7 39.2
Ld 45.8
Ln 39.2
Ldn 47.4
Location 4 9-6-77 @ H2O 9-6-77 @ 1835 9-6-77 @ 2200
Lg.:l 35 35 28
Lso 39 38 33
L10 50 48 42
Leq 46.4 47.7 39.9
Ld 46.8
Ln 39.9
Ld.'1 48.2
2-323
TABLE 2.10-3 '(Concluded)
Statistical Daytime Evening Nighttime Day/Night
Sound Levels (0700-1800)(1800-2200)(2200-0700)Sound Levels
Location 5 9-6-77 @ 14451 9-6-77 @ 1915 9-6-77 @ 2320
Lgo 34 26 30
Lso 35 27 32
LlO 36 34 38
Leq 36.2 30.9 35.1
Ld 35.3
Ln 35.1
Ld."l 41.5
Location 6 9-7-77 @ 1345 9-8-77 @ 1800 9-8-77 @ 2200
L90 39 42 39
Lso 41 46 41
LlO 47 51 46
Leq 45.4 51.2 43.1
Ld 47.8
Ln 43.1
Ldn 50.6
Location 7 9-7-77 @ 1440 9-8-77 @ 1850 9-8-77 @ 2245
.L90 34 37 24
Lso 36 44 25
LlO 45 49 30
Leq 41.3 45.4 27.7
Ld 42.8
~27.7
Ldn 41.5
Location 8 9-8-77 @ 1000 9-8-77 @ 1940 9-8-77 @ 2330
L90 33 34 24
Lso 37 37 25
L lO 49 46 33
Leq 47.8 49.3 41
Ld 48.3
Ln 41
Ldn 49.5
2-324
construction and ore crushing activities at the station,and traffic on
Road 163 in the background.
At location 5,near the presently inactive abandoned White Sands
Missile Range,sound levels were relatively uniform throughout a 24-hour
day with wind,insects,and distant aircraft and traffic contributing to
the ambient sound.
Measurement location 6 is representative of noise-sensitive areas ~n
Hanksvi lle.The major sources of daytime sound included local traffic,
children playing ~n school playground,aircraft,birds,and insects.
Evening sound levels increased somewhat due to motorcycle traffic and an
increase in windspeed.
Location 7 represents areas exposed to noise from existing ore
stockpiling and ore crushing operations at the Hanksville buying station,
traffic on Route 95 and intermittent aircraft.Evening levels increased
somewhat due to the combined effect of strong winds,and traffic on Route
95 even though buying station activities had subsided.
Location 8 represents areas adjacent to Route 95 approximately
11 miles south of the site.The average sound level (L )remainedeq
relatively constant throughout a 24-hour day with intermittent truck
traffic contributing to the sound levels.
Throughout the study area,during lulls in local traffic or facility
activities,environmental sound was produced by wind,insects and birds.
During the nighttime,when local activities are minimal,the sounds of
wind and insects were particularly prevalent.
The ambient sound data discussed above were used with computations
of construction activity noise and facility operation no~se to estimate
future ambient sound levels.The projected future sound levels,the
background ambient sound leveIs,and federal EPA and State guidelines
were used to assess the impact of the proposed facility on the environ-
mental sound quality.
3-1
3.0 THE MILL AND BUYING STATIONS
Conventional milling methods for uran1um are processing will be
used.The are will be crushed and ground to a size suitable for sulfuric
acid leaching to extract the uran1Uffi.The uranium-bearing solution will
then be separated from the ore residue,purified and concentrated by
solvent extraction,and the uranium precipitated as ammonium diuranate,
also known as "yellow cake."The yellow cake precipitate will be de-
watered,calcined,crushed,and placed in drums for shipment.
When economically feasible,as determined by market conditions
and ore characteristics,by-products of copper and/or vanadium will be
recovered.The recovery methods for by-products are discussed in
Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.The milling rate of 2000 tpd 1S predicated on
recovery of all by-products.Should the copper circuit not be initially
operated,the milling rate will be 1700 tpd.
3.1 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE MILL
The plant buildings will be mainly of prefabricated cons truction
and the exterior panels will be of a color(s)aesthetically pleasing with
the surrounding terrain.The actual physical facility will resemble the
artist's rendition (Plate 3.1-1),but the final layout may vary somewhat
depending on equipment selection.
3.2 THE XILL CIRCUIT
Plate 3.2-1 shows a generalized flowsheet for the proposed uran1um
milling process.The mill will process about 2,000 tons of ore per day.
The average U308 content 1S estimated to be about 2 1/2 pounds
per ton.
3.2.1 Uranium Circuit
Since the ores will originate from many different mines,it 1S
planned to blend them according to their chemical and me tallurgical
characteristics.The crushed ore will be wet-ground 1n a rod mill to
pass a 28-mesh (0.0232 inch)screen.The ore slurry praciuced by the wet
LEGEND
16.FINE ORE STORAGE BINS
17.PRE-LEACH THICKNER
18.CLARIFIER
19 NEUTRAL THICKENER
20 CCD WASHIIIB THICKENERS
21.MnOZ STOItIl/lE·
22 HzSa,STOIMGE TANKS
23.AMMONIA STORAGE TANK
24 MILL BUILDING
25 URANIUM SOLVENT EXTRACTKJN
26-VANADIUM SOLJIENT EXTRACTKJN
27 VANADlIM PRECIPITATION a DRY!<
28 PROCESS STEAM BOILER
29.RAFFINATE SURGE TANK
30.CHEMICAL STORAGE
I SCALE HOUSE
2.TRUCK SCALE
3 ORE PAD
4.CRUSHING-SAMPLING PLANT
5.ORE STOCKPILES
6.PARKING AREA
7 OFFICE a LABORATORY
8 GUARD HOUSE
9.STORAGE YARD
10 SHOP a WAREHOUSE
II.PUMPING STATION
12 WATER STORAGE TANK
13.SUB-STATION
14.ORE HOPPER
15.SECCNDARY CRUSHING
~-~.,..,..._~.,....-.-¥-:-..-:-:~:~.:;~_...-....-,_..
11111111."ltd
._--,-,-=~=c_~---:~w-..~~~,_.c="~,l_~F ~~~;;;{i
ORANIOM MILL
",cc=--=c,,'-,.~:~='="~"'ZS::--=-=-'''",,__,,",','_'.
~~~....:-:;;;;;;~~~~~~::~ElEIr'FIIELI 'UCLEAI.lie.
-._-----------_._---_.-.------------=-~-----=~:-_:--~--~-----~~---~-~~:~--::_--------------.._-==----------,-----
"
:;
PLATE 3.1-1
lore StockpilestFromBuyingStation
Crushing
H20 --;;-and Grinding I--<~---_
Circuit
tTailing
Atmospheret
Dust
Collection
Atrnos.t
Wet
Scrubbing
l Drying I
~I....-
\
Yellow Cake
Product
GENERALIZED FLOWSHEET FOR THE URANIUM MILLING PROCESS
PLATE 3.2-1
grinding step will be leached in two stages with sulfuric acid,manganese
dioxide,and steam in amounts that will produce a solution having a pH of
0.2 and a temperature of 70o e.The function of the first stage leach
will be to utilize the residual acidity of the pregnant leach liquor by
reacting it with the alkaline constituents of the freshly ground ore,
thereby achieving chemical economies.It is anticipated that approxi-
mately 95 percent of the uranium contained 1.n the crude ore will be
dissolved over a period of twelve to twenty-four hours of leaching.The
uranium bearing solution will be separated from the barren waste by
counter-current decantation using thickeners.Polymeric flocculants will
be used to enhance the settling characteristics of the undissolved
solids.The decanted pregnant leach solution is expected to have a pH or
approximately 1.5 and contain less than one gram per liter of U308 ,
The barren waste will be pumped to the tailing retention area.
Solvent extraction will be used to concentrate and purify the
uranium contained in the decanted leach solution.The solvent extraction
process will be carried out in a series 0=mixer and settling vessels,
using an amine-type compound carried in kerosene (organic)which will
selectively absorb the dissolved uranyl 1.ons from the aqueous leach
solution.The organic and aqueous solutions will be agitated by mech-
anical means and then allowed to separate into organic and aqueous phases
in the settling tank.This procedure will be performed in four stages
using a counter-flow principle wherein the organic flow is introduced to
the preceding stage and the aqueous flow (drawn from the bottom)feeds
the following stage.It is estimated that,after four stages,the
organic phase will contain about two grams of U308 per liter and the
depleted aqueous phase (raffinate)about 5 mg per liter.The raffinate
will be recycled to the counter-current decantation step previously
described or further processed for the recovery of vanadium discussed in
Section 3.2.2.The organic phase will be washed with acidified water and
then stripped of uranium by contact with an acidified sodium chloride
solution.The barren organic solution will be returned to the solvent
extraction circuit and the enriched strip solution containing about 20
grams of U308 per liter will be neutralized with ammonia to precipitate
3-5
ammon1um diuranate ("yellow cake").The yellow cake will be settled
in two thickeners in series and the overflow solution from the first
filtered,conditioned and returned to the stripping stage.
The thickened yellow cake slurry will be dewatered further in
a centrifuge to reduce its water content to about 40 percent.This
slurry will then pumped to an oil or gas fired multiple-hearth dryer
(calciner)at 650°C C1200°F).The dried uranwm concentrate (about
90 percent U3 0 S )will be passed through a hammer mill to produce a
product of less than 1/4 inch size.The crushed concentrate,which will
be the final product of the plant,will then be packaged in 55-gallon
drums for shipment.
The uranium concentrate drying,crushing and packaging operation
will be conducted in an isolated,enclosed building with a negative
ventilation pressure to contain and collect (by wet scrubbing)all
airborne U30 S particles.This system will not only enhance the
recovery of uranium but will decrease the exposure of employees to
potential radiation.In addition,the design of the mill will be such
that any leaks or spills in the plant will be collected and recycled to
the appropriate part of the process,thus minimizing contamination of the
surrounding areas.
During processing of the ore,approximately the following chemical
quantities will be consumed per day of operation for the recovery of
uranium:
Sulfuric acid (196 lb/ton)------------------------
Manganese dioxide (15 lb/ton)---------------------
Flocculants (0.3 lb/ton)--------------------------
Sodium chloride (3.0 lb/lb U30 S)------------------
Soda ash (2.0 lb/lb U30S)-------------------------
Ammonia (0.4 lb/lb U30S)--------------------------
Organic (95 percent kerosene)---------------------
lbs/day
392,000
30,000
600
15,000
10,000
2,000
1,6S0
3-6
3.2.2 By-Product Copper Recovery
Ores from the White Canyon Mining District of Utah,one of the
districts supplying the mill,usually contain copper associated with the
uranl.um.The copper occurs in sulfide form,such as chalcopyrite,and
can approach a one percent copper content.Copper in sulfide form is
readily recovered by the froth flotation process commonly used in mineral
beneficiation plants.Energy Fuels intends to segregate ores of this
type and provide within the mill building a separate grinding,flotation,
concentrate leaching,and filtration circuit for processing copper-
uranium ore.Approximately 15 percent (300 tons per day)of the total
mill tonnage is expected to be of this type.
Processing will consist of wet grinding the copper ore l.n a rod
mill-cyclone circuit to minus 28-mesh followed by rougher flotation and
two-stage cleaning.Flotation will be carried out in water using about
0.1 Ib xanthate and 0.08 lb Dowfroth 250 (or equivalent)per ton of
solids.The tailing from flotation will be essentially barren of copper
but it will contain the major part of the uranium present in the crude
are.Therefore,the flotation tailing will be partially de"watered in a
thickener,commingled with the ground ore in the main uranium circuit
described l.n Section 3.2.1 and carried on through the mill process.
The copper flotation concentrate (froth)is expected to assay 12 to
20 percent copper but it will also contain ten to twenty percent of the
total uranium present in the crude ore.In order to recover this
uranium,it will be necessary to acid leach the copper concentrate under
approximately the same temperature and acidity conditions as used in the
main uranl.um mill circuit (see Section 3.2.1).The principal difference
will be that the copper concentrate leach circuit will involve relatively
small equipment because less than one ton per hour of solids THill need to
be handled.The copper,in the form of chalcopyrite,will be essentially
insoluble in the leach step.Filtration of the leach slurry will,
therefore,produce a filter cake of the copper sulfide minerals and a
filtrate containing the uranium.A water wash will be applied to the
filter to displace the leach solution from the filter cake.
3-7
The filtrate (solution)will be pumped to the first counter-current
decantation thickener in the main circuit.The filter cake (copper
sulfide)will be stockpiled and periodically sold to a copper smelter.
Plate 3.2-2 shows the flowsheet planned for the recovery of copper.The
copper concentrate after leaching will contain less than 0.05 percent
U30S•
Copper 1S of minor economic importance to the overall plant and
at times it may not justify recovery.It is planned to operate this
by-product circuit only when the quantity and grade of copper ores are
significant and an attractive price for copper exists.At the time of
this writing,the copper industry in the United States is faced with an
oversupply of copper and a depressed market.Metallurgically,it makes
little difference if the uranium ores containing copper are processed in
the by-product circuit or in the ma1n mill process.The uranium extrac-
tion is essentially the same in either case.
3.2.3 By-Product Vanadium Recovery
Vanadium is present 1n some of the ores and will be soluble to
a major degree along with the uranium during leaching.The solubilized
vanadium will report to the uranium raffinate.Depending on the vanadium
content of the uranium raffinate,it will either be recycled to the
counter-current decantation step (see Section 3.2.1)or further processed
for recovery of the vanadium before recycling.
The vanadium recovery process will consist of a separate solvent
extraction section to treat the uranium raffinate and precipitate the
vanadium from the strip solution.The flowsheet shown in Plate 3.2-3
illustrates the process.
The uran1um raffinate will be pumped to a series of agitators where
the EMF (oxidation potential)will be adjusted to -700 mv with sodium
chlorate and the pH raised to 1.8-2.0.The solution may possess some
turbidity after this step and will be filtered prior to passing to a
5-stage solvent extraction circuit.Except for the one additional stage
lcopper-Drani urn Ore l
To
No.1 CCD
Thickener
in Mill Circuit
II,To
J Mill
Leaching r Leach
Circuit
H2 SO 4 --:;;.-1
Mn02
Stearn
Copper
Concentrate
Air A
Drying ~
StOJkPile
Crushing
and I--::E:----H20
Grinding
,\,H2 0Xanthate1--<~--~
Frother:>=1 Flotation I ~:::-~I Flotation
Tailing
~
To
Copper
Smelter
GENERALIZED FLOWSHEET SHOWING RECOVERY OF COPPER
DAM••a MOO••
PLATE 3.2-2
IUranium Raffinate Solution l
-f
INaCl03 I I EMF-ph
Soda Ash -?-I Adjustment Agitators
I Clari~ied1
Solutlon I
SolventOrganic~Extration
Raffinate I
To CCD ~
Mill Circuit
Soda
Asht
Preg.
----Organic ~
Stripping-<~---Barren --"L-----l
Organic
-E-NH 3
Atmosphere.t]r-------------------~>_prec~~~tation
ThickeningI~~:Ubbing.-......0;;:----1 Drying _....E------------I Fi~~~ring_land/,?r L..-..-=---J
FUSlon
~Dried
.or
Fused
Vanadium
Product
GENERALIZED FLOWSHEET SHOWING RECOVERY OF VANADIUM
PLATE 3.2-3
3-10
of extraction,the solvent extraction section ~Y'ill be essentially the
same as utilized for the uranium.An amine type compound carried in
kerosene (same as for uranium)will selectively absorb the vanadium ions
from the uranium raffinate solution.The organic will then be stripped of
vanadium by contact with a soda ash solution.The barren organic solu-
tion will be returned to the solvent extraction circuit and vanadium will
be precipitated from the enriched strip solution on a batch basis as
ammonium metavanadate.
The vanadium precipitate will be thickened and filtered prior
to drying in a an oil or gas fired dryer.The dried precipitate will be
subjected to a fusion step at approximately 800°C to produce V20S
black flake and packaging will be in 55-gallon drums.The vanadium
product will not be radioactive.
The drying and fusion step along with packaging will be conducted
1n an enclosed area with a negative ventilation pressure to contact and
collect (by wet scrubbing)all airborne dust and vapors.
3.3 SOURCES OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS
3.3.1 Non-Radioactive Mill Wastes and Effluents
3.3.1.1 Gaseous Effluents
Milling of the ore will release several-non-radioactive vapors
to the atmosphere.The leaching processes (crude ore and copper concen-
trates)will produce vapors of carbon dioxide,sulfur dioxide and some
sulfuric acid.The rate of release for the carbon dioxide is estimated
to be 4800 lb/hr whereas those of the other vapors are estimated to be a
maximum of 0.05 lb/hr for each.The solvent extraction process (uranium
and vanadium)will release organic vapor (95 percent kerosene)at an
estimated rate of 0.10 lb/hr.There are no State of Utah or national
standards applicable to the specific release of kerosene.However there
are ambient standards that apply to non-methane hydrocarbons.The state
and national ambient hydrocarbon standard 1S 160 ]1g/m3 as a maximum
3-hour standard (effective between 6am and 9am)and the resultant ground-
level kerosene concentrations will be well below the allowable standard.
3-11
During the concentrate drying process,gaseous effluents will be
emitted frQrrl the d:-yer st~~k.These emissions will primarily be com-
prised of water vapor and carbon dioxide with maximum release rates of
205 and 105 pounds per hour,respectively.Significant amounts of sulfur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen may be emitted depending on whether the
furnace-drying process is gas or oil fired.If gas is used S02 and
NO emissions will be insignificant;if fuel oil is used,fuel con-x
sumption is estimated at 3.0 gallons per hour resulting in maximum S02
and NO emission rates of 2 and 0.5 pounds per hour,respectively.x
Assuming the use of fuel oil (No.2)as the dryer fuel,the furnace
dryer will normally operate at a heat input of approximately 450,000
BTU's per hour.No Utah or national emission standards apply to facil-
ities of this small size.However,state and national ambient standards
will apply to the resultant S02'N02 and particulate ambient concen-
trations.
Using the design parameters presented ~n Section 6.1.3.4,the
maximum 1 hour S02 concentration beyond the site boundary was calcu-
lated to be less than 25 ~g/m3.The max~mum N0 2 and particulate
3concentrationswerecalculatedtobelessthan6and5llg/m ,respec-
tively.These low values would indicate that the short and long-term
ambient standards for each pollutant would not be approached.Ground-
level concentrations of each pollutant in fact would be well below their
respective standards.
3.3.1.2 Liquid Effluents
The major liquid effluent discharged from the mill will be water
contained ~n the plant tailing slurry.The discharge rate of water
present in the tailing slurry is expected to average 335 gallons per
minute and,based on laboratory test work,should have an analysis
approximately as follows:
Ion
v
U
Na
NH3Cl
S04
Cu
Ca
Mg
Al
Mn
Zn
Mo
Organics
pH
3-12
Grams/Liter
0.24
0.0025 /
4.90
0.065
3.05
82.2
1.62
0.48
4.06
4.26
4.58
0.09
0.007
See discussion below
1.8-2.0
Radiochemical analyses of the above tailing water and solids were as
follows:
Assay,pei/Liter
Radioa~tivity
Gross Alpha Gross Beta y.,230
Liquid 52.5xlO 52.3xlO 51.3xlO ?2.8xlO-
Solids
21.5xlO
Assay,pCi/g
23.7xlO
The above liquid effluent will contain,a portion of the organic
phase from the uranium (and vanadium)solvent extraction steps.Tne
organic residue will be entrained with the tailing solids.The amount of
organic (mostly kerosene)released will be about 0.2 gallon per 1000
gallons of raffinate or 70 lb/hr.All liquid effluents exiting fran
the mill will be confined in the tailing impoundment area.
effluents will cross the property boundary of the mill site.
No liquid
3-13
3.3.1.3 Solid Effluents
By far the largest em~ss~on from the ore stockpiles and feeding
facilities will be the release of fugitive dust to the atmosphere.Dust
emiss ions from these sources are difficult to define because they are
highly dependent,among other variables,upon the temporal variations of
wind and moisture content of the ore.Some concentrate particles would
be released from the drying stack during the process.With the flue gas
scrubbers,total particulate loss should be less than 0.03 grains per
cubic foot.
A recent study by the EPA (1973)has estimated general dust emission
rates for var~ous aggregate stockpiles.General dust loading data
related to the type of aggregate storage that will occur at the proposed
mill site indicate that approximately 1.5 pounds per year of dust could
be emitted for each ton of stockpiled ore.
A rough estimate of the fugitive dust emissions resulting from the
anticipated 250,000 tons of ore stockpiles is 37,500 pounds per year 9r
102 pounds per day.However,the same EPA study (1973)states that dust
emissions can be reduced from 50 to 90 percent by keeping the surfaces of
the stockpiles moist.The ore will generally be coarse particles and
will be kept wet as required to control dust as discussed below.
Current em~ss~on standards are not applicable to fugitive dust
emissions.However,ambient air quality standards would apply to the
resultant surface concentrations.The state and national ambient stan-
3dardsare150]Jg/m as a 24-hour maximum not to be exceeded more than
3onceperyearand60]Jg/m as an annual average based upon a geometric
mean.
Fugitive dust emissions ~n a large sense are dependent upon the use
of mitigating measure to control their release.During milling opera-
tions,ore stockpiles will be watered and dust suppression systems and
scrubbers will be used throughout ore handling processes.These should
substantially reduce dust emissions.
3-14
3.3.2 Radioactive Mill Wastes and Effluents
This section considers the airborne radioactive effluents from
the mill.Radioactivity associated with non-airborne solid effluents
will be contained within the site and all radioactivity associated
with the liquid effluents will be impounded in the tailing area which
~s designed to totally contain the liquid effluents (analyses indicated
~n Section 3.3.1.2).More discussion on liquid effluents can be found in
5.2.2.
The radioactivity released during milling of natural uranium ~s
primarily associated with uranium-238 and its radioactive daughters
present in the ore.Secular equilibrium has been conservatively assumed
to exist between the members of the U-238 decay chain series.Also
present in the ore is uranium-235 and its daughters.The concentration
of U-235 in natural uranium is 0.714 atom percent.Compared with the
U-238 decay series,the U-235 decay series contributes negligibly to the
quantity of the radioactivity dispersed (Scarano et al.,1977).Basic
mill operating data used in the analyses of the radioactive effluents are
summarized below.
Uranium Ore Feed Rate
Operation Schedule
U308 Content of the Ore
U-238 Concentration in the are
U-235 Concentration in the are
U30a Recovery Rate
Fraction of Th-230 to Tailing
Fraction of Ra-226 to Tailing
=2000 tons/day
=340 days/year
=2/+hours/day
-2.5 lbs/ton
=353 pCi/g
=16 pCi/g
=94%
=0.95
=0.998
In the following sections,the release of radioactivity in the
milling steps is discussed and,on the basis of the available data
from operating mills,the radioactivity that would be released by the
proposed mill is estimated.The potential release estimates assume a
15-year milling period and conservative assumptions were made.
3-15
3.3.2.1 Ore Storage Pads
The feed for the p:-oposed mill will be crushed are from the two
buying stations that has been stored on pads to provide a continuous
supply for blending.These pads will continue to release Rn-222,a
daughter of Ra-226,and windblown particulates to the atnosphere.
Rn-222 release can be estimated utilizing the following data and
assumptions:
1-Area-of the Ore Storage Pads 8 acres
2.Ra-226 Concentration =353 pCi/g
3.Density of Ore 1.6 g/ml
4.of Rn-226 -6 -1DecayConstant=2.1xlO sec
(D /V)*-2 25.for Ore Storage Pads =2.5x10 cm /sece
(Schiager,1974)
6.Emanation Coefficient of Ore =0.07
(Clements et al.,1978)
The Rn-222 flux (J)at the surface of an area containing infinite
depth of material can be estimated from (Schiager,1974)
J c.•E.}A.(D Iv)
t e
where
This
which
(c )1.S the concentration of Ra-226 1.n bulk medium in (pCi/ml).t
equation yields the flux from the pads of 90.6 pci/(m 2-sec)
re~u1ts in a total annual Rn-222 release of 92.4 Ci.
During dry seasons,the exposed surfaces of the ore piles maybe a
source of dust generated by wind action and are feeding and blending
operations.It has been conservatively estimated by Sears et ale (1975)
that about 4 Ibs/(hr-acre)of fugitive dust may occur from this type of
operation.This figure was used here for radiological calculations.
However,most of the radioactivity will be associated with dust of a
*Diffusion coefficient/void fraction
3-16
large diameter and,under normal atmospheric conditions,b lowing dust
will not contribute to the transport of radioactivity outside the mill
site boundary (Sears et al.,1975).Nevertheless,5 percent of this
release was assumed to be fines that could be carried away by wind.This
yields an ore storage pad release rate of 2.1 mCi/year for U-238 and each
of its daughters.
3.3.2.2 .Ore Grinding Operation
Wet grinding of the ore will minimize the release of dust.However,
about 51.5 ~Ci of Rn-222 per ton of ore is estimated as the release rate
during grinding (Schiager,1974).This yields an expected release rate
of about 35 Ci/year of Rn-222 from the grinding of ore.
3.3.2.3 Leaching Operation
The two stage leaching operation 1.S a wet process and will not
contribute to emission of particulates.This part of the milling
process need not be considered for the release of Rn-222,since the
transit time of the ore through the mill circuit will be rather short.
3.3.2.4 Uranium Concentrate Drying and Packaging
The uranium concentrate (precipitated ammonium diuranate)will be
dried at 650°C.The product (yellow cake)will be about 90 percent
U308 and will represent about 94 percent of the uranium in the ore.
In addition yellow cake will contain .5 percent of the Th-230 and 0.2
percent of Ra-226 and daugh ters originally in the ore.Emi ssion of
particulates to air during uranium concentrate drying and packaging will
be controlled by a wet scrubber,as described in Section 3.4.
The estimated release of uranium concentrate will be 0.04 lbs/hr.
This corresponds to .:in annual release of radioactivity of 43.4 mCi of
U-238 ,2.3 mCi of Th-230 and 0.1 mCi of Ra-226 and daughters.
3.3.2.5 Tailing
The tailing produced by the mill operation will be stage impounded
in a series of cells each having a total area of approximately 70 acres.
3-17
Details of the design and integrity of the tailing retention area are
discussed in Appendix H and Section 3.4.The design will provide
for total containment of solids and liquids.During operation>it is
estimated that about 90 percent of the tailing surface will be covered
by the tailing solution.The remaining area will be kept moist when
necessary to control wind blown dusting.
Prior to stabilization,the tailing will be allowed to dry to about
an estimated 15 percent moisture.During this interim period Rn-222 will
be emitted.The following data and assumptions were used to estimate the
radon release from the tailing as they are drying.
-6 25.7xl0 cm Isec
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Maximum area of tailing exposed at anyone time
Ra-226 content
Density of tailing
Decay constant of Rn-222
Emanation Coefficient for tailing (E)
(Schiager,1974)
CD Iv)for tailing at 15%moisture
(Schiager,1974)
(D Iv)for tailing at 100%moisture
(Schiager,1974)
Thickness of the dry tailing layer
70 acres
=353 pCi/g
=1.6 glml
=2.lxlO-6
=0.2
=0.5 feet
-1sec
The Rn-222 flux (J)at the surface of an area containing infinite
depth of material was estimated from (Schiager,1974).
J
J
C .E.J),(D Iv)t e
where (Ct )is the concentration of Ra-226 in bulk medium (in pCi/ml).
The tailing were assumed to be composed of two layers as shown on the
following page.
3-18
SURFACE
Toiling-ot
15%Moisture
t
h
The flux at the surface for this configuration is given by (Sears et al.,
1975;Tanner,1964)
j2 exp
where the subscripts (1)and (2)refer to the layers shown ~n the
figure,and where (J1 )and (J2)are the fluxes at the surface of
an area containing infinite depth of materials (1)and (2),respectively.
The (tanh)term is a correction for the finite thickness of the layer,
and the (exp)term is the attenuation of (2)through the upper layer.
Using the above data and equation yields a flux of 38.9
pCi!(m2-sec).This dry condition of the tailing can be assumed to
prevail no more than three months before reclamation ~s initiated.TIluS,
the total release antic ipated during this period is calculated to be
about 90 Ci of Rn-222.
3.3.2.6 Summary of Airborne Release Rates
A summary of release rates computed for the varlOUS mill operations
and several radionuclides are given in the table below.
Rn-222 U-238
Source Ci/yr mCi/yr
Ore Pads 93 2.1
Ore Grinding 35 a---
Yellow Cake 43.4
Tailing 90
a """f"---=~ns~gn~lcant
U-234
mCi/yr
2.1
43.4
Th-230
mCi/yr
2.1
2.3
Ra-226 &
Daughters
mCi/yr
2.1
0.1
3-19
3.4 CONTROLS OF MILL WASTES AND EFFLUENTS
The control of dust in the Hanksville and Blanding Buying Stations
~s discussed in 3.6.3.5 and 3.6.4.4,respectively.
At the proposed mill,the processing buildings and equipment
will be provided with ventilation fans,hoods and ducting to control the
concentration of gaseous effluents to levels below the applicable stan-
dards.A forced-air ventilation system designed for the entire solvent
extraction and stripping buildings will remove kerosene vapors.
Dust generated ~n the final crushing step,conveyor transfers
and fine ore storage will be collected in cyclonic precipitators and bag
houses.The collected dust will be.processed in the mill circuit.
Fugitive dust from ore piles will be controlled by sprinkling with
water.A dust suppression spray system will be installed in the mill
crushing building and used when exceedingly dry ores are being handled.
The water added in this manner will remain with the ore and go to pro-
cess.
Yellow cake particles carried ~n the flue gases from the uranium
dryer and packaging area will pass through a wet fan scrubber operating
at an equivalent venturi scrubber pressure of 20"W.G.The solution and
particulates collected from the scrubber will be recycled to the No.1
yellow cake thickener in the mill.
A wet dust collector will also be installed to collect and recycle
dust form the vanadium drying operation.A separate building for pre-
cipitation,drying,and packaging of the vanadium is planned.
The design of the mill is be such that any leaks or spills will be
collected and recycled to the appropriate part of the process,thus
el iminating any product loss or contamination of the surrounding area.
Most process liquids will be recycled ~n the mill;however,about
one ton of liquid (water)for everyone ton of barren tailing solids will
3-20
be discharged to the retention area.TIle water (expected analysis given
I.n Section 3.3.1.2)will be required to transport the solid tailing to
the retention area.In addition,the elimination of some process water
in this manner will avoid a build-up in chemical ions that could be
harmful to the process.No liquid or solid effluent will cross the
property boundary,other than wind blown dust.
The tailing retention system will consist of a ser~es of 70-acre
cells,each of sufficient capacity to hold the quantity of mill tailing
produced from a 5-year operating period.The cells will be lined with an
impervious membrane to provide total containment of solids and liquids.
The cell area is calculated to be sufficient to achieve evaporation of
the total liquid effluent.
Appendix H describes the preliminary design for the tailing
retention system.
3.5 SANITARY AND OTHER MILL WASTE SYSTEMS
3.5.1 Sanitary and Solid Wastes
All applicable State of Utah,Division of Health standards will
be met in the design and operation of the sanitary facility associated
with the mill complex.Sanitary wastes will be disposed of by a septic
tank and leach field designed and operated in accDrdance with U.S.Public
Health Service standards and all applicable regulations.
Trash,rags,wood chips,and other solid debris T"ill be collected
and buried in designated areas.
Coveralls used 1.n yellow cake product areas will be laundered at the
mill.Furthermore,mill personnel will be provided with a change room
and laundering facility to allow them to leave their work clothes at the
mill.All liquid effluents from the laundry will be routed to the
tailing retention system.
3-21
3.5.2 Building and Process Heating
In keeping with the nationis energy shortage,coal will be used
to fire the boilers needed to produced steam for heating the leach pulp
and other process requirements.
3.5.2.1 Gaseous Wastes
Steam necessary for buildings and process heating will be generated
from coal-fired boilers.Approximately 60 tons of coal per day will be
required for this at a heat input of approximately 50 million BTU's per
hour.As a result of the boiler combustion,various stack gases will be
released to the atmosphere including carbon dioxide,water vapor,sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
State and national emission standards are not applicable to a steam
generating boi~er of this small size.Likewise significant deterioration
regulations are not applicable;however,state and national ambient air
quality standards will apply to the resultant ambient concentrations.
The combustion of 60 tons per day of 0.3 percent sulfur coal would
generate approximately 720 pounds of sulfur dioxide per day and approx1-
mately one-half this amount (360)pounds of NO.Section 6.1.3.4x
presents the estimated design and emission parameters for the boiler.
3.5.2.2 Solid Wastes
The combustion of coal will produce two ash products,fly ash and
bottom ash.With a coal usage rate of 60 tons per day,the total ash
produc tion would be less than 6 tons per day which wi11 be sent to the
tailing retention system.These ash products would remain in the tailing
cell,settling with the tailing solids,and present no additional waste
problems.
Stack emissions from the coal-fired boilers will be subject to a
precipitator to remove fly ash,and less than 190 pounds per day of
particulate matter will be released to the atmosphere.Fly ash deposits
from the precipitators will also be sent to the tailing cells.
3-22
3.5.3 Analytical Laboratory
The mill facility will be complemented with an analytical laboratory
which will routinely assay products of ore,process streams and final
products to assure adequate quality control and plant operating effi-
ciency.The laboratory fume hoods will collect air and mixed chemical
fumes for dilution and venting to the atmosphere.These gases will
contain non-radioactive chemicals,including HCl and NOZ'The volume
of gaseous fumes emitted from the laboratory operations will be small and
considering the dilution in the collection stack and air eductors should
be inconsequential.
Liquid laboratory wastes will be discharged to the tailing reten-
tion system.
3.6 HANKSVILLE AND BLANDING BUYING STATIONS
Energy Fuels currently is operating two uranium ore buying stations
located near Hanksville,Utah and Blanding,Utah.The stations are
approximately 135 miles apart and each provides a market for ore produced
by independent mine operator1J.The applicant also has several mining
properties under exploration which are expected to supply ore to the
buying stations in the future.The Hanksville and Blanciing buying
stations commenced operations in January 1977 and May 1977,respectively.
3.6.1 External Appearance of Buying Stations
The principal buildings of the two buying stations (Plates 3.6-1 and
3.6-2)are of prefabricated construction and the exterior walls are a
desert sand color,which present an unobstrutive appearance.
3.6.2 Sources of Ore
Many small to medium siz;ed uranium In:Lnes operate ~n southeas tern
Utah and southwestern Colorado.TIle ores occur in sedimentary formations
and,for the most part,are mined underground methods.The availability
of a local ore buying station provides a market for ores in the area and
encourages the mining and explor~tion of the deposits.Virtually all the
mining properties have operated intermittently for 20-25 years.
at Blanding Buying Station.
,.,,'
'I','"
The Truck Scale
u,~,..;."~_.~
till 10 In JU
The Blanding Crushing and Sampling Plant.
PLATE 3.6-1.
The Truck Scale and Scale House at Hanksville Buying Station.
(.,
lQIL
•~•.';_~~t "40.•_ _ _.....~.,c_....,.
The Hanksville Crushing and Sampling Plant.
PLA TE 3.6-2
3-25
3.6.2.1 Hanksville Station
Independent mine operators within a radius of about 100 miles of
Hanksville mine and sell their are to the applicant.The proximity of
the buying station to the individual mines reduces shipping costs and,
therefore,permits the mining of lower grade ores.Plate 3.6-3 shows the
general location of the mines with respect to the buying station and the
major routes utilized for are haulage.Trucks provide the sale means of
haulage as there are no railroads in the immediate vicinity.
3.6.2.2 Blanding Station
This station provides a market for a large area and receives
are from numerous mines within about a l25-mile radius.Refer to Plate
3.6-3 for the location of the m1nes with respect to the buying station
and the major truck routes.In most cases,the major part of the
haulage distance is on asphalt surfaced roads.The trucks are virtually
all diesel powered and of 30-ton capacity.
3.6.3 Hanksville Station Operations
3.6.3.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of Delivered Ore
Ore from the various mines in the area is delivered by truck to
the Hanksville buying station;whereupon arrival,it is weighed on a
60-ton truck scale and then dumped in a specified space on the are pad.
The empty truck is reweighed to determine the net wet tons of are de-
livered.A "grab"moisture sample is immediately taken from the are as
it is dumped on the concrete are pad and the percent moisture determined.
The net dry tons of are in the load 1S then calculated.Each truck
load is handled in this manner and each mine (shipper)has its designated
dumping space.After numerous truck loads of are from a specific mine
have been accumulated on the pad,the "lot"1S closed and passed through
the sampling plant of the buying station.
The sample obtained from the sampling plant is prepared for chemical
assay and payment for the are is made to the shipper based on the uranium
content.
)
,.
J
~
lAt~fttHl\EI,..,"'20,
~L':
~\:'--
}60V"'Ol 01 '~G..O<l'.."',r 'I
-~
,
J...~
I'
.,;".1_--""'".-"~-·"~l'\\\"
\.."'.-•...._,.,--
Mill or Buying Station
Mine Location
~'•.!.:;::.
3-27
3.6.3.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore
The sampling plant at the Hanksville buying station ~s housed in a
30 by IOO-foot building and handles approximately 75 tons of are per
hour on a one shift per day basis.Operation of the plant is intermit-
tent because all equipment must be thoroughly cleaned between consecutive
runs so as to prevent any residual ore from one shipper being mixed with
ore from another shipper.This is standard practice for any sampling
facility.
Stockpiled are on the concrete pad is generally accumulated for a
one month period and then passed through the sampling plant.Longer
stockpiling periods would unduly delay the payment to be made to the
shipper.
A front-end loader moves the are from the concrete pad to a receiv-
ing hopper that feeds the sampling plant.In the sampling plant,the
are passes through four stages of crushing with intermediate mechanical
samples between each stage (Plate 3.6-4).This operation produces a
small sample representative of the lot of are and a reject constituting
most of the original weight of are at a nominal 1 1/2 inch size.
3.6.3.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore
The ore reject from the sampling plant ~s collected on a central
belt conveyor that discharges to a system of four 50-ft long portable
conveyors terminating with a lOO-ft long portable belt stacker.This
system of conveyors provides considerable flexibility for stockpiling the
crushed are according to grade and are type.
The reject is stored on pads in a fenced area.Eventually,it ~s
planned that all ore stockpiled at the Hanksville buying station will
be hauled by truck to the proposed mill near Blanding.
3.6.3.4 Sample Preparation
The sample (minus 3/16")obtained from the final mechanical sampler
~n the sampling plant is prepared for assaying using standard procedures.
TOTAL
REJECT
?-
HANKSVILLE (75 T.P.H.)
ORE FEED---.PRIMARY CRUSHER--t
SAMPLER >REJECTti
CRUSHERtSAMPLER >-I
CRUStR
tSAMPLER >1
tCRUSHER
tSAMPLER >1
FINA~E
BLANDING (125 T.P.H.)
ORE FEED
PRIMARY tRUSHERr
SAMPLER >-REJECT---'--=>T I
SCREEN
I ~
(+)t-)
CRUSHERS <:I i
SAMPLER >
tCRUSHERtSAMPLER
FINAL SAMPLE TOTAL
REJECT
GENERALIZED FLOWSHEETS OF THE HANKSVILLE AND BLANDING BUYING STATIONS.
DAM••SMOO••
PLATE 3.6-4
3-29
The sample is crushed to 10-mesh and then mixed,split,dried overnight
at 110°C,pulverized to minus 100-mesh,mixed,and final samples split
out for assay by both the buyer (Energy Fuels)and the shipper.A third
sample is reserved for "umpire"assay,in case of a disagreement between
the assay results of the buyer and shipper.Sample preparation ~s
performed in a closed room within the sampling plant building.
3.6.3.5 Control of Dust in Plant
Dust generated during crushing and handling of the ore in the
sampling plant is collected in five mechanical shaker bag houses.
The collected dust is recombined with the ore at appropriate points so as
to not influence the grade of are.
All feeders,chutes,crushers and transfer points are enclosed
in hoods connected to a system of ducts under negative pressure.The
ducts discharge to their respective bag houses.The design parameters
for the bag house collectors are summarized in the following tabIe:
Ratio
Svstem Model CFM 8q Ft Air:Cloth.
1 TU-288 5000 1991 2.51 to 1
2 72-L8 1025 250 4.1 to 1
3 72-L8 1025 250 4.1 to 1
4 36-L8 600 125 4.8 to 1
5 18VD8 180 18 10.1 to 1
The ducts are sized for a~r velocities of 3,500 feet per minute and
equipped with dampers to adjust air flow.
When an ore ~s noted to be unusually dry or has other physical
characteristics that could produce above average amounts of dust,the ore
is sprayed with water on the pad before it is fed to the sampling plant.
This procedure is usually required when the ore contains less than four
percent moisture.The use of water spraying to control dust ~s the
responsibility of the sampling plant foreman.
3-30
Some dust is emitted during preparation of the sample for assay and
~n cleaning of the equipment between samples.Control of this dust is
accomplished by a wall-mounted hood over the sample grinders.The hood
is connected to a duct leading to the System 5 dust collector indicated
~n the foregoing table.As an added precaution,the person working in
the preparation room is required to wear a respirator.Work in the
sample preparation room is on an intermittent basis.
No chemical emissions are produced in the sampling plant.A
275 KW diesel-generator set supplies all the electric power required at
the Hanksville buying station.Power from a public utility is not
available due to the remote location of the facility.
3.6.3.6 Haulage to Blanding Mill
Haulage of the crushed ore from the Hanksville buying station
to the proposed mill near Blanding will be done under contract with
canvas-covered dump trucks of 30-ton capacity.The ore will not be
heaped in the truck beds but,rather,will be evenly distributed to
prevent ore spillage during transportation.The use of a tightly tied
canvas cover over the truck bed will eliminate the possibility of dust
loss during haulage.
3.6.4 Blanding Station Operations
3.6.4.1 Receiving and Stockpiling of Delivered Ore
The applicant employs the same procedure for receiving and stock-
piling ore delivered to the Blanding buying station as it does at
Hanksville.The procedure is described in Section 3.6.3.1.
3.6.4.2 Crushing of Delivered Ore
The sampling plant at the Blanding buyfng station is similar
to the applicant's plant at Hanksville discussed in Section 3.6.3.2.The
major difference is that the Blanding plant.handles approximately 125-
tons of ore per hour and a closed circuit crushing-screening system is
used in the secondary circuit.In the future,it will be necessary to
about double the crushing capacity of this plant by substituting a larger
3-31
primary crusher and installing a secondary crusher.Generalized flow-
sheets of the two plants are shown on Plate 3.6-4 for a convenient
comparison between the systems.~e Blanding sa~pling plant building is
40 feet by 100 feet.
As at Hanksville,the Blanding plant produces a small sample
representative of the lot of ore and a reject constituting most of the
original weight of ore.The reject is a nominal 1 1/2-inch size.
3.6.4.3 Stockpiling of Crushed Ore
The stockpiling of crushed ore at the Blanding station is different
then practiced at Hanksville.At the Blanding station,the crushed ore
(reject)is collected on a central belt conveyor that discharges to one
50-foot long conveyor and then onto a lID-foot long portable belt
stacker.The stacker discharges into a 50-ton capacity ore bin.The ore
is discharged from the bin through a bottom gate into a truck which hauls
it to the appropriate stockpile.This system offers considerable flex-
ibility in segregating the ore according to grade and ore type.The
stockpile area is only a few hundred feet away and the ground surface is
well packed.The release of particulates to air resulting from trans-
portation to the stockpile is minimal.
The crushed ore is stockpiled ~n a fenced area and:after con-
struction of the applicant I s proposed mill,the ore will be moved by
front-end loader to the mill feed bin to be located a few hundred feet
away.
3.6.4.4 Sample Preparation
Sample preparation procedures at the Blanding station are the
same as those described for the Hanksville station (refer to Section
3.6.3.4).
An additional feature at the Blanding station that ~s not at
Hanksville,is a small analytical laboratory used to perform the required
chemical analysis.This laboratory carries out the assays required by
3-32
both sampling plants.A larger analytical laboratory will eventually be
needed to serve the requirements of the applicant's proposed mill.
3.6.4.5 Control of Dust in Plant
For the most part,the dust collection system at the Blanding
station is similar to the one at the Hanksville station described in
Section 3.6.3.5.However,because of the difference in flowsheets (Plate
3.6-4),only three bag house collectors were installed.The collectors
use an automatic reverse jet for bag cleaning in contrast to the mechan-
ical shaker design used at Hanksville.
All feeders,crushers,screens,chutes,and transfer points are
enclosed in hoods that are connected to ducts connected to their
respective bag houses.The collected dust is recombined with the ore at
appropriate points so as to not influence the grade of ore.
The specifications for the Blanding bag house collectors are sum-
marized in the following table:
Western
Precipitation CFM Sq Ft Air:Cloth
System Model Air Volume Bag Area Ratio
1 PF 24510-144 9750 1742 5.6 to 1
2 PF 24510-49 3000 593 5.1 to 1
3 PF 24510-49 3250 593 5.5 to 1
The ducts are sized for air velocities of 3,500 to 5,000 feet per
minute and equipped with appropriate blast gates.
At times when exceedingly dry or dusty ores are encountered,
(usually less than four percent moisture)the ore is sprayed with water
on the pad before it is fed to the sampling plant.This practice,which
is the responsibility of the sampling plant foreman,reduces the dust
potential and insures acceptable control of dust within the plant.
Control of dust in the sample preparation room is accomplished
by two wall-mounted hoods over the sample grinders.The two hoods are
3-33
connected by duct work and discharge to the System 3 bag collector
listed 1n the above table.A respirator is required to be worn by the
person working in the sample preparation room.Work in the sample
preparation room is on an intermittent basis.
Public power is available and utilized at the Blanding buying
station.
4.0
4-1
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SITE PREPARATION
AND MILL CONSTRUCTION
4.1 EFFECTS ON THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.1.1 Air Quality
Effects on the surrounding air quality attendant to the construction
and preoperational phases of the proposed milling project will primarily
result from fugitive dust and to a lesser degree gaseous emissions from
construction machinery and vehicles.Fugitive dust is expected to be
generated from handling of loose dirt and fine aggregates,wind erosion
of loose dirt,equipment traffic on unpaved roads and heavy construction
activity.Combustion emissions of gaseous contaminants and particulates
are expected from heavy-duty diesel and light duty gasoline engines in
construction machinery.However,air quality impacts during these
phases will be of a short-term nature and will terminate at the conclu-
sion of construction.
The total quantity of dust generated will be dependent upon a number
of variables,such as:soil particle size,moisture content,vegetative
cover,tire tread pattern,tire speed,and wind speed and turbulence.
Although particulate emissions cannot be accurately quantified,the
quantity of particles lifted by tires is roughly linearly dependent on
tire speed (EPA,1976)and the quantity of particles lifted by wind is a
function of the third power of wind speed (U.S.Department of Agriculture
1968).
Construction activity of the mill and tailing retention facility
will be a phased operation but will result in the total removal of
approximately 310 acres of surface vegetation.As a result of con-
struction traffic and activity,soil (fugitive dust)will be lifted into
the air and a portion will remain as suspended particulates.According
to the EPA (973),particulate loading at a typical construction site
will average 1 to 2 tons/acre/month during all phases of activity.Wind
speeds are normally low in the project area which should help lessen dust
emissions;in late fall and winter,dust loading should be at a minimum
4-2
due to snow covered or frozen surfaces~reduced activity and the normally
lower wind speeds.During the spring and early summer when wind speeds
are normally fastest~precipitation is usually lowest and construction
activity is high~fugitive dust emissions will be at a maximum and
suitable mitigating measures will have to be instigated.
Frequent watering and/or chemical treatment of exposed areas and
heavily travelled areas will help to reduce fugitive dust resulting from
construction activity.Covering of haul trucks and reducing vehicle
speeds will also help reduce dust loading.Depending upon the degree of
activity~even with control measures in effect~construction could
cause occasional short-term impacts on the concentration of particulates
within or near the construction area.
To a much lesser degree~gaseous emissions from vehicle and other
internal combustion construction equipment will impact the air quality.
However,due to the spatial and temporal variations of these emission
sources~the contribution to the overall impact of preoperational activ-
ity is expected to be negligible to the extent that specific mitigation
measures will not be warranted.
4.1.2 Surface Water Hydrology
During construction of the mill,slurry pipeline and tailing cells
the ground surface will be disturbed for excavation,haul roads,spoil
areas and other construction related activities.In a more humid cli-
mate,such ground disturbances would cause a substantial increase in the
water and sediment yield from the affected areas due to vegetation
removal and steepening of slopes.In this arid climate~however,soils
are presently exposed to erosion due to the lack of vegetative cover.
The soil remains in place primarily because storms capable of causing
water erosion occur very infrequently.Nevertheless construction
activities are expected to increase the possibility of larger water and
sediment yields from the project site.However~the larger yield will
be dependent on the occurrence of a significant,erosion producing~
rainfall.If such a rainfall did occur~the increase in sediment
4-3
production would be small,although the total sediment production could
be large.
Once the first tailing cell's embankment is about half completed,
nearly all construction activities will be contained within the drainage
basin upstream of that embankment.This will have the net effect of
reducing the water and sediment yields from these basins to zero.
The extreme eastern edge of the project site lies within the Corral
Creek Basin.This area,which totals less than 10 acres,is not within
the basin of the tailing retention system.Any sediments that are eroded
from this area would eventually find their way to Corral Creek,thence to
Recapture Creek,the San Juan River and the Colorado River.
4.1.3 Ground Water Hydrology
The effect of the preparation of the mill site and mill construction
on ground water will be negligible.The depth of the water table at the
mill site is below the planned depth of excavation;thus,site dewatering
will not be required and construction will not occur within the saturated
zone below the water table.
Preparation of the tailing retention site and construction of the
retention system will have only minimal effect on the ground water
system.The water table is about 100 feet below the land surface
at the tailing retention site.Therefore,construction activities
will not be in contact with the ground water.Subsequently,after the
retention cells are lined with an impermeable membrane,no seepage is
anticipated from the tailing retention system downward to the water
table.
None of the planned surface construction.activities is projected
to have any effects on the deeper aquifers underlying the project
vicinity.However,the pumping of ground water from the Navajo Sandstone
by the welles)at the mill site may in time cause a decline in the
potentiometric surface within the Navajo Sandstone in the immediate
4-4
vicinity of the pumping wells.At the present time,with the lack of any
quantitative aquifer data on the Navajo Sandstone in the project vicin-
ity,it is not possible to predict either the amount of drawdown or the
radius of influence of the pumping with time.
4.1.4 Water Quality
As discussed ~n Section 4.1.2,site preparation and construction
are expected to increase the total sediment yield to Corral Creek and
downstream drainages if erosion producing precipitation occurs.Under
such conditions,the relative increase in sedimentation will be small.
No other impacts on water quality are anticipated.
4.1.5 Land
Construction and site preparation operations will disturb the
existing soils on approximately 310 affected acres.Areas impacted by
these operations are detailed in Section 9.7.The disturbance will
consist of removal and stockpiling of the top 6-inch layer of the soil by
scraper or dozer.After removal of facilities,the topsoil material will
be respread back over the subsoil.
The disturbance and handling of these soils will not have a ser~ous
impact on their future productivity.The sandy loam and silt loam
textures found in these soils are well suited to disturbance and machine
traffic.Productivity can be restored by reseeding and proper mainten-
ance of vegetation.These soils are erosive.Erosion can be controlled,
however,by good ground cover,and by mulching where needed.
4.1.6 Sound
4.1.6.1 Construction Noise Sources
At this conceptual planning stage,no construction methodology
or schedule has been provided.Therefore,the construction of the
mill and tailing retention system has been assumed to be similar to the
construction of an average industrial facility as described by the EPA
(1973).It is estimated that the noisiest period of construction will be
during the excavation phase.The cons true tion equipment required for
4-5
this phase of construction and associated sound levels are listed in
Table 4.1-1.The average sound level (A-weighted here and elsewhere
unless otherwise noted),L (see Appendix F for discussion of nomen-eq
clature),that will prevail during the excavation phase of mill and
tailing retention facilities construction is estimated to be 65.8 dB at
300 meters (1000 ft)from the center of activity.
The slurry pipeline
will be above ground.
construction.Thus,it
between the mill and tailing retention cells
No heavy equipment will be required for its
is anticipated that the sound level radiating
offsite will be negligible from construction of the slurry pipeline.
TABLE 4.1-1
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE LEVELS -EXCAVATION OF
PROCESSING PLANT AND TAILING RETENTION CELLS
A-Weighted Sound Level Number Usage b
Equipment @ 15 m (50 ft)-dBa of Units Factor
Compactor 80 1 0.40
Crawler Tractor 87 1 0.50
Grader 78 3 0.40
pick up Truck 78 2 0.50
Scraper 88 3 0.55
Water Truck 78 1 0.30
A-weighted L (total)-91.8 dB at 15 m (50 ft);eq
65.8 dB at 300 m (1000 ft)
aU•S•EPA,"Characteristics of Construction Site Activity,"
Phase I Interim Report.February 1977.
bDefinition of Usage Factor -Fraction of time equipment operates
at its noisiest mode.Reference:Dames &Moore,Draft "Construction
Site Noise Control,Cost-Benefit Estimating,"prepared for U.S.Army
Corps of Engineers,May 1977.
4-6
4.1.6.2 Ambient Sound Levels During Construction
The ambient sound levels at each measurement location were estimated
from the summation of the construction sound level contributions and the
background ambient sound levels.Table 4.1-2 presents the estimated
ambient sound levels during construction at the eight measurement loca-
tions used to obtain the background am.bient sound.A 15-hour/day con-
struction schedule was assumed.
TABLE 4.1-2
AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS DURING CONSTRUCTION OF THE PROCESSING
PLANT,TAILING CELLS,A~~SLURRY PIPELINE -dB
Background Ambient Construction Ambient Change in Ambient
Location Sound Levels Sound Levels Sound Levels
Ld L Ldn Ld L Ldn Ld L Ldnnnn
1 56.5 46.4 56.9 56.5 46.4 56.5 0 0 0
2 56.7 47.1 56.9 56.9 47.1 57.0 0 0 0
3 45.8 39.2 47.4 60.0 39.2 56.2 14 0 11
4 46.8 39.9 48.2 47.3 39.9 42.4 1 0 0
5 35.3 35.1 41.5 46.7 35.1 46.2 11 0 5
6 47.8 43.1 30.6 47.8 43.1 50.6 0 0 0
7 42.8 27.7 41.5 42.8 27.7 41.5 0 0 0
8 48.3 41.0 49.5 48.3 41.0 49.5 0 0 0
4.1.6.3 Impact Assessment
Using the baseline data obtained from the ambient sound survey
and the estimated sound level contributions due to construction of the
mill and tailing cells,the impact on the local noise environment has
been evaluated.No local noise ordinances have been adopted by the
county of San Juan or the nearby city of Blanding.The Federal
Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated information that indi-
cates ambient sound levels below Ldn -55 dB do not degrade public
health and welfare.At no place along the boundary line of the proposed
project site will the ambient level increase above Ldn =55 dB during
4-7
the construction phase.Furthermore,no increase in ambient sound level
is estimated for the noise sensitive areas of Blanding and White Mesa
(Locations 1 and 4).
4.2 IMPACTS ON THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.2.1 Aquatic Biota
Since the only streams ~n the project vicinity are ~n the canyons to
the west and east of the project site and s~nce those streams are ephem-
eral no measurable impacts to aquatic biota are expected.The one stock
pond to be destroyed provides water and associated vegetation for song
bird and some mammal use.There are no streams or stock ponds at the
Hanksville site.
4.2.2 Terrestrial Biota
4.2.2.1 Vegetation
Preparation of the mill site will necessitate removal of 5 acres
of reseeded grassland,23 acres of disturbed vegetation,2 acres of
Tamarix-Salix vegetation associated with the stockpond and 31 acres of
controlled sagebrush.None of these communities is part of the climax
vegetation.They have been disturbed to varying degrees by either
chaining,plowing,reseeding or fluctuating water levels.
In the preparation of the tailing retention area,33 acres of
climax Big Sagebrush,119 acres of disturbed reseeded grassland and 97
acres of controlled sagebrush will be removed.
During construction,approximately 40 lbs/acre/month of suspended
particulates will be emitted into the air by construction activities
including traffic (see Section 2.7).These particulates,will eventually
settle out and be deposited in part on the surrounding vegetation.
Generally,dust settling out onto vegetation will adversely affect
photosynethes is and reduce the vigor of the vegetation.The direction
and disposition rate of suspended particulates will vary temporally and
spatially and cannot be estimated.However,since the prevailing wind
direction is N-NW and the highest wind speeds occur during March,April
4-8
and May,the disposition will probably occur south-southeast of the site
over a wide area mostly dominated by Pinyon-Ju~iper woodland.Since the
highest wind speeds occur during the beginning of the growing season
reduced vigor due to dust settling onto vegetation would be less than
if lower wind speed and greater disposition occurred during this period.
The degree to which photosynthetic activity and vigor of vegetation
would be reduced cannot be assessed.-
4.2.2.2 Wildlife
Wildlife in the project vicinity would be affected by site prepar-
ation and mill construction.Loss of 310 acres of habitat,increased
human activity,traffic,noise and effluent contamination would be the
major causes of impacts.There may be increased roadkills of small
mammals (mainly lagomorphs)and deer on Highway 163 during the con-
struction period.Roadkills are both beneficial and detrimental to
scavengers (see Section 5.5.1.2).
Amphibians
Some amphibian habitat may be lost by construction of the mill.
Burrows of the fossorial Great Basin Spadefoot may be destroyed.Any
rodent burrows used by Tiger Salamanders and Woodhouse's Toads for
over-wintering will be destroyed.Quantification of this potential
impact is not possible because the only amphibian seen 1n baseline
studies was one Tiger Salamander.Qualitatively,the lack of permanent
water and amphibian sightings indicates the impact would be negligible.
Reptiles
Local populations of Sagebrush Lizards,Side-blotched Lizards,
Short-horned Lizards,and Western Whiptails will decline in number with
the destruction of about 310 acres of habitat.Some lizards will be
destroyed during construction others may escape into surrounding areas
but the net result will be a reduction in lizard biomass,since it is
assumed the surrounding area is at or near its lizard carrying capacity.
4-9
No snakes were seen during field work but Gopher Snakes and Striped
Whipsnakes are probably present in the area.Loss of about 310 acres of
habitat for hunting would be the primary impact affecting snakes.
Birds
Habitat loss (including several cottonwood trees)would affect small
populations of seed-eating birds directly,and insectivorous and rap-
torial birds indirectly.The large raptors now using the area for
hunting and roosting would probably avoid the area during mill con-
struction due to increased human activity,traffic and noise.Based on
lost acreages,Table 4.2-1 indicates the maximum number of individuals of
dominant bird species that would be affected,as calculated from Emlen
transect data.
Mammals
Construction would eliminate a total of about 310 acres of rodent
and lagomorph habitat.Deer Mice,Whitetail Antelope Squirrels,Ord
Kangaroo Rats,and Silky Pocket Mice would be most affected.A few
cottontails and Blacktail Jackrabbits would be destroyed or displaced.
Table 4.2-2 attempts to quantify the impact for some species of rodents.
Numbers in Table 4.2-2 were calculated from live-trapping data.
Two major impacts on mammals during mill·construction would be:
the loss of habitat and increased deer roadkills in the winter along
Highway 47.Deer migrate on and near the project site when moving from
Cottonwood Creek to Murphy Point.Roadkills could be reduced if
employees and ore truck drivers were made aware of the problem and its
solution.Deer are blinded at night by vehicle headlights.When a deer
is seen on or near the road,a simultaneous reduction in speed and
momentary turning off or the headlights will almost always prevent a
roadkill.
The loss of 161 acres of controlled sagebrush and Big Sagebrush
habitat could conceivably adversely affect the local wintering deer herd.
The Utah Division of Wildlife Resources stated 595.2 acres of sage-grass,
4-10
TABLE 4.2-1
MAXIMUM SEASONp~NUMBER OF BIRDS OCCURRING
IN HABITAT TO BE REMOVED FROM PRODUCTION
Mill Site (61 acres)
Horned Lark 60
Western Meadowlark 12
Lark Sparrow 12
Brewer's Sparrow 29
Mourning Dove 1
Common Crow 1
Green-tailed Towhee 1
Black-billed Magpie 3
House Finch 6
American Goldfinch 22
Mountain Bluebird 1
Tailing Retention Area (249 acres)
Horned Lark
Western Meadowlark
Lark Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Brewer's Blackbird
Loggerhead Shrike
American Kestrel
65
59
44
65
12
31
19
9
22
9
3
4-11
if only in average condition,would support 49 head of deer during a
winter period (Personal Communication,Mr.Larry J.Wilson,Supervisor
Southeastern Region,July 27,1977).Therefore,128 acres of controlled
sagebrush and 33 acres of Big Sagebrush habitat would support about
11 deer,assuming that these acreages are equivalent to 130 of sage-grass
habitat.The .assumption leading to the l30-acre figure is that con-
trolled sagebrush supplies half as much forage as sage-grass habitat and
Big Sagebrush supplies twice as much forage as sage-grass habitat.
It is not known whether the habitat loss will result in deer casualities
or thinner deer.This distinction is important because in the long term
any doe casualties must be considered a cumulative impact,S1nce most
healthy does would have had twins the next spring.
TABLE 4.2-2
MINIMUM NUMBER OF RODENTS SUPPORTED
BY HABITAT TO BE REMOVED FROM PRODUCTION
Mill Site (61 acres)
Deer Mouse 44
Silky Pocket Mouse 69
Tailing Retention Area (249 acres)
Deer Mouse 221
Silky Pocket Mouse 59
Northern Grasshopper Mouse 31
4.3 IMPACTS ON THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
4.3.1 Population
Construction of the proposed uranium mill would begin 1n February
1979 and would require one year.The construction work crew would
consis t of 25 people initially,and would escalate to a peak of 250
by August 1979.The average work force employed throughout the 12-month
construction period would be 175.
Population impacts associated with the proposed development would
stem from the need to import workers for jobs not filled by the local
4-12
labor supply.Based on the results of a 1975 survey of major con-
struction projects in seven western states,it can be assumed that
approximately 60 percent of the Energy Fuels construction work force
would be imported into the region (Mountain West Research,1975).Sixty
percent importation would result in an initial influx of 15 workers in
February 1979,which would ~ncrease steadily until August,when peak
employment would bring 150 construction workers to the Blanding area.
The average work force of 175 would generate an average influx of 105
workers throughout the 12-month construction phase.
Table 4.3-1 summar~zes projected employment for each month of the
construction phase and the number of in-migrating workers associated with
importation of 60 percent of the work force.
Some of the newcomer construction workers may elect to bring their
fami lies for the duration of construction activities.Others may be
weekday residents only,commuting to their permanent residences on
weekends.The total population increment,including imported workers,
spouses and children,would represent a temporary population impact
experienced by the Blanding area for no more than one year.Table 4.3-2
summarizes the population growth potentially induced by mill construction
and indicates that,during the 3-month period of peak activity,up to 341
persons may be added to the local resident population base;an influx of
239 would represent the 12-month average.
Blanding,located approximately 6 miles north of the mill site,
~s closer than any other community and thus would receive the greatest
share of project-induced population impacts.Monticello is almost
29 miles north of the mill site and Bluff is approximately 19.5 miles to
the south.Monticello and Bluff can also be expected to absorb some of
the short-term growth induced by construction activities.
The distribution of newcomers between Blanding,Monticello and Bluff
would depend on a number of factors,including proximity to the mill
site,the relative availability of rental housing or mobile home spaces
4-13
TABLE 4.3-1
CONSTRUCTION WORK FORCE REQUIREMENTS
Time frame a Imported Workers (60%)bEmployment:.
February 1979 25 15
March 75 45
April 150 90
May 225 135
June 225 135
July 225 135
August 250 150
September 250 150
c~
October 250 150
November 225 135
December 150 90
January 1980 50 30
Average 175 105
aSource:Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
b60%based on Construction Worker Profile,by Mountain West
Research (see text).
4-14
TABLE 4.3-2
POPULATION INCREMENT ASSOCIATED WITH PROJECT CONSTRUCTIONa
Initial
b Work Force Average Peak Work Force
Multipliers (Feb.1979)Work Force (Aug.-Oct.1979)
Total Employment 25 175 250
Imported Workers 60%15 105 150
Population Associated
with Imported Workers:
Single workers 24.6%4 26 37
Married-family
absent 26.5%4 28 40
Married-family
present 48.9%7 51 73
Spouses 48.n 7 51 73
Children 78.9%12 83 118
Total Population Influx 34 239 341
aBasic Employment figures supplied by Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
bMultipliers are based on the Construction Worker Profile,by Mountain
West Research (1975).
4-15
and the quality of public facilities and commercial services in each
town,and the personal preferences of the work force members.Conven-
tional housing for rent is almost completely lacking in Blanding,
Monticello and Bluff,and the situation is not expected to improve
significantly by 1979.The quantity of mobile home accommodations ~s
comparable in each community.In terms of public and commercial
services,Bluff would offer the least to prospective residents,due to
its small size.One particular factor which may attract newcomers to
Monticello is its relatively liberal liquor control policy.Monticello
has three restaurants or clubs which serve liquor.In contrast,Blanding
~s a "dry"town and Bluff has beer only (Verbal Communication,Manager,
Utah Liquor Control Commission,Monticello outlet,November 3,1977).
Table 4.3-3 summar~zes the anticipated population increment induced
by mill construction compared to the present and projected population
of San Juan County and the combined population of Blanding,Monticello
and Bluff.Due to the considerations presented above,it would be
speculative and misleading to predict the proportion of neTllcomers who
would move into each of three impact communi ties.However,it can be
assumed that a majority would live 1n Blanding,and that Monticello and
Bluff would also experience growth during the mill construction phase.
The population increment associated with-construction activities
would represent less than three percent of the total county population in
1979.The impact on each community would be more noticeable;induced
population growth would represent from 5 to 5.4 percent of the combined
population of Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.The impact on Blanding may
be significant.If all newcomers were to locate in Blanding,the town
would experience as much as a 10 percent increase in population.As
noted above,however,it 1S unlikely that Blanding would receive 100
percent of the project-induced population influx.
4.3.2 Housing
Although some construction workers may decide to remain ~n the
Blanding area upon termination of the project,it can be assumed that
TABLE If.3-3
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION-INDUCED POPULATION GROWTH COMPARED TO 1979 POPULATION1
July 1975 Population
July 1977 Population
San Juan
County
11 ,96lf
13,368
Blanding
2,768
3,075
Monticello
1,726
2,208
Bluff
150
280
Combined Total of Three
Primary Impact Communities
4,644
5,563
1979 Population,Assuming:
a.Continuation of 1975-1977
Growth Ra tes 14,940
b."High"growth rate projected
for San Juan County by the Utah
Agricultural Experiment Station.
(Cities are assumed to grow in
direct proportion to the
county.)15,270
3,420
3,510
2,830
2,520
520
320
6,760
6,350
Population Assoziated with Mill
Construction:
a.Initial (February 1979)
b.Average
c.Peak (August-October 1979)
Peak Project-Induced Population (341)
as a Percentage of 1979 Population
Base,Assuming:
a.Continuation of 1975-1977
Growth Rates
b.High Growth Projection
34
239
341
2.3%
2.2%
+:'-
I.....
'"
5.0%
5.4%
;B1ank spaces indicate no applicable data
Assumes Importation of 60 percent of the work force.
Source:1975 Population,U.S.Bureau of Census,1977
1977 Population,San Juan County Clerk,1977
1979(b):Utah Agricultural Experiment Station,1976
4-17
most newcomers will leave upon completion of the mill,in January 1980.
The temporary nature of construction employment suggests that most or all
newcomers would desire short-term,rental housing.However,conventional
housing for rent is almost nonexistent in Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.
Current construction plans call for the addition of 16 apartment units
per year in Blanding;no other rental unit construction is anticipated.
It is assumed,therefore,that mobile homes would accommodate the maJor-
ity of incoming project personnel during the construction phase.
Managers of mobile home parks 1n Blanding,Monticello and Bluff were
queried in November 1977 in regard to current and projected vacancies and
plans for expansion.The results,summarized in Table 4.3-4,indicate
that between 62 and 67 mobile home spaces should be available in January
1979.In addition,as many as 30 spaces may be available in a Monticello
mobile home park,and three parks have land available for expansion.
Peak employment would occur from August to October and would induce
an influx of approximately 150 workers,73 of whom may be accompanied
by dependents.Many single workers and married workers without their
families present can be expected to share living accommodations,due to
the scarcity of temporary housing.It can be assumed,therefore,that a
minimum of 99 housing units would be needed during the peak period of
construction activity (i.e.,73 units for families and between 26 and 39
units for the remaining 77 workers).
From May to July and in November,employment of 225 workers would
result in an influx of 135,which is slightly less than the peak.The
estimated housing need for this work force would be a minimum of 89 units
(i.e.,66 for families and from 23 to 35 for single and married workers
without families).
Table 4.3-5 summarizes the estimated 1979 housing supply and the
project-induced demand.The data indicate that,from May to November
1979,houses and apartments for rent and mobile home spaces in the three
impact communities would be fully occupied.Motels would be used to
4-18
TABLE 4.3-4
CURRENT AND PROJECTED EXCESS CAPACITY OF MOBILE HOME PARKS
NOVEMBER 1977
Blanding:
Kamppark
Palmers
Monticello:
Rowley's
Westerner
Bluff:
Trail's End
Coral Sands
Vacanciesa
25
o
4-5
30
11
9
Projected
Available
Spaces
Jan.1979
35-37
o
4-5
Impossible
to predict,
may be as
high as 30
11
12-14
Plans for
Expansion
by 1979
Adding 10-12 spaces
(reflected in 1979
projection)
No plans
No definite plans;
however,there is land
available for expansion
No definite plans;
available land would
allow for an additional
15 spaces
No definite plans;
5.5 acres are available
for expansion
Plan to add 12-14 new
spaces (reflected in
1979 projection)
aIndicates spaces not filled by permanent residents.
Source:San Juan County Travel Council,and verbal communications with the
following:Rowley's Trailer Court,October 27,1977;Mrs.Palmer,
Palmer's Trailer Court,October 27,1977;Ruth Chase,Westerner
Trailer Court,November 3,1977;Dale Barkman,Trail's End Trailer
Park,November 3,1977;Carol Thayne,Kamppark,November 3,1977;
Mrs.McCleery,Coral Sands Trailer Court,November 3,1977
TABLE [••3-5
ESTIMATED HOUSING SUPPLY,1979
AND PROJECT-INDUCED DE~~ND
Housing Demanded by Project Workers
Peak Activity
(August-October
1979)
Total
Newcomers
150
Families
(l unit per
family)
73
Units Needed
for Single and
Married Workers
Without Families
Present (2-3 workers
per unit)
26-39
Total Housing
Units Demanded
99-112
High Rates of 135
Activity (May-
July and November
1979)
Housing Supply,1979
Apartment Units
66 23-35
Mobile Home Spaces
89-101
Total Possible Units
-l:-I
~~
\0
Blanding
Monticello
Bluff
16 new units to be
constructed in 1978
and 1979
35-37
4-5 probable
30 possible
Plus room for expansion
in 2 trailer courts
23-25 probable
Plus land available for
expansion in one trailer
court
51-53
34-35
23-25
Total Possible
Units Available 16 92-97 108-113
4-20
accommodate potential overflows,particularly from August until October,
with the result that summertime tourists may encounter difficulty in
obtaining lodging.Overcrowded condi tions would endure until November
1979,when construction employment would begin to decline.By February
1980 construction activity is expected to terminate,and most temporary
residents will have left the area.
4.3.3 Public Service Delivery Systems
Construction of the proposed mill would result ~n increased road
maintenance costs that would be borne primarily by the State of Utah.
In addition,population growth resulting from construction activity would
result in greater useage of public services provided by San Juan County.
Health care,mental health,public safety and recreational services would
experience some increased demand.However,the temporary nature of
construction-induced population growth suggests that increased expendi-
tures by the county to accommodate demand would be minimal.
Blanding,Honticello and Bluff,the focal points of construction-
induced population growth,will be faced with noticeable increases in
demand for public services with or without the construction of the
Energy Fuels uranium mill,as the proposed project is only one of a
number of sources of future growth.In 1979,the temporary population
growth generated by the project would represent an increment of 5 percent
of the combined population of the three towns.
Water
Local officials and developers have indicated that water supply
~s the major constraint to growth in San Juan County.The cities of
Blanding and Honticello are expanding their water supply systems and
officials of both towns have asserted that wells will be drilled on an
"as-needed"basis and will be able to keep up with increasing demand.
The water supply of Bluff comes from three wells.The maximum population
that can be served by the existing system is 500,and additional wells
can be drilled if necessary.If Bluff continues to grow at the rate
sustained s~nce 1975,new wells will be necessary to accommodate the
4-21
population by 1979,with or without mill construction.Population
growth resulting from mill construction will add to the demand exerted on
local water supplies but should not,in itself,necessitate increased
well drilling.
Sewage Treatment
The sewage treatment lagoon serving Blanding will be upgraded
by 1981,and will then have capacity for a population of 4,500.In the
interim,overflow from the lagoon is used to irrigate adjacent property,
and sewage reportedly does not pollute local drainage systems (Verbal
Communication,Mr.Bud Nielson,October 12,1977).In this manner,any
increase in use will be accommodated by the existing system.
The sewage treatment plant of Monticello is being replaced by a
new system which,by 1979,will have capacity for serving 4,000 to 5,000
residents.According to growth projections outlined in Table 2.2-6,
Monticello will have less than 3,000 residents by 1979.Therefore,the
project-induced population would not place excessive burdens on the
Monticello system.
Bluff does not have a sewage treatment system.New septic tanks are
planned for one trailer court expansion.
Schools
Due to the short time frame of construction activities,it is
expected that most imported workers would not bring their families.
According to multipliers reported in the Construction Worker Profile,.up
to 48.9 percent of the imported members of the work force may be accom-
panied by school-age children.During peak periods of activity this
would represent 118 children,which would constitute an increment of five
percent of the combined 1977 enrollments of Blanding,Monticello and
Bluff schools.
During peak periods of construction activity,an influx of 118
children would represent an addition of five percent to the 1977
4-22
enrollment of schools in Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.In 1977,all of
these schools except the high school had excess capacity.By August
1978,a new high school will be completed which will relieve overcrowding
in San Juan High School.It should be noted that the impact caused by
mill construction would be temporary;by February 1980 temporary con-
struction worker families would leave the area.
Utilities
The natural gas supply to Monticello would not be burdened by
the project-induced population;the supply situation in November 1977 was
good.Blanding and Bluff do not have natural gas service.Electrical
supplies in Blanding and Bluff are capable of withstanding increased use,
although the Monticello electrical distribution system may be overloaded
by any significant increase in demand (see Section 2.2.2.6 for details).
4.3.4 Economic Base
Construction of the proposed uranium mill would stimulate the
economic base of San Juan County through wage disbursements and the
procurement of supplies and equipment.It is projected that construction
costs would amount to $38 million.Of this total,approximately $7
million would represent wage payments to the construction work force.
A significant proportion of this income would be injected directly into
the local economy in the form of food,housing and other personal
consumption expenditures.In addition,regional centers of commercial
activity,including Moab,Cortez and Grand Junction,would experience in-
creased spending for goods and services.Tnis increment would represent
a smaller proportion of total spending and hence a less noticeable impact
in the larger cities than in Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.
Based on nationwide expenditure patterns recorded in 1977 by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics,the construction work force can be expected
to devote approximately 36 percent of its income to personal consumption
expenditures.This would result in the injection of approximately $2.5
million into local and regional economies during the l2-month con-
struction phase.
4-23
The procurement of supplies and equipment during the construction
phase would stimulate regional,s tate and national economies.Table
4.3-6 summarizes anticipated expenditures and their region of impact.
4.3.5 Taxes
Tne construction of the proposed mill would add to federal,state
and local tax revenue through wage and salary payments to the con-
struction work force.Personal income tax obligations representing
approximately 19 percent of total income would amount to $1.3 million
during the 12-month cons truction phase and would benefit the s tate and
federal governments (U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics,1977).In addi-
tion,a sales tax of 5 percent would be applied to personal consumption
expenditures in Utah (Verbal Communication,Mr.Robert Cooper,Utah State
Tax Commission,December 9,1977).Assuming that the bulk of expendi-
tures of the construction work force would occur in San Juan County,it
can be deduced that sales tax revenue would amount to $125,000 (0.05
times $2.5 million in local expenditures).Of this total,$112.500 would
benefit the State and $12,500 would be contributed to San Juan County
(Verbal Communication,Mr.Robert Cooper,December 9,1977).
4.3.6 Quality of Life
Communities of southeastern Utah have traditionally been small
and close-knit,with social life revolving around the predominant reli-
gion,the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS).Family
life,educational attainment and marriage within the church are empha-
sized.Also,rural LDS communities generally have low rates of crime
(Westinghouse Environmental Systems Department,1977).Newcomers among
the construction work force may be perceived by long-term residents as a
negative,disruptive influence.However,Blanding,Honticello and Bluff
have experienced high rates of growth since 1975 and will continue to do
so in the future.By February 1979 local residents should be accustomed
to growth and change,and this would help to soften perceived disruption
of community cohesion and lifestyle during the mill construction phase.
4-24
TABLE 4.3-6
SUMMARY OF MILL CONSTRUCTION COSTS
C197i Dollars)
Wage Payments -Total
Personal consumption expenditures (36%)
Equipment and Supplies -Total
Southeastern Utah (10%)
Other parts of Utah (50%)
Out of State (40%)
Indirect Costs -Total
.. aTotalCostDur~ng Construct~on
aIncludes copper and vanadium circuits
Source:Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
$2,520,000
$1,800,000
$9,000,000
$7,200,000
$7,000,000
$18,000,000
$13,000,000
$38,000,000
4-25
The influx of up to 150 construction workers would create crowded
housing conditions and a rapid increase in demand for local goods and
services.Local businesses would benefit from increased spending flows
but some inflation can be expected,which would have a negative impact on
the long-time residents who are directly or indirectly involved 1n
the proposed project.The poor and those living on fixed incomes would
be particularly hard-hit.Balanced against this adverse impact would be
an increase in employment opportunities for local residents,who are
expected to account for at least 40 percent of the construction work
force.
4.3.7 Land Use Impacts
Construction of the proposed mill and tailing retention facility
would commit approximately 310 acres of rangeland for the duration of the
operating life of the mill,expected to be 15 years.Construction
activity would also add to traffic levels on Route 163,thereby creating
increased noise and dust.Because the area south of Blanding is devoid
of residential development,transportation impacts in the immediate
project vicinity would not be noticeable.Blanding residents,however,
may be affected by increased traffic due to trucks and increased popu-
lation.
Secondary,short-term impacts on land use would stem from the
temporary influx of construction workers.The increased use of mobile
homes would be the most noticeable impact on local land use patterns.
4.3.8 Historical and Archaeological Sites
The historical landmark closest to the proposed mill site 1S the
Edge of Cedars Indian Ruin,located in Blanding.This site and others
listed in the National Register of Historic Places should not be ad-
versely impacted by project construction.
Where the proposed project will affect significant archaeological
resources,Energy Fuels will permit such resources to be examined
and/or excavated.
4-26
4.4 RESOURCES COl1MITTED
No commercial deposits of oil,coal or mineral are known to occur
on the project site that would be irretrievably lost as a result of the
proposed project.
It is anticipated that all of the approximate 310-acre area com-
mitted to the proposed project will be reclaimed as wildlife habitat and
livestock range.Thus,the mill site would not represent an irretriev-
able loss of resources.
Site preparation would temporarily destroy wildlife habitat for
the duration of the project,and animals in these habitats would be
displaced or destroyed.However,reduction in the animal populations on
the project site probably would not be an irretrievable commitment of the
animal resources in the region.
Other resources that would be required during construction of
the project include electricity,construction materials and fossil
fuels.However,the amounts of these materials are insignificant.
5-1
5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF MILL OPERATIONS
5.1 RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON BIOTA OTHER TF~N MAN
In evaluating the impact of radioactivity discharged in trace
amounts in the effluents from a uranium mill,it is necessary to consider
if such discharges:(1)can be directly harmful to life forms in the
area upon immediate exposure,(2)can be harmful to organisms if accumu-
lated over a life span,and (3)can be accumulated and concentrated by
species which form part of the food chain for other species (including
man)•
Analysis of the radiological effects of the proposed project on
biota in the vicinity,as detailed in the following sections,agrees
with the experience at other uranium mills.Under normal operation the
net effect of the gaseous and particulate releases from the mill and
tailing retention sys tem ,.ill not significantly increase the amount of
radiation to which biota in the vicinity are subjected.The concentra-
tions of radionuciides in the environment from mill effluents would be a
small percent of the concentrations indicated in Appendix B of 10CFR 20.
Thus,no direct radiological effect on the biota,either of an immediate
or long-term nature,would be attributable to the releases from the mill
and tailing retention system.In addition,because of the low radiation
levels and the absence of any significant concentrating mechanism of
these releases in the food chain,the radiological effects along this
path would be minimal.
5.1.1 Exposure Pathways
Radiation exposure of flora and fauna (both local and migratory)
and man could potentially occur via a number of pathways from mi 11-
related activities.Plate 5.1-1 illustrates SOllie of the possible path-
ways by which exposure to limi ted amounts of radioactivity could
theoretically occur;this diagram should not be interpreted as suggesting
the actual existence of all of them,or that anyone path would be
continuously available.
I GASEOUS S~FROM I
I RADIONUCLIDES TAILING CELLS I
I PARTICULATE ~DM PROCESS ousil
I RADIDNUCLIDES a FUGITIVE DUST I
"'coz
I DISSOLVED ~ROM PROCESS WASTEI ..
RADIONUCLIDES IN TAILING CELLS co :rzu
lSEEPAGE
::;~I-U>I-"'::>
U>g
U>..ISOILS co
1
1 STREAMS I I GROUNDWATER III
TERRESTRIALVEGETATION -GRASS,HAY a FODDER,
NATURALGRASSES,z0aFORB3BROWSEEU>~:E0u"'0
~RODENTS SMALL BIRDS
l-
f--
INSECTS
-z
0i=l+I LIVESTOCK I+--BIG GAME i"-Q.
:E::>IU>z0u ~l II-Lru"'II:0 I PREDATORS I RAPTORS •,-
~
HUMAN POPULATION:,""""
PRINCIPAL THEORETICAL EXPOSURE PATHWAYS
FROM THE PROPOSED MILL
PLATE 5.1-1
5-3
Radionuclides can enter the environment ~n three forms:as radio-
active gas,as particulate or solid matter,and as a dissolved material
carried by water.The sources within the mill for each form are dis-
cussed in Section 3.3.External to the mill,radon-222 would be released
as a gas from the ore storage,crushing and tailing retention area.
Airborne particulates containing uran~um would be released in
small quantities from the process equipment vents and as dust from the
are pads.The particulates may be deposited on vegetation or soil,
and enter the food chain through the consumption of vegetation by
grazing animals.The area surrounding the facility is uncultivated.
Exposures of higher life forms from uptake through the food chain are
expected to be negligible in view of the uncultivated nature of the
area and the small quantities of effluents released.Exposure can
also occur from inhalation of the dust.However,the small quantities
that would be involved here are not expected to cause any measurable
effects.
Liquid effluents will not be discharged to surface water bodies
except to the tailing cells.Inasmuch as the radionuclide concentra-
tions in the liquid effluent discharged to the tailing area should be
very small and the tailing cells are designed for the total contain-
ment of liquid effluents (see Section 5.2.2),the potential pathway to
biota and man through liquid effluents would require that animals enter
or drink the tailing water.The tailing retention area will be fenced
and,thus,potential exposure of large wildlife species and livestock
will be minimized.
5.1.2 Radioactivity ~n the Environment
Details of the mill circuit including a description of means for
minimizing releases of radioactivity and estimates of release rates,
are presented in Sections 3.3 and 3.4.
In Sections 5.2.3,5.2.4,and 5.2.5,a conservative "worst case"
estimate of annual deposition of uranium isotopes ar..d their-daughter
5-4
products over the anticipated operational life of the facility,and
the impact on man are presented.These are based upon the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's AIREM computer code (see Section 5.2.3.2).
Table 5.1-1,which is taken from computer printouts given in Tables
1 through 53 of Appendix E presents the maximum dry deposited activity.
This maximum ~s expected to occur at the southern sector at 805 meters
and 1,609 meters after one year of continuous release for all long-lived
isotopes considered part of the source term from the mill site.Also
included is the maximum dry deposited activity at the project area
boundaries which is estimated to occur at the southern sector at a
distance of 1,082 meters.
In order to convert these deposited activities to figures that
can be compared with environmental radioactivity measurements,the
"effective surface density"of soil quoted by U.S.NRC Regulatory
Guide 1.109 of 240 kg/m2 was used.With this figure,the calculated
maximum deposition rates (see Table 5.1-1)of 2288 pCi/m2 and 1343
pCi/m2 for U-238 correspond to 9.55 pCi/kg and 5.60 pCi/kg,respectively,
and the rates III pCi/m2 and 65 pCi/m2 for Ra-226 correspond to 0.46
pCi/kg and 0.27 pCi/kg,respectively.The measured background levels for
U-238 and Ra-226 in the soil are 0.43 pCi/g and 0.51 pCi/g,respectively
(see Section 2.9).Thus,these depositions would increase the background
levels for U-238 by 2.3 percent and 1.3 percent at 805 meters and at the
project area boundary,respectively;Ra-226 would increase by 0.1 percent
and 0.05 percent at 805 meters and at the project area boundary,
respectively.
Deposition of uranium-238 on vegetation at the indicated maximum
deposition area was estimated as follows.The deposition rate from
Table 5.1-1 at 805 meters would be 2288 pCi/m2 •This is the deposition
that would be due to one year's release.During this period there would
be continuous deposition,immediate retention by vegetation,and decay
due to the retention half-life of the vegetation.The equilibrium
concentration (C )under these conditions is given by the formula:e
5-5
TABLE 5.1-1
MAXIMUM ACTIVITY DENSITY DRY DEPOSITION-HILL EFFLUENT
SOUTHERN SECTOR
..,
(PICOCURIES/METER~)
Project Site
Isotope 805m Boundary (1082m)1609m
U-238 2288 1343 705
U-234 2288 1343 705
Th-230 221 130 68
Ra-226 III 65 34
Pb-210 108 63 33
Po-210 39 23 12
C =2288 •(R IT)e c o
T
5-6
exp(-t)dt =2288 • R I(T)c
where T is the period involved,which is one year;R ~s the immedi-c
ate retention coefficient which was assumed to be 0.3,and is the
decay constant of retention which was calculated from the assumed
retention half-life of 15 days.This calculation yields 40.78 pCi/m2
as the equilibrium concentration of U-238 at the maximum deposition
point.The corresponding figure for radium-226 is 1.97 pCi/m2 •
The foregoing evaluation indicates that deposition of anticipated
dust emissions will not cause measurable increases in offsite radio-
activity levels above background.
Since it is not planned to discharge liquid waste from the mill
to receiving water bodies,no buildup of mill effluent radionuclides
~n surface water bodies is anticipated.
5.1.3 Effect on Biota
Concentrations of radionuclides are reduced with every trans fer,
as when transferred from soil to plants,when plants are consumed by
animals and when animal wastes return to the soil.Concentrations are
also reduced by atmospheric diffusion,soil dispersion and diffusion,
and by the movement of animals.As a result,radioactive material
added to the environment will not accumulate but will become diluted
and dispersed into a much wider area,becoming undetectable within
short distances from the mill.Consequently,because of this dilution
and because of the low levels of radioactivity that would be deposited
by particulates associated with the mill's raw materials,processes,
and product,no single source of input is considered sufficient to
produce a detectable detrimental effect upon any of the organisms
normally found in the vicinity.
5.2 RADIOLOGICAL IMPACT ON MAN
Man is exposed in varying degrees,depending upon his activities
and location,to sources of radiation found in nature.For example,
5-7
cosmic radiation entering the earth's atmosphere and crust 1S a natural
radiation source.Other natural radiation sources affecting man are the
radioactive elements found in the earth's crust,such as uranium and
thorium and their decay products including radium and radon.
While all the naturally occurring radionuciides contribute to
internal radiation,only a few are found to be of measurable signifi-
cance.Among these are radium and its daughter radon which are released
to varying extents during uranium milling operations.Radon concentra-
tions vary due to atmospheric and soil conditions as well as on a diurnal
and seasonal basis.
It 1S known that population doses attributable to the uran1um
milling industry are relatively low because these mills are located in
very remote and sparsely populated areas and because waste treatment
and retention systems are employed during operations.w'bile uranium
milling activities contribute to the content of radioactive material
in the environment,population doses from this source cannot be dis-
tinquished from background radiation which,in the State of Utah,
is an annual whole body dose of approximately 180 mrem per person
(EPA-520/l-76-0l0).
5.2.1 Exposure Pathways
Man can be exposed to radionuclides via the pathways described
in Section 5.1.1 as the final consumer in the food web or by direct
exposure to gaseous or particulate airborne effluents.However,since
the quantities of radionuclides released would be so small and the
dispersion distance significant to any residences or concent~ations or
people,none of these pathways will result in measurable exposures.
Exposure via gaseous and liquid effluents is discussed further in the
following sections.
5.2.2 Liquid Effluents
There will be no liquid effluents discharged to Rurface w.qt~rs.
All liquid effluents will be impounded in the tailing retention system
5-8
which ~s designed to totally contain these effluents.This will be
accomplished through an impervious liner at the bottom of the cells.The
cell area is designed to be sufficient to achieve evaporation of the
total liquid effluents.
In the event,however unlikely,that the liner integrity is violated
there could be seepage into the strata below the tailing area.This
seepage could carry some radionuclides dissolved in water depending on
the chemical conditions and solubility of the radionuclides.The depth
to the ground water from the bottom of the cells will be approximately 75
feet.The stratum is mainly sandstone with some interbedded clay whose
primary permeability is negligible,and whose secondary permeability is
estimated to be about 5 feet/yr.It i$likely that the tiny fissures and
cracks that constitute this secondary permeability contain material
deposited over the ages that is likely to enhance the radionuclide
retardation capability of the stratum.For example if the retardation
coefficient were 10,(retardation coefficients for western U.S.desert
soil,mostly sand,have been quoted [BNWL-1900]as 14,300 for U-238 and
500 for Ra-226 which are quite normal for these radionuclides)than the
radionuclides would move 10 times slower than water.In addition,it
is likely that the clay material in·the tailing would seal these tiny
fissures and cracks preventing further migration of water,and as a
consequence,radionuclides.
5.2.3 Airborne Effluents
The calculated release rates of airborne effluents that would result
from the ore storage area,ore grinding operation,yellowcake drying and
packaging operation,and tailing retention area were calculated in
Section 3.3.2 and are summarized in Table 5.2-1.The data base utilized
in addition to these source terms,and the calculational procedures,are
outlined in the next two sections.
5.2.3.1 Data Base
Meteorological wind frequency distributions including Pasquil-
lized hourly surface data were obtained from the readings taken during
5-9
TABLE 5.2-1
SUMMARY OF RELEASE RATES
Source
Mill
Tailing
Rn-222
Ci/yr
128
U-238
mCi/yr
45.5
b
U-234
mCi/yr
45.5
Th-230
mCi/yr
4.4
Ra-226t
Daughters
mCi/yr
2.2
aNot continuous.Release is due to intentional drying of tailing
prior to stabilization for each of three areas.
boo Of °1 1 1--=~ns~gn~~cant re ease eve s
5-10
1970-1974 at the B1andings National Weather Service Station (see Section
2.7.2)Summaries of the data are provided in Appendix C.Occurrences
of calm conditions have been distributed in the 0-3 miles per hour wind
speed class categories based upon the number of observations in the 0-3
and 4-6 miles per hour categories.These data,tabulated in accordance
with the standard U.S.Department of Commerce format,were changed to
conform to the U.S.NRC Regulatory Guide 1.23 format for the computer
analysis.
A population ~heel with a radius of 7 miles (11 km)was deter-
mined from the project site in order to include the town of Blanding,the
nearest significant population.Specific population figures were used
wherever possible,otherwise conservative estimates obtained from an
average rural density were used.
5.2.3.2 Radiological Diffusion Analysis
Estimates of individual whole body lung,bone and kidney organ
dose commitments at annular r~ng centerline distance from 0.5 mi (804
m)out to 6.5 mi (10,458 m)from the mill are presented in Appendix E.
These calculations,based upon meteorological data from the weather
station,were made using a semi-infinite cloud model with effluent
concentrations per unit em~ss~on (X/Q)data.The computer printouts
with the results ~n exponential notation are to be found Tables 13 to 29
of Appendix E.
All calculations represent 50-year dose commitments,~n conform-
ity with the output of the EPA program,AIREM,which was used to deter-
m~ne dose commitments.The 50-year dose commitment ~s a concentration
time integral that prevailed during a particular time interval.This
v~ews radioactive atmospheric contamination as a one year episode or
period of exposure and the resultant 50-year dose resulting from the
radionuclides as they are eliminated from the body through radioactive
decay as well as biological elimination.The 50-year dose commitment ~s
most correctly reported as a mrem dose rather than a dose rate such as
mrem per year.(A mrem is an abbreviation for milli roentgen equivalent
5-11
man.A mrem is 1/1,000 of a rem,the quantity of radiation producing a
biological effect,on man,which is equivalent to that resulting from
absorption of one roentgen of gamma or x-radiation.)
AIREM3 1.S a computer code useful for the calculation of doses to
the general population due to atmospheric emissions of radionuclides.
A standard seccor-averaged Gaussian-diffusion equation is solved repeat-
edly for each radionuclide,wind sector,stability class,and downwind
distance.Radionuclide contributions to doses to as many as four crit-
ical organs are summed and printed by sector and downwind distance.
Population doses (man-rem)are also calculated.
The code accounts for the following physical processes:cloud
diffusion,ground and inversion-lid reflections,radionuclide decay by
time of flight,first daughter-product buildup,ground deposition of
particulates (independently),cloud depletion,in-plant holdup and
decontamination factors,and sector-to-sector contributions to exter-
nal gamma dose.
The code 1.S dose model independent such that dose converS1.on
factors,provided as input data,are used for calculations of dose
that are proportional to radionuclide concentrations in the cloud.
Dose conversion tables obtained from U.S.NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109
were utilized.
The idealization of the sources to point sources introduces singu-
larities,which result in calculations that are not reliable too near the
source.This idealization cannot be avoided,and the results should be
interpreted accordingly (see Section 5.2.4,tailing area calculations).
Also,the dose commitment estimates presented herein are in addition to
the existing baseline radioactivity levels within the project site.
These baseline radioactivity levels due to natural sources are about 180
mrem/year for each person in the State of Utah.
5-12
5.2.4 Dose Estimates From Atmospheric Pathways
Detailed estimates of whole body and significant organ 50-year
individual dose commitments due to effluents at each sector affected
and at 0.5 (0.8),1.5 (2.4),2.5 (4.0),3.5 (5.6),and 4.5 m~C7.2 km)
distances are presented in Tables 5.2-2 and 5.2-3.These tables were
taken from the more extensive computer printouts presented in Tables 13
through 29 Appendix E.Summaries of 50-year individual dose commit-
ments at the project boundaries due to mill effuents are given in
Table 5.2-4.
Tailing area effluent estimates were treated in a different way
than those for the mill effluents.It was deemed inappropriate to
approximate the tailing area as a point source (which is the less
conservative case)due to the areal extent of the tail ing,the rela-
tively close site boundaries,and the three stage construction.The
AIREM3 program was run for the unit tailing effluent for a large number
of distances,i.e.,a parametric analysis was performed,and these
results were numerically integrated over the tailing areas to obtain the
individual doses.
Table 5.2-5 gives the areally integrated lung doses from each of the
tailing areas at distances measured from the approximate center of the
respective areas in eight compass directions at two points:the edge of
the respective tailing area and the project site boundary in that
direction.
Table 5.2-6 further summarizes exposure to individuals at signi-
ficant specific locations in the vicinity of the sources.
5.2.5 Population Doses From Atmospheric Pathways
The 50-year dose commitments to the population for whole body and
significant organs attributable to the mill effluents are presented in
Tables 13 through 29 of Appendix E.The total population 50-year dose
commitment resulting from one year's release is estimated to be 0.01
man-rem (population dose)to the whole body,1.39 man-rem to the lung,
(
"
;f~-L~'~'~~-·
TABLE 5.2-2
INDIVIDUAL WHOLE BODY AND LUNG DOSE COMMITMENTS
FROM MILL SITE EFFLUENT
Whole Body Individual Dose Commitments (mrem)a
SEC TOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW-------- ----
805m .17 .23 .29 .14 .20 .23 .60 .67 1.3 .25 .15 .06 .07 .09 .16 .12
2414m .02 .03 .04 .02 .03 .03 .09 .10 .18 .04 .02 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02
4023m •cll .01 .02 .01 .01 .01 .04 .04 .08 .02 .01 <.01 <.01 .01 .01 .01
5632m .01 .01 .01 <.01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .04 .01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01
7241m <.01 <.01 .01 <.01 <.01 .01 .01 .02 .03 .01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01
Lung Individual Dose Commitments (mrem)a V1I.....
Vol
SEC TOR
DIS'I'ANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSN W Wffi'1 NW NNW-.-----
805m 14.19.24.12.17.19.51.59.108.21.13.5.0 6.2 7.3 13.9.8
24J4m 2.0 2.8 3.7 1.8 2.7 3.2 8.4 9.5 18.3.4 2.0 .76 .95 1.1 1.9 1.5
4023m .86 1.2 1.6 .79 1.2 1.4 3.7 4.2 7.9 1.5 .88 .33 .41 .45 .80 .62
5632m .50 .70 .92 .46 .71 .83 2.2 2.5 4.7 .89 .52 .19 .24 .26 .46 .36
7241m .33 .47 .62 .31 .48 .56 1.5 1.7 3.2 .61 .35 .13 .16 .17 .30 .24
a50--year dose commitments resulting from 1 year release
TABLE 5.2-3
INDIVIDUAL BONE AND KIDNEY DOSE COMMITMENTS
FROM MILL SITE EFFLUENT
Bone Individual Dose Commitments (mrem)a
SEC TOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE,SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW -NNW·
805m 3.6 4.9 6.2 3.0 4.3 4.9 13.14.27.5.3 3.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 3.4 2.6
2414m .52 .72 .92 .46 .66 .77 2.0 2.3 4.2 .83 .50 .19 .24 .28 .48 .38
4023m .20 .29 .37 .19 .27 .31 .81 .93 1.7 .34 .20 •08 .09 .11 .19 .15
5632m .11 .16 .20 .10 .15 .17 .45 .52 .95 .19 .11 .04 .05 .06 .10 .08
7241m .07 .10 .13 .07 .09 .11 .29 .33 .61 .12 .07 .03 .03 .04 .07 .05 VI
I.....~
Kidney Individual Dose Commitments (mrem)a
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW--------
805rn 1.0 1.3 1.7 .82 1.2 1.3 3.5 3.9 7.3 1.5 .89 .35 .44 .53 .93 -.71
2414m .14 .20 .25 .13 .18 .21 .55 .63 1.2 .23 .14 .05 .06 .08 .13 .10
4023m .06 .08 ao .05 .07 .09 .22 .25 .47 .09 .05 .02 .03 .03 .05 .04
5632m .03 .04 .06 .03 .04 .05 .12 .14 .26 .05 .03 .01 .01 .02 .03 .02
7241m .02 .03 .04 .02 .03 .03 .08 .09 .17 .03 .02 .01 .01 .01 .02 .01
a SO-year dose commitments resulting from 1 year release
5-15
TABLE 5.2-4
DOSE COMMITMENTS AT PROJECT BOUNDARIES
FOR EACH SECTOR EFFECTED FROM
MILL SITE EFFLUENT a
Distance Whole Body Lung Bone Kidney
Sector (meters)(mrem) (mrem)(mrem)(mrem)
N 1750 0·.04 3.49 0.85 0.23
NNE 1890 0.05 4.20 1.03 0.28
NE 1170 0.15 12.32 3.11 0.85
ENE 876 0.12 9.87 2.54 0.70
E 800 0.20 17.15 4.30 1.18
ESE 876 0.20 16.69 4.15 1.14
SE 1170 0.31 27.03 6.46 1.77
SSE 1170 0.35 30.45 7.32 2.00
S 1082 0.73 64.86 15.54 4.24
SSW 1170 0.13 11.14 2.70 0.74
SV7 2180 0.02 2.35 0.55 0.15
WSW 1690 0.02 1.37 0.34 0.09
W 800 0.08 6.23 1.59 0.44
ltJNW 876 0.08 6.18 1.64 0.45
NW 1170 0.08 6.51 1.68 0.46
NNW 990 0.08 6.74 1.77 0.48
a 50-year dose commitments resulting from 1 year release
TABLE 5.2-5
INDIVIDUAL LUNG DOSE COMMITMENTS
FROM TAILING EFFLUENTS o(mrem)a
Tailing Area 1 Tailing Area 2 Tailing Area 3
Project Project Project
Direction Area Edge Boundary Area Edge Boundary Area Edge Boundary
N 64.7 2.87 54.7 2.18 54.7 1.80
NE 64.9 1.71 55.0 2.13 55.0 2.23
E 62.6 4.08 52.2 3.78 58.5 3.78
SE 155.0 33.0 142.58.9 150.130.
V1I
S 154.0 41.6 141.57.6 150.121-......
(j\
SW 151.0 4.05 140.7.55 149.8.73
W 21.2 4.40 18.3 13.9 18.3 11.9
NW 63.3 54.8 53.9 13.6 53.9 6.05
a 50-year dose commitment resulting from 1 year release
I"
TABLE 5.2-6
EXPOSURE TO INDIVIDUALS AT SPECIFIC LOCATIONS
IN THE VICINITY OF THE MILL a
Whole
Distance Body Lung Bone Kidney
Location Sector (meters)( m rem)
Point of maximum ground level S 1082 0.73 64.86 15.54 4.24
concentrations offsite
Boundary in the direction of S 1082 0.73 64.86 15.54 4.24
the prevailing wind
Boundary nearest to the E 800 0.20 17.15 4.30 1.18
sources of emission
VI
I
Direction at which the maximum S 1082 0.73 64.86 15.54 4.24 I-'
-....J
lung dose would be received at
the boundary
Direction of nearest population NNE 10458 <0.01 0.27 0.05 0.01
center (Blanding,Utah)
Cl:50-year dose commitments resulting from 1 year release
5-18
0.27 man-rem to the bone and 0.07 man-rem to the kidney based upon the
best available population wheel described in Section 5.2.3.1.
5.3 EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL DISCHARGES
5.3.1 Airborne Discharges
5.3.1.1 Vehicle Emissions
Emissions from vehicles used in the milling processes and ore
transport from the Blanding and Hanksville buying station as well as
vehicles used for mill maintenance and service would impact the atmos-
phere to some extent.The EPA (976)has estimated average emissions
rates for various gasoline and diesel powered vehicles and these are
presented in Table 5.3-1.The suspected temporal and spatial character-
istics of these emissions and the relatively low vehicle emission rates
will be such that their impact on the local atmosphere should be insig-
nificant.
possible impacts resulting from fugitive dust due tp vehicular
traffic should also be minimal.The largest potential source of these
emissions will be the 30-ton trucks hauling ore from the buying sta-
tions to the mill site.Under normal mill operation,15 truckloads per
day of ore will be hauled from the Hanksville buying station to the mill.
These trucks will travel paved roads and the ore will be evenly dis-
tributed in the truck beds and covered with tightly tied canvas,thus
essentially eliminating dust emissions.
5.3.1.2 Mill Stack Emissions of Chemicals
Attendant with the operation of the proposed mill,quantities
of S02'NOx and particulates will be emi tted from the various stacks,
most importantly the process boiler and secondarily the yellowcake dryer
(see Section 3.5.2.1).These emissions will be relatively small and with
reference to the ambient air quality standards should result in only
slight impacts on the local air quality.
Calculations of ground-level concentrations resulting from these
emissions were performed assuming various meteorological conditions.The
5-19
TABLE 5.3-1
EMISSION RATES FOR HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL-POWERED
A1~D GASOLINE-POWERED CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
(grams per second)
(From U.S.EPA~1976)
Carbon
Monoxide
Diesel-Powered
Tracklaying
tractor <0.1
Wheeled
tractor 0.3
Wheeled
dozer 0.1
Scraper 0.2
Motor grader <0.1
Wheeled loader 0.1
Tracklaying
loader <0.1
Off-highway truck 0.2
Roller <0.1
Miscellaneous 0.1
Gasoline-Powered
Exhaust
Hydrocarbons
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Nitrogen
Oxides (NOZ)
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.8
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.0
0.1
0.3
Sulfur
Oxides (S02)
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Particulates
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Wheeled
tractor
Motor grader
Wheeled loader
Roller
Miscellaneous
1.2
1.5
2.0
1.7
2.1
<0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
Source:U.S.EPA,1976
5-20
maximum 1 hour concentrations of S02'NO and particulates were
3 xcalculatedtobe113,54 and 28 ~g/m ,respectively,and were calculated
to occur at a point 2.0 kilometers from the boiler stack.The above
calculations assume stable atmospheric conditions with a light persistent
wind parallel to the dryer and boiler stacks.The modeling techniques,
assumptions and design and emission parameters used in these calculations
are presented in detail in Section 6.1.3.4.
Using the Turner time averaging method (Turner,1970),estimated
maximum 3-hour S02 concentrations should be 95 ~g/m3 and the 24-hour
3maximumS02andparticulateconcentrationsshouldbe67and17~g/m ,
respectively.These values are well below the respective state and
national standards and indicate that S02'N02 and particulate con-
centrations should be also below the applicable annual average standards.
It should be noted that these values are based upon estimated
"worst"case conditions.Upon the completion of one year of on-site data
collection an additional diffusion modeling using actual site data will
be performed and presented in the Supplemental Report.
5.3.2 Liquid Discharges
All liquids from the mill operation will be contained in a closed
system.No effects from these are anticipated since no discharge will
occur.
5.4 EFFECTS OF SANITARY AND OTHER WASTE DISCHARGES
Effluent from laundry will discharge into the tailing retention
system.Sanitary wastes will be treated in a septic tank and drained
into a leach field.There would be no other waste discharges.It is
anticipated,therefore,that no impacts on surface waters,ground water
or biota would result from waste disposal.
5-21
5.5 OTHER EFFECTS
5.5.1 Terrestrial Biota
5.5.1.1 Vegetation
The projected impacts on air quality from operation of the mill
(see Section 5.3.1)are not so significant that they would affect vege-
tation.No other effect on vegetation is anticipated from operation of
the proposed mill.
5.5.1.2 Wildlife
Roadkills of deer and rabbits are expected to increase with
increased traffic associated with ore hauling on Highway 95 between its
junction with Highway 163 and the Hanksville ore buying Station and on
Highway 163 between the town of Blanding and the proposed mill site.
This impact and its mitigation has been discussed in Section 4.1.2. 2.
Roadkills provide food for scavengers.However,scavengers themselves
are subject to being killed by collisions with vehicles when flushed from
such feeding situations.Utah Division of wildlife Resources personnel
indicate that increased truck traffic on Highway 89 between Kanab and
Page has resulted in several recorded incidents of Golden Eagle and other
raptors colliding with coal trucks (Personal Communication,Mr.Joe 1.
Kennedy,Assistant Superintendent National Park Service Glen Canyon
National Recreation Area,November 8,1977).
Relatively minor impacts are anticipated at the mill site during the
IS-year operational life of the project.Noise may affect shy species,
such as large raptors.Poaching of deer is expected to increase in the
general vicinity of the project site;this impact could be partially
mitigated by a company employment policy forbidding carrying of firearms
in vehicles on company property.Song birds and waterfowl may be ad-
versely affected by attempting to use the tailing retention cells for
resting,drinking and feeding areas.This impact is not expected to be
significant for waterfowl since the mill site is not on a major migratcry
flyway and 1977 observations indicated minor waterfowl use of existing
stock ponds in the project area;however,it could be significant on song
birds,depending on water quality of the tailing retention cells.If the
5-22
impact is significant,mitigation could include noise makers or netting
of cells to discourage use by birds but the estimated magnitude of the
impact probably does not warrant mitigation.
5.5.2 Socioeconomic Impacts of Project Operation
Operation of the proposed mill is expected to begin in February
1980 and to employ 75 to 80 workers.The anticipated operating life of
the project is 15 years.Impacts on the social and economic environment
of the Blanding area would stem primarily from the importation of workers
and the increased spending due to wage and salary disbursements and
annual property tax payments to local government.
The Hanksville and Blanding ore buying stations are in operation
and are,therefore,part of the existing socioeconomic environment.No
additional impacts would result from a continuation of the buying station
operations.
5.5.2.1 Population
Operation of the proposed mill would generate an increase in
population through the importation of some proportion of the project work
force.According to the Blanding office of the Utah Department of
Employment Security,the requirement for all but highly skilled,tech-
nical personnel for the mill could be fulfilled from the local labor pool
(Verbal Communication,Mr.Lyman,Manager,Blanding Office of Employment
Security,September 7,1977).Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.anticipates
that 25 percent of the work force would be of a skill level which could
not be found locally.Therefore,because every effort would be made to
hire as many local residents as possible,it is expected that mill
operation would necessitate the importation of only 20 workers.
According to population multipliers recorded in the Construction
Worker Profile (Mountain West Research,1975),families moving into the
project region during the impact period would have an average size of
3.5.(This also corresponds to the average number of person per house-
hold in Utah in 1970.)Applying this to the number of anticipated
5-23
workers,it can be seen that the total number of newcomers directly
associated with mill operation would be 70,which represents 1.3 percent
of the combined 1977 population of Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.
The above discussion 1S a realistic,though somewhat optimistic,
assessment of impacts of the proposed mill.It should be noted that,in
the event of implementation of the project,a number of factors may be at
work which would alter this forecast.Most significantly,importation of
more than 25 percent of the project work force would necessitate an
upward adjustment of all population-related impacts.If 100 percent of
the work force were imported,for example,direct population growth would
be as high as 280,representing five percent of the combined 1977 popu-
lations of Blanding,Monticello and Bluff.
In addition to the newcomers directly associated with the project,
mill operation would foster indirect population growth due to stimulation
of the local economy through a multiplier effect.This process is
explained in Section 5.5.2.3.The creation of 88 indirect,serV1.ce-
sector jobs would result in a secondary wave of population growth.
Assuming:1)24 percent of the new families would have working spouses,
and 2)an overall average of 3.5 persons per household,indirect growth
would consist of 235 new residents (Mountain West Research,1975).This
growth would occur over the long run,as a response to economic condi-
tions and other variables which cannot be accurately predicted at this
point (see Section 5.5.2.3).Tnerefore,it should be noted that this
projection of indirect growth should be interpreted as a general guide
and is subject to change.
Because the pace and extent of indirect growth cannot be accurately
predicted,subsequent sections of this report address impacts of direct
growth only.It should be noted that secondary growth would add to the
demand on housing and public serVlces.However,this would not occur
simultaneously with increases in demand exerted by the project operation
crew;the indirect growth process may occur over several years.
5-24
The combined direc~and indirec t population increment would total
approximately 300,representing 5.5 percent of the combined 1977 popula-
tions of Blanding,Bluff and Monticello.Although this growth would be
'concentrated in Blanding,it ~s anticipated that Monticello and Bluff
would share in the direct and/or indirect growth generated by operation
of the project.
5.5.2.2 Housing
In the fall of 1977,Blanding,Monticello and Bluff had little
or no excess housing capacity.Although developers are planning con-
struction projects in Blanding and Monticello,it ~s probable that,~n
the absence of advanced notice,there would be a minimal number of
houses available when mill operation commences in February 1980.
Therefore,mobile homes are likely to be the short-term answer to housing
needs of the project work force.Local developers have indicated an
interest in providing housing for permanent residents associated with
the mill and it is anticipated that the two largest developers in
Blanding will have the capacity to produce 40 units per year by 1980
(Verbal Communication,Mr.Terry Palmer,Palmer Builders,October 27,
1977).Therefore,it is assumed that an influx of 20 families associated
with project operation could be accommodated by the temporary and per-
manent housing stock in the Blanding area.
Table 5.5-1 summarizes the type of housing demand that can be
expected from the project work force and indicates that the majority of
newcomers would purchase single-family homes if available (Mountain West
Research,1975).
TABLE 5.5-1
ANTICIPATED HOUSING DEMAND OF H1PORTED PROJECT WORKERS
Type of Unit
Single-family
Multiple family
Mobile Home
Other
Total
Percent of Newcomers
55
17
25
2
99
Number of Units
Demanded
11
3
5
1
20
Source:Multipliers based on Construction Worker Profile,
by Mountain West Research,1975.
5-25
5.5.2.3 Municipal Services and the Tax Base
The influx of 20 families directly associated with mill operation
would have a minimal long-term impact on public facilities and services
in the Blanding area in 1980.Increased capital expenditures and
operating cos ts 'Nould eventually be offset by increased property tax
revenue resulting from the mill and from new residential construction for
newcomers.However,municipalities may experience increased costs one or
two years before the increased tax revenue occurs.
Water and Sewage Treatment
The cities of Blanding and Monticello are currently expanding
their water supply systems and will continue to drill wells to keep pace
with future demand.Also,sewage treatment systems in both cities are
being upgraded.Improvements to the Blanding sewage lagoon should be
completed by 1981.In the interim,sewage overflow is used to irrigate
adjacent property,and ~ncreases 1.n demand are expected to be accommo-
dated in this manner.The time frame for the planned lagoon system in
Monticello is uncertain,although its completion is expected ,..lithin the
new two years.At that time,the Monticello system is expected to have
the capacity to accommodate 4000 to 5000 residents.The community of
Bluff is attempting to obtain federal funding for a sewage treatment
system.In the absence of funding,a continuation of the use of indi-
vidual septic tanks can be expected.Table 5.5-2 summarizes alternative
population projections of the potentially impacted communities compared
to the expected capacity of water and sewage treatmenc systems and
indicates that planned expansions should enable services to keep up with
growth occurring with or without the development of the mill.
Schools
Approximately 30 school-age children would be included ~n the
population increment directly induced by mill operation.Tnis would
constitute an addition of one percent to the 1977 combined enrollment of
schools ~n Blanding,Monticello and Bluff and,therefore,would not
create a significant or adverse impact on the San Juan School District.
In 1977,elementary schools in the three communities had excess capacity.
5-26
TABLE 5.5-2
LONG-TERM PROJECT-INDUCED POPULATION GROWTH
COMPARED TO 1980 POPULATION AND CAPACITY OF PUBLIC SERVICES
San Juan Blanding Monticello Bluff
County
July 1975 Population 11,964 2,768 1,726 150
July 1977 Population 13 ,368 3,075 2,208 280
1980 Population Assuming:
a)Continuation of the
1975-1977 Growth Rate 15,730 3,580 3,140 640
b)"High"Growth Rate
Projected by the Utah
Agricultural Experiment
Station (Ci ties are assumed
to grow in proportion in
county)16,215 3,730 2,680 340
Population Directly Associated a a awithMillOperation70nanana
Projected Capacity (in terms of
population)of Public Services,
1980-1981:
Water Supply a Drill Drill 500na
as needed as needed
Sewage Treatment a 4,500 4,000-Notna
5,000 Available
Water Treatment a 4,500b 4,000 Notna
Available
aNot applicable
bMinor improvements would be needed to reach this capacity.
peak capacity is 3,900.
Otherwise the
Source:1975 Population,U.s.Bureau of Census,1977
1977 Population,San Juan County Clerk,1977
1979(b)Yun Kim,for Utah Agricultural Experiment Station,1976
5-27
Two new high schools will alleviate overcrowded conditions 1.n the San
Juan High School in Blanding.One school will be completed in August
1978 and one loS scheduled for cOr:lplc-tion by 1979 or 1980 (Verbal
Communication,Ms.Clyda Christensen,San Juan School District,January
17,1978).
Energy Supplies
The natural gas supply to Monticello is reportedly adequate for
meeting future needs.The city-owned electrical distribution system,
however,is in need of expansion if additional residents are to be served
in Monticello.
The Blanding electrical distribution system 1.S adequate.The
basic source of electricity,Utah Power and Light,expects to have no
problems in meeting the needs of a growing population.
Increased Costs to Local Governments
It has been estimated that capital expenditures for improvement
of water,sewage treatment and school systems in rural,energy-impacted
communities in western Colorado amount to $1,000 per new resident (Verbal
Communication,Mr.Steve Schmidt,Director,Colorado West Council of
Governments,November 2,1977).If it is assumed that the Blanding area
will experience similar cost increases,the population directly induced
by mill operation would require capital expenditures of $70,000.In
addition,annual operating expenditures for municipal services would
rise.In the 1976-77 fiscal year,General Fund expenditures in Blanding
and Monticello for services which are particularly sensitive to the level
of demand were between $20 and $30 per capita.Applying this rate to the
projected number of newcomers associated with the mill operating work
force,it is assumed that local communities would experience an annual
increase in operating expenditures of between $1,400 and S2,100.This
assumes no excess capacity in existing serV1.ces and no economies of scale
in the provision of services.
5-28
Services provided by San Juan County that would be subject to
cost increases in proportion to population growth include health care,
recreation and public safety.The approved budget for 1977 indicates a
per-capita expenditure of between $20 and $30 for these services.
TI1erefore,the county would also experience operating cost increases of
$1,400 to $2,100 throughout the life of the project.
The San Juan School District had an operating budget of $1,001 per
student in 1977.Assuming an influx of 30 school-age children,the
impact in school expenditures would be $30,090 per year.
Taxes
The operation of the proposed mill would benefit state and local
taxing jurisdictions directly through increased corporate income and
property tax payments and indirectly through increased sales tax revenue
and personal income taxes of the work force.Using total construction
costs as a guide to the fair cash value of the facility,the assessed
valuation,computed as 20 percent of true value,would be $7.6 million.
The current applicable mill levy 1.S 60;therefore,the annual property
tax obligation resulting from the proposed development would be approx1.-
mately $456,000.The San Juan County School District would receive 66
percent of this total,San Juan County would receive 17 percent,and the
remaining 17 percent would be distributed to special county funds (Verbal
Communication,Mr.Robert Cooper,Utah State Tax Commission,December 9,
1977).Table 5.5-3 summarizes the distribution of anticipated property
taxes generated by the project.It should be noted that depreciation of
buildings and equipment has not been incorporated into this estimate but
would have a dampening effect on property taxes after the first year of
operation.
Sales tax revenue resul ting from annual personal consumption
expenditures of $522,800 would amount to 26,100.Of this total,$23,500
would benefit the State of Utah and $2,600 would benefit San Juan County.
5-29
TABLE 5.5-3
ESTI}1ATED PROPERTY TAX PAYMENTS
1977 Dollars
Property Tax
Total ($38 million x 20%x 60 mills)
San Juan School District (40 mills)
San Juan County General Fund (10.3 mills)
San Juan County Capital Improvement -
Roads (3 mills)
San Juan County Capital Improvement -
Buildings,Equipment and Grounds (1 mill)
Library (0.9 mill)
Tort Liability (0.1 mill)
Health (0.7 mill)
Water Conservancy District (2 mills)
Blanding Cemetery (2 mills)
304,000
78,280
22,800
7,600
6,840
760
5,320
15,200
15,200
456,000
Source:Construction cost estimate supplied by Energy Fuels.
Methodology for computing tax obligations is based on
a verbal communication with Mr.Robert Cooper,Utah
State Tax Commission,December 9,1977.
Mi 11 levies are based on a 'lerbal communication with
the San Juan County Treasurer,December 9,1977.
5-30
Personal l.ncome tax obI igations of the operating work crew would
represent approximately 13.8 percent of wage and salary payments,or an
annual total of $188,400 (U.S.Bureau of Labor Statistics,1977).This
would benefit the state and federal governments.
Corporate income tax payments would be substantial,but cannot
be accurately predicted at this point.
Hill operation would be considered one of the basic industries
of the region,defined as those which are engaged 1.n the production of
goods or services that are sold beyond the region's borders and/or which
account for income drawn into the region.In contrast,employment in
finance,insurance,real estate and most personal and professional
services are considered non-basic.Non-basic service industries are
primarily local in scope and depend on the distribution of income
initially earned in the basic employment sector.Basic employment is,
therefore,viewed as primary insofar as it supports and largely deter-
mines the level of non-basic and ultimately total employment.
5-31
The ratio of basic and non-basic employment ~n a region can be
used to measure the expansion (or contraction)~n employment when an
addition (or reduction)in basic employment occurs or is anticipated.
The basic/non-basic ratio ~s referred to as a mulr:iplier relationship
because an ~ncrease in basic employment will have an expansionary effect
throughout the local economy.Table 5.5-4 presents basic and non-basic
employment for San Juan County and indicates that the basic/non-bas ic
employment multiplier is 1.1.This suggests that,by creating 75 to 80
basic jobs,the proposed mill would indirectly generate up to 88 jobs ~n
the local service sector.In addition,increased employment ~n uran~um.
mining operations in the area would cause a similar expansion.
Growth ~n non-basic employment would produce an increase ~n local
population because a number of new jobs would be filled by new residents
accompanied by families.This growth would occur over the long run and
would depend on a number of factors.An increase in regional unemploy-
ment caused by a decline in jobs or an increase in the labor force
participation rate would dampen the population growth resulting from
increased employment opportunities.Also,a high proportion of two-
worker households among newcomers would have a similar dampening effect.
Annual operating costs of the mill are expected to amount to $10.5
million.Of this total,approximately $1,365,000 would represent wage
and salary payments to the project work force,assuming that the labor
cost component of 2.1 million includes 35 percent for fringe benefits.
Current data on income multipliers and spending flows in Utah are not
available.Therefore,nationwide expenditure patterns recorded in 1976
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics were used to calculate the effect of
project wages on local and state econom~es (U.S.Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,1977).Assuming that local personal con-
sumption expenditures would represent 38.3 percent 0 f family income,
annual retail expenditures of the project work force would amount to
$522,800.Blanding,Bluff and Monticello would experience the bulk of
this spending.The maj or regional centers of Moab,Cortez or Grand
Junction may also experience an increment in consumption expenditures as
5-32
TABLE 5.5-4
BASIC AND NON-BASIC EMPLOYMENT,SAN JUAN COUNTY,
1976 ANNUAL AVERAGE
Total
Sector Employment
Agriculture 270
Mining 784
Contract Construction 70
Manufacturing 169
Transportation,
Communication,Public
Utilities 147
vfuo1esa1e,Retail Trade 347
Finance,Insurance,Real
Estate 22
Services 296
Government 688
Federal
State and Local
Total
Basic/Non-Basic Multiplier:1.1
Basic
270
784
169
65
39
1327
Non-Basic
70
147
282
22
296
649
1466
Source:Dames &Moore,1977,based on Utah Department of
Employment Security,1977.
5-33
a result of the project.However,this would represent a m~nor or
insignificant addition to existing spending flows;impacts on Blanding,
Monticello and Bluff would be considerably greater.
5.5.2.5 Quality of Life
The operation of the proposed mill would have positive impacts
on the quality of life due to the provision of 75 to 80 long-term,stable
jobs.Because Energy Fuels plans to hire as many local residents as
possible,the population increment associated with mill operation would
represent a noticeable but not disruptive force in local connnunities.
An influx of 20 families would not cause significant or long-term adverse
impacts on the quality of life.
Negative impacts on the quality of life would stem primarily froTI!
the transportation of uranium ore from mines throughout the region to the
Hanksville and Blanding buying stations and from Hanksville to the mill
at Blanding.A noticeable ~ncrease in heavy truck traffic would affect
travellers on Utah Route 95,u.s.Route 163,and other highways in
southeastern Utah.Increased noise and a~r pollution would result.
Also,the trucks would represent a safety hazard due to the increased
probability of automobile accidents (see Section 5.5.2.5).
5.5.2.6 Land Use Impacts
Operation of the mill and tailing retention system would directly
impact land use patterns by the commitment of 310 acres of rangel.and
throughout the life of the project.Indirect impacts would stem from
increased residential and commercial development in the Blanding area
resulting from induced population growth.Land is available for develop-
ment in the Blanding city limits and in Bluff;the City of Monticello
is pursuing an active annexation program.Therefore,increased develop-
ment would not represent an inconsistent or conflicting land use in the
potentially impacted communities.
Regional transportation systems would experience increased activity
during the operation phase of the project.Uranium mines throughout
5-34
southeastern Utah would transport ore to the Blanding and Hanksville
buying stations via 30-ton diesel trucks and trailers.Trips from mines
to the buying stations are anticipated to total 70 each day,with 53 to
the Blanding buying station and 17 to Hanksville.In addition,trans-
portation of ore from the Hanksville buying station to Blanding would be
accomplished via 30-ton trucks approximately 15 times daily.Plate 3.6-3
(page 3-26)indicates the location of mines that would be sending ore to
the buying stations and mill.
Utah Route 95 and U.S.Route 163 would experience the heaviest
truck traffic associated with the buying stations and mill.In addition,
U.S.Route 566 and Utah Routes 262, 276,263 and 24 would be affected by
ore movement from mines to the buying stations.All of the above roads
are two-lane,paved highways maintained by the State of Utah.In addi-
tion,secondary,county-maintained and private roads would accommodate up
to 15 percent of the project-induced truck traffic.
In 1975 average daily traffic flows ranged from 95 to 310 on Utah
Route 95 and from 530 to 2100 on Route 163.As summarized in Table
5.5-5,other potentially affected roads accommodated average daily
traffic counts of 25 to 1235 vehicles.Project-induced truck traffic
would constitute a noticeable increase in existing traffic flows.
Designated lands potentially affected by the transportation of
ore include Glen Canyon National Recreation Area,Canyonlands National
Park,Manti-La Sal National Forest,Natural Bridges and Hovenweep
National Monuments,Capitol Reef National Park,and the Henry Mountains.
These areas attract a large number of visitors during summer months.
A substantial ~ncrease in truck traffic,particularly during peak vaca-
tion periods,may create a safety hazard.The Hite Crossing at Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area generates heavy tourist traffic and would
be particularly affected by truck traffic on Route 95.
The project work force would add to traffic
Blanding area.Local residents would experience
circulation ~n the
noticeable increases
5-35
TABLE 5.5-5
AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC ON POTENTIALLY IMPACTED HIGHWAYS
Highway (Segment)a
Utah Route 95
(Hanksville-Blanding)
U.S.Route 163
(Moab-Bluff)
U.S.Route 666
(East of Monticello)
Utah Route 263
Utah Route 276
Utah Route 262
(Colorado border to Route 163)
Utah Route 24 (West of Hanksville
to Capitol Reef National Park)
Utah Route 24 (North of Hanksville)
Range of 1975 Average b
Daily Traffic Estimates
95-310
530-2100
950-1235
25-35
220
410-440
310-320
65-475
aWhere no segment 1S specified,numbers refer to the entire
length.
bTraffic on most of the highways is counted and reported for
several stations.For example,traffic on Utah Route 163 is
higher near Blanding than in the Bluff area.The ranges 1n
this table refer to multiple estimates for each highway
segment.
Source:Utah Department of Transportation,1976.
5-36
~n traffic and no~se during peak periods of construction activity.
Assuming 2 trips per worker per day in the Blanding area,the peak work
force would represent an additional traffic load of 500 trips per day,
representing an increment of 68 percent above the 1975 average daily
traffic flow on Route 163 in the vicinity of the mill.
5.5.3 Sound
5.5.3.1 Ambient Sound Levels During Operation
The noise emitted from this facility's operation will be principally
from the mill.In a previous study for the Bear Creek Uranium Project,
the sound level from a similar mill half the size of the one under con-
sideration was estimated to be 75 dB at 100 ft (10 m).Doubling the
facility size and operation doubles the assumed sound energy emitted.
Thus,the estimated sound level contribution for the proposed mill is 78
dB at 100 ft 00 m).This contribution is extrapolated assuming
hemispherical radiation to the measurement locations previously used for
the background ambient sound level survey.
To estimate the sound levels during plant operation,the contribu-
tion from the plant operation and the background ambient sound levels
"1ere combined.Table 5.5-6 indicates the projected daytime,nighttime
and day/night average sound levels.Twenty-four hour plant operation was
assumed.
Truck traffic along highways between local m~ne sites and the
buying stations will be increased.The sound level contribution due to
trucks delivering ore to the plant site was estimated to be insignificant
for noise sensitive land uses at large distances from the highways.For
j
those areas adjacent to the highway,the expected increase in noise due
to truck traffic was estima~ed to be about three decibels.
5.5.3.2 Impact Assessment
No significant impact on the ambient sound level is anticipated
from operation of the proposed mill,sound levels along all site boun-
daries will be less than 55 dB (see Section 4.1.6.3 for significance).
5-37
TABLE 5.5-6
AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS DURING MILL OPERATION -dB
Background Ambient Operation Ambient Change in Ambient
Location Sound Levels Sound Levels Sound L~vels
Ld L Ldn Ld L Ldn Ld L Ldnnnn
1 56.5 46.4 56.9 56.5 46.5 56.5 0 0 0
2 56.7 47.1 56.9 56.7 47.4 57.0 0 0 0
3 45.8 39.2 47.4 55.9 55.6 62.0 10 16 15
4 46.8 39.9 48.2 40.9 40.2 48.4 0 0 0
5 35.3 35.1 41.5 40.3 40.2 46.6 5 5 5
6 47.8 43.1 50.6 47.8 43.1 50.6 0 0 0
7 42.8 27.7 41.5 42.8 27.7 41.5 0 0 0
8 48.3 41.0 49.5 48.3 41.0 49.5 0 0 0
Truck traffic will increase by 50-100 percent for some roads near
the buying stations.Noise due to truck passby on major routes to
Blanding is projected to increase ambient sound levels by about three
decibels in areas adjacent to the highways.This traffic will occur only
during daytime hours and only a small number of people will be affected.
5.5.4 Surface Water
Although the operation of the mill and tailing retention system
will have little effect on the hydrologic characteristics of the area,
the presence of the tailing retention system,which will impound surface
runoff,will reduce water and sediment yields from the basin.The
drainage area upstream of the tailing cells that would be affected is
about 260 acres.The cells themselves,at ultimate development,will
occupy an area of about 240 acres;combined with the upstream 260 acres
this results in a total of about 500 acres that would be taken out
of the Cottonwood Wash basin.If one assumes an average annual surface
runoff of 0.2 inches (see Section 2.6.2),the total annual reduction in
runoff,expressed as volume,would be 8.3 acre-feet.TIlis is about 0.13
percent of the average annual flow of Cottonwood \o1ash at State Highway
95,into which this water would normally flow.
5-38
The change in sediment yield due to the project has not been
estimated due to insufficient data.
Peak flood flows in Westwater Creek and Cottonwood Wash would also
be reduced due to the impoundment caused by the tailing retention
system.This decrease in peak-flow would be small in comparison with the
total since the affected drainage area will be less than one square mile
while the Cottonwood Wash drainage area at Highway 95 is over 200 sq
mi.
5.6 RESOURCES COMMITTED
During the life of the proposed mill,about 15 years,approximately
730,000 tons of ore would go to the mill annually to be processed and
1,898,000 pounds of U308 concentrate would be produced annually.
This mineral resource would be irreversibly committed to energy pro-
duction.
The area occupied by the proposed mill and tailing retention
system (about 310 acres)would be committed until the life of the mill
ends,about 15 years.This area would be removed as wildlife habitat and
livestock range until the end of the mill operation and reclamation is
completed.The acreage occupied by the tailing retention would be
committed until radiation levels are below acceptable standards.The
length of time necessary after reclamation is completed is indeterminate.
Portions of the project site are utilized by Mule Deer in migration
and overwintering.Project facilities and human activities would alter
the use of these areas by deer.Fenced areas would not be available for
their use for about 15 years and until reclamation is completed.The
displacement and accompanying effects upon the deer herd utilizing the
area represents a resource committed,the magnitude of which cannot be
ascertained.In general,the biota occurring on the project site are not
unique in the region.Short-term removal of land and wildlife habitat
as a result of the project operations is not expected to represent an
irreversible or irretrievable commitment of resources ~n the region.
5-39
Water used ~n the mill circuit would be temporarily tied up ~n
the mill circuit.Additional water would be cycled to the tailing
retention system but much of that in the tailing cells would return to
the hydrologic cycle through evaporation.Wa ter used.a t the mi11 for
dust control,sanitary and general uses would also be returned to the
hydrologic cycle through evaporation or infiltration.
6-1
6.0 EFFLUENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND MONITORING PROGRAM
The following section describes the methodologies used in collecting
baseline environmental data and the proposed programs ror monitoring
impacts that the proposed uranium mill may have on the environment.In
some instances,the methodologies described are currently being used in
on-go~ng studies which are necessary to complete a year of data col-
lection.
6.1 PREOPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS
6.1.1 Surface Water
An on-going baseline surface water quality monitoring program
H being conducted in the project vicinity near Blanding and in the
vicinity of the Hanksville ore-buying station for an initial p'2riod of
one year (July 1977 to July 1978).Physical,chemical and radiological
parameters of the waters are being documented.
The sampling locations ~n the project vicinity near Bl.~nding are
located on Westwater Creek,Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek and in a
drainage wash and at a pond down gradient of the proposed mill site (see
Plate 2.6-10).
are:
Station No.
SIR
S2R
S3R
S4R
S5R
S6R
S7R
S8R
S9
The locations of the surface water sampling stations
Location
Westwater Creek at downstream (south)side of Highway
95 Bridge
Corral Creek at downstream (south)side of small bridge
Corral Creek at spillway of small earthfill dam
Corral Creek at junction with Recapture Creek (1/4 m~
from end of jeep road)
Surface pond south of mill site,1/8 mi west of Highway 47
Small wash south of mill site,1 mi west of Highway 47
East side of Cottonwood Creek,at jeep trail intersection
south-southwest of mill site
East side of Cottonwood Creek,jeep trail intersection
west-southwest of ~ill site
East side of Westwater Creek,at jeep trail intersection
6-2
Sampling stations SIR,S2R and S3R are upgradient from the project site,
the remaining downgradient.
The sampling locations in the vicinity of the Hanksville ore buying
station are located on Halfway Wash at two stations,one upstream and one
downstream of the ore buying station (see Plate 2.6-11).The locations
of these two sampling stations are:
Station No.
HSlR
HS2R
Location
Halfway Wash,downstream of buying station,1/8 mi east
of Highway 95 at confluence with unnamed wash draining
ore buying station site area
Halfway Wash,upstream of buying station,1/8 m1 south
of property boundary of ore buying station
The stations are sampled on a quarterly basis when accessible
and when water is flowing.Because the streams are ephemeral to inter-
mittent,there is not always a flow to sample at the time that sampling
is scheduled.As a result,there has been no water available to sample
at some stations and,consequently,there are no analyses of existing
water quality.
Effort will be made to increase the frequency of sampling for a
period of time in spring 1978 in order to obtain a series of water
samples at these stations when water may be flowing continuously for a
few weeks as a result of snowmelt runoff.
Water samples for complete chemical analysis and radiological
analysis were collected in the project vicinity in July 1977 and November
1977.The results of those analyses are discussed in Section 2.6.3.2 and
listed in Table 2.6-7.Details of the techniques and procedures of
sampling and types of analyses are discussed in Appendix B.Parameters
being measured are listed in Table 6.1-1 of Section 6.1.2.2.
6-3
6.1.2 Ground Water
Existing baseline ground water conditions in the project vicinity
near Blanding and in the vicinity of the Hanb:;ville ore buying station
are being measured for a period of one year (July 1977 to July 1978)as
discussed in Section 2.6.1 and 2.6.3.
6.1.2.1 Sampling Locations
The ground water baseline sampling locations in the project vicinity
near Blanding are located both upgradient (to the north)and down grad-
ient (to the south)of the proposed mill and tailing retention sites (see
Plate 2.6-10).
are:
Station No.
GIR
G2R
G3R
G4R
G5R
G6R
G7R
The locations of the ground water sampling stations
Location
Spring in Corral Creek,500 feet upstream of earth
dam and surface water station S3R,upgradient of project
site
Deep well at mill site,taps Navajo Sandstone
Spring near Ruin Spring Point,drains to Cottonwood Creek,
down gradient of project site
Spring near base of Dakota sandstone cliffs about 500
ft east of jeep trail,drains into Cottonwood Creek,dow~
gradient of projected site
Spring about 1500 ft east of Westwater Creek in canyon,to
west and possibly do,~g~adient of project site
Abandoned stock well,1000 ft down gradient from mill site
Abandoned stock well,1000 ft upgradient of mill site
The baseline ground water station (HG1R)at the Hanksville are
buying station is the main supply well located at the station.This well
withdraws ground water from the underlying Entrada Sandstone from a depth
of 400-440 ft below the land surface directly below the station.
Additional ground water investigations in the vicinity of the
mill site and tailing retention site are planned for early 1978.Tnis
6-4
work will consist of site-specific drilling and installation of ground
water observation/monitori~g wells.The purpose of these investigations
will be to obtain a more accurate representation of ground water levels,
ground water flow directions,types of movement and ground water quality
in the critical areas near the mill site and tailing retention area.
The pre-operational ground water monitoring program will be completed
with the installation of several monitoring wells.Conclusions from the
additional investigations and the final design of an operational ground
water monitoring program will be described in the Supplemental Report.
The tentative design of a site-specific pre-operational ground
water monitoring program will include three or more observation/monitor-
ing wells to be installed at locations predominantly down gradient from
the mill site and tailing retention site (see Appendix H,Plate 2).
In general,the monitoring wells (Plate 6.1-1)will be constructed
of 4-or 6-inch diameter PVC plastic casing to a depth below the lowest
expected water level.The lower portion of the well will be screened
with either PVC plastic,well screen or stainless steel screen.The top
of the screened portion of the well will be above the highest expected
water level.The annular space in the borehole between the formation and
the casing will be filled wilth clean,inert,natural stone filter
material for the entire screened interval.The remainder of the annular
space,above a 5-foot bentonite seal on top of the filter,will be
grouted or backfilled with a mixture of the drill cuttings and grout or
bentonite.A cement seal will be emplaced around the exposed PVC casing
at the land surface to prevent surface water from entering the borehole
around the casing.For further protection,a steel casing with a hinge
cap and lock will be encased around the PVC plastic casing and will be
seated in the cement seal.
Once ~n operation,the well will be sampled for a ground water
quality analysis quarterly.The well diameter will be large enough so
that a 3.75"OD submergible pump can be installed and the well pumped for
a sufficient period of time to obtain a representative sample of the
PVC CAP ON BASE
OF CASING
4 OR 6 INCH DIAMETER
PVC CASING (SCHEDULE 40 TO 120,
DEPENDING ON FINISH ED DEPTH
AND EXPANSIVE SOIL/ROCK
CONDITIONS)
PVC OR STAINLESS STEEL WELL
SCREEN OPPOSITE WATER TABLE
(TOP OF SCREEN ABOVE HIGHEST
EXPECTED WATER LEVEL AND
BOTTOM OF SCREEN BELOW
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL)
a-INCH STEEL PROTECTOR PI PE
EMBEDDED IN CEMENT GROUT
(5 FEE T LON G WITH HINGED
CAP &LOCK)
2 FEET PROJECTION ABOVE
LAt'3D SURFACE
WELL SORTED,CLEAN,
FILTER PACK OF ROUNDED,
QUARTZ SAND
WELL
114----(CENTRALIZER
0·'~.=.':•:~.'.'",'.:7
.o'.'":',,'........:~~:...~:~
...,<.e;zc;....-_-BENTONITE OR CEMENT GROUT
SEAL IN ANNULAR SPACE
( 5 FE.ET MINIMUM THICKNESS)
~..."...:-._-.
•••'0••·••...~.__:>.~~.~~....._.:...._=-....':=:~:.,;~~~~
WA TER LEVEL ;;e;~.?.__~.·:".<:-.r
.':~~......:~.':,....~.
.:.'-:':'.~..:....::-....,.:~.\"'~~..:..~'.<'::"_-',:~.,~.".
ANTICIPATED SEASONAL'
FLUCTUATIONS
ANNULAR SPACE-------------~~~
BACKFILLED WITH
BENTONITE AND
DRILL CUTTINGS
MITURE OR CEMENT
GROUT (FROM
BENTONITE OR
GROUT SEAL
TO LAND SURFACE)
.-:=----
'-
....~:.::.-.-....:::::;...
CEMENT SEAL
GROUT '"
LAND SURFACE ~
....ALLUVIAL SAI\JD &
'.'')'.':.""'-.•:::.~~~.':~:,:.
HIGHEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEe .:.;::::::;--------..:~.~<:>::
LOWES T EXPE CTED
\.'-~-SKETCH OF TYPICAL GROUND WATER MONITORING WELL
(FOR WATER TABLE OR PERCHED GROUND WATER)
PLATE 6.1-1
6-6
in-situ ground water quality.The radius of influence of the pumping
will be enough so that ground water within several feet of the well in
all direc tions will be drawn in toward the well.In this manner,the
sampl ing area being monitored can be considered as much larger than a
single point per well.
In the event that there may be reason to suspect ground water
contamination,the frequency of the samp ling wi 11 be increased and the
number of parameters increased.If necessary,more wells will be
drilled and constructed.
Water levels in the monitoring wells will be measured and recorded
quarterly to provide a long-term record of the configuration of the water
table and water-level fluctuations.These data will be useful to more
accurately predict the potential direction of ground water movement.
6.1.2.2 Physical and Chemical Parameters
The parameters measured on a quarterly basis for ground water
(and surface water quality)are listed in Table 6.1-1.
CDM-Accu-Labs,Inc.(Denver)~s analyzing radiological and chemical
water parameters.Sample bottles are supplied by Accu-Labs.All anal-
yses are done according to "Standard Methods for·the Examination of Water
and Wastewater"(APHA,1971).
Temperature (OC),dissolved oxygen,specific conductivity and
pH are measured in the field at the time of sampling.Temperature and
dissolved oxygen are measured by use of a YSI DO Meter (Model 57),
specific conductivity by a Lab-line Lectro Mho-Meter,and pH by a
Sargents pH meter,Model PBL.
Sample procedures and techniques are discussed ~n Appendix B.
6-7
TABLE 6.1-1
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Specific conductance (field;micromhos/cm)
Total suspended solids
Temperature (field)
pH (lab,field)
Redox potential
Total dissolved solids
Dissolved oxygen (field)
oil and grease
Total hardness as CaCO
Total alkalinity as ca~03
Carbonate as C03Chloride
Cyanide
Fluoride
Nitrate as N
Sulfate as S04
Calcium
Iron,Total and dissolved
Magnesium
Ammonia as N
Phosphorus,Total as P
Potassium
Silica
Sodium
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Manganese
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Strontium
Vanadium
Zinc
Silver
Polonium 210
Lead 210
Thorium 230
Uranium (Natural)
Radium 226
Gross a
Gross 13
6-8
6.1.3 Air
6.1.3.1 Meteorological Monitoring Programs
On-going site-specific preoperational meteorological monitoring
.programs were initiated at both the project site and at the Hanksville
buying station in early l1arch 1977.These programs monitor the parameters
of wind speed,wind direction,temperature,relative humidity and total
precipitation.Each program employs identical instrumentation;however,
the Hanksville wind instruments are battery operated while commercial
power is used at Blanding.The stations are located so as to not be
affected by local terrain or structures.Plates 2.7-1 and 2.7-10,
respectively,show the exact locations of the monitoring stations at the
Blanding and Hanksville sites relative to the planned operations and
surrounding terrain.
Table 6.1-2 presents the respective manufacturer's specifications
and the sampling height of each sensor.Data are collected via strip
chart recorders and wind speed and wind direction data are reduced as
hourly averages,temperature and relative humidity as instantaneous
values (on the half hour)and precipitation as daily totals.As part of
the quality assurance procedures,calibrations of each sensor are per-
formed quarterly and are documented on standard forms.Standard quality
aSSurance practices are adhered to throughout the data collection and
analysis processes.
6.1.3.2 Air Quality
Preoperational air quality monitoring programs have been initiated
at each site to document background particulate and sulfation rate
concentrations.Sett leab Ie particulates are measured at four locations
at both the Blanding and Hanksville areas through the use of dustfall
samplers.In addition total suspended particulates are monitored at one
location at the Blanding site by a high volume sampler.Sulfation rate,
which provides an indication of sulfur dioxide concentrations,is also
measured via lead dioxide plates at four locations at each area.Samp-
ling locations are shown on Plates 2.7-1 and 2.7-10.
TABLE 6.1-2
METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM SENSOR INFOR~~TION
MFRS. MFRS.
MODEL LISTED LISTED MONITORING
PARAHETER MNUFACTURER NO.SENSING TECHNIOUE PRECISION THRESHOLD HEIGHT----
Wind Speed Met One,Inc.010 Cups/Light Chopper .:!:..0.15 mph 0.5 mph 10m
Wind Direction Met One,Inc.020 Vane/Potentiometer +3°0.6 mph 10m
Temperature Bendix Corp.256 Bourdon Tube +l°F --1.5m
Relative
Humidity Bendix Corp.256 Human Hair Bundle +3%--1.5m '"I
Precipitation Weather Measure P511P Tipping Bucket +0.01 in 105m \0--
Corp./Heated
6-10
Settleable particulate sampling and anlaysis are performed in
accordance with procedures described in ASTM D-1739 and sulfation plate
analysis ~s performed by the turbidimetric technique.The sulfation
plates and dustfall samplers are mounted at a sampling height of approxi-
mately 2.5 meters above ground.Sampling started in March 1977,and each
sample is routinely exposed for a one month period.Analysis is
performed by an independent laboratory (Corning Laboratories,Inc.)and
results are presented as monthly averages.
The Blanding total suspended particulate monitor (high volume air
sampler)~s located just south of the proposed mill site (see Plate
2.7-1).Sampling and analysis procedures conform to the EPA reference
technique as presented in the Federal Register Vol.36 No.84.This type
of sampler collects airborne particulate matter on a glass fiber filter
by drawing a high volume of air,approximately 40 cubic feet per minute,
through the filter for a 24-hour period.Total weight of the particulate
matter is then calculated by subtracting the pre-exposure weight of the
filter from the weight of the used filter.The resultant weight is
directly related to total suspended particulates in micrograms per cubic
meter of air.
Sampling started in October,1977 and samples are taken continuously
from midnight to midnight every sixth day,inconformity with the U.S.
EPA standard sampling schedule.The sampler is mounted on a monitoring
platform such that the intake is approximately 3 meters (10 feet)above
ground to prevent biasing of the data by heavier,non-suspended particles
resulting from surface interferences.Sampling flow rate is continuously
recorded through the use of a recording pressure transducer.The unit is
also equipped with a timer that records the ac tual length of operation
to the nearest 0.1 minute.All filters are weighed at the Dames &Moore
Denver laboratory in a low relative humidity room.
6.1.3.3 Computer Models
STAR MIL -Takes hourly surface meteorological observations and computes
a Pasquill stability class for each observation based upon:
where:
6-11
1)incoming solar radiation intensity,2)sky cover,3)cloud
height,4)wind speed.
DT ROSE -Takes the output from STAR MIL,and computes the frequency
distribution of stability by wind direction and wind speed
intervals.
6.1.3.4 Other Models
Diffusion Analysis for Determination of Chemical Concentrations
from Stacks
The downwind,ground level concentration of effluents emitted from
the various stacks was computed using the Pasquill-Gifford diffusion
equation (Turner,1970).This equation assumes that the distribution of
effluents downwind from a stack will be Gaussian (normal)~n both the
horizontal and vertical planes of the plume.The equation is:
Q exp (-1/2 (H/o )2)exp (-1/2 (y/o )2)X(x,y,O,H)=z y
no 0 UYz
X(x,y,O,H)=Concentration in micrograms per cubic meter (~g/m3)
at the point x,y,O from an elevated source with effective
height,H.
Q =emission rate ~n micrograms per second
o the standard deviation in the crosswind direction of the plume
y concentration distribution
(J =z
U =
the standard deviation in the vertical of the plume concentration
distribution
mean wind speed in meters per second
H effective height of emission (physical stack height +plume rise)
x =distance downwind in the direction of the mean wind
y crosswind distance
6-12
Ground level concentrations computed using the present equation are
for averaging times of approximately ten minutes.These ten-minute
concentrations can be converted to longer averaging times using the
following relationship (Turner,1970):
0.2
Xs =Xk (tk/ts )
where:
Xs =
Xk =
t k =
t =s
concentration estimate for longer sampling time
calculated ten-minute concentration
ten minutes
longer sampling time
Possibly the most difficult term to accurately assess in the above
equation is the effective height of release (H)or,more specifically,
plume nse (~h)'Holland's equation (Turner,1970)was developed for
stacks of the size and buoyancy of those to be employed at the mill.
While it is generally accepted that the Holland equation tends to under-
predict plume rue it was considered as the "best fit"equation but
should be somewhat conservative in the predictions.
is:
Holland's equation
where:
~h =V d (1.5 +2.68 x 10-3 p T -Ta d)Ks--,s;....-_
u Ts
~h =rise of the plume above the stack ~n meters
V stack exit velocity in meters per seconds
d =inside stack (top)diameter in meters
u =wind speed at stack height in meters
P =atmospheric pressure in mi llibars
T stack gas exit temperature in degrees Kelvins
T =air temperature in degrees Kelvina
K =constanc,assume 0.85 for stable conditions and 1.15 for
unstable conditions
6-13
The following design and em~ss~on data were used ~n the appropriate
stack diffusion models:
DRYER Stack Height 13.7 m
Stack Exit Diameter 0.22 m
Stack Exit Velocity 23.2 mps
Stack Exit Temperature 366°K
S02 Emission Rate 0.25 gm/sec
NO Emission Rate 0.06 gm/secx
Particulate Emission Rate 0.05 gm/sec
BOILER Stack Height 27.4 m
Stack Exit Diameter 1.22 m
Stack Exit Velocity 4.6 mps
Stack Exit Temperature 3600 K
S02 Emission Rate 4.0 gm/sec
NO Emission Rate 2.0 gm/secx
Particulate Emission Rate 1.0 gm/sec
It was found that max~mum ground level concentrations from the dryer
and boiler stack were obtained with stable conditions and low wind
speeds.Therefore,assumptions used in diffusion calculations include
use of a stable atmosphere (F stability)and wind speed-of 2 meters per
second.Haximum off-site ground-level concentrations from the dryer
stack emissions occur at a point approximately 800 meters from the stack
and maximum concentrations resulting from the boiler occur at a point
approximately 2000 meters for the boiler.Therefore,terrain was not
cons idered in these calculations because,within 2000 meters of the
proposed mill,terrain fluctuations are slight.
6.1.4 Land
6.1.4.1 Soils
Field and laboratory studies were undertaken to supplement litera-
ture ~n identifying the soil types present and to characterize soil
properties important in reclamation.
6-14
Soil Survey &Classification
At both the Blanding and Hanksville areas,soils were identified and
classified according to range site,and soil taxonomy.In addition,soil
slopes were measured and landscape position and parent material identi-
fied.At the Hanksville area,a soil survey map was made because prior
work had not been done.At Blanding,the existing soil survey was
verified.The survey and field descriptions were completed by Mr.Lowell
Woodward of Provo,Utah,(retired USDA Soil Conservation Service soil
scientist)and a Dames &Moore soil scientist.Field studies were
completed during September 1977.
During the survey,soil profiles were located,sampled and des-
cribed.At least one profile was described for each mapping unit.
Samples of each layer were bagged for laboratory testing.
Laboratory Testing
Tests were conducted at Agricultural Consultants,Inc.of Brighton,
Colorado,a soil tes ting laboratory.Soils were analyzed for their
potential use in reclamation operations and for boron and selenium
levels.Each test is briefly described below with a description of the
significance of test results.
Soil Texture -This class ification represents t-he combination of sand,
silt,and clay s~ze materials found in the portion of the field sample
less than 2.0 mm.The size ranges for each is given below:
sand 2.0 mm -0.05 mm
silt 0.05 mm -0.002 mm
clay <0.002 mm
Materials coarser than sand have the following size groupings:
stones >10"
cobbles 3-10"
gravel 2.0 mm -3"
Soils with less than 15 percent larger material do not require a modifier
on the textural class.Those with 15-35 percent by volume larger mater-
ials are named 'gravelly silt loam,'or 'stony clay.'Those with over 35
6-15
percent larger materials have 'very'added l.n front of the textural
modifier.
Soils with sandy loam,loam,silt loam,and light clay loam textures
are best suited for reclamation uses.Soils with clay loam,sandy clay
loam,silty clay loam and clay textures would present tillage diffi-
culties when moved and respread.Packing would occur,and the soil would
become hard and cloddy upon drying.
Soils that are the most erosive are the sandy loams and silt loams.
They are both highly susceptible to wind and water erosion.
Soil textures ranging through loams,clay loams,and silt loams have
good water-holding characteristics.Sandy loam soils have reduced water
holding and supplying capabilities.The following graph (after Brady
1974)shows characteristic values for several types of water,and the
relationships between soils:
30r---t----;----:------:----l---.,5
4 .~
'0oo~3 l!u:§.
FIELD__CAPACITY ___
i!I-Z
o ;;m'i:miiiiii!liJi~:~~I~II:iilllliiiiill~~ii~ii~ilill:I
SAND:SANDY!LOAM i SILT !CLAY CLAY 0
.LOAM i ILOAM i LOAM
I!
c::wI-~18
..Joen
I-zwuc::wc..
HEAVINESS OF TEXTURE )
6-16
Water-Holding Capacity -1/3 and 15 Bar:These values together reflect
the amount of water that is available to a plant.The difference in the
amount of 1/3 Bar (field cap~city water)and 15 Bar (wilting point water)
gives the amount of water available for plant use.The graph above shows
these relationships for various textural classes or soils.Note that
sandy loam and sandy so Us have cons iderably reduced water supplying
potential.
Saturation Percentage:This value expresses the water content of a soil
paste that 1S saturated.In general,values over 80 may indicate high
clay contents or sodium levels.Values less than 25 may indicate coarse
textured materials that have low water supplying capabilities.
pH (1:1 and 1:5):This 1S a measure of the hydrogen ion activity in the
soil and expresses the degree of acidity or alkalinity.Soils with pH
values below 7.0 are acid,those with pH values at 7.0 are neutral and
those with pH values above 7.0 are alkaline.This influences consider-
ably the availability of plant nutrients.
Most commonly,tests for soil pH involve using both 1:1 and 1:5
dilution fac tors.In the west,the 1:5 fac tor 1S the probably the mas t
nearly correct.Generally,the 1:1 dilution factor is from 0.3 to 1.0 pH
unit less than the 1:5 factor.Soils high in sodium show a greater
gap between 1:1 and 1:5 pH values than those without sodium.The follow-
ing general rules about 1:5 values reflect soils experience in the
west:
pH >9.0 sodium problems 1n soils
8.8-9.0 usable
<8.8 soil is generally good plant growth material
It is always wise to use both sodium levels and EC values to subs tan-e
tiate the dominant soil-salt situation.
Lime (%):Values reflecting the lime content of the soil represent the
amount of calcium carbonate (CaC03)in the soil.Some I ime helps to
stabilize the soil and aids in forming good soil structure.Where lime
6-17
exceeds about 10 percent,it becomes detrimental and weakens soil struc-
ture.A common field test for lime is to use O.lN HCL.This detects low
levels of free lime.The following relationships show approximate field
levels of lime:
Violently effervescent
Mild effervescent
>2%Lime
1-2%Lime
Barely observable <1%lime
These figures will generally hold true,but specific salt combinations
may cause different responses.
Gypsum:Results for gypsum reflect the amount of calcium sulfate
(CaS04 •2H20)in the soil.Gypsum is highly soluble in water and is
quickly leached from the profile by moving water.It is commonly applied
with irrigation water to alkaline soils to remove excessive sodium from
the profile.As a material itself,it is not harmful to plant growth.
When soils are used as engineering materials,leaching of gypsum from
soil causes severe foundation settling problems.
Electrical Conductivity (ECe):This is a commonly used measure of soil
salts.It reflects the fact that the capability of the soil to transmit
electrical current depends on the kinds of salts present.The following
characterizations show the effects of various salt concentrations
as reflected by ECe values (Richards,L.A.,1954).
ECe
0-2 mmhos I cm
2-4
4-8
8-16
>16
Effect
Saline effects mostly negligible
Yield of very sensitive crops may be restricted
Yield of many crops restricted
Only tolerant crops yield satisfactorily
Only a few very tolerant crops yield
satisfactorily
A general rule is that soils with ECe values over 3 or 4 have
potential salt problems.
6-18
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP):The amount of sodium held on
exchange sites is reflected in this value.It is calculated using the
following formula:
Na+ESP =CEC x 100
This value cannot be used solely to evaluate soils,as sodium interacts
with other ions to cause saline conditions.The following general
relationships may be used as guidelines:
ESP
>12%
5-12
<5
Connnents
Generally sodic condition;will need to be
corrected for use in reclamation
Highly variable -borderline values.Sodium can
interact with magnesium in this range to disperse
soil.ESP values can sometimes go up to 10-12
without causing high SAR or ECe values.
Soils usually good for use in reclamation.
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR):This test should be used together with
ESP to determine salt balances in the soil.
following relationships:
Na+
It is calculated from the
SAR Ca+++Mg++
2
The following limits can be used to characterize soils:
SAR
>13
10-13
<10
Comments
Soil is classified as natric.Soils will commonly
be dispersed or have high ECe values.
Usually indicates alkaline soils.
Soils are generally well suited for crop growth
Organic Carbon (%):Neasures the amount of organic carbon and indir-
ect1y the amount of organic matter in the soil.
estimated using the following relationship.
OM%=O.C.%x 1.9
Organic matter can be
6-19
Soils on the arid west commonly contain from 0-1 percent organic carbon.
Very dark colored soils in the midwest contein 2-4 percent organic
carbon.Soils with organic carbon values from 12-18 percent or greater
are considered organic.
Phosphate (P2QSl :Measures the residual phosphorus ~n the soil
available to plants.For Utah soils (R.E.Lamborne,1977),the following
ratings are given for test results:
Irrigated Cropland:
Level
0-8 ppm
9-10
11 and greater
Response
Probable Response
Variable Response
Very low probability of any response
Dry Rangeland:
On the surface -the above applies ~n general
For the subsoil - a 2-3 ppm rating would be adequate
Potassium (K+):Measures the mount of potassium available ~n the soil
for plant growth.Utah soils are generally high in potassium.For
irrigated cropland,soils with over 100 ppm potassium are considered
adequate.
Nitrate-Nitrogen:This test measures the amount of nitrogen occurring as
nitrate that is present in the soil.This is the most readily available
form of nitrogen in the soil.Other forms are available only over a
longer period of time and after biological decomposition.Nitrate
nitrogen is highly soluble,and is quickly leached from the soil.
Nitrogen applied in the fall can be gone by spring from leaching.
Nitrogen fertilization ~s seasonal and should be applied for
each crop.For rangeland with a 6-inch rainfall,no response could be
expected from fertilization.In an area with 13 inches of rainfall or
6-20
more,some response could be expected from fertilizer applications of 50
lb per acre.
Carbon Exchange Capacity (CEC):This value represents the sum-total of
the exchangeable cations that a soil can absorb.It is closely related
to the clay content of a soil.It represents the nutrient supplying cap-
ability of a soil.It is,however,rarely used as a measure of soil
quality,but more often is used as an indicator of the required frequency
of fertilizer applications.
Boron and Selenium -These elements are most commonly toxic ~n western
soils.Following are levels for these elements that can be regarded as
general guidelines:
Low or Excessive
Deficient Moderate or Toxic
Selenium 0.1 ppm 0.1-1.0 >1.0
Boron 0.5 ppm 0.5-2.0 >3.0
6.1.4.2 Land Use and Demographic Surveys
Published data were used wherever possible.u.S.Bureau of Census
estimates were obtained for counties and communities in 1970 and 1975.
The 1977 estimates for San Juan County and towns were prepared by the
County Clerk,Ms.Clytie Barber.
Mr.Cleal Bradford of the Utah Navajo Development Council and
Mr.Bud Nielson of the City of Blanding were consulted regarding
population within five-and eight-mile radii of the mill site.Mr.
Bradford indicated that three residences were occupied within the area.
These included Vowell &Sons Trading Company,a residence at the Blanding
airpark,and a house owned by Mr.and Mrs.Clisbee Lyman.Each home was
then consulted regarding the number of permanent residents.
County land use statistics were published in Utah Agricultural
Statistics,1977 by the Utah Department of Agriculture.
of the project site w~s determined by direct observation.
Land use
6-21
6.1.4.3 Ecological Parameters
Vegetation
The plant ecology field program was designed to obtain quantitative
and qualitative data on the structure and production of plant communities
at the Blanding and Hanksville areas.
Plant communities -At each of the study areas communities were deline-
ated based upon aerial photo-interpretation,site reconnaissance and
interpretation of range sites distributions.At the Blanding site
determination of range site distributions was done in coordination with
Mr.Stan Powell,SCS District Conservationist,and at the Hanksville site
in coordination with Mr.Horace Andrews,SCS Area Range Conservationist.
Transects were established in each community ~n order to obtain
percent cover,density and frequency data.Transects were set out in
each vegetation community so that they ran through representative por-
tions of the communities and did not straddle more than one type.Five
one meter square quadrats were placed every 10m along a 100 m transect.
The number of transects per community type varied depending upon the size
of the community and homogeneity of the community.Plates 2.8-1 and
2.8-4 shov.'s the locations of sampling sites.Similarity coefficients
between communities were computed using Jaccords similarity coefficient
(Mueller-Dombosis and Ellenberg,1976)to confirm sampling homogeneity.
Species densities were determined by counting the number of indivi-
dual plants per quadrat.Canopy cover of each species was determined by
ocularly estimating the surface area covered by the species to the
nearest percent.Rock,litter and bareground were also estimated for
each quadrat.Mathematical computations for relative frequency,rela-
tive density and relative cover were computed using the fo Howing equa-
tions.
6-22
Number of quadrat occurrences of a species
Frequency =Total number of quadrats per community
Frequency of a species
X 100
X 100
Relative Frequency Total frequency of all species per community
Relative Density -
Density
%Cover
Sum of the individuals of a species in all quadrats
per cornnunity
Total number of quadrats per community
Mean number of individuals of a species per meter
square per community
Total mean number of all species per
meter square per community
Sum percent cover of a species in all quadrats per
community
Total number of quadrats per community
X 100
Plant species were collected on both sites during spr~ng and summer
field studies.Species collected were tentatively identified in the
field with the aid of floral keys (Harrington,1964).Specimens were
pressed,labeled and returned to the laboratory for drying.Identifica-
tions were verified at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium of the University of
Wyoming.A species list was compiled following scientific nomenclature
of the Rocky Mountain Herbarium.Common names and species'symbols
follow that of Nickerson et ale (1976).
Successional status was determined by species composition and
percent of climax vegetation present.
Production -At Blanding,the vegetative community sample s~ze of the
Pinyon-Juniper community was 25 one meter square samples,in the Big
Sagebrush community 40 one meter square samples,in the Tamarisk-Salix
community 10 one meter square samples,in the disturbed community 5 one
meter square samples,in the reseeded grassland I community 25 one meter
square samples in the reseed grassland II community 15 one meter square
samples and in the controlled Sagebrush community 25 one meter square
samples.At Hanksville in the Snakeweed-Mormon Tea-Shadscale community
10 one meter samples were taken.
6-23
Production studies where carried out on the Blanding and Hanksville
sites during the 1977 growing season,April through September.Both
sites experienced drought conditions during this period.The average
precipitation from March 30 to September 30 was 3.51 in at Blanding and
2.17 in at Hanksvi1e (See Section 2.7 for discussion of climatology of
the sites).
Where production was evident,transects were placed ~n each vegeta-
tive community in coordination with community structure studies.Since
no grazing occurred on the sites,grazing exclosures were not set up.
One meter square plots were placed every 10 m along the transect.The
plots were clipped and the wet weight of new growth for each species in
the plot determined by weighing with a hand held spring scale.The
species sampled were pooled for the entire sample and oven-dried for 24
hours at 112°C.The percent wet weight of a sample was then adjusted to
dry weight biomass by computing the percent weight loss change from the
combined wet weights of the species and multiplying the resulting percent
dry weight by the wet weights taken in the field.This method assumes
equal water loss in all samples.Production was then extrapolated to
pounds per acre.
With Big Sagebrush production samples,a percent of the current
production was taken,weighed and the resulting weight multiplied to
yield the production for the entire plant.The procedures described
above were then employed.
Wildlife
Amphibians and reptiles were observed and recorded opportunistically
during other scheduled activities of this study.A list of species
possibly occurring in the vicinity of the project areas (Appendix D)
was made based upon range distribution maps in Stebbins (1966).
In 1977 birds were censused seasonally (February,May,late June,
and October)by:1)a roadside count,where all birds sighted within a
1/4 mi radius circle at observation stops 0.5 mi (0.8 km)apart along the
->
6-24
transect route were tallied by species;and 2)a walked transect count,
where all bird sightings were tallied by species and the lateral distance
form the transect line to the sighted individual noted.Surveys were
conducted on two transects of each method on two consecutive days in each
season at each site.The roadside count (see Howell,1951)H an ef-
ficient means of sampling for an overview of bird composition and abun-
dance.The walked transect counts followed a method developed by Emlen
(1971)with the exception of not recording audibles.This method is
useful for estimating densities in selected habitats where vegetation or
other features may bias observations.Locations of transects are indi-
cated on Plates 2.8-1 and 2.8-4.A list of species possibly occur::-ing
in the vicinity of the project areas (Appendix D)was made,based upon
the sources cited at the end of Appendix D.An inventory of all birds
sighted at each site indicating their status (whether summer resident,
winter visitant,transient or year-round resident)was made based on
Behle and Perry (1975).
Determination of big game use of the project areas was based on sign
and information supplied by Messrs.Larry Wilson and Larry Dalton of the
Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.Livestock information was obtained
from the U.s.Bureau of Land Management.Mammalian predator presence was
determined by sign (scat,tracks,burrows,etc.)and opportunistic
observations.
Rabbits and hares were counted by driving on two consecutive even-
ings each season along two roadside rabbit transects at each site.All
seasonal counts were summed and reported on a per mile driven basis.The
locations of the transects are indicated on Plates 2.8-3 and 2.8-6.
Small mammal community dynamics,including abundance,diversity
and distribution by habitat were evaluated from three trap grids and two
assessment trap lines at the Blanding site and six assessment trap lines
at the Hanksville site.The trapping grid design described by Jorgenson,
Smith and Scott (1975,in press)was used.The grid consists of 12
trapping stations per line at 49 ft (15 m)intervals with 12 parallel
6-25
trapping lines spaced 15 meters apart,covering an effective trapping
area of 8.1 ac (3.2 haL One live trap (large,folding Sherman was
placed at each trapping point and checked each morning and night for a
minimum of three consecutive nights ~n the summer (August)and fall
(October).Each individual captured was ear-tagged for identification
and released where captured.Data recorded for each animal included
species identification,sex and age class.A minimum estimate of density
and biomass was determined for each important species.Relative abun-
dance was determined but the numbers of individuals trapped of all
species were too small to make meaningful population estimates using the
Lincoln Index (Smith,1974).
Assessment trapping was performed ~n important minor habitats at
the Blanding site and at the Hanksville buying station vicinity to note
the relative abundance,diversity,distribution and habitat of species in
these areas.Trap lines,set in two parallel rows 30 m apart and con-
sisting of 20 to 26 small mammal traps spaced at IS-meter intervals,were
operated for one day and night.Tagging data,recording and analysis
procedures were the same as for trapping grids.
6.1.5 Radiological Survey
Environmental radiation survey programs are currently being con-
ducted at both the Blanding and Hanksville sites to determine the
radiation levels and their variations along the potential pathways to
biota and man.These programs were begun in April 1977 and will continue
until June 1978.Baseline data collected for the full program will be
presented in the Supplemental Report.
The programs,the parameters of which are summarized in Tables
6.1-3 and 6.1-4,include measurements of radionuclide concentrations in
air,ground water,surface water,soil,vegetation and terrestrial
mammals.Tables 6.1-3 and 6.1-4 include a description of the sampling
site,sampling schedules (duration,frequency,etc.),and analyses
performed on each sample.The specific sampling locations are indicated
in Plates 2.7-10 and 2.9-1.The laboratory analyses are being performed
6-26
TABLE 6.1-3
PRE-OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM -HANKSVILLE SITE
Air
1.Downwind of near the site
the site boundary nearest
to ore piles
2.Upwind in the prevalent
wind direction
Water
Soil
1.At two locations in the
general site environs
Vegetation
1.At two locations in the
general site environs
Terrestrial Mammals
1.At two locations in the
general env~rons of the
site.
Direct Radiation
1.At two locations upwind
of the prevalent wind
direction
2.At two locations in
the general site env~rons
Particulates
Low-Volume
Sample continuously
for a seven-day
period on a
quarterly basis
Radon
Field measurements
on a quarterly basis
High-Volume
Sample continuously
for a 24-hour period
on a monthly basis
Quarterly composite
samples (as possible)
Semi-Annual
composite samples
Semi-Annual
composite samples
Semi-Annual
composite samples
(as possible)
TLD measurement read
on a monthly basis
TLD measurement read
on a quarterly basis
gross alpha,gross
beta,Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226 ,Pb-210
Radon-222
gross alpha,gross
beta,Unat,Th-230,
R-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226 ,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226 ,Pb-210
Terrestrial and
Cosmic Radiation
6-27
TABLE 6.1-4
PRE-OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM -BLANDING SITE
Air
1.Downwind of potential mill
building and ore storage
area at area of maximum
potential deposition
airborne particulates
2.Downwind,near the site
boundary nearest to mill,
ore piles and tailing
retention area.
3.Do~~wind,near the site
boundary in the direction
of the nearest residence.
Water
Particulates
Low-Volume
Sample continuously
for a seven-day
period on a
quarterly basis
Radon
Field measurements
on a quarterly basis
High-Volume
Sample continuously
for a 24-hour period
on a monthly basis
Quarterly composite
samples (as possible)
gross alpha,gross
beta,Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-2l0
Radon-222
gross alpha,gross
beta,Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Soil
1.
2.
Samples collected at
locations adjacent to low-
volume air sampling units.
At least one location
in the general site
environs.
Quarterly composite
samples
Semi-Annual composite
samples
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Vegetation
1.At each of the low-volume
air sampling stations
2.At two locations in the
general site environs.
Terrestrial Mammals
1.At two locations in the
general environs of the
site.
Direct Radiation
1.At each low-volume air
sampling station (3 TLDs
per station).
2.At two locations in
the general site environs
(3 TLDs per station).
Semi-Annual
composite samples
Quarterly composite
samples (as possible)
TLD measurement read
on a monthly basis
TLD measurement read
on a quarterly basis
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Terrestrial and
Cosmic Radiation
6-28
by LFE,Environmental Analyses Laboratories Division,Richmond,
California,and CDM/Accu-Labs,Wheat Ridge,Colorado.
6.1.5.1 Direct Environmental Radiation
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)were ~laced in triplicate
at each low-volume are sampling station,in the areas adjacent to the
high-volume air samplers and along Route 95 between Hanksville and
Blanding,(Table 6.1-5),to obtain environmental gamma radiation measure-
ments.The TLDs at the air sampling stations stations are read on a
monthly basis while the TLDs along the road are read on a quarterly
basis.
TABLE 6.1-5
PRE-OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM -HIGHWAY CORRIDOR
Direct Radiation
1.At five locations between
between Blanding and
Hanksville
TLD measurement,
read on a quarterly
basis
Terrestrial and
Cosmic Radiation
The dosimeters used are Harshaw,Model 2040 TLDs,consisting of
a dysprosium activated calcium fluoride (CaF2Dy)bulb type dosimeter
(Model 2038)enclosed in an energy compensating shield (Model 2039)
designed to minimize a characteristics over-response to low energy gamma
rays.The marked fading or loss of response with time is corrected for
by an empirically derived relationship.The correction factor used is
the measured fading over a two-week period,based on unpublished results
(Verbal Communication,Jon Olafson,Dames &Moore Radiologist,July 27,
1976)and is valid for integration periods up to 90 days.Basic dosi-
meters calibration is performed by exposure to a certified radium-226
source,with secondary calibration on a day-to-day basis by way of an
internal light source in the reader.The reader used is a Harshaw'200P
reader-integrator system,consisting of a Model 2000P reader and a
Model 2000B integrating picoameter.
6-29
6.1.5.2 Radionuclides in Soils
Soil samples are being collected at locations adjacent to the
low-volume air sampling at both the Hanksville and Blanding locations
where the potential deposition of particulates would be a maximum and in
the general site environs.The weight of each sample is approximately
1.0 kg (2.2 lbs)and is composited from the top 7.6 em (3 inches)of soil
in an area of approximately 1.0 square meter (9 square feet).Samples
are dried and analyzed by gamma spectroscopy and appropriate radiochem-
ical techniques with sensitvities of 0.5 pCi/g.
6.1.5.3 Radionuclides in Water
See Sections 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 for water sampling locations and
radionuclide analyses being performed.
6.1.5.4 Biological Radioactivity
Terrestrial Vegetation
Samples of native vegetation,grasses,shrubs and herbaceous
species are being collected at the same locations as the soil samples.
Samples of 1 Kg (2.2 lbs)wet weight are collected,ashed and analyzed by
gamma spectroscopy and appropriate radiochemical techniques with sensi-
tivities of 0.2 pCi/g.
Terrestrial Mammals
Small mammals are being collected in the environs adjacent to
the project site and Hanksville buying station wherever possible.
Samples are analyzed for specific radionuclides by gamma spectroscopy and
radiochemical techniques with sensitivities of 0.2 pCi/g.
6.1.5.5 Airborne Particulates
The locations for sampling airborne particulates were determined
primarily from the calculations of the areas of highest potential
deposition and activity resulting from effluent release from the facility
(mill,tailing area,and ore piles)during operation and site recon-
naissance.The locations encompass those indicated in NRC Regulatory
Guide 4.14.
6-30
Low-volume regulated flow au samplers (Eberline RAS-I)are being
run continuously for a seven-day period on a quarterly basis at each
designated location to collect airborne particulates.Sampling is
performed at one meter above ground to sample the breathing air zone.
The sampling rate is 50 liters per minute,providing a 504-cubic-meter
sample 1.n 168 hours.The samplers are fitted with a Gelman type AE
glass fiber filters having an efficiency greater than 99 percent for 0.3
m1cron diameter particles.Filters are changed at the end of the sample
period for each location and are sent to CDM/Accu-Lab Laboratories for
analysis.Discrete high sens itivity radiochemical analyses 0 f uranium,
radium,thorium and lead are being performed that provide sensitivities
of 2.5 pCi/filter or better.
Any variability 1n particulate activity as a function of temporal
or seasonal climatic changes will be determined by repeating the measure-
ments at predetermined intervals during the program.
High volume regulated flow a1r samples are being run at each site
for a twenty-four hour period per month.The samplers,General Metal
Works Model 2000-H,consist of a vacuum pump and a filter head assembly.
The samplers are enclosed in a protective metal housing and are mounted
on cinder blocks to give an effective sampling period.The actual flow
rate (in cubic feet per minute)is calculated from the recorded flow rate
by adjusting for pressure differences due to altitude.A General Metal
Works standard calibration curve is used for reference.
6.1.5.6 Radon Concentrations 1n Air
The initial radon-222 concentration measurements were obtained
by using the "single-filter"method.In this method,airborne particu-
lates were impinged on a filter by using a high-volume air sampler which
was run for 10 minutes.Rn-222 concentrations were determined from the
field measurement of radon-222 daughters Po-218,Pb-214 and Bi-214.The
calculation of radon-222 concentration from the daughter concentrations
was based on the assumption that radon-222 is in secular equilibrium with
6-31
its daughters.In this case the radon-222 concentration is assumed to be
twice the highest measured daughter concentration.
Subsequent ambient radon concentations are being determined by
on-site low-volume air sampling utilizating a low-volume air pump
(Eberline RAP-I)to collect an air sample.The sample is pulled through
a Gelman type AE filter to remove particulates and a dessicant for
moisture removal.The filtered al.r is collected l.n a scintillation
chamber (Eberline SC-6;1.4 liters)and counted by a scintillation
photomultiplier system (Eberline SAC-R5 and scaler).A sensitivity of
0.1 pCi/liter or better is attainable.
Any variability in radon concentrations as a function of temporal
or seasonal climatic changes will be determined by repeating the measure-
ments at predetermined intervals during the program.
6.2 PROPOSED OPERATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMS
6.2.1 Radiological Monitoring
6.2.1.1 Effluent Monitoring Program
The program to periodically monitor the airborne effluents from
various release points within the proposed mill and at the site boundary,
and leakage of liquid effluents (if any)from the tailing area is
defined in Table 6.2-1.This program conforms to the requirements of
the proposed NRC Regulatory Guide 4.14,"Measuring,Evaluating,and
Reporting Radioactivity in Releases of Radioactive Haterials in Liquid
and Airborne Effluents From Uranium Hills."A direct comparison with
the background levels of the analyzed radionuclides will be possible
because the preoperational sampling program encompasses the same loca-
tions and utilizes the same instrumentation and collection procedures.
6.2.1.2 Environmental Radiological Surveillance Program
An environmental surveillance program,will also be performed on
a regular basis in the unrestricted area around the site of the proposed
mill and tailing area.This program is described in Table 6.2-2.
,(
"
TABLE 6.2-1
'.'"..,}.;.;'+i:'
EFFLUENT MONITORING PROGRAM
Monitoring/Sampling
Location
A.Airborne Effluents
C'Each stack in the
mill except for
yellow cake drier
and packaging stack
2.Yellow cake drier
and packaging stack.
Sampling
Frequency
Semi-annually
Semi-annually
Type of Sample
Sufficient duration
to determine release
rates and concentration
Sufficient duration
to determine release
rates and concentration
Radionuc lide to
be Analyzed
Unat
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226
3.At three locations
on the site boundary
typically
a)nearest to
effluent
release sources
(combined)
b)in direction
of nearest
residence
c)at point of
estimated maximum
concentrations
Continuously
collected with
weekly change of
filters
Unat,Th-230,
Ra,226,Pb-210
(J'\
Iw
N
Radon
~t same locations
as in 3.
Continuously collected for one week
per month-several samples/week analyzed
(sampling time ~48 hours)
Radon-222
B.Liquid Effluents
2.Wells (3 or more)Quarterly
located hydrologically
dmmslope from
tailing cells
Grab Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226.(soluble
and insoluble)
TABLE 6.2-2
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRA}{
Sample Type &Location
Air
At essentially the same
locations as sampled during
the preoperational monitoring
program (not duplicating locations
designated in Table 6.2-1).
Soil
At same locations as during
preop~rational monitoring program.
Vegetation
At same locations as during
preoperational monitoring program.
Terrestrial Animals
In same locations as vegetation samples
Sampling Schedule
Quarterly
Quarterly during first year
annually in succeeding years
Annually
Annually
Radionuclide
Analysis
Unat,gross alpha
and beta,Radon-222
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-210
Unat,Th-230,
Ra-226,Pb-2l0
'"Iww
/
6-34
In addition,periodic measurements will be made in the vicinity of the
Hanksville buying station.
6.2.2 Chemical Effluent
6.2.2.1 Ground Water
The operational ground water monitoring program will be fully des-
cribed ~n the Supplemental Report.Additional information on ground
water levels and flow directions,which may influence the final design of
an operational monitoring program,will be obtained in early 1978 during
the site-specific ground water investigations at which time the pre-
operational monitoring program will be completed.The operational
program will monitor both quality and levels of ground water,as des-
cribed in Section 6.1.2.
6.2.2.2 Surface Water
Monitoring of surface water quality will continue throughout
the life of the project.Location and frequency of sampling will be as
described in Section 6.1.1.
6.2.3 Meteorological Monitoring
The preoperational scope of meteorological monitoring as described
in section 6.1.3.1 will continue during the operation phase of the
project.Monitoring needs and requirements will periodically be reviwed
and monitoring scope alterations will be made as necessary.
6.2.4 Ecological Monitoring
Aerial photography,using appropriate false-color infrared or
color processes,will be used to monitor,record,and map vegetation and
wildlife habitats,vegetation removal and recovery,and vegetation
health.Photography will be scheduled and coordinated with project
activities and with natural biotic events (e.g.,maximum spring bloom)to
enhance the usefulness of the monitoring efforts.This will provide a
record of construction and milling activities and will document the
effects,if any,of the proposed project on the project site and en-
virons.Aerial photography will also be useful for documentation of
6-35
natural environmental stresses such as drought which may encroach on the
project site.
Additional terrestrial
reclamation and restoration
9.0.
monitoring will consist of managing the
of affected areas as discussed in Section
7-1
7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ACCIDENTS
7.1 MILL ACCIDENTS
A spectrum of potential mill accidents ranging from trivial to
serious has been established by classes of occurrence and each class of
accident evaluated (Table 7.1-1).
accidents are also described.
Emergency plans for coping with the
TABLE 7.1-1
SPECTRUM OF POTENTIAL MILL ACCIDENTS
Type of Accident
Failure of tailing retention system
Tank or pipe leakage
Tank or pipe breakage major
Electrical power failure
Process equipment malfunction
Operator error
Tornado
Fire,m~nor
Fire,major
Transportation accident
Earthquake,intensity 5 or greater
Severity
4
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
4
Probability
3
1
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
3
The severity of accidents is based on their potential impact on
the environment and is not a measure of dollar loss or employee injury.
The categories in Table 7.1-1 are:
1 Trivial -No impact.Necessary repairs made.
2 =Insignificant -No impact.Corrective action taken.
3 =Significant -Slight impact.Corrective action taken.
4 =Serious -Corrective action necessary.Minor local impact.
5 =Very serious -Corrective action necessary.Major local
and/or regional impact.
7-2
The probability categories ~n Table 7-1 are defined as follows:
1 =Probable -expected to occur during operating life of the plant.
Z =Improbable -possibly one or two of these events can be
expected to occur during the life of the plant.
3 =Highly Improbable -not expected to occur during the life
of the project.
7.1.1 Failure of Tailing Retention and Transport Systems
Four events that could cause release of tailing water and solids
outside of the proposed tailing impoundment area are discussed below.
The volume of loss from the system and the area covered could vary
considerably depending upon cause or causes of failure,the size of the
system's failure,the volume of water available for erosion and transport
of the tailing,and the density of the tailing and its general resis-
tance to erosion and flow.If tailing escapes to the environment,by
whatever means,water will tend to transport the tailing downslope toward
Cottonwood Wash,then to the San Juan River and the closest downslope
population,at Bluff,Utah some 20 miles away.The movement of tailing
would probably require many years,since tailing is essentially sand size
particles and is not easily transported except by rapidly flowing water
which ~s rarely present near tailing embankments.No physical damage
would occur because of an embankment failure,even if it were instan-
taneous,because the maximum depth of water in the cells would be about 2
feet (stored water plus the probable maximum precipitation).This water
would not discharge rapidly because of its shallow depth.Each of the
possible failure events is discussed below:
7.1.1.1 Flood Water Breaching of Retention System
In general,flood water breaching of tailing embankments presents
one of the greatest dangers for the sudden release of tailing and ~m­
pounded water.For this project,however,because of the design of the
tailing retention system and drainage basin involved,this danger is
eliminated.Within the tailing cells themselves,both during operation
and after reclamation,sufficient volume will be available to store any
7-3
flood which would occur,including the probable max~mum flood.The
drainage basin upstream of the tailing retention facility does not
contribute water to the impounded area.Flood waters which flow towards
the tailing dikes will be stored upstream of the upstream dike where
flood waters will be evaporated over a period of time (see Section 9.5.1
and Appendix H).
The possibility of floods ~n Westwater Creek,Corral Creek or
Cottonwood Wash causing damage to the tailing dam is extremely remote.
This is due to the aproximately 200-foot elevational difference between
the streambeds of the creeks and the toe of the tailing dikes.
7.1.1.2 Overflow of Tailing Slurry
The retention system could overflow caus~ng the discharge of
tailing materials to the surrounding hydrologic environment only if the
tailing system were operated unattended for several months.The tail-
ing in the first cell will r~se a total of 32 feet in 5 years of maximum
production.This converts to a rate of 6.4 feet per year.A minimum of
5 feet of freeboard will be maintained at the top of the tailing.In
order to produce an overflow of tailing slurry,the tailing level would
have to rise to the maximum level;this would have to be followed by more
than 9 months of unattended operation at maximum production rate.During
regular operation,the retention system operator will make frequent and
regular inspections of the cell and tailing level to insure safe opera-
tion.
7.1.1.3 Structural Failure of Tailing Dikes
Failure of the tailing dikes which would produce a potential
release of waste from the tailing area is possible by three basic modes:
(1)spontaneous slope failure due to internal pore water pressures,(2)
failure due to earthquake,0)failure due to flood water breaching.
Such failures are considered extremely unlikely for the following
reasons:
7-4
(1)The stabilities of both upstream and downstream slopes at
various cross-sections have been checked.The minimum factor
of safety encountered was 2.21.Because the tailing cells
will be lined,no seepage ~s expected through the embankments.
Because the project is in an arid region,the only water
available for producing pore water pressures will be direct
precipitation.This water is expected to penetrate 12 inches
or less into the surface of the tailing dikes,thereby pre-
senting very little possibility for pore pressures.
(2)The site is ~n a low seismic risk area.Potential earthquakes
are defined as minor and would not be sufficiently severe to
cause failure of the system.A stability analysis has been
done on the embankments using a static analysis with the 0.1 g
horizontal loading.The minimum factor of safety encountered
in this analysis was 1.65.This very conservative analysis has
produced a very high factor of safety compared to typical water
retention dams.
(3)Failure of the embankments due to overtopping by flood waters
is extremely remote,as discussed in Section 7.1.1.1 above.
7.1.1.4 Seismic Damage to Transport System
The rupture of the tailing retention slurry pipeline would result ~n
a minor impact on the environment.The tailing retention system pipe,as
planned,will be in the same drainage basin as the retention system.Any
tailing slurry released by a pipe rupture,no matter what the cause,
would flow downhill where it would be impounded against the tailing dike.
This would prevent any spillage or escape of the tailing slurry (see
Appendix H).
7.1.2 Minor Pipe or Tank Leakage
Minor leaks resulting from loose connections in p~p~ng or tanks
overflowing,etc.,will be collected in sumps designed for this type of
spill.Sump pumps will be used to return the material to the circuit and
the reason for the spill determined and corrected.No environmental
impact would result from this type of occurrence.
7-5
7.1.3 Major Pipe or Tank Breakage
All of the mill drainage including chemical storage tanks will
flow into a large catchment basin upstream from the tailing impoundment
site.
If a tank collapses and results in the escape of a large quantity of
liquids,chemicals or slurry,they would be collected in the catchment
basin upstream from the tailing retention system.Liquids from such a
spill would be pumped back to the mill or to the tailing cell.Chemicals
would be recovered for the mill if suitable,or transferred to the
tailing cell or even neutralized in the catchment basin.Residue from a
slurry loss would be cleaned up and contaminated soil would be removed
and disposed of in the tailing retention system.
7.1.4 Electrical Power Failure
Temporary loss of electrical power to various sections within
the mill or throughout the entire mill would cause no more than a tank or
vessel to overflow temporarily.No impact would result from such an
occurrence.Emergency lights will be situated in various parts of the
mill that will activate during power failure enabling personnel to take
appropriate action.
Electrical or mechanical failure to the yellow cake scrubber fan
could temporarily cause more than normal amounts of yellow cake to be
discharged to atmsophere.Such an occurrence would be noticed very
quickly,as the temperature on the yellow cake dryer would elevate
quickly.An audible signal would activate as a result of the increase in
temperature and the dryer would be shut down.
7.1.5 Process Equipment Malfunction and/or Operator Error
Process equipment malfunction and operator error could result
~n several different types of accidents.However,none of these would
result in any environmental impact,with the exception of the tailing
line breakage,yellow cake scrubber failure and yellow cake dryer
explosions which are described elsewhere.
7-6
7.1.6 Tornado
The most significant environmental impact from a tornado would
be transport of tailing from cells or liquids from mill process tanks
into the environment.This dispersed material would contain some
uranium,radium and thorium.An increase ~n background radiation could
result and,if sufficient quantities could be detected and isolated,
they would be cleaned up.
7.1.7 Minor Fire
Small fires that might result from welding ~n the maintenance
shop or involving small amounts of combustible material could occur but
would be unlikely because of industrial safety precautions.Such a fire
would be extinguished rapidly and no impact expected.
7.1.8 Major Fire
The most likely place a major fire would occur would be in the
solvent extraction building or in the yellow cake or vanadium roasters.
If the solvent in the solvent extraction circuit should catch
on fire or an explosion of the yellow cake dryer should occur,the
radiological environmental effects would be confined within an estimated
few hundred feet of the building.Recovery of the uranium scattered by
the explosion or burning solvent would be cleaned up by removing the
topsoil and processing it in the mill.
The possibility of a fire as a result of an explosion in the yellow
cake dryer is remote as Industrial Safety Codes will be strictly enforced
during construction and operation.The possibility of a major fire in
the solvent extraction buildings is remote,as very strict safety pre-
cautions will be adhered to.Furthermore,this part of the process will
be kept isolated and in separate buildings due to the large quantities of
kerosene present.These facilities will be equipped with an independent
fire detection and protection system.
7-7
In spite of the safety precautions,if a major fire were to occur,
the radiological environmental effects would be confined within a few
hundred feet of the buildings.Recovery of uranium that would be scat-
tered by the burning solvent would be performed and a survey of the site
would be required.Uranium bearing soil would be processed ~n the mill
circuit.
In the past several years,two solvent extraction fires have occur-
red at other uranium mills.Neither fire resulted in appreciable release
of uranium to the unrestricted environmental and essentially complete
recovery of the uranium was obtained.Consequently,the impact from such
an event at the proposed mill would be limited to (1)cleanup of contam-
inated solid,(2)replacement of destroyed mill components,and (3)a
short duration release of nonradioactive combustion products to the
atmosphere.
7.2 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS
Concentrates will be shipped ~n sealed 55-gallon drums built to
withstand normal handling and minor accidents.Each drum will contain
approximately 900 pounds of yellow cake.A maximum of 60 drums will be
shipped in each closed van.The drums will be sealed and marked "Radio-
active LSA"(low specific activity),and the trucks will be properly
marked.Because most of the radioactive daughter products of uranium are
removed in the extraction process and radioactive buildup of daughter
products ~s slow,yellow cake has a very low level of radioactivity and
is,therefore,classified by the Department of Transportation as a low
specific material.
The environmental impact of a transportation accident involving
release of the product would be minimal.Even in a severe accident,
drums would likely be breached and,since yellow cake has a high density,
it would not easily disperse.More than likely,the drums and any
released material would remain within the damaged vehicle or in an area
of close proximity of the accident site.
7-8
Even if the yellow cake were to spill out of the vehicle,it could
be detected easily by sight and by the use of survey equipment.Thus,
the yellow cake could be reclaimed to prevent any significant environ-
mental impact.At most,the cleanup operation would involve removing
small amounts of pavement,topsoil and vegetation in the immediate
area of the accident.
Proper and safe shipment guidelines for radioactive materials
will be the responsbility of the Radiation Safety Officer,with actual
shipment being the Shipping Department's responsibility.
Driver or carrl.er instructions will be given to each driver of
each transport leaving the plant site with a load of yellow cake.These
instructions will consist of an explanation of the product,preliminary
precautions at the accident site,whom to notify and what to do in case
of fire.A copy of these instructions is included in the Application for
Source Material License.
7.2.1 Special Training for Yellow Cake Transport Accidents
Energy Fuels will select and train capable personnel to prepare for
any eventuality of this nature.A team will be supervised by the radia-
tion safety officer or plant superintendent,or his appointee.This team
will have good background knowledge in radiation safety as is required.
Further training in containment,recovery,decontamination,and the
equipment needed to control such a spill will be given on a semi-annual
basis.
In the event of a spill of any magnitude,the team will have been
adequately trained and provided with the equipment to contain and
decontaminate any accident site.The training and the equipment required
to accomplish this task are,for the most part,listed below.Respon-
sibility assignment will be directed by the supervisor of the team.
7-9
7.2.2 Spill Countermeasures
Proper authorities will be notified.The Region IV Director,
Office of Investigation and Enforcement,U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commis-
sion,Arlington,Texas;State Public Health Department;and the Depart-
ment of Environmental Quality,or equivalent,in the state wherein the
accident occurred will be immediately notified by the Applicant.Train-
ing of personnel as set forth by the National Fire Protection Associa-
tion,Pub 1ication SPP-4A,"Handling Radiation Emergenc ies ,"1977,wi11 be
utilized as applicable.
Immediate containment of the product will be achieved by covering
the spill area with plastic sheeting or equivalent material to prevent
wind and water eros~on.If sheeting is not available,soil from the
surrounding area will be used.Embankment ditching would be used to
contain any runoff caused by precipitation.
All human and vehicular traffic through the spill area will be
restricted.The area would be cordoned off if possible.All non-
participants will be restricted to 50 feet from the accident site.Law
enforcement officers may be asked to assist in this activity.
Covered containers and removal equipment--i.e.,large plastic
sheeting,radioactive signs,ropes,hoses,shovels,axes,stakes,heavy
equipment (front-end loaders,graders,etc.),will be procured to clean
up the yellow cake,as required.
If possible,during removal activities,a wetting agent will be
applied in a fine spray to assist in dust abatement.Plain water will be
used if a wetting agent is not available,but has a tendency to cause
dusting if not applied in a very fine mist.
Gloves,protective clothing,and any personal clothing contaminated
during cleanup operations will be encased in plastic bags and returned to
the plant for decontamination.
7-10
Any fire at the site will be controlled by local experienced
fire fighting personnel wearing appropriate respiratory protective
equipment.
Team members will have a thorough knowledge in basic first aid and
of the physical hazards in inhalation,ingestion,or absorption of
radionuclides.Team members will adequately protect themselves.
7.2.3 Emergency Actions
Emergency procedures will be established by the Radiation Safety
Officer for accidents that could occur.
Personnel safety,environmental conditions and prompt corrective
actions will be taken as well as notification of regulatory official,as
is required.
7.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE
Energy Fuels intends to maintain quality in design,construction and
operation of the mill.A qualified engineering and construction company
will be contracted to design and construct the plant.Energy Fuels will
review design and construction plans and performance continually by
qualified personnel,in order to insure that quality assurance is ob-
tained at all times.The mill manager or his assigned representative
will inspect all equipment prior to acceptance.
Operational quality assurance will be the responsibility of the
mill manager.Operational control methods will be established and
approved by the mill manager and radiation safety officer.Continual
monitoring of the operations will be conducted by qualified staff and
supervisors.Operational reports from each unit operation,including
tailing retention,will be submitted to the mill manager on a daily
basis.These reports will be submitted by the various operators and the
responsibility of the shift foreman.These reports will be reviewed
daily by the mill foreman,mill metallurgist and mill manager.
7-11
Regular Inspections will be made continually by the shift foreman
who will notify either the mill foreman or mill manager immediately upon
discovery of any unusual condition.
An inventory of in-process uranium,as well as finished product
and uran~um ~n ore at the site,will be performed cn a monthly basis.A
metallurgical balance of processed uranium will also be performed on a
monthly basis.
8-1
8.0 ECONO}1IC AND SOCIAL EFFECTS OF MILL CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
This section 1S a summary of impacts described 1n detail 1n Sections
4.1.3 and 5.5.2.
8.1 BEh"'EFITS
The major benefit of the proposed project would be the production
of 1.6 million pounds of uranium oxide annually for 15 years,represent-
ing a total of 25 million pounds.Output of the Energy Fuels mill would
substantially increase the national supply of uranium oxide for energy
development.
Construction and operation of the proposed mill would provide up to
250 short-term and 80 long-term jobs in the Blanding area.The economic
base of southeastern Utah is heavily dependent on tourism and agri-
culture,which are seasonal in nature and subject to wide fluctuations 10
activity.Mill operation would contribute to econom1C stability by
providing yeur-round employment for 15 years.Every effort would be made
to hire local residents,which would mitigate adverse impacts associated
with a large population influx.Wage and salary payments would have a
stimulating effect on the local and regional economies.Similarly,the
procurement of supplies and equipment for construction and operation of
the mill would have positive impacts on the regional,state and national
economies.
Tax revenue would benefit federal,state,county and municipal
governments as a direct and indirect result of the proposed project.
Corporate income tax payments would be substantial and,together with
personal income taxes of the project work force,would benefit the
federal and state governments.Property taxes assessed against the mill
would benefit San Juan County,the San Juan School District,and various
political subdivisions.In addition,sales tax revenue would accrue to
the state and county as a result of personal consumption expenditures of
8-2
the project work force and the local procurement of supplies and equip-
ment for mill construction and operation.
Table 8.1-1 summarizes the quantifiable benefits discussed above.
8.2 COSTS
Internal costs would total $38 million during the construction
phase and $10.5 million each year of operation.
External costs would be borne by the state,county and municipal
governments.The State of Utah and San Juan,Wayne,and Garfield
Counties would experience increased road maintenance costs due to heavy
truck traffic during construction and operation.Other governmental
costs would stem from the need to accommodate an increase in population.
San Juan County would be faced with higher expenditures for public
services,particularly recreation,health and public safety.The San
Juan County School District would pay higher operating costs.The
primary impact communities of Blanding,Bluff and Monticello would be
faced with increased capital improvement expenditures and higher annual
operating costs for services which are particularly sensitive to the
number of residents.The external costs of accommodating the project-
induced population increment are discussed with regard to the long-term
operation phase only.The construction phase would last one year,and
most of the imported workers would be in the Blanding area for several
months or less.Thus,local government costs would be minimal and
temporary.Probable,quantifiable governmental expenditures necessitated
by construction and operation of the mill are summarized in Table 8.2-1.
Non-quantifiable costs would include adverse impacts on the quality
of life and the disruption of community cohesion and stability poten-
tially resulting from a rapid influx of up to 150 construction workers.
This would represent a temporary impact;construction workers would be
replaced by a smaller operating work crew in February 1980.The operat-
ing employees would be permanent residents of the area.Because every
effort would be made to hire as many local residents as possible,
8-3
TABLE 8.1-1
QUANTIFIABLE BENEFITS a
(1977 Dollars)
Construction
Phase
(Total)
Operation
Phase
(Annual)
Internal Benefit
Gross revenue from U308 production
External Benefits
Wage and salary payments
Personal income taxes
Personal consumption expenditures
State sales tax revenue (4.5%)
County sales tax revenue (0.5%)
Procurement of supplies and equipment
Southeastern Utah
Other areas in Utah
Other states
Sales tax revenue ~n Utah (5%)
Property taxes against the mill
aBlank spaces indicate no applicable data
7,000,000
1,344,000
2,492,000
112,100
12,500
18,000,000
1,800,000
9,000,000
7,200,000
540,000
67,184,000
1,365,000
188,400
522,800
23,500
2,600
456,000
8-4
TABLE 8.2-1
QUANTIFIABLE COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED PROJECTa
(1977 Dollars)
Construction
Phase
(Total)
Operation
Phase
(Annual)
Internal Costs
Mill Construction
Mill Operation
Local Property Tax Payments
Reclamation Costs
External Costs
San Juan County
Increased Health,Recreation and Public
Safety Expendituresexpenditures
San Juan School District
Increased Operating Expenditures
38,000,000
10,500,000
456,000
1,400-2,100
30,090
Primary Impact Communities:Blanding,Monticello and Bluff
Capital Improvement Expenditures 70,000
Increased Operating Expenditures
aBlank spaces indicate no applicable data
1,400-2,100
·8-5
population growth directly resulting from mill operation 1S not expected
to constitute a major adverse impact on local communities.
Adverse impacts on regional highway systems would s tern from the
transportation of uranium ore from mines throughout southeastern Utah to
Energy Fuels buying stations at Hanksville and Blanding and from the
Hanksville buying station to the mill.Ore movement would require a
substantial increase in truck traffic,with potential ramifications on
recreational enjoyment and highway safety in Glen Canyon National Recre-
ation Area,Manti-La Sal National Forest,Canyonlands National Park,and
other areas in southeastern Utah.
9-1
9.0 RECLAMATION AND RESTORATION
9.1 EXISTING AND PROPOSED LAND USE AND ECOSYSTEM EVALUATION
9.1.1 Project Site
The on-site ecosystem was originally a semi-desert Big Sagebrush
shrubland and Pinyon-Juniper woodland.The dominant Big Sagebrush
vegetation has been cleared in many places and reseeded with grasses,
primarily Crested Wheatgrass,in an attempt to improve the rangeland ror
livestock grazing.Some small areas were plowed prior to being reseeded.
The majority of the area has been grazed by livestock,some very heavily.
Soils on the project site are relatively uniform and are adequate
for reclamation.In these soils,about 1 foot of the surrace material is
leached and contains some organic matter and roots.Soil materials down
to a depth of 5-6 feet are all generally adequate for use in reclamation.
Revegetation of affected areas will be for the purpose of returning
it to livestock range and wildlife habitat through establishment of a
mixture of grasses,forbs and shrubs.
9.1.2 Hanksville Buying Station
The surrounding ecosystem consists of a desert shrub land on low-
lying alluvial fans that are heavily gullied on some areas but have a
basic 2 to 4 percent slope.The predominant vegetation consists of
Shadscale Saltbrush,Snakeweed and Mormon Tea.The vicinity has been
grazed by cattle and is used as rangeland.
Soils in the vicinity of the Hanksville buying station are variable
in terms of their quality.In general they are very thin alkaline sandy
loams.Soils on about half the area surveyed (see Section 2.10.1.2 and
Plate 2.10-2)have gypsum or salt contents too high for use in reclama-
tion.In contrast,about half the area has 30 inches or soil material
that would be good for use in reclamation and are adequate to reclaim
the buying station site.
9-2
Reclamation of the 9-acre disturbed area will be for the purpose of
restoring the site as rangeland cmd will emphasize establishment of a
mixture of grasses and shrubs.
9.2 PLANS FOR RECLAIMING AND RESTORING AFFECTED AREAS
9.2.1 Tailing Retention System
The following plan will be implemented sequentially for the three
tailing cells as each is inactivated,approximately after the fifth year
of operation,the tenth year of operation,and at termination of the pro-
ject.The reclamation plan has been designed to provide both long term
stabilization of tailing and controlled release of radioactivity.
9.2.1.1 Summary of Tailing Retention Plan
The proposed mill will have an acid leach process and a 2,000-ton
per day capacity.The project site is located approximately 6 miles
south of Blanding,Utah and will include an existing ore buying station
as well as the proposed mill and a tailing retention system.A more
detailed description of the project ~s provided in Section 3.0.
The proposed tailing retention plan calls for the disposal of
mill tailing in three partially excavated rectangular cells southwest of
the mill site,each approximately 4,000 feet long,650 feet wide and 35
feet deep.Each of the three cells ~s designed to contain five years
of tailing;thus,reclamation will occur at approximately five-year
intervals.
A basic feature of this retention plan ~s the lining of each cell
(excavated trench and surrounding dike)with chlorinated polyethylene or
an equivalent liner.Before the first cell is filled,the second would
be constructed and a portion of the material excavated from the second
would be used as cover for the first cell.Similarly,excavation of
the third cell would provide cover material for the second and would be
completed before the second would be reclaimed.It is currently esti-
mated that approximately 300,000 cubic yards of material will have to
be excavated to cover the third cell.This cover material will either
9-3
come from excavation of this cell or will be excavated from an area
immediately south of the western edge of the third cell.For radio-
logical calculations,the total storage volume of the three tailing cells
was estimated at 9.0 x 106 cubic yards and it was assumed that they
will cover a total maximum surface area of approximately 210 acres.The
total disturbed area for tailing retention is estimated to be 249 acres.
More detailed discussions of the tailing retention plan,alterna-
tives considered and the reasons for rejecting the other alternatives may
be found in Sections 3.0 and 10.0 and in Appendix H.
9.2.1.2 Cover Material
This section presents the results of an analytical study evaluating
various cover materials that could be utilized for post-operational
tailing reclamation.
The criteria used in evaluating alternative cover materials for
post-operational tailing reclamation were:
A reduction in the gamma radiation to essentially background
levels;
A reduction in the radon emanation flux from the affected surface
to not greater than twice background levels;.
Minimization of monitoring and long-term maintenance require-
ments;
The cost effectiveness of each alternative;
Suitability for revegetation.
A general description of the various materials and the estimated
costs of each are summarized in Table 9.2-1.
9.2.1.3 Background Radioactivity
Radon Emanation
At the present time,there are neither measurements of the radon-222
flux at the proposed tailing retention site nor in the general environs
of the site.A program is currently being conducted to determine these
values.Background radon-222 fluxes can be estimated from the average
9-4
Description
TABLE 9.2-1
ALTERNATIVE COVER MATERIALa EVALUATED FOR TAILING MANAGEMENT
Cost (x $1000)bAlternative
1 Regrade partially dried tailing.
Cover with 9.0 feet of silt/sand
material.Add 1/2 foot of mixed
topsoil and sand,fertilize and
revegetate.
1,749
2 Regrade partially dried tailing.
Cover with 17.0 feet of si1t/sand-
sand mixture.Add 1/2 foot of
mixed topsoil and sand,fertilize
and revegetate.
2,938
3 Regrade partially dried tailing.
Cover with more than 20.0 feet of
sand,fertilize and revegetate.
4,032
4 Regrade partially dried tailing.
Cover with 2.0 inch thick asphalt
cap followed by 3.0 feet of si1t/
send material.Add 1/2 foot of
mixed topsoil and sand,fertilize
and revegetate.
653
aA search is being conducted for an adequate supply of Mancos Shale or
clay.If such material is available,it will be evaluated as an alternative
cover and discussed in the Supplemental Report.
bCos t is estimate for total 210-acre surface assumed for combined 3-ce11
configuration.
9-5
radium-226 concentration of soil samples collected within the project
site boundaries by using a conversion factor of 1.6 pCi/m2-sec of
radon-222 per pCi/g of radium-226 in soil (Schiager,1974).An average
radiurn-226 concentration of 0.470 pCi!g of soil was obtained for the
collected soil samples.This concentration yields a background radon-222
?flux of 0.752 pCi/m--sec.
Background Gamma Radiation
An on-going program is being conducted to document the environmental
dosage at the project site (Section 2.9.2.8).The results of this
program will be presented in the Supplemental Report.The average annual
dose attributable to terrestrial and man-made sources is presently
estimated to be 74 mrem.
9.2.1.4 Tailing Radioactivity
The tailing slurry discharged from the mill will be a well-mixed
combination of sands and slimes.It has been assumed that the radium
content of the tailing will be homogeneous and that there will be a
concentration of 353 pCi of radium-226 per gram of tailing.Since there
are no physical separation processes planned for post-entrainment,it is
assumed that this concentration will exist at all times prior to recla-
mation.
Tailing Radon Flux
No data are currently available on the radon fluxes from the pro-
jected tailing.
The radon-222 flux from the tailing)prior to reclamation,is
estimated to be 38.9 pCi of Rn-222 per m2-sec (see Section 3.3.2.5).
Tailing Gamma Radiation Exposure Rates
Estimation of the gamma exposure above the tailing can be obtained
by multiplying the calculated radium-226 concentration in the tailing by
a conversion factor of 2.5 ~R/hr (Schiager,1974).Multiplication of the
9-6
average tailing Ra-226 concentration of 353 pCi/g by the above conversion
factor gives an exposure rate of 882.5 l1R/hr/or 7,736 mrem per year.
9.2.1.5 Radioactivity Attenuation
Cover Materials
There are essentially two types of naturally occurring materials
available on site which could be used to cover the tailing area,a
silt-sand and a sand.A more detailed description of these materials
is provided in Appendix H.A search is being made for economic clay
deposits in the vicinity of the project site.
Radon Attenuation
The model chosen for calculating the thickness of material necessary
to reduce radon emanation to not greater than twice background is the one
quoted by Clements,et a1 (1978).The model consists of a uniform layer
of material of finite thickness,covering a material of "infinite"
thickness,as illustrated below.Both materials are assumed to contain
radium and are capable of producing and diffusing radon.
~:
l'z
t :."COVER
1-1ATERIAL
TAILING
Idealized Sketch of the Model Used for Gaseous Diffusion
9-7
The steady state equation governing the diffusion of radon into the
atmosphere from these layers is:
D 32 C -\c +P =0
a2
z
(1)
where:
C is the radon concentration 1n the interstitial space (pCi/cm3)
D =is the effective diffusion coefficient,i.e.,the diffusion
coefficient divided by the porosity (cm2/sec)
P =is the specific radon production rate in the interstitial space
(pCi/sec cm3 )
The boundary conditions appropriate to the problem are:
(2)
z=t z=t
(3)
gives
C1 (z=O)= 0
Substituting the solutions of (1)into (2)-(5)and noting
(4)
(5)
J(z=O)
(6)
9-8
where:
J (z=O)Surface Flux (pCi/m2-sec)
J b Background Flux (pCi/m2-sec)
a D1/D2 (Dimensionless)
r 1 =JA/D1 (cm)-l
t =Thickness of Cover Material (cm)
Defining J T as the flux from the uncovered tailing the above
may be rearranged in the form
J(z=O)
Jb =
(7)
It should be noted that the term in the square brackets is the
model used by Tanner (1964),Alekseev et ale (1957)and others.
The term J(z=O)/Jb represents the ratio of the surface flux
to the background and must be less than 2.0 to fill the criteria on radon
flux emanation.
Because of tediousness of substituting different values of thickness
~n the above equation a computer program was written to solve the right
hand side for 1/2 foot increments of cover material thickness for various
diffusion coefficients and flux ratios,i.e.,tailing to background
flux.The code is designed to terminate when the thickness of cover
reached ~s sufficient to reduce the ratio J(z=O)/Jb to less than
2.0.
The unknown parameters ~n the model are the effective diffusion
coefficients of the tailing and the cover materials.
9-9
The diffusion coefficient of the ultimately dry tailing ~s
-2 2estimatedtobel.Oxl0 en /sec.The estimate was made
based on published values of similar types of material (Sears et
aI.,1975;Tanner,1964;Alekseev et aI.,1957)and the expected
homogeneous nature of the tailing.It is expected that the finer
grade (-200 mesh)material will take up much of the bulk void
space,thus decreasing the allowable pathways for radon diffusion
so this value may be considered a conservative overestimate.
-The diffusion coefficient of the silt-sands found ~n the area
is estimated at 1.Oxl0-2 cm2/sec.
- A diffusion coefficient of 6.8xlO-2 cm2/sec for the sands.
-The diffusion coefficient of a mixture of these two materials
~s estimated at 3.4xlO-2 cm2/sec.Such a material would have
to be well mixed to reduce interstitial voids in the sand.
Substitution of these values and the value of the ratio of the
tailing to background flux in the right hand side of Equation 7 allows
the determination of radon reduction versus cover material.Table 9.2-2
presents the results of these calculations for various thicknesses of
different cover materials.
As is obvious,a thickness of 9.0 feet of silt-sand reduces the
surface radon flux to less than twice background.A mixture of silt-sand
and sand or a cover of sand would require 16 feet or >20 feet,respec-
tively,to achieve the same goal.
It should be noted that most of the attenuation occurs in the
first few feet of material.The first six feet of the silt/sand,
for example,reduces the ratio of the uncovered tailing radon flux
to background by an order of magnitude.The remainder of the material
~s basically needed to compensate for the radium in the cover and
the residual component of the tailing flux.
9-10
TABLE 9.2-2
THICKNESS OF COVERS VS.RATIO OF RADON SURFACE FLUX
TO RADON BACKGROUND FLUX FOR VARIOUS COVER MATERIALS
Thickness of
Covers (Feet)
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
Silt/Sand
33.6
21.9
14.4
9.6
6.5
4.6
3.3
2.5
<2
Silt/Sand-Sand
44.8
33.0
26.2
25.3
20.4
16.4
13.2
10.6
8.6
7.0
5.7
4.7
3.9
3.3
2.8
2.4
2.1
<2
Sand
48.1
43.7
39.1
34.6
30.2
26.2
22.6
19.5
16.7
14.4
12.3
10.6
9.1
7.8
6.8
5.9
5.1
4.5
3.9
3.5
9-11
Gamma Radiation Attenuation
Theoretically,each foot of packed earth cover will reduce the
gamma exposure rate by approximately an order of magnitude.(Gamma Ray
attenuation is heavily dependent on atomic electron interactions e.g.,
Compton collisions,photoelectric absorption,so that the absolute type
of material,clay,etc.,is irrelevant to this discussion.)Thus,
considering the worse case,9.0 feet of cover material,the reduction is
of the order of 109 •This would reduce the gamma dose of 7,736 mrem/
year to significantly less than 0.001 mrem/year.
9.2.1.6 Tailing Reclamation Alternatives
Several tailing disposal concepts were considered prior to selec-
tion of the proposed plan (e.g.,conventional surface disposal at a
number of locations);these are discussed in Section 10.0 and Appendix
H.
Four tailing reclamation alternatives were considered for the
proposed plan using the results of the previous section for radon attenu-
ation.The total cost of each alternative was derived from the component
costs for each phase of the reclamation.
Two costs are fixed for each alternative,the cost of twenty
years of monitoring on a regular basis·and the cost of revegetation.
The first of these was conservatively estimated at $5,000/year and
includes the costs of radon measuring equipment and quarterly surveys.
An average cost of revegetation,$600/acre,was used but it should be
recognized that this cost varies appreciably throughout the southwest and
is heavily dependent on a number of parameters (Kennedy et al.,1977).
Individual alternative cover costs were estimated from the following
simple formula.
Cover Cost =k x A x t x c x f (I,d)(8)
31613.3 yd lacre.
9-12
where:
2 1 3 3k43560(ft lacre)x 27 (yd 1ft)
A Area covered (acres)
t =Thickness of cover (ft)
c =Average cost per cubic yard of cover
f(l,d)empirical correction factor dependent on the distance
the material is hauled (1)and the degree of difficulty
of compacting,grading,etc.,for the case unity•
.It should be noted that,1.0 all the calculations,the background
flux quote is based on non-secular equilibrium for the thorium,radium
ratio.
If secular equilibrium were assumed,i.e.a natural soil value
of 0.71 pCi/g of radium,the radon flux would be 1.15 pCi/m2-sec.
The effect on the thickness of cover material would be to reduce it by
approximately 1.5 to 2.0 feet.This would reduce the estimated cost
of the alternatives by $508,000 to $678,000,respectively.This cost
adjustment may be made as more data become available.
Similarly,as more data are gathered,further reduction may become
evident.Graphically,it can be shown that 4 feet of material are
sufficient to reduce radon flux to levels comparable with other parts of
Utah,e.g.Moab.This further reduction would essentially divide the
costs for reclamation of the tailing retention system by one-third to
one-half.
A search is being conducted for suitable clay material as an
alternative cover.If this search is successful,that alternative will
be evaluated in the Supplemental Report.
The folloy,Ting costs were developed using the assumption that a
portion of the cover material would be that material initially excavated
9-13
(see Appendix H)and that excavation costs would be absorbed as opera-
tional expenditures not reclamation expenditures.
Alternative I -Silt-Sand Cover With One Half Foot of Mixed Sand and
Topsoil
Approximately 9.0 feet of silt-sand material would be placed
over the dried tailing.The area would be contoured and compacted.
Approximately one-half foot of mixed topsoil and sand would be placed
on the cover to help promote revegetation.Artifical fertilization
and revegetation would follow.The cost of this alternative would be
approximately as follows:
27,200
126,000
100,000
$1,749,200
=
=
=
Total Cost
Cover Cost:
333(43,560 ft /acre x 210 acres x 9.0 feet x 1/27 yd /ft )less
(749,000 yd3 previously excavated)x 0.65 =$1,496,000
Mixed Topsoil and Sand:
31613.3 yd /ft acre x 210 acres x 0.5 ft x $0.16
Revegetation:$600/acre x 210 acres
Monitoring:(20 years)
$5,000/year x 20 years
/"
Thus,the estimated cost of this alternative,including costs
of moving and compacting the volume of cover material,revegetation and
monitoring for 20 years is $1,749,200.
Alternative II - A Mixture of Silt-Sand and Sand with One Half
Foot of Mixed Sand and Topsoil
Alternative II involves reducing the radon flux and gamma dose
with a mixture of silt-sand and sand.The required thicknes s of this
cover is estimated to be 17.0 feet of silt-sand and sand.Again approxi-
mately one-half foot of mixed topsoil and sand would be added to help
promote revegetation.Fertilization and revegetation would follow.A
cost analysis utilizing a similar procedure as for the previous alter-
native yields a total estimated cost of $2,937,700.
9-14
Alternative III -Sand Cover With One-Half Foot of Mixed Sand
and Topsoil
Alternative III utilizes a sand cover for radon flux and gamma
exposure rate reduction.The amount of material necessary for this
alternative is estimated to be ~n excess of 20.0 feet.One-half foot
of mixed topsoil and sand would cover the cap.Fertilization and
revegetation would follow.The estimated cost of this alternative
is about $4,032,170.
Alternative IV -Asphalt Cap
This alternative would involve the placement of a two-inch asphalt
cap on the tailing followed by three feet of silt-sand material.
The asphalt cap would serve as an impermeable barrier to gas diffusion
while the silt-sand would limit gamma ray exposure.Mixed sand and
topsoil would be followed by revegetation as in the other alternatives.
The estimated cost of this alternative is about $653,000.
Other Alternatives
Other alternatives have been considered and rejected on a tech-
nical feasibility and/or cost basis.A search is underway for clay
deposits within a fifty-mile radius of the project site.If this search
is successful,use of clay material as a cover material will be evaluated
and discussed in the Supplemental Report.
Consideration of other alternatives presented ~n Table 10.6 of
NUREG-0128 have been rejected for this site.
9.2.1.7 Conclusions and Recommendations
The only current alternative not completely viable from a long-term
radiological health basis is Alternative IV.Artificial covers such as
asphalt will crack due to recurring thermal expansion and contrac-
tion and root pressure.Thus,long term stability of the asphalt
cover cannot be guaranteed.
9-15
Unless a suitable and adequate supply of clay can be located,the
current plan is to use a silt-sand cover (Alternative I)for reclamation
of the tailing retention area.
Final verification of the required thickness and distribution of
cover material(s)for the selected alternative will be achieved through
actual field measurements at the site.The results of the program will
be incorporated into the Supplemental Report and will indicate tailing
cover requirements as determined from the combined analytical and exper-
iment al effort s.
Background radon flux measurements will be taken l.n the vicinity
of the tailing retention site at locations of generally similar soil
conditions as those underlying the tailing area.The area monitored
will be of sufficient distance from the mi 11 and tailing to minimize
distortion of the natural background from effluents released from these
sources.
Flux determinations will be made from radon and progeny alpha
activity measurements of 1.4 liter radon samples extracted at short
time intervals from a 200-1iter container sealed into the ground.
Background radon fluxes will be measured at various upwind localities in
the vicinity of the tailing.
Flux measurement on tailing will be made l.n dry areas where pos-
sible.If no dry areas are available,it may be necessary to take
composite grab samples of the tailing slurry,allow them to dry and
measure the fluxes in a controlled environment.
Equilibrium distribution coefficients for U-238,Ra-226,and
Th-230 for typical site soils will be measured as cells are excavated.
Permeabilities and other hydraulic parameters may also be measured.
A c lose check on soil temperature,air temperature and barometric
pressure will be made during all flux measurements.The radium content
9-16
of the tailing,cover material and background station soils will be
determined in order to thoroughly calculate radon fluxes for comparative
purposes.
9.2.2 Decommissioning of Facilities
Upon termination of the project,all facilities will be decommis-
sioned and affected land reclaimed.Energy Fuels will perform these
activities in accordance with regulatory requirements then in existence,
using accepted industrial practices and procedures.
It ~s not possible at this stage to delineate the specific details
of the decommissioning and reclamation program because of the lack of
prior precedent and regulatory guidance.It is our understanding that
regulatory guidance is currently being prepared by the NRC which will be
available within the next few months.In addition,Battelle Northwest
Laboratories is presently performing a study of decommissioning of
uranium fuel cycle facilities,which should provide useful data.Fur-
thermore,the work on Updating the Environmental Survey of the Uranium
Fuel Cycle,will include an evaluation of the environmental effects from
decommissioning the fuel cycle facilities,including uran~um mills.
Using these sources and other relevant industrial experience Energy Fuels
will develop,at the appropriate time,a detailed decommissioning and
reclamation program.
In general,the decommissioning_procedure will involve the per-
formance of surveys of the facility,equipment,and site to map radiation
levels;reduction,by cleaning where feasible,of surface contamination
levels to below those specified which permits the release of material or
equipment for unrestricted use (Alpha:2,500 dpm/lOO cm2 total,100
dpm/100 cm2 removable;Beta/Gamma:0.2 mR/hr total,1,000 dpm/100
cm2 removable);and disposal as low-level radioactive waste of that
material and equipment whose surface contamination levels cannot be
reduced to below these levels.Upon completion of the decommissioning
program,facilities and equipment will be suitable for release as non-
radioactive,or disassembly without radiation protection.
9-17
Reclamation will involve either disassembly of the facilities
and restoration of the entire site for other use;or use of the facili-
ties for other purposes,with accompanying restoration of the remainder
of the site.
9.3 SEGREGATION AND STABILIZATION OF TOPSOILS
Topsoil materials will be beneficial to reclamation for several
reasons,and where possible will be stored and saved during the life of
the proposed project.At the project site,prior to construction or
other disturbance,topsoil will be stripped to a depth of 6 inches and
stored (see Appendix H).The material will be stored in a large pile and
seeded with quick germinating species to stabilize the pile.After the
project is completed,topsoil material will be respread over disturbed
areas in about the same thickness as was removed.Debris and organic
matter will be incorporated with the surface materials when stripping is
done and will provide a mulching effect on the retopsoiled areas.
At Hanksville,since no additional construction is planned,no
topsoil will be saved.
9.4 TYPE AND MANNER OF PROPOSED REVEGETATION
The following plan for revegetation has been developed with recom-
mendations from Mr.Lamar Mason,Agronomist with.the USDA Soil Conserva-
tion Service,and Mr.A.Perry Plummer,Range Scientist with the USDA
Forest Service.The revegetation practices are intended to replace the
desert shrubland formerly at the Hanksville buying station site and
rangeland currently present at the project site.
9.4.1 General Practices
Revegetation practices at both the project site and Hanksville will
consist of seeding smoothed surfaces with grasses,forbs and shrubs.
Seeding equipment,used commonly in farming,will be used for reclamation
except on areas or spots that are inaccessible.These areas will be hand
broadcast.Due to the arid climate,irrigation will be required at
Hanksville to insure establishment of seedlings.Successful
9-18
establishment of vegetation has a high probability at the project site
during normal precipitation years;in extremely dry years,irrigation may
be used to facilitate germination and initial growth.Mulching will not
be required at the project site where topsoil is respread over reclaimed
areas but will be used at the Hanksville site.
9.4.2 Species and Seeding Rates
Because of the climatic differences between Blanding and Hanksville,
separate seeding mixtures will be used for each site.
9.4.2.1 Project Site
The climate at Blanding,with its annual rainfall of about 12
inches,permits use of a variety of species in revegetation of the
project site.Two initial seed mixtures are invisioned,one for the
slopes of tailing retention dikes and one for roadsides and relatively
level disturbed areas.Results from plantings will be evaluated period-
ically and reseeding modified as deemed appropriate.Every attempt will
be made to establish a diversity of native species that will provide
quality forage for wildlife and livestock.The species listed below are
only tentative.
Relatively Level Areas of Disturbances
Relatively level areas will be reseeded for use as rangeland.
Depending upon availability of seed,a mixture such as the following
would be used.
Grasses
'Luna'Pubescent Wheatgrass
Fairway (Crested)Wheatgrass
Forbs
Yellow Sweetclover
Palmer Penstemon
Alfalfa
Shrubs
Fourwing Saltbrush
Common Winterfat
Big Sagebrush
Seeding Rate
(Lb/Acre)
5.5
1.5
1.0
0.1
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.1
10.2 Lb/Acre
9-19
Dike Slope Stabilization
Species for the tailing retention dike slopes will be chosen
especially for their aggressive spreading habits and soil-holding pro-
perties.Examples include:
Grasses
'Luna'Pubescent ~~eatgrass
Fairway (Crested)Wheatgrass
Forbs
Yellow Sweetclover
Palmer Penstemon
Alfalfa
Shrubs
Spreading Rabbitbrush
Common Winterfat
Fourwing Saltbush
Seeding Rate
(Lb/Acre)
2
0.5
0.5
0.25
1
0.25
0.5
0.5
5.5 Lb/Acre
The introduced Fairway (Crested)Wheatgrass and 'Luna'Pubescent
Wheatgrass would be considered because of adaptation to this climate.
Forbs would be used to increase diversity and provide early growth as
ground cover.As an example,Palmer Penstemon provides a colorful flower
as well as unusually good cover on raw and eroding sites;it is espe-
cially useful on roadside cuts.A shrub such as Spreading Rabbitbrush
that is well adapted to alkaline sites and spreads rapidly by underground
root stocks would be used.
9.4.2.2 Hanksville Buying Station Site
Species seeded here will include a mixture of grasses,forbs and
Grasses
Pubescent ~~eatgrass
Alkali Sacaton
Indian Ricegrass
Sand Dropseed
Shrubs
Fourwing Saltbush
Common Winterfat
shrubs.Examples are listed below along with the rate of seeding:
Seeding Rate
(Lb/Acre)
5.0
0.25
4.0
0.2
1
2
12.45 lb/acre
9-20
Pubescent Wheatgrass,an introduced sod-forming grass,appears to be
highly useful for distu::-bed areas (Plummer,1977).Alkali Sacaton is a
sod-forming native grass well-suited to moderately alkaline areas.
Indian Ricegrass and Sand Dropseed are native bunchgrasses well-adapted
to the area.Winterfat is a low-stature shrub that grows well on cal-
careous soils and has an outs tanding ability to spread (Plummer,et
al.1968).Fourwing Saltbush is also well-adapted to the area and is a
hardy shrub.
9.4.3 Cultural Practices
Preparation for planting will begin with smoothing the replaced
topsoil with a disk.No mulching will be needed at the project site as
topsoil containing debris will be respread over the area.At Hanksville,
the affected areas will be mulched with about 2 tons of native hay per
acre prior to seeding.It will be crimped into the soil with a standard
crimper to prevent blowing.
Seeding will be done with a suitable rangeland drill.At Hanks-
ville,rice hulls will be mixed with Sand Dropseed to prevent seed
wastage through the drill.The following are depths of seeding that will
be used in seeding species listed:
Grasses
'Luna'Pubescent Wheatgrass
Fairway (Crested)vfueatgrass
Indian Ricegrass
Sand Dropseed
Forbs
Yellow Clover
Palmer Penstemon
Alfalfa
Shrubs
Spreading Rabbitbrush
Common Winterfat
Four-wing Saltbush
Big Sagebrush
Depth
0-1/4"
0-1/4"
3"
1/4-1/2"
1/2-1"
0-1/4"
1/2-1"
1/4-1/2"
1/4-1/2"
1/4-1/2"
1/4-1/2"
9-21
Seeding will be done ~n November to allow early spring germination and
use of spring moisture.Seeds may presently be purchased from several
sources.Care will be takl:'n at the time of purchase to insure that
seeds taken are of an ecotype suitable to the area.This will be
especially important for the shrubs and Palmer Penstemon which may die
out after several years if planted in an unsuitable area.The following
sources presently have or can provide seed:
Arkansas Valley Seeds,Inc.
P.O.Box 270
Rocky Ford,Colorado 81067
Native Plants,Inc.
400 Wakara Way
Salt Lake City,Utah 84108
Marton Plummer
c/o A.P.Plummer
Provo,Utah
At Hanksville,the area will be drip irrigated in early spring and
1-2 more times during the spring and summer.Irrigation will not be
needed after the first summer of plant growth.
Fertilizer levels in soils are presently adequate for range growth.
Mechanical or chemical weed control techniques will be used only in the
case of extreme weed take-over of planted areas.It is antic ipated
that natural succession will gradually take place and repl.3.ce early weed
growth with desirable plants.
9.5 LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND CONTROL
9.5.1 Diversion of Surface Water and Erosion Control
During project operation,two storm water retention dikes will
protect the mill area from peak storm runoff by storing flood waters and
gradually releas ing them (see Appendix H).After abandonment,impound-
ment areas will gradually fill with sediments and the dikes may be
overtopped or eroded as the area returns to nearly a natural state.This
will be a very gradual process,probably requiring hundreds of years.
9-22
After project termination,the upstream tailing retention dike will
continue to impound surface runoff in the natural drainage basin sur-
rounding the proposed mill site.This runoff will continue to evaporate
from the surface as it does during operation (see Section 3.0 and
Appendix H).Sufficient volume will be available in the natural drainage
basin to store the probable maximum flood,thereby eliminating the
possibility of erosion of the tailing dikes by water flowing around the
perimeter of the tailing retention system.
The reclaimed surface of the tailing cells will have a perimeter
road constructed of erosion-resistant sandstone on the surface and
relatively impermeable compacted silty materials beneath.This road will
be approximately 2 feet higher than the top of the level tailing cover.
This 2 feet of freeboard will accommodate the probable maximum precipi-
tation of 10 inches.Direct precipitation on the tailing surface cover
will not run off and will,therefore,not concentrate and cause erosion
of the tailing dikes.Precipitation will either be stored at the surface
and evaporated or it will seep into the surface soil cover and be grad-
ually released by vegetation as evapotranspiration.
Direct precipitation and wind will be the only causes of erosion of
exterior tailing dike surfaces.The rate of erosion of these surfaces
cannot be quantitatively evaluated with any confidence at this time.
During operation of the project,dike erosion rates will be monitored as
part of the regular inspection program.If erosion rates are excessive,
additional work will be done to reduce erosion to within acceptable
limits.During initial construction the exterior slopes of the embank-
ments will be built at slopes of three horizontal to one vertical to
reduce erosion.Further,the exterior slopes will be constructed of
granular sandstone materials which are inherently more resistant to
erosion than fine grained materials.As part of the reclamation of the
area,the slopes will be revegetated which will further reduce erosion.
9-23
9.5.2 Maintenance of Established Vegetation
Appropriate measures will be taken to assure the establishment of a
self-sustaining plant community.Areas where germination does not occur
or where plants die out will be reseeded until a suitable stand ~s
obtained.If weeds become dominant within the stand to the exclusion of
grasses or shrubs,chemical or mechanical control measures will be
used.
The ultimate goal of all revegetation efforts will be an established
community that requires no artificial inputs like fertilizer or supple-
mental irrigation.Vegetation will be monitored until stand estab-
lishment and perpetuation is assured.
9.6 FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.will bond ~n accordance with applicable
rules and regulations.
10-1
10.0 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED ACTION
The proposed plan of action for the White Mesa Uranium Project
~s the culmination of a decision-making process during which var~ous
-;alternatives were evaluated.Choices among alternatives have been
influenced by both environmental and practical considerations.The
following sections together with Appendix H describe and evaluate feas-
ible alternatives to project plans,including that of "no action,"and
provide the rationale for rejection.
10.1 NO ACTION
The "No Action"alternative to the proposed White Mesa Uranium
Project would involve milling of are presently at the two Energy Fuels'
buying stations and ore to be mined from independent mines in the future
at ariother mill either existing or new.The nearest existing mill is the
Atlas Mill at Moab,Utah approximately SO highway miles from Blanding and
110 highway miles from Hanksville.The additional transportation costs
are estimated to be at the rate of $0.10 per ton per mile.In vie\'1 of
the low grade ore involved,averaging about 2.6 pounds of U30 S per
ton,the increased transportation cost alone would be about $0.04 per
pound of U30 S per mile;this translates into added transportation
costs of about $3.0S per pound of U308 hauled from Blanding and
$4.24 per pound of U308 hauled from Hanksville.
In addition to the increased hauling costs,the probability of
transportation accidents transporting ore to Hoab will increase.Fur-
thermore,there will still be adverse environmental impacts resulting
from the processing of the ores.These impacts would occur much closer
to a population center than would be the case if the ore is processed ~n
the applicant's proposed mill.At the present time,it ~s not known
whether the Atlas mill will have the capability,capacity or \/illingness
to process the ore that is to be processed in the applicant's mill.
If the applicant's mill is not constructed,it is likely that other
mills will be proposed in the area to handle the ore now programmed for
10-2
applicant's proposed mill.If no mills are constructed,a substantial
economic base of the Hanksville-Blanding area will be removed because
many of the small independent mines will be forced to close.
10.2 ALTERNATIVE LOCATIONS OF PROCESSING FACILITIES
Selection of the mill and tailing retention sites involved several
considerations,including the following:
Proximity to producing mines and known ore reserves;
Surface ownership and availability for purchase;
Proximity to human residences and activities;
Ecological factors;
Geotechnical and hydrological factors;
Topography;
•,Accessibility;
Availability of power and communications.
10.2.1 Hanksville Vicinity
Both the Hanksville vicinity and the Blanding vicinity were evaluted
initially for possible mill and tailing retention sites.The Hanksville
vicinity was rejected because of the geographical distribution of known
sources of uranium ore,socioeconomic limi tations,and seismic risk.
Approximately 75 percent of the known uran~um ore available for the
proposed mill is in the vicinity of Blanding.The Hanksville vicinity is
in a seismologically more active area than is the Blanding vicinity (see
Section 2.5).Moreover,the Hanksville vicinity lacks available com-
mercial power for the proposed mill,lacks commercial communications
(radio and telephone service),lacks access to a community where
employees are available or where new employees could live,and lacks
sufficient available fee land for a mill site (see Section 2.2.3 for
further discussion of Hanksville's socioeconomic environment).
10.2.2 Blanding Vicinity
Four general areas in the Blanding vicinity were considered,includ-
ing the selected project site (see Plate 10.2-1).
LEGEND
I =ZEKES HOLE AREA
II =MESA AREA
III=CALVIN BLACK PROPERTY
IV=WHITE MESA
ALTERNATIVE AREAS
NEAR BLANDING
FOR MILL SITE
DAMES B MOORE
PLATE 10 .2-1
10-4
10.2.2.1 Zekes Hole
This location 1S approximately 5 miles southwest of Blanding,
adjacent to and on the south side of State Highway 95.Cottonwood Creek
drains directly through the middle of the approximately 700-acre area.
An old abandoned oil well that was reported to have a good flow of water
at depth is located on the property.
The Zekes Hole area was rejected as a proposed mill-tailings dis-
posal site for five principal reasons:the site is on public domain;the
Cottonwood Creek drainage through the middle of the site posed potential
hydrological and water quality impacts from construction and/or acci-
dental discharges;the area is in a prevailing up-~yind direction 'from
Blanding,there is insufficient acreage for proper siting of the mill and
associated facilities;the area provides poor access to commercial
power.
10.2.2.2 Mesa
This location 1S approximately 4 air miles southwest of Blanding.
Approximately 2 sections of public land adjacent to and on the south side
of State Highway 95 were inspected.This is a flat wooded mesa sand-
wiched between the Cottonwood Creek and Westwater drainages.
The mesa area was rejected as a potential project site becasue:
it is located on public domain;its vegetative cover of Pinyon-Juniper
an4 Big Sagebrush is important habitat for Mule Deer and there would be
more severe ecological impacts from construction and operation of the
proposed project than where other vegetation types exist;the area 1S
1n a prevailing up-wind direction from Blanding;potential sources of
water are questionable;the area provides poor access to commercial
power.
10.2.2.3 Calvin Black Property
This property is located approximately 2 miles south of Blanding
along the north side of State Highway 95.It encompasses 720 acres more
or less of fee ground.
10-5
The Calvin Black property was rejected as a project site for the
following reasons:three separate drainages cross the site,posing
potential hydrological and water quality impacts from construction and/or
accidental discharges;private residences exist within 1/4 mile in two
directions and the site is only about 2 miles from the town of Blanding;
the topography is too rough for siting of project facilities and the
property provides insufficient area for site requirements;the area
provides doubtful access to a water source.
10.2.2.4 White Mesa
The White Mesa area was selected as the proposed project area.
This area encompasses 1480 acres of fee ground and is crossed by the
Black Mesa road and an existing power line.The area is approximately 6
miles south of Blanding on the west side of Highway 163.
White Mesa was selected as the general project area for the follow-
~ng reasons:it provides good topographic conditions relative to drain-
age and siting of facilities;the l480-acre area is totally fee ground
bounded to the east,west and south by public domain;no occupied resi-
dences occur on the site and the nearest such residence is approximately
1 mile north of the northern property line;much of the vegetative cover
on the property has been disturbed previously in attempts to improve
range conditions by removal of Pinyon-Juniper woodland and sagebrush;the
area provides good access by an existing road and good access to com-
merc ial power from an existing line;the area has a good water source
through deep wells.
10.2.3 Alternative White Mesa Sites
Reference is made to Appendix H which describes a site selection
process used to determine the most desirable location on the White Mesa
area for the mill and tailing retention system.This study considered
both engineering and environmental features in evaluating alternatives.
10-6
10.3 ALTERNATIVE MILLING AND EXTRACTION PROCEDURES
Energy Fuels considered alkaline and acid leaching processes
initially.The latter was found by metallurgical test work to produce
superior recoveries on the various ore types constituting the mill feed.
For this reason,the sulfuric acid leach process was selected.Certain
individual ores could be successfully treated by the alkaline leach
process but,overall,the ores were more amenable to the acid leach
process.
Resin based processes,such a resin-in-pulp and resin ion exchange
in clarified solution,were also considered.These processes were
eliminated on the basis of higher operating costs as evidenced by the
fact the latest uranium mills have all chosen the counter-current decan-
tation and solvent extraction system.
The presence of vanadium ~n some of the ores and the Energy Fuels'
intention to recover vanadium as a by-product necessitates the use of a
strong sulfuric acid leach,counter-current decantation and two stages of
solvent extraction.
technology.
This processing procedure represents the latest
11-1
11.0 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS AND SUM~1ARY
Sections 4.1.3 and 5.5.2
detail and provide background
estimated costs and benefits.
explain project costs and benefits in
information regarding the derivation of
Section 8.0 extracts from detailed anal-
ysis sections and summarizes non-quantifiable benefits and costs.
This section summarizes quantifiable direct and indirect project
benefits (Table 11.0-1)and·summarizes quant ifiable direc t and indirect
costs (Table 11.0-2).
Long-term econom~c benefits and costs associated with operation
of the project are presented ~n terms of annual projections and as a
IS-year stream,discounted to the present values.Short-term impacts
associated with the construction of the project are presented in the
tables as a total,one-time cost or benefit,and are not discounted.All
costs and benefits reflect 1977 dollars.
TABLE 11.0-1
QUANTIFIABLE BENEFITSa
(1977 Dollars)
Construction
Phase
Total,I-Year Annual
Long-Term
Operation Phase
bPresentValue
Internal Benefit
C;ross revenue from U308 production
External Benefits
Wage and salary payments
Personal income taxes
Personal consumption expenditures
State sales tax revenue (4.5%)
County sales tax revenue (0.5%)
Procurement of supplies and equipment
Southeastern Utah
Other areas in Utah
Other states
Sales tax revenue in Utah (5%)
Property taxes against the mill
7,000,000
1,344,000
2,492 ,000
112,100
12,500
18,000,000
1,800,000
9,000,000
7,200,000
540,000
$67,184,000
1,365,000
188,1+00
522,800
23,500
2,600
456,000
610,770,000
12,409,000
1,713,000
4,753,000
214,000
23,600
4,145,000
..............
I
N
:Blank spaces indicate no applicable data
Represents a 15-year stream of income,discounted to the present value by the formula:
(l +On-l
V =A (l +Un
where V =Value in 1977 dollars of a future stream of 1ncome
A =Annuity
n =number of years,in this case 15
i =rate of discount,in this case 10%
TABLE 11.0-2
QUANTIFIABLE COSTSa
(1977 Dollars)
..\
Operation Phase
Internal Costs
Mill Construction
Mill Operation
Local Property Tax Pa~nents
External Costs
San Juan County
Increased Health,Recreation and Public
Safety Expendituresexpenditures
San Juan School District
Increased Operating Expenditures
Construction
Phase
Total
38,000,000
Annual
10,500,000
456,000
1,400-2,100
$30,090
bPresentValue
95 ,l~60 ,000
4,145,000
12,700-19,100
273,500
............
Iw
Primary Impact Communities (Blanding,
Capital Improvement Expendituresc
Increased Operating Expenditures
Monticello and Bluff)
70,000
$1,400-2,100 12,700-19,100
1-
where V
A
abBlank spaces
Represents a
indicate no applicable data
IS-year cost stream,discounted to the present value by the formula:
(1 +i)n-l
V =A (1 +i)n
Value in 1977 dollars of a future stream of income
Annuity
n =number of years,in this case 15
rate of discount,in this case 10%
cThis represents an initial cost for expansion or improvement of public facilities which
would occur as a response to project-induced growth in 1980.
12-1
12.0 ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS AND APPROVALS
The following permits and approvals are necessary before Energy
Fuels Nuclear,Inc.,can initiate the White Mesa Uranium Project:
1.National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Permit (NPDES)
from the Utah Bureau of Water Quality and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency.
2.Water well permits from the Utah State Engineer's Office.
3.Water quality construction permit from the Utah Bureau of
Water Quality and the Utah Water Pollution Control Committee.
4.Approval as a public drinking water system from the Utah Bureau
of Water Quality and Utah Water Pollution Control Connnittee.
5.Construction permit from the Utah Bureau of Air Quality and
Utah Air Conservation Committee.
6.Source Material License from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
regarding the construction of operation of the White Mesa
Uranium Project.
7.Possible approvals from the Bureau of Solid Waste Management
concerning the disposal of mill tailing.
8.Approval from the Bureau of Sanitation with respect to temporary
sanitation facilities.
13-1
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intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion.
Seismol.Soc.America Bull.,65(1):139-162.
Turner,D.B.,1970,vlorkbook of atmospheric dispersion estimates.
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.
u.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Construction Engineering Research Labora-
tory,no date,U.S.Army Corps of Engineers construction site noise
control cost-benefit estimating.DACA 38-76-C-0004.
U.S.Atomic Energy Commission,1963,A report of the Monticello Mill
tailing erosion control project,Monticello,Utah.Construction and
Supply Division,Report no.RMO-3005.
13-9
u.s.Bureau of Land Management,no date,Henry Mountain resource planning
unit.
u.s.Department of Agriculture,1968,Wind erosion forces in the United
States and their use in predicting soil loss.Agriculture Handbook
no.346.
U.S.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,1976,Land use
maps,Dolores and Montezuma counties.
U.S.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,1962,Soil
survey,San Juan area,Utah.Series 1945 no.3,U.S.Govt.Print-
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U.s.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,1971,Range
site description,semidesert stonyhills (Pinyon-juniper).Unpub-
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Department of Agriculture,
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Soil Conservation Service,
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U.S.Soil Conservation Service,1975a,Soil
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United States Department of Agriculture,
Agriculture Handbook no.436,Washington,
U.S.Department of Agriculture,Soil Conservation Service,1975b,Range
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U.S.Department
supplement
States no.
of Commerce,1965,Climatic
for 1951 through 1960,Utah.
86-37,Washington,D.C.
summary of the United States
Climatography of the United
U.S.Department of Commerce,1968,Weather atlas of the United States.
Environmental Data Service.
U.S.Department of Commerce,National Climatic Center,1971,Star program
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U.S.Department of Commerce,1977a,Climate of Hanksville,Utah.
tography of the United States no.20,National Climatic
Asheville,North Carolina.
Clima-
Center,
U.S.Department of Commerce,1977b,Climate of Blanding,Utah.Climato-
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U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of the Census,1973,County and city
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13-10
U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of the Census,1977b,1973 and 1975
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U.S.Department of
Bulletin 11 (9).
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U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service.
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U.S.Department of the Interior,National
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May 5,1975.
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Federal Register 41(111):
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U.S.Department of the Interior,1977,Endangered and threatened wildlife
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U.S.Environmental Protection
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Protection
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Agency,
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con-
1977 •
13-11
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13-12
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Bulletin of the University of Utah 21(5)Biological Series 1(4).
Salt Lake City.
Woodbury,A.M.and Russel,H.N.,Jr.,1945,Birds of the Navajo Country.
Bulletin of the University of Utah 35(14)Biological Series 9(1),
Salt Lake City.
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eastern Arizona.Ecology 28(2):114-126.
** *
The following are attached and complete this report.
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Very truly yours,
DAMES &MOORE
~/~_J~~~~L.Brittain
Principal-In-Charge
/~~~~
Kenneth R.Porter,Ph.D.
Project Manager
RLB/KRP/tlg
AN INTENSIVE CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY CONDUCTED
ON WHITE MESA,SAN JUAN COUNTY I UTAH
submitted to the
Bureau of Land Management
and to the
Antiquities Section of the
Utah Division of State History
in behalf of
Energy Fuels Nuclear I Inc.
Denver I Colorado
by
Richard A.Thompson
Southern Utah State College
with ceramic analysis by
Alan Spencer
Brigham Young University
December 7 I 1977
International Learning and Research I Inc.
Cedar City I Utah
AN INTENSIVE CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY CONDUCTED
ON WHITE MESA,SAN JUAN COUNTY,UTAH
This report summarizes the fundings of an intensive archeological
survey conducted on 1260 acres of land extending over parts of Sections
Z:.
21,28,32,and 33 of T37S,R221((SLM)on White Mesa.The tract is
eight miles south of Blanding in San Juan Co.,Utah.Although the greater
part of the project area is privately owned,180 acres are lands administered
by the Bureau of Land Management.The project area is marked on the map
to be found on page 2.
The survey was undertaken at the request of Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
of Denver I Colorado and it was authorized by Department of the Interior
Antiquities Permit No.77-Ut-066,and by Utah State Antiquities Permit
No.257.The writer directed the work in the field as the research represent-
ative of International Learning and Research,Inc.,of Cedar City,Utah.
Others participating in the project included Barbara Burden,Jan Crofts,
Patricia Davis,Timothy Olson,Charles Sivley,Alan Spencer,Patricia
Spencer,and Georgia Thompson.
Survey teams varied from four to six workers "'lith the size depending
on the number of workers available on any given day.In addition to the
writer,Alan Spencer of Brigham Young University served as a crevv leader.
2
3
Recognized standards for intensive survey work were maintained at all
times and the method employed was the same for all teams.The procedure
was facilitated greatly by the ready identification of key section corner
markers and by the felicitous placement of a number of fences in the
proj ect area.
Beginning at the section comer,each crew leader established the
line of march by sighting with a tripod-mounted Brunton compass with
appropriate correction from magnetic to true north.Landmarks were noted
in order to aid in maintaining the proper alignment.Once this had been
done,the leader took a position 7.5 meters from the corner on a line at
right angles to the line of march and toward the center of the unit to be
surveyed.The other crew members then positioned themselves along this
line at 15 meter intervals.The crew would thus be prepared to cover the
ground in transects which were 15 meters wide for each worker.A four
member team would thus cover a transect 60 meters wide with each worker
being responsible for the ground extending 7.5 meters to the right and to
the left of his line of march.
As crews walked a transect,leaders recorded the distance covered
by counting their paces and using a mechanical counter to note the distance
coveredat 10 or 20 meter intervals as seemed most appropriate.At periodic
intervals which varied with the terrain,the leader then called for flagging
the course.The worker at the opposite end of the line would them affix
flagging to a convenient bush.
4
While landmarks were useful in maintaining alignments,the leader
and the nagger made repeated checks either with an oil-damped compass
or with a hand-held Brunton.On all subsequent traverses across the area,
the procedure remained essentially the same until the entire unit had been
covered by a series of contiguous transects.
Every site located was subjected to an intensive surface examination
by the entire team.The purpose was to determine the limits of the site,
to assess the nature of the cultural debris,to detect the presence of
structures where they could be identified and,where diagnostic materials
could be found,to collect a sample suitable for establishing the cultural
and the temporal position of the site.Crew leaders were res ponsible for
the completion of the site forms while another crew member took both
black and white and color trans parency photographs as the crew leader
requested.
In so far as the project area is concerned,White Mesa is covered
with a layer of sandy but stabilized aeolian soil which has a relief of
no more than some 25 meters (80 ft.)which is manifest in gently rolling
ridges and knolls.The soil is underlain by the Dakota Sandstone and,
in places,the still lower Burro Canyon Formation,undifferentiated,
reaches the base of the soil layer.The Burro Canyon Formation produces
a green shale that was noted at many sites where it appears to have been
employed in the manufacture of some kinds of flaked stone artifacts.
The mean elevation of the project area is about 1710 meters (5600 ft.).
5
Cottonwood Canyon,which marks the western boundary of White Mesal
may have contained water during much of the year in prehistoric times.
vVhile it could thus have been a valuable source of water,USGS maps
mark a spring just west of the NE corner of the NE 1/4 of Sec.32.This
spring proves to be the closest source of water for all sites in the project
area.Other springs as well as the available water in Cottonwood Canyon
were doubtless used,but this spring appears at present to have been the
most convenient source of water for this entire area ~
Limited stands of juniper and pinon exist,or have existed,in the
northwest corner of the northeast quarter of Sec.32,in the northwest
corner of Sec.28,and in the western part of much of Sec.21.The
balance of the project area,and of surrounding land as well,has been
covered with a rather dense stand of sage.All of the privately owned land
has,however,been railed and all of the private land in the project portions
of Sees.32 and 33 as well as in the southern three quarters of Sec.28 has
been seeded with a large drill as well.The northern quarter of Sec.28
and the southern quarter of Sec.21 have not been seeded.Basically,
however,the natural vegetation cover appears to have been sage brush
in association with some grass,snake weed,rabbit brush,salt bush,
and an occasional prickley pear.
Vlhen the ceramic collections had been washed,catalogued,and
labeled,Alan Spencer undertook the ceramic analysis with the aid of a
binocular microscope.Once the sherds were identified,their temporal
values were assigned on the basis of the dates projects in Breternitz,
6
Rohn and Morris (1974).The combination of the dates assigned to various
ceramic types found at a given site were then used to fix its probable
position in time.All sites were identified as having an affiliation with
the San Juan Anasazi.The counts for all diagnostic sherds are included
in the narrative site descriptions that are included in an appendix to this
paper.
A total of 57 sites were recorded during the survey.Of this number,
four were found in areas outside the project area under circumstances
which led one team to extend its coverage beyond unfenced boundaries.
These sites will,however,be included in this discussion.All sites,
together with symbols indicating their temporal positions,are plotted on
the locational chart on the following page.
In the absence of Lino Gray sherds it proved impossible to separate
Basket N1aker III sites from Pueblo I sites since Cha pin Gray covers the
entire period from 575 to 900 A.D.In a number of cases,however,
Pueblo I could be isolated on the basis of the presence of Moccasin Gray
in association with Chapin Gray and Chapin B/W.This paper follows Fike
and Lindsay (1976)in making no attempt to consider sites classed as
PI/PH or as PH/PIII as multicomponent sites.Distinctions cannot be
made at these points without excavation and there is also reason to view
these ceramic associations as representative of a transitional period rather
than of two distinct phases.
-
---+---i---~---
-•''tH''I I :A :....:-__
I I
:""'26.1
I I
I I- - - -r - - --- --,---~I .(,'125 I
t ()II~'.'+Z7,('11'1.,''113-
7
___J...L----
I I
I I
I 1,•I
I I
I I
I I____1 --__1_---
I -4 'i'l't )
I I
I :
-
II
I
I
I
I____L.._
I
I
I
I
I
''I'll'.I
I____.l _
4'1'10'.I
I
I•r..-tJt1.
.__....---
I,
I____19:"'1~e__
I,
I!~'_'11'!.: J :.___1 1._
I I I, I I
I III,•.l....__
!I'
"1 I ,
I
I
I
I----T---
I
I
''1'iJ.a I
Ii
1I
I----1----
I
I
.''fJ'~:
-
.j I IL:,
IttI - - --:-- - - - - --h;-2i".j
,~t6••''iorro II-~II,.,~Iq.I
I I jaw.t •
.J-::!2....1_--
•o/,~o,.1 la ''flO'I _.I II00(.'10$:fIf
1 I II_:"38Z~I
1 :_c;;_.:~:_
•!3'~81:I'
I -:I___...__~.....esI t 1 ,
1 .hi,:I "3~I I :.~'t~,,~I I [,-,._....-
I I -/'"31¥~I _ _:HJ7'O •438S"P I·EMIlI -PI.')"0 ....I I ,.,PI,-I 0(,'13'.,'I .....----+--------~-----;,~;~~I-------;----,OPI-PH
I I .1.3'1"I ""38,e,.'387.I II PIIIMI'-I ,-0aeoIIIf1 I 13 PIl -PIII
1 I I :I I 0 PIlI
I :.'391 Air.:--::I APIl+
1 - - --'--::~3 .l __- - - - - -L.- - - - - --1-- - -I 1'\PI I PH I PIlIII,.HOJ·'
I ":'3U-.'3'7 AI ->-::'• J I I I!---Project Boundaries
White Mesa Project,San Juan Co.,Utah
Sees.21,28,32,and 33,T37S,R22E SLM
-._........-_..----
•I,
I
I
I i'
1'010'10 2.'1
I I_____..1_--
:I
.~'1oo.1 :
--
..._-....~....
I ""3/.I I,t I It---7------~-------+-
I 1..--I•(,'t)1..JPI.(,'130 I
I t I
I It",,'t1.'i*I :''10''~I I --IIIJ' •~3'1'i • I'1 ----:- - - - - - --,-- - --- - -:----. - --:--.-
I 14'131'0 I ·"He :I
•r.~3'l P.I:-.I : ,
8
The following list thus provides a breaklown of the sites recorded
by the survey ir.their temporal positions.The numbers are those given
the sites in the standard Smithsonian trinomial system.The first two
elements of that system have been deleted for clarity.
BMIlI/PI
PI
PI/PII
PII
pn/PIII
PIn
PIl+
Multicomp.
Unident.
6384,6386,6400,6403,6440 ~6442
6382,6383,6394,6401,6404,6420
6421,6424,642 6,643 5,6443
6385,6388,6405,6406,6438,6444
6387,6393,6399,6419,6422,6428
6429,6431,6432,6436,6439,6441
6380,6381,6427,6439
6402,6407,6433,6434,6437
6390,6391,6392,6397,6445
6395,6396,6408
6379,6389,6398,6423,6425
6
11
6
12
4
5
5
3
5
Following statements made above,it will be noted that only three
sites have been classed as multicOInponent.The designation is based on
the fact that the ceramic collections from each of these argues an occupation
extending from Pueblo I through Pueblo II and into Pueblo III.Additionally,
five sites have been termed PII+.This means that collections made or
observed at these locations were lacking diagnostic material but that at
least a few corrugated body sherds were noted.This would indicate that
the site would have been used or occupied no earlier than 900 A.D.but
that it might be at some time after that date.
Finally,there are five sites which,although thought to have a San
Juan Anasazi cultural affiliation,are listed as having an undetermined
temporal position.Four of these produced a very small number of plain
ware sherds.The sherds themselves could not be identified.The fifth
site lacked any ceramic evidence but contained an ovoid outline of
vertical slabs measuring 1.0 by 1.5 meters.The absence of ceramics and
9
the configuration of the structure might justify a Basket Maker II
designation.This was not done,however,in view of the fact that the
site produced no cultural debris of any kind.There is the further fact
that 42Sa6427 produced ceramics indicative of the PII -PIlI transition
and a pothole which revealed a slab-lined granary.
Any attempt to elicit patterns from limited survey data must steer a
cautious course between the excessive reticence which comes from a
recognition of the incomplete nature of the information available and
the enthusiasm for suggestive clues which may,too easily,lead to
dogmatic statements based on tenuous evidence.The darkest shadow cast
over this attempt is the lack of reliable data concerning the length of time
that sites were occupied.At the same time I however,a study of the site
counts for each of the temporal periods is suggestive.
Pike and Lindsay use a modification of the puebloan chronology
derived from Jennings.In terms of the Christian calendar,their dates
for each period are as follows:
".,
EMlIr
PI
PIr
PHI
450 -750
750 -950
850 -1100
1100 -1300
A modification of this may be suggested to fit the observed data on
White Mesa which would include the transitional periods:
(~-
BMIlI/PI
PI
PI/PH
PIr
PII/PH!
PHI
575 -850
750 -850
850 -950
950 -1100
1100 -1150
1150 -1250
10
Using this chronology in a most tentative manner,the BMIlI/PI
period of 275years witnesses the occupation of the area by six sites.
The PI period of 100 years,however,sees 11 sites in the project area
while the PI/PI!transitional period of 100 years finds only 6 sites on
-.
the mesa.In the 150 years of PH,some 12 sites are located in the
same area while the PIl/PIlI transition finds four sites in an apparent
50 year period.In the 100 years of PIlI,only 5 sites are known for the
area.
Despite the fact that there is a strong possibility of some distortion
in the calculations of the time involved between late BMIlI and PI!,and
allowing for the fact that the multicomponent sites have not been taken
into account,a trend would seem to emerge.Settlement on White Mesa
reached a peak at perhaps 800 A.D._and the occupation remained at
substantially that level,despite the apparent decline seen in these
figures for the PI/PH transition,until some time near the end of PI!or in
the PH/PIlI transition after which,t.he population density de,clined sharply
and it may be assumed that the mesa was substantially abandoned by about
1250 A.D.
Fike and Lindsay expressed the view that PIl patterns of settlement
persist on White Mesa well into the accepted PIlI era and that there is
no nucleation of settlement such as reported for PIlI in other parts of
southeastern Utah.Certainly this survey found none of the "pure"PIlI
sites to be large.They are,in fact,quite small.The greater size of the
multicomponent sites is,quite possibly,more a function of the total
length of occupation,whether continuous or spasmodic,than it is of an
11
increased number of persons in the terminal PHI period.Even if there
were more people resident in the multicomponent sites in the final period,
none of thes e three sites are large enough to represent the kind of aggre-
gation generally considered characteristic of the larger PIlI sites.They
rema in,in other words,characteristically PH.
Were it not for an accidental discovery on the final day of the field
work,this paper would have persisted in see.ing the absence of nucleation
while remaining ha ppily forgetful of the perils of cultural generalizations
based up projects confined to modern legal boundaries.In this instance,
a survey team working the western edge of Sec.28 arrived at the north-
eastern corner of the NW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of the section.
A project marker was found to verify the location.Directly to the north,
in the abrupt and deep entrenchment of a tributary to Cottonwood Canyon,
was a massive masonry wall between 6 and 10 meters high and sheltered
in a larger overhang.Additional masonry structures were observed in
other shelters to the northeast.It is unfortunate that the press of time
precluded a visit to these sites and it cannot be verified that they are
PHI structures.There would appear,however,to be a good possibility
that they are.Although these sites are locally known,a records search
shows that they remain unrecorded.The important fact is,however,that
they leave open the question of the role of settlement on the mesa top.
Certainly this and other sites known or yet to be recorded in Cottonwood
Canyon may well represent PHI nucleated settlements of people who were
still farming the top of White Mesa.
12
These observations bring into sharper focus the question of the
function of all of the sites recorded on \lVhite Mesa.The field work in
this project was handicapped by the fact that so much of the area had
been railed of its sage brush cover and subsequently subjected to the
disturbance of seed drills.\I\'hile this type of activity would not seem
to have caused disturbance in great depth,its effect on the surface
features of small sites has been devastating.
Despite these limitations,however,the survey crews recorded
evidence of structures at 31 of the 57 sites.At 12 sites depressions are
reported with diameter ranges of from 5 to 15 meters while an additional
23 sites report evidence of other,presumably surface,structural forms.
At 8 sites depressions are combined with surface structures.In all cases I
the depressions should be regarded as indicating permanent use or residence
for it is apparent that these will be either pit houses or kivas.Following
Brew's findings at Alkalai Ridge (1946)some 15 miles east of the project
area,no kiva should be anticipated with a diameter greater than 5 meters
while pit houses may attain diameters as great as 18 meters.
The dimensions of mast of the apparent surface structures built of stone
suggest that they were used primarily for storage.The only exception to
this,in terms of direct observation,is at 42Sa6441 where a PII room block
measuring 12 by 3 meters is recorded.With the possible exception of
two sites I the existence of structures cannot be precluded in the 26
locations where surface indications are lacking.It is well known that the
archeologist finds that he must excavate precisely because all of the
cultural data contained within a site is not manifest on the surface.
13
Further,there is nothing more than a very rough and low degree of corre-
lation between the extent of cultural debris on the surface and the presence
or absence of structures below the surface.
It would appear likely,then,that many of the smaller sites,both
with and without surface indications of structures may well be what Haury
(Willey,1956,7)has called the "farm house."He believes that the
isolated one or two room structure is a concommitant aspect of nucleation
.and goes so far as to suggest that none of these are likely to be found dating
from any point earlier than 1000 A.D.and that most come somewhat later in
time,primarily in PUI and,in some areas in PIV.
It may well be,therefore,that White Mesa sites may reflect PIlI
nucleation trends rather more than Fike and Lindsay or,it must be admitted,
this writer,have thought.Resolution of that issue requires much additional
field investigation.
Recommendations
Federal statutes and administrative directives require that mitigating
measures be taken to protect historic and prehistoric cultural resources
either through programmed avoidance of sites or,where this is impractical,
through excavation by professionally qualified archeologists.These require-
ments are imposed in all cases where federal lands are involved.Less well-
known is the fact that the same regulations are applicable both in the case
of firms using funds backed by federal guarantees or where some as pect of
corporate activity requires federal licensing.In all cases,however,it is
14
the preference of both the federal government and of archeologists as a
professional group,that sites be avoided and protected whenever this is
possible.When the nature of proposed land-altering projects is such
that avoidance is impossible,plans must be made to recover the largest
body of data at the lowest reasonable cost.
It is the view of the writer that only six sites will not require mitigation.
These are 42Sa6440,6441, 6442,and 6445,which are outside the project
area.Sites 42Sa6389 and 6390 seem certainly to represent secondary
depositions of material.A careful examination of erosional channels in
these sites failed to produce evidence of midden and it appears that these-
may safely be ignored.
While cost estimates for survey work can be calculated in advance
with a good deal of precision,estimates of excavation costs must
necessarily remain open-ended against the inevitable subsurface
contingencies.The approach to be used and the schedule to be
maintained must also bear a relationship to the program of the development.
Will all of the land be disturbed early in the project or will expanded land
use be a matter of increments at intervals over a number of years '2
This report will make no estimate of cost outlays except to say that,
if sites cannot be avoided and if the entire project area is to be placed in
industrial use i the costs will be substantial.Under such circumstances,
the methodologies used can have a very direct bearing on costs.
In most sites,for example,much time and money can be saved with
a minimal loss of cultural resources if testing is initiated through trenching
with a back hoe,provided,of course,that the work is supervised by a
15
competent archeologist.In this way the extent of the excavations that
will be needed can be determined quickly and excavators will be guided
to the most significant parts of each site without protracted exploratory
hand excavation.There must,however,be no time lag between these
tests 'and the start of excavations since the information revealed to
archeologists will also be revealed to the vandals who have been
exceptionally active in San Juan County for a good many years.
It is recommended that the developers facing mitigalion requirements
contact scholars and institutions with the longest record of survey and
excavation in the San Juan Anasazi culture area.Each should be asked
for estimates and for a recommended methodological approach to the project.
It may be found that the use of more than one group would prove to be most
advantageous.It does seem certain,however,that the greatest economy
.will be obtained by reaching agreement with an institution with experience
in the area rather than accepting an apparently lower cost estimate from a
group unfamiliar with the area and the culture.
At the present time the institutions with the greatest long-term
experience in the area would include the Antiquities Section of the State
Division of History,the University of Utah,Brigham Young University,
the University of Colorado,San Jose State University,and Washington
State University.This is not meant as an endorsement of any particular
institution nor is it meant to exclude another group working in the area
with which the writer is unfamiliar.
16
Bibliography
Breternitz,DavidA.,A.H.Rohn,and E.A.Morris.
1974 Prehistoric Ceramics of the Mesa Verde Region.Museum
of Northern Arizona,Ceramic Series,No.5 Flagstaff.
Brew,John Otis.
1946 Archaeology of Alkalai Ridge,Southeastern Utah.Papers
of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and
Ethnology,Harvard University,Vol.21.Cambridge.
Pike,Richard E.,and LaMarW.Lindsay.
1974 Archeological Survey of the Bluff Bench/San Juan River and
White Mesa Areas,San Juan County,Utah,1973-1974.
Antiquities Section Selected Papers,Vol.III,No.9.
Salt Lake City.
Haury,Emil W.
1956 Speculations on Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the
Southwest.1.!l.Gordon R.Willey (ed.),Prehistoric
Settlement Patterns in the New World.Viking Fund
Publications in Anthropology,No.23.New York City.
APPENDIX A
CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY REPORT LETTER
FROM STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICER
APPENDIX
NARRATNE SITE DESCRIPTIONS
18
NARRATIVE SITE DESCRIPTIONS
42Sa6379 -At an elevation of 1710 meters,the central and only feature of
the site is an oval outline of vertical stone slabs measuring 1.0 by 1.5
meters.No evidence of activity is a pparent on the surrounding surface.
The site is on the upper part of the N bank of a wash which drains down
to the NNvV.The aeolian soil slopes dcwn to the N with a floral cover
dominated by sage brush in association with rabbit brush,Russian thistle
and a single small juniper.The vertical slab form of the element points
to a pueblo affiliation but a more precise assignment cannot be made.
It should be noted that Bruce Louthan of the Moab District of the 8LM
reports that Matheny of BYU has found that features of this type frequently
prove to be ventilator openings to pit houses for which there is no surface
evidence.The possibility should be taken into account.
42Sa6380 -The distribution of cultural debris on this heavily disturbed
aeolian soil extends over an area of at least 120 meters in diameter.
The disturbance of the area may be related to the construction of the
uranium ore receiving facility which is just to the E.Evidence of dis-
turbance is supported by the fact that Russian thistle is the sole covering
vegetation.""Vith an elevation of 1710 meters,the area slopes down to
the W at a gentle 3°.Analysis revealed the following diagnostic sherds:
4 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims (23 corrugated body sherds),1 Mancos B/W,
9 McElmo B/W (9 white ware body sherds).Following dates suggested
by Breternitz,the site should be classed as San Juan Anasazi,PH-PUI
with the most likely dates of occupation coming at about 1100 to 1150 A.D.
42Sa638l -The cultural debris of this site,primarily sherds,spreads
over an area 50 meters in diameter.The area may have been enlarged
somewhat during the process of chaining and seed-ddlling.The aeolian
soil slopes down to the NE at a gentle 20 while the present vegetatior.
is composed of sage brush,salt bush,Russian thistle,rabbit brush,
grass,and snake weed.The elevation is 1710 meters.A rather confined
scatter of stone rubble suggests the possibility of a crescent or an "L"
shaped structure open to the S or SE.Ceramic analysis reveals the
following association of diagnostic sherds:4 Mesa Merde Corrugated
rims (71 corrugated body sherds),4 Mancos B/W,15 McElmo B/W,105
Mesa Verde B/W (53 slipped white ware sherds),and 1 Deadmans B/R.
Following dates offered by Breternitz,the site should be considered a
San Juan Anasazi occupation during the PII-PIlI period with the most
likely dates calculated at 1100-1250 A.D.
42Sa6382 -This site is 40 meters in diameter and was found at an elevation
of 1710 meters on aeolian soil that slopes down to the SE at 40 •The area
has been railed of its original sage brush COileI'and the surfu ce was even
more disturbed by the use 6f a seed drill.The present vegetation includes
19
Russian thistle,grass,and rabbit brush.Analysis of the collected sherds
produced the following diagnostic materials:5 Chapin gray,2 Mancos
Corrugated rims (19 corrugated body sherds),3 Chapin B/VI/,8 Mancos
B/W,1 Abajo Rio,and 1 Deadmans B/R.Breternitz dates would argue
a San Juan Anasazi occupation in late PI or early PI!at some time around
900 A.D.
42Sa6383 -With an elevation of 1710 meters I the site area extends over
a 60 meter diameter on the top of a low knoll which drops in all directions
at about 60 •As the result of tne railing of sage brush and the use of a
seed drill,the aeolian soil now produces some grass and a good deal of
Russian thistle.A graded road to three small powder magazines cuts
across the middle of the site.In addition to ground stone fragments
noted,the sherd collection produced the follOWing diagnos tic samples:
141 Cha pin gray,31 Moc.casin gray,13 Chapin B/v'/,and 4 Deadmans B/R.
Using the Breternitz dates,the combination suggests a San Juan Anasazi'
PI occupation between 800 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6384 -The site is situated on a slope that drops down to the Wat
60 at an elevation of 1710 meters.A concentration of unmodified stone
which may mark the original site area lies near the top of the slope.
Below this stone is a limited scatter of sherds and flakes which may
have been moved by runoff flow or by the activity of railing the sage
and seeding with a drill.The cover is grass with a curious absence
of Russian thistle.Within the 35 meter diameter of the site,a collection
of sherds was made which reveals the follOWing:98 Chapin gray and
2 Chapin B/W.This argues for a San Juan Anasazi BMIII-PI occupation
at some time between 575 and 900 A.D.if the Breternitz dates are accepted.
42Sa6385 -Situated on the 30 SE slope of a knoll,this site is 5a meters
in diameter and is found at an elevation of 1710 meters.The area has
been railed of its original sage brush cover and now the aeolian soil
produces some grass.Russian thistle,and rabbit brush.While there
was no evidence of structures,the sherd collection produced,after
analysis,this breakdown of diagnostic items:3 Cha pin gray;1 Moccasin
gray;2 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims,4 Mancos Corrugated rims (96
corrugated body sherds),1 Chapin B/W,36 Mancos B/W,5 Deadmans
B/R,and 1 Bluff B/R.For such a collection,a rro ding of Breternitz
argues a San Juan Anasazi PI-PH site use sometime between 875 and
1125 A.D.
42Sa6386 - A small site of 3a meters diameter wa s found near the crest
of a low ridge with a 50 slope down to the N.The elevation is 1710
meters.The area has been railed and seeded with a drill.Grass is
accompanied by Russian thistle and snake weed.The site area is marked
by a scatter of unmodified stone which may indicate the remnants of a
disturbed structure.A number of mana fragmerits were also noted.The
20
ceramic collection produced 55 Chapin gray and 3 Chapin B/VV sherds
which,according to Bretemitz,would mean a BMIlI-PI Sun Juan Anasazi
occupation at some time between 575 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6387 -At an elevation of 1710 meters,this site was found to extend
over an area 40 meters in diameter on ground that slopes down to the W
at 60 .Since the original sage brush has been railed,the cover consists
of grass,Russian thistle,and 2 small juniper trees.The sherd and lithic
scatter also revealed a number of mana fragments.Ceramic analysis
following Bretemitz sugges ts a San Juan Anasazi occupa tion in Late PI-PH
falling between 990 and 1000 A.D.Diagnostic ceramics supporting this
include:6 Chapin gray,5 Mancos Corrugated rims (66 corrugated body
sherds), 1 Chapin B/W,5 Cortez B/W,30 Mancos B/W and i3 Deadmans
B/R.
42Sa6388 -This site was located on the slope of the same knell as 42Sa6387
although clearly separate from it.Here the ground slopes to the SWat 50
and the site is 30 meters in diameter.The elevation is 1710 meters.
Railing and seeding has removed any surface evidence of structures that
may have existed.At present a sparse stand of grass covers the entire
site.The analysis of diagnostic sherds recovered includes:68 Chapin
gray,2 Mancos Corrugated rims (10 corrugated body sherds),4 Chapin
B/W,4 Bluff SiR,and 2 Deadmans B/R.The Breternitz analysis points
to a late PI and early PH San Juan Anasazi occupation between 875 and
925 A.D.
42Sa6389 -One of the few sites to be found in a juniper-pinon stand,
this site measured 20 meters N-S and 40 meters E-Vv"and was situated
on a slope that falls to the NW at S°.The vegetation consists of juniper
and pinon with an understory of sage brush and rabbit brush.The elevation
is 1710 meters.The cultural material is confined to 4 non-diagnostic
plain ware sherds and to a thinly distriouted assemblage of secondary
flakes.Although there is a possibility that this material may be a
secondary deposit,the site may tentatively be considered to indicate
a San Juan Anasazi use at some time after about 600 A.D.
42Sa'6390 -This site,located SE of 42Sa6389,is also S of a road that
angles through the NW corner of the project area in the NW 1/4 of the
NW 1/4 of the NE 1/4 of Section 32.This site,measuring 35 meters
"E-W and 50 meters N-S,is at an elevation of 1710 meters and is also
on the same slope as the previously mentioned site.Here too,the
cultural debris was found on a slope dropping to the N\V at Sa in a
stand of juniper and pinon with an undisturbed underst ory of sage brush
accompanied by some rabbit brush.It is possible that the material
from these two sites has drifted down from a low ridge to the SE where
both railing and chaining arc eviden:.The ridge top failed,howe'ler i
21
to show any indication of a site.In the site area a slab metate and
3 mano fragments were found.A small sherd collection produced 5
corruga ted body sherds,1 Chapin gray which may have come from a
corrugated vessel,and 2 white ware sherds.It is thus possible only
to postulate a San Juan Anasazi use of the area at some time after 900 A.D.
428a6391 -Grass,Russian thistle,and snake weed cover the 30 slope to
the IN on the aeolian soil of the site.With an elevation of 1710 meters,
the site has an area 40 meters in diameter.Cultural materials occured
as a very thin scatter of sherds,flakes,and ground stone fragments
near the top of a very low ridge.Although no ceramic collection was
made,painted,corrugated and B/R sherds were noted.These argue an
Anasazi occupation of 900 A.D.or later.
428a6392 -At an elevation of 1710 meters,this site is 40 meters in diameter
and is found in a very shallow,natural crescentic depression with an
opening drainage falling at 30 to the W.The area has been railed and
seeded and the aeolian soil now supports grass,snake weed,and some
sage brush.The thin scatter of cultural materials included flakes,ground
stone fragments ,.and a.few sherds either painted or corrugated which
suggests a San Juan Anasazi occupation some time after 900 A.D.
428a6393 -Measuring 50 meters in diameter,this site is at an elevation
of 1710 meters and ha s a slope down to the W at 30 •The original sage
brush cover has been railed and the aeolian ground seeded with the
result that the present cover is composed of grass,some sage brush,
prickley pear,and some thistle.Cultural materials include a notched
ground axe head,mano fragments,cores and flakes.Sherds collected
produced the following diagnostic items:4 Mancos Corrugated rims
(41 corrugated body sherds),18 Mancos B/W,and 5 Deadmans B/R ..
FollOWing Breternitz,this suggests a San Juan Anasazi occupation in
PH times,probablu between 900 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6394 -This site yielded the usual sherd and lithic assemblage but
it differs from those recorded just before it in that,while the area has
been railed,the seed drill was apparently not used and the darker soil
of the site is thus more visible.The aeolian soil slopes down to the W
at 60 while the vegetation includes Russian thistle,sage and some grass.
The elevation is 1710 meters.Analysis of the sherds collected identifies
7 Chapin gray,2 corrugated body sherds,and 7 Chapin B/W.A reading
of Breternitz projects San Juan Anasazi use of the area between 850 and
90b A.D.-perhaps slightly later.
428a6395 -Located on the point of a very low ridge ,the ground around
this site slopes down to the SE,Sand SWat 50.As the site extends
under the fence marking the N boundary of Section 32,it has apparently
been railed but not seeded.With an area 100 meters in diameter,the
,,-,;.
22
ground cover includes Russian thistle,sage,grass,and rabbit brush.
The surface revealed a very heavy sherd scatter with ground stone fragments,
secondary flakes,and cores.Mounded areas of heavy stone rubble
suggest a square or circular structure at least 15 meters in diameter.
It seems quite pas sible that the large depression at the center of this
fea ture may be a kiva.The analysis of the sherd collection revealed
8 Chapin gray I 3 Mancos Corrugated rims,S Mesa Verde Corrugated
rims,6 Chapin BIG,4 Cortez B/w,11 Mancos B/W,46 Mesa Verde s/vv
(56 white ware body sherds),1 Deadmans SiR,4 Abajo Rio,and 9
Tusayan polychrome.Sreternitz supplies dates which would argue for a
lengthy or for a multiple San Juan Anasazi occupation from PI to PIII
times with dates ranging from no later than 900 to 1200 A.D.
42Sa6396 -This site was found near the top of a low ridge which had a
slight slope down to the SE at 50.The area has been railed and seeded
with the result that the cover is now composed of sage,rabbit brush,
thistle and grass.With an area measuring 50 meters in diameter and an
elevation of 1710 meters,the central feature of the site is a circular
depression 15 meters in diameter.A mounded area on the S,E,and W
sides of the depressson suggests a square or a U shaped surface structure.
A small concentration of cultural debris was noted on a low knoll 20 meters
to the SW of the edge of the site.The ceramic collection revealed,when
analyzed,the diagnostic sherds to include 62 Chapin Gray,I Mancos
Corrugated rim (47 corrugated body sherds)~8 Chapin B/W,1 Cortez s/Vl,
39 Mancos S/W,4 Deadmans SiR and 3 Tusayan Polychrome.Ereternitz
would thus seem to indicate a long or a multiple San Juan Anasazi occupation
from late PI to early PIII taking place within the minimum time span of
900 to 1150 A.D.
42Sa6397 -This site area measures 100 meters in diameter and is located
at an elevation of 1710 meters.The aeolian soil slopes down to the NE and
E at 30 and,as the result of railing and seeding,the present cover includes
grass,some sage brush,rabbit brush,and some Russian thistle.No
collection was made fom the thin flake and sherd scatter which probably
has been "smeared"by the seed drill,but the plain corrugated,and
painted sherds noted in the field suggests an early PII San Juan Anasazi
use probably around 900 A.D.
42Sa6398 -This site with its 40 meter diameter was located in an undisturbed
sage brush area where some grass grows in the inters paces .With an
elevation of 1710 meters,the slope is to the NE at 40 .The site was
characterized by a rather light scatter of sherds and flakes,a mano
fragment and other ground s tone fragments.No structural element could
be identified.Although no collection was made,the sherds suggest,
in the absence of the corrugated form,an occupation or use of the area
some time between 800 and 900 A.D.
23
42Sa6399 -This rather nebulous site was found near the S end of a small
ridge in an area of undisturbed sage,grass,and snake weed.With an
elevation of 1710 meters and an area 40 meters in diameter,the surface
of the aeolian soil slopes down at 60 in all directions except to the N.
There is a good supply of potential building stone in the area although
no structural features could be ideI}.tified.The contours of the powdery
soil suggest that some structures may exist.The ceramic collection was
quite light but members of the survey team remarked that,in previous
passes to the S,random'sherds had been noted with some frequency.
The analysis of sherds collected at the site reveal 3 Chapin Gray,1
Mancos Corrugated rim (41 corrugated body sherds),13 Mancos B/W,
6 McElmo B/W (12 white ware body sherds),and 2 Deadmans B/R.A
reading of Breternitz suggests a PH San Juan Anasazi occupation that
probably occured between 1000 and 1100 A.D.
42Sa6400 -This small site of only 15 meters diameter,slopes down to
the E at 40 .The undisturbed aeolian soil supported an overstory of sage
brush with snake weed and some grass as the understory.The elevation
is 1710 meters.The limited scatter of sherds,flakes,and ground stone
fragments,perhaps represents only the residue of materials that have largely
been carried away by runoff.No structures were evident.The small sherd
collection analyzed reveals 25 Chapin Gray,S Moccasin Gray,and 8
Chapin B/W.This would argue a San Juan Anasazi use in the PI period
between 775 and 900 A.D.
42Sa640l - A site was found on a low knoll with a 4
0 slope down in all
directions save to the N.The aeolian soil was covered with sage,
snakeweed,and some grass throughout its 20 meter diameter and beyond
as well.With an elevation of 1710 meters,the site produced only limited
cultural material.The fact that the 4 Chapin gray sherds were accompanied
by a large corner-notched dart point would appear to suggest an occupation
at around 575 A.D.While no evidence of structures was found,the
presence of ground stone fragments argues something more than a casual
use area.
42Sa6402 -At this location a light sherd and flake scatter covered an
area 20 meters in diameter where the aeolian soil was covered with a
rather open sage brush stand with a grass understory.The ground slopes
down to the W at 50 while the elevation is 1710 meters.No structural
evidence could be identified but the analysis of sherds recovered produced
6 Mesa Verde Corrugated rims (28 corrugated body sherds),3 Mancos B/W,
4 McElmo B/W,and 5 Mesa Verde B/W.The combination suggests a PIn
use between 1150 and 1250 A.D.
42Sa6403 -Located in an area that has been railed and seeded,this site
is at an elevation of 1710 meters and has a vegetation cover of grass,
snake weed,and Russian thistle.The aeolian soil slopes down to the
24
SE at 40 . A fair scatter of sherds,flakes and ground stone fragments
extends over an area 30 meters in diameter.No structures could be
identified but some mounded areas fully covered with soil and the presence
of scatters of stone rubble suggest that structures do exist.The IS
Chapin Gray sherds that comprise the total site collection would indicate
a San Juan Anasazi use of the site in either BMIlI or PI times at some
point in time between 575 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6404 -Measuring 40 meters in diameter,this site produced a limited
a ssortment of flakes,a few ground s tone fragments,and a modes t ceramic
collection.No structures were identified.With an elevation of 1710
meters,the ground slopes down to the E at 60 .The area has been railed
and seeded and the cover includes grass,some sage,rabbit brush,and
snake weed.The ceramic collection produced diagnostic sherds including
65 Chapin Gray,4 Cha pin B/w and 1 Mancos B/w.The Breternitz dates
suggest a San Juan Anasazi use in late PI or early PI!at some time close
to 900 A.D.
42Sa6405 -The most visible feature at this site is a circular depresssion
5.5 meters in diameter.Other elements may exist but they could not be
identified with assurance.Most of the cultural debris was found down
to the SW of the site des pite the fact that the slope in the site area is
down to the NvV at 50.This suggests a trash area to the SW.The aeolian
soil has been railed and seeded and the present cover includes sage,
grass,Russian thistle,a nd snake weed.The elevation is 1710 meters.
Cultural debris included sherds,secondary flakes,metate and mano
fragments,and a few cores.A ceramic analysis produced 4 Cha pin
Gray,1 Moccasin Gray,1 Mancos Corrugated rim (13 corrugated body
sherds),6 Mancos B/w (3 white ware body sherds),1Abajo Rio,1
Deadman s B/R and 48 unslipped red sherds.The Breternitz analysis
suggests that the San Juan Anasazi used the site in PI-PH times between
about 850 and 950 A.D.
42Sa6406 -This site,measuring 30 meters in diameter,was located
at a point where the aeolian soil sloped down to the NW at 60 .The
elevation is 1710 meters.The area has been railed and seeded and the
present vegetative cover consists of sage brush,grass,and rabbit brush.
Cultural materials involved a light scatter of flakes,ground stone fragments
and sherds.No structural features could be identified.Ceramic analysis
produced 123 Chapin Gray sherds and 2 corrugated body sherds.If the
corrugated body sherds are significant,a late PI or an early PH San Juan
Anasazi occupation is suggested although it could be earlier if the presence
of the 2 corruga ted sherds is fortuitous.
42Sa6407 -This small site was found just above a slope that drops to
the NVIf at 5°.Measuring some 2 a meters in diameter,the site and the
surrounding area has been railed and seeded.Present cover includes
25
sage brush,grass,and 1 dead juniper.Near the dead tree a linear
cluster of stone rubble running N-S,measures 3 meters long and 0.75
meters wide and may represent a surface storage elemert.A thin scatter
of cultural debris included sherds,flakes,and ground stone fragments.
Analysis of the sherds revealed 2 Chapin Gray,2 Mesa Verde Corrugated
rims (11 corrugated body sherds),2 McElmo B/w,7 Mesa Verde B/w
(2 white ware body sherds).Discounting the 2 Chapin Gray sherds as
possibly from a corrugated vessel,the Breternitz dates suggest a San
Juan Anasazi occupation in PIlI at some time between 1200 and 1300 A.D.
42Sa6408 -The central feature of this site is two circular depressions.
The la_rgest of these is 10 meters in diameter while,just to theNE,the
other is 8 meters across.Mounded areas adjacent to the circles suggest
L shaped surface structures with kivas,represented by the depressi ons,
at the inner angles of the Ls.20 meters downslope to the E was a large
pot hole revealing some evidence of masonry not apparent near the
depressions.The site is at an elevation of 1710 meters and has an overall
diameter of 60 meters.It is not clear whether or not the area has been
railed and seeded but the present cover includes sage brush,grass,
snake weed,prickley pear,and a small juniper.Two ceramic collections
were rra de.One was from the surface while the other is composed of
sherds taken from the spoil dirt around the pot hole left by vandals.
The surface collection produced,upon analysis,6 Chapin Gray,1 Moccasin
Gray,1 Mesa Verde Corrugated rim (40 corrugated body sherds),1 Chapin
B/w,10 Mancos B/W,7 McElmo B/W,1 Bluff B/R and 1 Tusayan poly-
chrome.The material left by vandals included 12 Chapin Gray,1 Mancos
Corrugated rim,1 Mesa Verde Corrugated rim (78 corrugated body sherds),
15 Mancos B/w,32 McElmo B/w,1 Abajo Rio,and 10 Deadmans B/R.
Following Breternitz,a San Juan Anasazi occupation or multiple occupation
for a period ranging from PI through PIn is 'suggested for the years from
a bout 850 to 1150 although this period might be contracted somewhat.
42Sa64l9 -This site,75 meters in diameter,sits on a low ridge that has
been railed and chained and where the aeolian soil is now covered with
a sage and grass association.At an elevation of 1710 meters,the surface
slopes down to the N at 70 .Cultural debris a ppeared in the form of a
fairly dense scatter of sherds,flakes,and ground stone fragments.
Two stone clusters suggest wall elements but no rooms could be defined.
A number of low,elongated mounds also suggest linear structural elements
but their existance is not established.Ceramic analysis produced 37
Chapin Gray,4 Mancos Corrugated rims (50 corrugated body sherds),1
Chapin B/W,59 Mancos B/V/,9 Deadmans B/R,and 1 Tusayan Polychrome.
According to the Breternitz cslculations,this argues a San Juan Anasazi
PH occupation at some time between 900 and 1100 A.D.
42Sa6420 -The sherds,flakes,and ground stone fragments of this small
scatter appears to have been "smeared"by chaining and railing to a
26
diameter of some 40 meters.With a 1710 meter elevation,the surface
slopes down both to the E and the IN at 70 while the present cover for
the aeolian soil is sage,grass,and rabbit brush.No structures were
visible.Ceramic analys is,following Bretemitz,produced 46 Cha pin
Gray,1 Moccasin Gray,7 corrugated body sherds,2 Chapin B/W,and
1 Mancos B/W.This suggests an occupation of the 8an Juan Anasazi
in late PI or early PH at about 900 A.D.
428a6421 -At a point where the aeolian surface soil slopes down to the
Eat 50 this site covers an area measuring 50 meters in diameter.The
site does not appear to have been railed or seeded but the present vegetative
cover is limited to sage brush and to grass.The elevation is 1710 meters.
Cultural materials occur in the form of a medium dense sherd scatter
along with flakes and ground s tone fragments.Also noted was a dense
scatter of stone rubble and the fact that the soil here was more powdery
than sandy -suggesting an ash content.While there is no direct evidence
of structures,the s tone rubble makes them seem to be likely.Analysis
of the ceramic collection produced 84 Chapin Gray,3 corruga ted body
sherds,and 3 Chapin B/w.This argues a late PI 8an Juan Anasazi occupation
around 900 A .D.although a discounting of the 3 corrugated sherds could
push this back to an earlier time.
428a6422 -This small sherd and flake scatter was found on the 8W slope
of a low hill where the surface drops at 50.The site is 2 a meters in
diameter and the cover is confined to sage and Russian thistle.The
area has been heavily disturbed by railing although it does not appear
to have been seeded.The elevation is 1710 meters.No structures
were found but a small ceramic collection has produced 2 Mancos Corruga ted
rims (18 corrugated body sherds),15 Mancos B/W (12 white ware body
sherds),and 5 Deadmans B/R.The Breternitz dates suggest a PH San
Juan Anasazi occupation at some time between 900 and 1000 A.D.
428a6423 -Again on ground that has been railed but not seeded,this
site had a diameter of 30 meters on ground that slopes to the 8 at 40 .
The aeolian soil is now covered by Russian thistle,grass,some sage,
and 4 small juniper.The elevation is 1710 meters.A very thin scatter
of sherds,flakes and ground stone fragments produced only plain ware
sherds.8ince no collection was made the site can only by ascribed to
the 8an Juan Anasazi,probably in BMIII or PI times between 575 and 900
A.D.No structures were observed.
428a6424 -With an elevation of 1710 meters,this site covers an area
30 meters in diameter.The aeolian soil slopes down at 30 to the E,
SE and 8 while the cover,after heavy distrubance by railing and seeding,
is now composed of,rabbit brush,Russian thistle,and some sage brush.
An amorphous cluster.of stone rubble may represent the remains of a small
structure.A small sherd collection has been found to include 25 Chapin
27
Gray,5 Mancos Gray,and 8 Chapin B/W.According to Breternitz,
this should place the San Juan Anasazi occupation rathe;:-neatly in late
PI between 875 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6425 -In an area disturbed by railing and seeding,the small sherd
scatter covers an area with a diameter of 30 meters -which may represent
a IIsmearing II by the seeding operation.The aeolian soil slopes down
to the E at 30 while the present vegetation consists of sage brush,
Russian thistle,grass,and some rabbit brush.Flakes and some ground
stone fragments were notp.d,an occupation may,with caution,be postulated
for the San Juan Anasazi between 575 and 900 A.D.either in BMIII or PI
times.
42Sa6426 -This site covers an area with a diameter of 35 meters and is
located on a ridge that drops down to the E,SE,and S at 70 •The cover
is sage brus h,rabbit brush,and several small juniper together with some
grass.Although the area has not been railed,a vehicle track has beaten
down the brush across the N end of the site.The elevation is 1710 meters.
While no structures were identified with certainty,a cluster of stone
rubble measuring 2 meters N-S and 1 meter wide was noted.There is a
possibility that others may exist in the rather dense stand of brush.A
light scatter of flakes and sherds accounted for the cultural debris.
Analysis of the ceramics revealed 27 Chapin Gray,I Moccasin Gray,
and 1 Chapin B/W.Dates suggested by Breternitz would thus fix a San
Juan Anasazi PI occupation between 775 and 900 A.D.
42Sa6427 -This site was found near the E edge of a fairly level ridge
top with the slope of the aeolian soil dropping to the E at 60 •The area
may not have been railed and the present vegetation includes sage,grass,.
1 jLiniper,and snake weed.With an elevation of 1710 meters,the site
has a diameter of 75 meters and may be larger.Structural elements were
only suggested on the surface but vandals had dug out a slab lined granary
in the NW quarter of the site.This feature measures 3 meters long and
nearly 2 meters wide.The digging produced a number of slab metates
and manos.Additional pot hunting down the slope was visible but nothing
could be determined as to the depth of the midden.Other mounded areas
suggest but do not outline linear or L shaped surface structures.The
ceramic collection produced 1 Mesa Verde Corrugated rim (54 corrugated
body s herds),2 ehapin B/W,14 Mancos B/W,15 McElmo B/W (11 white
ware s herds),1 Deadmans SiR and 1 Tusayan Polychrome.Breternitz
dates thus suggest a PII-PIlI San Juan Anasazi occupation for the period
between 990 and 1150.
42Sa6428 -This small site produced a light sherd scatter among the heavier
concentration of apparent stone rubble.A single piece of bruned clay is
the only evidence of a structure -possibly although not necessarily jacal.
o
28
The elevation is 1710 meters and the site diameter is 20 meters.TheoslopeisdowntotheNWat7 .Although the site area has not been
chained or railed,it has been a cattle "yarding"area because of the
presence of a number of juniper.Other vegetation includes sage,grass,
and snakeweed.Analysis of the small sherd collection produced 2
Chapin Gray,11 corrugated body sherds,2 Mancos B/w,and 1 Abajo
R/O.Following Breternitz,an accounting for all of these sherds would
postulate a late PI or an early PH San Juan Anasazi occupation between
about 900 and 950 A.D.
42Sa6429 -With a diameter of 15 meters and an elevation of 1710 meters,
the aeolian soH of this site area slopes down to the SE at a barely
perceptable 10 •The ground has been railed and seeded and the present
vegetation is restricted to grass and Russian thistle.The site is marked
by a small block of from 1 to 3 rooms,apparently of coursed stone although
burned clay fragments may also suggest the use of jacal.The analysis
of the sherd collection following dates given by Breternitz pvoduces 4
Mancos Corrugated rims (19 corrugated body sherds),7 Mancos B/"'1
(9 white ware sherds),3 Deadmans BIR,and 1 McElmo S/iN.This argues
a PH occupation by the San Juan Anasazi between 900 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6430 -Situated in an area that has been fully railed and seeded,
this site is on a 3
0 slope to the SW with grass and Russian thistle
forming the only cover for the aeolian soil.The elevation is 1710 meters
and the site measures 3S meters by 3 a meters.The principle cultural
feature is a circular depression 5 meters in diameter.Although this is
an a pparent PH site,evidence of jacal suggests tha t this was a pit house.
Cultural materials included primary and secondary flakes,a metate
fragment and 3 hammerstones.A ceramic analysis of magerial collected
produced 2 Cha pin Gray / 2 Mancos Corrugated rims (40 corrugated body
sherds),3a Mancos B/W (21 white ware sherds),and 1 Deadmans B/R.
This argues a San Juan Anasazi PH occupation between 900 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa643l -With a 30 meter diameter,thi s site is located on aeolian soil
tha t slopes to the SWat 30 •The area has been railed and seeded and the
present vegetation is confined to Russian thistle and some grass.The
elevation is 1710 meters.Cultural debris consists of primary and secondary
flakes,a hammers tone , 1 mano and numerous ground stone fragmen ts as
well as sherds.Sherds collected have been analyzed to reveal 2 Chapin
Gray,1 Mancos Corrugated rim (16 corrugated body sherds),16 Mancos
B/W,and 3 Deadmans B/R.This would,according to Breternitz,argue
a PIr San Juan Anasazi occupation between 900 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6432 -The central feature of this site is a depression 10 meters
in diameter with a trash midden lying just to the SW of it.The site is
on a small ridge of aeolian soil which slopes down to the SE at 20 •With
an elevation of 1710 meters,the area.has been railed and seeded and
present vegetation is confined to 1 small juniper,Russian thistle,and
some grass.Cultural debris included flakes,a hammerstone,a metate
29
fragment,and other ground stone fragments and sherds.Analysis of
the sherds produced 46 Chapin Gray with an additional 14 sherds of the
same type but of unusal thickness,4 corrugated body sherds,and 6
Mancos B/W.While it does not quite accord with Breternitz,a PIl
San Juan Anasazi occupation is postulated for the period between 900·
and 950A.D.
42Sa6433 - A circular depression 5 meters in diameter is surrounded by
midden that apparently represents trash deposits.The aeolian soil appears·
to be perfectly level,perhaps the result of railing and seeding.Present
vegetation is limited to a sparse cover of grass.The site measures 10
meters in diameter and the elevation is 1710 meters.Cultural debris
includes flakes,two manos,ground stone fragments,and sherds.Ceramic
analysis revealed 13 corrugated body sherds,26 Mesa Verde B/W and 29
white ware sherds.This rather simple assortment follows Breternitz to
postulate a San Juan Anasazi PIlI occupation between 1200 and 1300 A.D.
42Sa6434 -Again resting upon aeolian soil that appears to be quite
level,this site is at an elevation of 1710 meters and has a diameter of
15 meters.The vegeta tion in the area is composed entirely of Russian
thistle with some grass.Two contiguous depressions mark the focus
of the site while cultural material includes both metate and mana fragments
as well as other ground stone fragments,primary and secondary flakes,
and a modest collection of sherds found to include 1 Mesa Verde Corrugated
rim (6 corrugated body sherds),1 Mancos B/W,1 McElmo B/'W,4 Mesa
Verde S/W and 5 white ware sherds.A study of Breternitz suggests a
PIlI San Juan Anasazi occupation between 1125 and 1225 A.D.
42Sa6435 -With a 20 meter diameter,this site is marked by a scatter of
flakes and sherds with no evidence of structures.The site is on a low
ridge with a slope to the E at 30 •The area has been railed and seeded
and the present cover is given exclusively to Russian thistle.The elevation
is 1710 meters.An analysis of the Sherds collected produced 5 Chapin
Gray,14 corrugated body sherds,3 Chapin B/W,10 Mancos B/W (11 white
ware sherds),and 3 Deadmans B/R.This assortment argues a PI-PH
occupation for the Sen Juan Anasazi between 875 and 1000 A.D.
42Sa6436 ~Central to this site is a small structure of shaped stone
comprising one or two rooms.The site is on aeolian soil sloping at 10
to the E.The area has been railed and seeded and the present cover is
composed of Russian thistle with some salt bush.The site diameter is
15 meters and the elevation is 1710 meters.Primary and secondary flakes
were accompanied by a few sherds.Although these were not collected,
field identification of Mancos Corrugated and Mancos S/W assigns a
PH San Juan Anasazi occupation of from about 990 to 1150 A.D.
/-
30
42Sa6437 -This site,30 meters in diameter at an elevation of 1710 meters I
rests on aeolian soil that sloj:B s down to the E at 20 •The site is just
a bove a modern "root cellar".Stone rubble suggests a small structure
apparently no more than 1 meter square.The area has been railed and
seeded and present vegetation includes some sage brush and Russian
thistle.Cultural materials were confined to primary and secon::i ary
flakes and sherds.The sherds include 6 corrugated body sherds,2
Mancos B/WI 22 Mesa Verde B/W (7 white ware sherds)and 2 Deadmans
B/R.The Breternitz study suggests a PIlI occupation by the San Juan
Anasazi between 1150 and 1300 or perhaps a bit later.
42Sa6438 -This site rests on a small knoll where the central feature is
a depression 2 meters in dia!j1eter and 50 em.deep.The ground slopes
to the NE at a very gradual 1 .The area has been railed and seeded and
the aeolian soil is presently covered with grass,sage I Russian thistle
and one juniper.The site measures 40 meters by 30 meters and the
elevation is 1710 meters.Cultural material observed includes primary
and secondary flakes I mana and metate fragments I hammerstones I and
sherds.The ceramic analysis reveals 31 Chapin Gray I 2 Moccasin Gray I
4 Chapin B/wI 49 Mancos B/w (9 slipped white ware)I 6 Deadmans B/R,
and 2 Tusayan Polychrome.Following the lead of Breternitz I this sugges ts
a PI-PIl San Juan Anasazi occupation for a period between 850 and 1050 or
perhaps a bit later.
o42Sa6439-This site is located on aeolian soil with a slope of only 1 to
the NW.The area has been railed and seeded and the present cover is
confined to Russian thistle with some grass.At an elevation of 1710 meters
and a site diameter of 30 meters I the central feature is a depression 8
meters in diameter and 75 em.deep with a small block of from 1 to 3 rooms
to the SE of the depression.The block is formed of coursed stone and
measures 4 by 3 meters.Cultural rna terial included a slab metate and a
basin metate I mana fragments I primary and secondary flakes I hammers tones
and sherds.Ceramic analysis identified 3 Chapin Gray I 3 Mesa Verde
Corrugated rime (80 corrugated body sherds)I 14 Mancos s/wI 33 Mesa
.Verde B/W (24 white ware sherds).If the Chapin Gray be considered
undecorated parts of corrugated vessles I a PH-PIlI San Juan Anasazi
occupation can be postulated for a time about 1000 to 1300 A.D.
428a6440 -Located on aeolian soil with a slight 10 slope to the S I this
site area has been railed and seeded and the present vegetation is limited
to Russian thistle and some sage brush.The elevation is 1710 meters and
the site is some 15 meters in diameter.The site reveals both some
apparent building stone and burned adobe rubble.The rubble is evident
both on the surface and in a pot hole dug by vandals.Cultural debris wa s
confined to flakes,ground stone fragments and sherds.Sherds include 17
Chapin Gray I 3 Chapin B/WI and 2 white ware sherds.This argues,
according to Breternitz I a BMIII-PI San Juan Anasazi occupation some time
between 575 and 900 A.D.
31
42Sa644l ...The central feature at this site is a room block measuring 12
by 3 meters and apparently made of coursed stone though the structure is.
now seriously damaged as the result of railing and seeding.Some 5 meters
W of the room block is a well-defined flaking area.The entire site is 35
meters in diameter.The vegeta tion is confined to Russian thistle and
wolf berry.The aeolian soil of the site slopes at 20 to the SE and the
elevation is 1710 meters.Cultural debris included primary and secondary
flakes,a mano,ground stone fragments,and sherds.Sherds include
15 Chapin Gray,18 corrugated body sherds,3 Chapin B/w,48 Mancos
B/W (16 white ware sherds),4 Deadman B/R,and 1 Tusayan Polychrome.
According to Breternitz,this combination of sherds might be found between
900 and 1000 A.D.and thus a San Juan Anasazi PH occupation can be
suggested.
42Sa6442 -With a slope of 20
,the aeolian soil of this site is covered
with Russian thistle and some sage and grass as a result of railing and
seeding.The site measures 15 meters in diameter with an elevationo"f
1710 meters.The primary feature of the site is the surface evidence of
burned adobe which suggests a jacal structure.Cultural debris was
confined to flakes and sherds.The sherds were,in turn,limited to 54
Chapin Gray and 1 Chapin B/w.The Breternitz study thus argues a BMIII-
PI San Juan Anasazi occupation some time between 575 and 900 A.D.
.42Sa6443 - A depression measuring 10 by 15 meters and surface evidence
of burned adobe suggesting jaca1 form the central elements at this site
which has a 25 meter diameter at an elevation of 1710 meters.The aeolian
soil slopes to the SE at 30 and,as a result of railing and chaining,the
vegetation here is confined to Rus sian thistle.Cultural debris is limited
to flakes and to sherds which include 63 Chapin Gray,1 Chapin B/W,and
1 Abajo Rio,an association which Breternitz would limit to the period
between 700 and 900 A.D.so that a PI San Juan Anasazi occupation is
postulated.
42Sa6444'-In an area railed and seeded,the site is on aeolian soil
that slopes at a bare 10 to the SE.The elevation is 1710 meters and the
vegetation is limited to Russian thistle and some grass.The site measures
50 meters in diameter and appears to represent two distinct components.
In one portion of the site,structures appear to have been built of jacal
and of coursed stone while in the second area,a pit structure seems to
be ir.dicated.In the area of the possible pit structure,Component A,the
sherds include 5a Cha pin Gray and 10 Chapin neck-banded,1 Chapin B/w
and 3 Deadmans B/R.This argues of PI occupation by San Juan Anasazi
between 800 and 900 A.D.In com ponent B where s urfa ce stru ctures appear
to have been built,the sherds include 24 Chapin Gray,3 Mancos Corrugated
rims (15 corrugated body sherds),2 Chapin B/w,16 Mancos B/W,and 15
Deadman B/R.Use of Breternitz here argues the San Juan Anasazi were
present in PII times between 900 and 1100 A.D.
32
42Sa6445 -The principle feature of this site is a one room structure of
coursed stone measuring 3 by 4 meters with walls 0.5 meters thick.
Vandals have dug a pot hole in the S portion of the site which is 10 meters
in diameter.The site is covered with juniper,pinon and sage.The
aeolian soil slopes down to the SE at 20 while the elevation is 1710 meters.
Very little cultural debris wa s present but Mancos Corrugated sherds .
were noted in the field and thus an occupation by the San Juan Anasazi
is probably a PH manifestation although it can only be said that it was
laterthan 900 A.D.
December 29~1977 STATE OF UTAH
Scott :'11.:-'btheson,Go':ernor
·~
Mr.Milo A.Barney~Chainnan
Environmental Coordinating Committee
State Plar~~ing Office
118 State Capitol
Salt Lake Ci~?,UT 84114
Dear Mr.Barnev:.,
DFP.\RT:'fE:-:T OF
DF\TLOP\lE:-:T SER\'ICES
:-'lichael D.Gallivan
Executive Director
104 State Capitol
Salt Lake City,Ctah 84114
Telephone:(801)533·5961
RE:Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.,Uranium Mill approximately
seven miles south of Blanding
On the basis of staff review and reconunendation,the State
Historic Preservation Officer has determi.'1ed that as long
as the recorrunendations for mitigation made by Richard A.
1110mpson in A\J I~'TENSlVE CULTIJRAL RESOURCE nNE~1DRY CONTIUC'F'cl)
ON \\HlTE ~fESA,SAN JU..t\i\T COill-J1Y,UTAH are followed,then this
project ""ill have no known effect on any recognized or potential
National Register historical,archeological,or culvJral sites.
Please be advised,however,that should artifacts or cuIrural
objects be discovered during the construction stage,it is the
responsibility of the Federal agency or camnunity receiving
block grant funds to notify this office immediately as provided
for in the Utah State Antiquities Act of 1973 and Public Lmv 93-291.
~.-7
\./.......I ./_Sincerei~Yi!J(//~,JW'-'"/..J.;"••/',".(.4-v--
."Michael D.Gallivan
Executive Director
and
State Historic Preservation Officer·
Should you need assistance or clarification,please contact
l'lilson G.jl.1artin,Preservation Planner,Utah State Historical
Society,603 East South Temple,Salt Lake City,Utah 84102,
[phone].
WGM:jjiv:B255SJ
cc:1'-1s.Nancy E.Kennedy,Assistant Economist,Dames &Moore,
605 Parfet Street,Denver,CO 80215
conditional clearance
DIVISION Of:INDUSTRIAL PRO~IOTIO~TR,\VEL lJEVELOP\I£~T·EXPOSITIO:\,S •ST,\TE IIISTORY •FI:'iE ARTS
January 27,1978
Mr.Gerald W.Grandey
Corporate Counsel
Energy Fuels Corporation
Executive Offices
Three Park Central,Suite 445
1515 Arapahoe
Denver,CO 80202
Dear Mr.Grandey:
t/,tCEWtD
FeB 1 \91 ra STATE OF UTAH
Scott M.Matheson,Governor
l)='~\·~~~L.()P~\If,::";·-T SE,F..'''ICES
Michael D.Galliva:1
Executive Director
104 State Capitol
Salt Lake City,Utah 84114
Telephone:[phone]
RE:Energy Fuels Corporation,UraIlium Mill approximately seven miles south
of Blanding,Utah
In reference to our letter dated December 29,1977,to Mr.Milo A.Barney,
Chainnan,Environmental Coordinating Committee.In that lette:r we stated
that as long as the recommendations for mitigation made by Ric~ard Thompson
are followed,then your proj ect will have no known effect on any recognized
or potential National Register historic,archeological,or cultural sites.
This letter is ii1.tended to outline the measures your company should follow
for mitigation.
The sites withirr the environmental area of the energy fuels plant and
tailings pond will need to be tested to determine eligibility of the site
for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places (see 36 CPR
Part 800).Excavation will not be conducted unless determined necessary.
Enclosed is a list of qualified archeologists who may be available to
conduct the testing.If sites are determined to be eligible for incll~ion
in the National Register of Historic Places,then mitigation measures as
outli.Tled in 36 CPR Part 800 will need to be followed.
The State Historic Preservation Officer is also concerned that secondary
1T!pacts be avoided where at all possible and D~at should artifacts or
cultural objects be discovered during the construction stage it is the
responsibility of the Federal agency to notify this office ~~ediately as
provided for in the Utah State Antiquities Act of 1973 and Public Law
93-291.
A copy of the testing report will be supplied to the Historic Preservation
Office in order for our office to comment about the eligibility of the
sites in question.
DIVISION OF:INDUSTRIAL PROMOTION 'TRAVEL DEVELOPMENT 'EXPOSITIONS'STATE HISTORY •"FINE ARTS
Mr.Gerald W.Grandey Page Two January 27,1978
If you have any conunents or questions,please contact Wilson G.Martin,
Preservation Planner,Utah State Historical Society,603 East South Temple,
Salt Lake City,Utah 84102,[phone].
WGM:j jw:B255SJ
Enclosure
clearance
pc
It:)•UJe w ~\\csend (/OC~"t,t\e
ondec'-sepC\If'C\te -cou e.r i
QUALIFIED ARCHEOLOGISTS
Dr.David B.Madsen
Antiquities Section
Division of State History
603 East South Temple
Salt Lake City,DT 84102
[phone]
Dr.Jesse D.Jennings
Department of Anthropology
University of Utah
Salt Lake City,DT 84112
Dr.Ray Matheny
Department of Archeology
Brigham Young University
Provo,DT 84601
[phone]
Dr.Richard Thomnson
Department of History
Southern Utah State College
Cedar City,DT 84720
Dr.Alexander J.Lindsay,Jr.
Museum of Northern Arizona
P.O.Box 1389 .
Fort Valley Road
Flagstaff,AZ 86001
Mr.Richard Hauck
Archeological-Environmental Research Corporation
P.O.Box 17544
Salt Lake City,DT 84117
APPENDIX B
WATER QUALI7Y INFORHATION
,~.::.,
B-1
APPENDIX B
WATER QUALITY
General Physiocochemical Properties of Water
The constituents analyzed in water are the substances in solution
~n water.Dissolved solids commonly determined by analytical methods and
expressed as concentrations of ions are the cations (positively charged
ions),calcium,magnesium,sodium,and potassium;anions (negatively
charged ions),sulfate,chloride,fluoride,nitrate;and those contribut-
ing to alkalinity (usually expressed in terms of an equivalent amount of
carbonate and bicarbonate).Other substances determined,but not as
routinely,are boron,phosphate,selenium,and various trace elements.
Certain chemical and physical properties of water also are reported
in water analyses.Some of these properties include the amount of total
dissolved solids,water hardness expressed as equivalent quantities of
calcium carbonate,and specific conductance.The source and significance
of chemical and physical properties of natural waters are given in Table
B-l.
Physical and Chemical Constituents of Water Related to Use
The quality of water is often judged according to the intended use
of the water.Generally,the lower the amount of dissolved solids,the
better the water quality is considered.However,the concentration of
particular constituents in water may be more important than the total
concentration of dissolved solids.General water quality evaluation
criteria for common uses are discussed below.
Domestic and Municipal Use
Chemical quality standards for water used for public carriers
and by others subject to federal quarantine regulations have been estab-
lished by the U.S.Public Health Service (USPHS,1962).These regula-
tions concern bacceria,radioactivity,and chemical constituents that may
be objectionable in a public water supply.Recommended maximum concen-
trations of constituents established by the USPHS and proposed and
TABLE B-1-----
SIGNIFICANCE OF COMMON CHEMICAL A}ID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATERS
Canst1t\lf"nt or
Physl~~~_e£rty_
Arsenic (As)
Bicarbonate (lICO:J)
nnd
Carbonate (COJ)
Doron (D)
Calcium (ea)
Cil lorIde (Cll
Dissolved Solids
fluoride (F)
lIardness (CaCOJ )
])"on (Fe)
M3~ne51um (Mg)
~urce or Cau!!!"
In wastes Crom some industry nnd minin~activity,and in
rcsldue~from certain insecticides and hE"rblcides.III
natural water,trace Quantitif!'s may be fairly common.
Action of carbon dioxide In water on carbonate rocks such
as llme~tone and dolom!te.
Dissolved from soil and rock,particularly those of Iftneous
oriR:fn.Waters trom hoL sprin~s and especIally waters
trom areas of recent volcanic nctivity may be rather hi~h
In boron.May be added to water throun-h disposal of 'Waste
mat~rlals,especially from cleanin~operations where
borRtes are used as detergents.
Dissolved from most s011s and rocks but especially from
limestone,dolomite,and ~ypsum.Some bl'ines contain
large concertrations of calcium.
DiS!=iol ved from rocks and soi19.Present in se",a~e and found
in lar~e concentration5 in ancient brines,sea water,R~d
industrial brineR.
Mineral com:;titucnts di!3s':>lved frop!rocks and soils,or
ridded a!9 a rpsult of man-made conditions.May include
dissolved organic constituents and some water of
crystallization.
Dissolved In small to minute quantitIes from most rocks
and soils.
In most waters nearl}'all the hardness is due to calcium
and magnesium.Metallic cations other than the
alkali metals also cause hardness.
Dissolv(ld from most rocks and soils.May also be derived
rrom \ron pipes,pumps,and other equipment.More than
1 01'2 m,:!/l of soluble iron in surf~ce waters generally
indicates mine drainaJte or other sources.
Dissolved from most soils and rocks but especially from
dolomitic limestone.Some brines contain large
concentrations of magnesium.
51r.n1rlcance
Arsenic is toxic to humans and animals.It can accumulate in tissue
nnd result in serious physiologic;'!l effects.(See text for n1aximum
lImit recommended for drinking water.)
Bict\rbonnte and cnrbonnte produce alkalinity.R.tr.arhonateA of
calcium and magnesium decomposE'in steam boilers and hot-water
facilities to form scale and release corrosive carbon dioxide
~ns--in combinatIon with calcium and ma~nesium cause carbonate
hardness.
Small arnounts in irrigation water and soil are damlJ~in~to certain
crops.It is essential in trace quantities in plant nutrition,
but becomes toxic to some plants in concentrations as small as
1.0 mR/l in irrigating water.
Calcium and magnesiUM calise m0st of the hardness and scale-
forming-properties of wa.tp.r;soap con.c;mnjllp,'.(Sec Hardness)
Calcium products may deposit on pipe walls and in well-screen
openings and reducp.the water-transmit t Inft erficiency.
Ili~h concentrations increase the corrosiveness of water and,in
combination with sodium,g-ive a salty taste.
Dissolved solids values are a measure of the collective concen-
tration of constituents in the watcrj the higher the value
the hlf(her the concentration.Tons per ncre-foot and tons per
day are calculated values that nre measures of the total
dissolved salt load in an acre-foot of the w~ter Rnd in the total
volume of the water passing the ~amplJnp,'0::1 te 1n a 24-houl'period.
Fluoride in drinkin~water reduces the incidence of tooth decay
when the water is consumed durin~the period of enamel
calcification.However,it mAy cause mottling of the teeth
depending on the concentratton of fluoride,the a~e of the
Child,the amount of dJ"lnking water consumed,~nd the susceptib-
ility or the individual.
Consumes soap before a lather w111 form,and deposits soap curds on
bathtubs.liard water torms scnle in bo1lers,water heaters,and
pipes.Hardness equivalent to the bicarbonate and carbonate Is
called carbonate hnrdnpss.Any hardness in excess of this is
called noncarbonate hardness.
On exposure to air,iron 1n !it'rounrJ water oxidizes to reddish-brown
sediment.More than about 0.3 mg/l stains laundry and utensils
reddish-brown.Objectiona1 for food processiOR',bevern~es,d}'einFt,
bleaching,ice manufacture,and other purposes.Lar~e concentrations
cause unpleasant taste Bnd favor Krowth or iron bacteria,
Ma~nesium and calcium CRuse most of the hardness and scale-formin~
properties of water;soap consuming.
b:IIN
Nt trog'cn
Ammon1a (NH3)
Nitrite (N02)
Ntirate (NO:!)
pH (H}'dro~cn-ion
activity)
Phosphat.e (P0.j)
Potassium (X)
Selcn.lum (Sc)
SiIlea (5102)
Sodium (Na)
Spp.C'ifie CondlH:1an('c
(mien.mhos a l 25°C)
Strontiull'(Sr)
Sulfate (S04)
Temperature
TABLE B-1 (Concluded)
May occur in water 1n these forms depending'on the level
of oxidation.Dissolved from i~neous rocks;~oils enriched
by lc~umes and commercial fert t lizers:barnyard and stock
corraIsi and sewag-e e f fluent.
Acids,acid-~cneratin~~salts,and free carbon dioxide lower
the pll.Carbonates,bicarbonates,hydroxides,phosphates,
silicates,and borates raise the pll.
Weathcrin~of igneous rocks,]ea(~hin~of soils containing-
organic wastes from plants and animals,phosphates added
by fertilizers,and domestic and industrial sewage.
Phosphate in deterv;ents is important source ill sewage
effluent,
Dissolved from most rocks and solIs.Found ids.:>In
ancient b.'illes,sea water,some industrial brines,
and sewage.
Principal sottrce of selenium-bcarin~rocks al'c volcanic
emanations and sulfide deposits which have beerl
redistributed by erosion and weathering.Found in
rocks of Cretaceous a~e,~~pe(;lally shales,and
soils derived from them.
Djssotved fJ'om most ."oCks and f:>011s,~eJmral1y 1n small
amounts from 1 to 30 m~/L Higher concentrations,as
much as 100 mg/l,may occur in hiJ{hly alkalJne watel"S,
Dissolved C.'om most rocks and soils.Found also in
ancient brines,sea water,indllstrial brines.alld
sewag:e.
Specific conductance Is dependent upon dissolved
mirlt~ral content of the water.Numericall}'equal In
modet"ateI}'I.d.nerall?f.>rl water to approximately 1.1 to
1.H times the dissolved solids.
nis~olved from ror:k~and soils,especially CArbonate
sediments and rocks of igneous ol'i!{in.
Oh.solv~rl from rocks and soils containing ~),pS\lm,Iron
sulfide!;,and other sulfur compounds.Commonly
present In mine watE-rs and in some industrial wastes.
Concentrations much above avernRe for any (ornl <If nitrogen prohahly
indicate pollution.Nitrate encourag'es Krowth of algae and other
organisms that produce undesirable tastes and odors.Concentrations
of nitrate greater than 45 mg/l may cause methemog:lobinemia in
infants,the so-called "blue-baby"disease.
pilaf 7,0 indicates neutrality of a solution.Irt~her values
denote increasin~alkalinitYi lower values,incrcasinJ?,acidity"
COI'ros!veness of water ~enerallY increases wi th decl·....as i nl!,"pll,
However,excessively alkaline waters may a1':,,")attack metals.
pl'1s a measure of the activity of tile hfdro~en Ions.
lIi~h concentrations can indicate leachjng from eXGcssivt:-~pplication or
fortllizcrs,cesspool6 or rccharRe from coolillK waters.
Large concentrations,in combination with Chlorine,l';"lv£~a salty
taste.Potassium is csscntial 1n plant nutrilion and wili be
taken into the plant.The potassium will return to the soil
when the plant dies,unless the plant is removed.The soil must
be replenished with potassium to remain prClductivt>.
Selenium Is toxic in small quantities,and in SOUle areas its
presence in ve~etation and water constitutes a p,"oblem in
livestock management.Selenium is hazardous lwcause it can
accumulate in animal tissue and result in serious physiolc)gical
effec:ts.
Forms hard scale in pipes and boilers.Cat'ried in steam of high-
pressure botlers to form dcpos1ts on blades of steam turbines.
Inhibits deterioration of zeolite""Wllter softeners.
k~rge concentrntions,In combination with chloride,give a salty
taste.JIt~h sodium content ~omrnonly limits use of water (01"
il'rl~ation.
Spec:lfic conductance is a measure of the capacity of water to
conduct ~n electric current.Tilts property varies with
concentratJ.on and de~ree of 10nization of the constituents,
and with temperature (therefore report.ed at 25°C).Can be used
to ~stimate tile total millcralizatio"of tile water.
Concentrations ~p.nr.rnlly are too low to he of eOIl('ern to mO.9t
w;llel'users.
nigh c.:oncentrations may have a laxative effect and,In combination
with other ions,give a bitter taste.Sulfate in water
containing calcium forms a liard scale ill boilers,
Affects usefulness of w.der for many purposes.In ~cneraL
tempeorature or shallow J{round water shows some seasonal
fluctuation.wheJ'eas tcmpcnltur,e of f!:round water from modC'rate
dt::pths rel"liaio5 ne-ar the mf!an annun)air t"'nlperatllre of the :11'ea,
In v~t')'Jeep wl~11s,water temperature g-eller-ally jl'l~r('aRes about
lOr fOI't"''''H::h (~O-foot 1ncrC'ment of depth,
ttlIw
B-4
entered by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (1974-1977)are shown
in Table B-2.
The inclusion of this table does not mean to imply that there
are plans to use water of the project area for a public water supply.
The EPA recommended standards,when referred to,are used merely as a
basis for comparison of water qualities.
Hardness ~s important ~n evaluating the suitability of water for
domestic,municipal,and industrial uses.A rating has been established
by the U.S.Geological Survey as follows:
Hardness as CaC0 3 (mg/U Rating
o -60 soft
61 -120 moderately hard
121 -180 hard
greater than 180 very hard
A water quality classification based on concentration of total dissolved
solids or specific conduc tance has been in use by the U.S.Geological
Survey as follows:
Dissolved Solids Specific conductance
Water Quality Class (ppm)(micromhos/cm at 25°C)
Fresh 0 to 1,000 0 to 1,400
Slightly saline 1,000 to 3,000 1,400 to 4,000
Moderately saline 3,000 to 10,000 4,000 to 14,000
Very saline 10,000 to 35,000 14,000 to 50,000
Briny More than 35,000 More than 50,000
Industrial Use
Wa ter quality criteria for industrial purposes vary considerably,
depending on the use.Some industries have strict quality requirements.
Requirements for cooling and waste disposal are more lenient,although
certain waters may require treatment to prevent corrosion and scale.
B-5
TABLE B-2
DRINKING WATER CRITERIA FOR INORGANIC CHEMICALS
u.s.Public Health
Service
1962
EPA Interim
Primary Regulation
(1975-1976)and
National Secondary
Drinking Water
Regulations (1977)
Chemical Constituents
Arsenic (As)
Barium (Ba)
Boron (B)
Cadmium (Cd)
Carbon Chloroform Extract (CCE)
Chloride (Cl)
Chromium,Hexavalent (Cr+6)
Copper (Cu)
Cyanide (CN)
Fluoride (F)
Hydrogen Sulphide
Iron,Total (Fe)
Lead (Pb)
Manganese (Mn)
Mercury (l1g)
Nitrogen (N)
Nitrate (N)
Phenols
Selenium (Se)
Silver (Ag)
Sulfate (S04)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Turbidity (Turbidity Unit)
Zinc (Zn)
Radium 226-228
Gross Alpha Activity
Gross Beta Activity
Recommended
Limit mg/la
0.1
1.0
0.2
250
1.0
0.01
0.8-L7c
0.3
0.05
10.0
0.001
250
500
5
TolerancebLimitmQ/l
0.05La
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.005
0.01
0.05
Maximum
Contaminant
Level mg/l
0.05
1.0
0.010
0.7
250
0.05
1.0
0.2
L4-2.4c
0.05
0.3
0.05
0.05
0.002
10.0
0.01
0.05
250
500
1.0
5.0
5 pCi/l
15 pCi/l
4 millirem/year
aRecommended Limit:Concentrations which should not be
suitable water supplies are available.Concentrations
grams per liter unless otherwise indicated.
exceed where more
measured in milli-
bTolerance Limit:
for rejection of
unless otherwise
Concentrations greater than these shall constitute grounds
the supply.Concentrations measured in milligrams per liter
indicated.
cFluoride:Dependent on annual average maximum daily air temperature over
not less than a 5-year period.Where fluoridation is practiced,minimum
recommended limits are also specified.
B-6
Irrigation
The chemical quality of water is an important factor in evaluating
its usefulness for irrigation.Total concentration of dissolved solids
and relative proportions of calcium,magnesium,and sodium must be known
in order to estimate the effects of irrigation water on soil.The
calcium and magnesium content of the soil and subsoil,topography,
position of the water table,amounts of water used and the method of
application,kinds of crops grown,and climate of the area also need to
be considered prior to the application of irrigation water.
If salinity (total dissolved solids)of irrigation water is high,
excess soluble matter left in the soil from irrigation often is removed
by leaching of the topsoil.The resulting solution percolates downward
by gravity to the water table.If the water table rises excessively,
this process of drainage disposal of salts may not be effective and
"water logging"of the soil with saline water results.
In addition to potential dangers from high salinity,a sodium
hazard sometimes exists in irrigation water.The two principal effects
of "too much"sodium in the irrigation water are the reduction in soil
permeability and a "hardening"of the soil.Both effects are caused by
the replacement of calcium and magnesium ions in the soil by sodium ions
from the irrigation water.The potential for these effects can be
estimated by the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)expressed as:
SAR=[$=-NaCa+Mg
2
where:Na,Ca,and Mg represent concentrations ~n milliequivalents per
liter of the applied water.Plate B-1 is a diagram for estimating
sodium and salinity hazards of irrigation water.
Another concern regarding the quality of irrigation water ~s the
presence of constituents in the water that are toxic or harmful to plant
growth.Some of the specific ions that are known to be toxic to plants
SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE,IN MICROMHOS PER CM AT
25 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1000 2
30
28 28
VERY HIGHHIGH
750 2250
Splcific Conductance
MEDIUM
2
6
4
:r<!>
:r
20 20
0a::Ii:<l:<[
N !!!
<l:~::I:::l;~~:>I
...J 0 c 160
<l:lU ~:ll::::l;
...J ~
<l:'g 14
I
::l:~:a::::>0 120'"0CJ)
10
SALINITY HAZARD
DIAGRAM FOR ESTIMATING SODIUM AND
SALINITY HAZARDS OF IRRIGATION WATER
(REFERENCE:Us.SALINITY LABORATORY,1954)
DA•••••oo••
PLATE B-1
B-8
~n excessive quantities are aluminum,arsenic,beryllium,boron,cadmium,
chromium,cobalt,copper,fluoride,iron,manganese,nickel,selenium,
and zinc.The effects of these elements on plant growth,the types of
plants they affect,and the concentrations at which they may become toxic
vary widely and are not discussed.
Water Sampling Procedures and Techniques
The following describes the sampling procedures and techniques
employed ~n the collection,preservation,shipment and analysis of
surface and ground water samples for measurement of the existing
(baseline)physical,chemical and radiological water quality condi-
tions as described in Section 2.6.3 of the Environmental Report.
In-situ Measurements
At each sampling station at the time of sample collection the
and specific conductance.
following measurements
(surface water only),
were made:temperature,pH,
All
dissolved oxygen
measurement s are
immediately recorded on a sfandard water sample data sheet for each set
of samples collected at a station.Important factors,such as an esti-
mate of flow,weather,and other site conditions are recorded on the
water sample data sheet.
Sample Collection and Preservation
At each sampling station a set of samples ~s collected for analyses;
i.e.,(1)3.8 1 of water in plastic container with nitric acid (HN03)
preservative for radioactivity for metals (2)25.0 ml of water in plastic
container with sulphuric acid (H 2S04 )preservative for ammonia and
nitrogen analyses (3)one liter of water in glass container with sul-
phuric acid (H2S04 )preservative for oil and grease and total organic
carbon analyses and (4)one liter of raw water in plastic container for
boron,chloride,fluoride,etc.The containers are labeled and verified
and placed in a refrigerated container for shipment to a commercial
testing laboratory within 24 hours of the time of collection.
B-9
The preservatives are carefully measured and added to the sample
container by the commercial testing laboratory before they are taken to
the field for sample collection.The preservative techniques retard the
chemical (and biological)changes that continue after a sample is col-
lected.This is accomplished by controlling the pH,refrigeration and
chemical addition.All sampling and preservation are in accordance with
EPA's Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (1974)
and the U.S.Geological Survey's Hethods of Collection and Analysis of
Water Samples for Dissolved Minerals and Gases Book 5 Laboratory Analysis
(1970).
Containers
Before use,all containers are thoroughly cleansed,filled with
water and allowed to soak several days to remove water-soluble material
from the container surface.In addition,glass bottles are washed in hot
detergent solution,rinsed in warm tap water,rinsed in diluted hydro-
chloric acid and fully rinsed in distilled water and placed overnight in
300°C oven.
Plastic type containers are used for collecting and storing water
samples for analysis of silica,boron,sodium and hardness,other metals
and radioactivity;whereas glass bottles are used for total organic
carbon and oil and grease.
Quality Control
For quality control on water quality analyses certain procedures
have been implemented ~n the baseline study.As routine procedure,
samples are split and the replicate sample is sent to a second commercial
testing laboratory for analyses to compare with the results of the
primary commercial testing laboratory.In other cases a sample is split
and the split portion assigned a different field number and it is sent to
the same laboratory for analysis and comparison with the other portion of
the surface sample.The analysis of these quality control samples can be
statistically evaluated with the other analyses to provide a degree of
confidence of the analyses results.
APPENDIX C
}ffiTEOROLOGICAL DATA
MONTH:JANUARY
TABLE C-l
MONTHLY PERCENT FREQUI';NCY IlISTIlIRlITION OF PAS(!LJlI,L STAllll,I'fY
BY DIRECTION AND MEAN WIND SPEED (mps)AT BLANDING.UTAH
A B G D-------_.E F-------ALL-------
%Mean %Mean %Mean
Direction Freq.W.S.lmps)Freq.H.S.lmps)Freq.W.S.lmps)
%Mean %Mean %Mean %Mean
Fre'!•.W.S.lmps)Freq.W.S.lmps)Freq.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mr-s)
N
NNF.
llE
ENE
E
ESI,
SF.
SSE
SSW
SW
WSW
W
liNW
NW
NNW
CAl.I"
ALL
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.2
0,/,
0.9
0.8
0.1
O.J
(J.t
0.0
0.0
0./,
4.0
1.3
0.0
0.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
1.3
1.5
1.7
2.4
1.5
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.4
11.1
3.1
0.0
1.5
4.6
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.8
3,0
2.4
3.1
2.9
0.0
4.6
2.5
2.7
1.1
1.1
0.4
0.7
0.4
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.6
1.9
0.4
0.7
0.9
2.6
2.1
5.7
28.3
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
1.9
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
3.6
3.6
4.9
3.2
/,.6
5.6
'l./
2.7
3.3
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.3
1.0
1.0
1.9
2.8
0.0
13.3
3.0
3.0
2.4
3.1
2.1
2.3
2.1
3.I
3.1
2.8
3.5
3.7
3./,
3,/,
3.5
3.1
3.1
12.1
1.6
0.9
0./,
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.8
1.0
1.4
2.0
1.0
1.2
I.J
4.6
6.0
8.3
43.3
2.1
2.0
1.7
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.9
2.2
1.6
18.5
3.6
2.4
1.2
1.5
1.6
3.6
4.2
).1.
7.6
6.8
2.2
3.3
3.5
9.1
11.0
14.7
100.0
2.3
2.4
2.3
2.6
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.7
2.7
1.0
2.8
3.2
3.3
2.8
2.2
HONTII:FEBRUARY
JA.~L~._E~~~
HONTIILY PERCENT FREQUENCY IJISTRIBUTION OF FASQUILL STABILITY
BY DIRECTION AND HEAN IHND SPEED (mps)AT BLANDINC,UTAH
A B C IJ E F ALL
:t Mean %H,..an :t Mean %Henn %M(~an %Mp.an %~tcan
Direction Freq.W.S.(mpB)Freq.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mpB)Freq.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mpB)Freg.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mps)
N
NNE
liE
ENE
f:
ESE
SE
SSE
SSW
SW
wsw
W
WNW
NW
NNW
CAI,li
ALI.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
·0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.9
1.4
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.6
6.6
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
3.6
2.6
2.7
2.0
2.4
2.4
3.1
3.1
0-.0
2.6
1.5
2.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.6
1.0
2.2
2.4
1.7
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.6
10.7
2.6
3.3
1.0
3.0
3.9
3.1
2.7
3.4
2.7
3.1
3.0
0.0
3.7
2.8
1.5
5.1
2.8
3.1
2.0
1.1,
0.4
0.9
0.3
1.7
1.6
0.7
2.4
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.5
3.3
3.2
2.8
29.4
3.5
3.7
4.0
3.0
3.1
2.2
3.1
3.6
3.1
2.9
1••1
1,.1
5.2
5.6
6.8
5.2
3.9
1••8
0.7
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.7
0.8
2.7
2.8
0.0
15.6
3.3
3.2
4.3
2.1
2.1
3.6
0.0
2.6
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.1
3.7
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
9.5
1.5
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.3
1.6
0.6
1.1
1.2
6.7
5.9
5.0
37.3
2.2
2.2
1.8
2.1
0.0
1.9
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.2
1.8
18.0
4.5
2.5
1.1
1.4
1.1
3.4
3.8
4.9
8.4
7.3
2.I
3.3
3.7
13.0
12.1
9.5
100.0
2.7
3.0
3.2
2.5
2.9
2.5
2.1
3.1
2.5
2.7
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.9
3.6
3.3
2.8
HONTil:~.9.!..-
(L':~}).:~,;·
TABLE C-3
MONTIILY PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTHIIlUTlON OF PASQUILL STAIlILITY
BY DIRECTION AND MEAN IIINlJ SPEED (OIl'S)AT BLANDING,UTAH
".
A 8---_.__._-c o E F ALL
%~le.1n
Direction Freq.W.S.(~
%Mean %Mp.;1Il
'req.W.S.(IDpS).req.W.S.(~e')
i.:H(?.1n %~1can %~I~an
.req.II.S.(IDps)Freq.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(ml'..5)
X Me,1n
Freq.W.S.(ml'.!l
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SF,
SSE
ssw
sw
WSW
II
WNII
NW
NNW
CAUl
ALL
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.7
0.3
0.2
0.3
1.2
0.4
1.1
1.2
1.0
0.2
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.5
9.5
1.7
1.5
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.'Z
2.3
0.0
2.2
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.2
0.7
1.2
0.6
1.1
0.8
0./,
12.9
2.4
2.6
2.3
2.3
[,.1
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.7
[,.5
4.1
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.1
2.1
0.9
0.4
0.8
2.4
1.2
1.6
3.3
4.5
3.0
1.4
1.8
3.9
2.7
0.9
35.8
3.9
5.3
4.8
3.6
3.1
3.0
3.4
3.7
3.1
4.9
5.5
5.2
6.1
5.6
5.5
6.5
4.8
3.9
0.9
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.0
0.3
0.7
1.6
3.0
2.9
0.0
16.0
3.3
3.1
2.7
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.1
3.1
3.1
4.1
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.7
4.0
3.6
3.5
7.1
1.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.9
0.5
1.1
1./,
3.8
4.8
2.4
25.6
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1.
2.6
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.1
15.0
5.4
4.4
1.7
1.1
2.3
[,.6
3.0
[••1
6.6
8.6
4.6
5.2
5.9
11.9
11.2
4.3
100.00
2.9
3.6
3.5
2.9
2.6
2.8
3.0
3,1,
3.1
4.0
4.4
4.5
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.4
-----------
MONTII :APRIL
TABLE C-4
MONTHLY PEIICENT FIlEQUENGY DISTRIBUTION OF PASQUILL STABILITY
BY DIRECTION AND MEAN WIND SPEED (lOpS)AT BLANDING,UTAH
____A _B C D E--------F ALL
%Hean %Mean %Hean %Mean %He"n %He.•"%tlean
Direction Freg.W.S.(mps)Freg.W.S.lmps)Freg.W.S.lmps)Freg.W.S.lmps)Freg.W.S.lmps)Freg.W.S.lmps)Freg.W.S.lmps)
N
NNE
NE
EN~;
E
ESE
Sf.
SSE
S
SSW
S\I
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
CALM
ALl,
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.•0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
0.0
2.6
0.0
2.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.3
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.6
7.7
3.6
1.5
2.5
2.6
3.6
2.1
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.7
2.8
3.1
2.9
0.0
2.8
2.1
2.4
0./,
0.2
0.6
0.3
0.3
0.8
1,/,
I.i.
1./,
2.0
2.2
0.9
1.1
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.1
14.6
/,.2
3.0
3.5
3.9
2.2
3.7
3.1
3.6
1,.5
4.3
4.3
1,.1,
3.4
4.9
4.7
4.6
4.0
2.1
1.4
2.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
1.8
2.3
2.1
5.2
6.4
2.5
2.2
1.8
2.6
2.1
0.4
36.5
4.7
5.1
5.9
4.6
3.6
3.3
3.9
3.8
11.6
7.2
6.5
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.7
4.7
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.3
0.4
0.6
1.1
2.4
2 ,/,
0.0
15.2
3.5
3.8
3.8
2.8
0.0
3.6
1,.4
2.6
2.3
1,.2
4.0
3.2
4.0
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.7
6.9
1.3
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.2
1.9
4.2
3.6
3.2
25.8
2.2
2.4
2.0
2.4
1.9
1.9
1.7
2.6
1.5
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.0
1/,.2
3.6
3.6
1.3
1.1
2.3
1,.4
4.8
4.9
9.5
11.5
4.6
5.5
5.5
10.4
8.3
4.3
100.0
3.1
3.8
4.6
3.3
2.8
3.0
3.3
3.5
/,.0
5.6
5.2
/,.8
4.1
1,.2
3.8
3.7
3.9
~1ON'nl :IIAY
.~L-_
TABLE C-5
~IOlnll!.Y PEHCENl FIU'(i11f,IIGY DISI'H IIlIITIIII!OF PAf'l)1!1 LL STAIII!.ITY
IIY IJIllECTiOll AND ~fEAN IHND SPEI':11 (IIlI''')AT IlI.MlIlING,IIT,\II
c
!.';;
ALI.
%HI~;lll ;~H(~,1n X }fp.1n ~:H'-;lll ~(,.~11';11l 7,H":lll :~r-\":I11
i-~~.~~_t__L~!-..~E~_q~~•._~T'::'~__-Yrp.9.~~~~~~~r.~~.}~_r!:~l~_!i.:~i-~_r~.~~~g~....\i....:i:.~l~p~l._~x~:---!:~.~~:.~_li~I:'~:_)_..-.!~~~~_~~~<.~_~~~~_L X!:!,~,(l:__~.=_~:.....~..l')ll.~_!_
N
~Itlr:
NE
ENi~
HE
SE
S~jE
SSl'1
SI.]
HS\'/
w
flNIi
m,
NNH
CALI·I
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
D.2
o.J
O~/+
0.6
0.1
0.2
o.n
n.1
(J.O
0.2
0.0
2.0
2.6
2.I
2.1
2.6
2.)
2.1
2.ll
2.I
2.5
2.6
2.6
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.6
1.1
2.0
1.6
2.6
l.7
1.5
0.6
D.8
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
1,.6
0.0
O.D
2.D
2.9
2.9
2.8
3.2
3.0
3.1
3.R
3.6
3.5
2.8
1.0
2.1
0.7
0.7
0.)
0.)
0.1,
0.7
0.9
1.1
2.2
2.7
3.1
1.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
0./,
0.0
4,1,
5.3
5.)
4.)
4.2
3.2
3.R
4.3
I!.1
).~
5.n
S.l
4.9
IJ.'l.
5.0
1,.6
1.6
I.)
1.1
0./-..
0.5
0.9
1.1
U.7
I.?
.1.1,
11.1
7.'J
1.3
0.3
2.1
O.ll
0.5
5.0
6.4
11.8
l!.l
4./1
I....0
,LO
:,.1
').1
6.(1
6,3
5,]
If .9
6.2
5.6
(i.l
5.5
1.1
0.7
D.I
O.?
0.0
1l.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
1.4
0.4
0.6
0.6
1.9
2.6
0.0
'3.6
3.7
).9
2.\
1.3
0.0
O,Il
:'.3
J.7
I,.J
1,.1
1.3
2.7
1.I
3.5
1.1
~.I,
1.0
0./,
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.5
1.1
0.9
1.1
1.7
1,.0
3./J
2.5
2.!,
2.1
l.9
1.5
1.7
1.5
I.R
7.n
1.9
?1
2.11
2.1
2.)
2.1
2.4
242
16.'J
[,.1
2 .,
1.2
2.0
3.0
II.d
1.7
7..'1
9.7
11.7
5."7
11.7
3.'
9.1,
7.)
J.I.
1.1
/~•I~
(,./
'1./1
'1.'1
1.)
3.1
:I.I.
'1.7
~l.I
ILR
i•.~l
1.I}
1.I
.1,1.
'1.2
_....._---------_.._--------_.._----.._----------._---------------
ALL .1.0 2.2 I/t./J 1.0 16.7 4.8 23.8 5,1,15.7 3.5 26.4 2.1 100.0 1.7
MONTII:---:!UNE
'fABLE C-6
HONTIILY PERCENT FREQ1!ENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PASQIIILL STIIRILITY
BY DIRECTION AND HMN WIND SPEED (mps)AT BLANDING,UTAH
A n C o E F ALL---------
%Mean 7.Mean %Hean
Direction Fre'l.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.(mps)Freg.W.S!.l.!!T.s)
%Mean %Mean :t Up-an %Hl"',m
Freg.W.S.(mps)Freg.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.('"pS)
------,---_._---_._--------
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
s
SSW
sw
wsw
W
WNW
NW
NNll
CALM
AU
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.6
0,1,
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.8
5.7
0.0
2.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
2.3
2.1
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.6
2.3
2.1
2.1
0.0
2.0
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.2
1.9
1.4
3.2
2.0
2.8
0.8
0.9
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
17.2
2.8
2.4
2.1
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.4
3.6
3.6
'1,.0
4.1
3.7
3.0
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.4
1.1
0.7
1.0
2.1
3.5
2.1
0.5
2.0
1.0
0.4
0.1
15.9
4.0
5.1
4.3
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.5
1,.9
1,.9
5.3
1,.4
4.4
4.1
1,.5
4.5
1.7
1.3
1.2
0.2
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.5
1.0
2.3
2.8
1.7
1.0
0.8
0.8
1.0
0.8
18.8
5.1
5.7
4.0
2.0
1,.5
4.5
4.6
1,.3
4.6
6.3
5.1
5.6
1,.4
5.5
7.6
3.8
1,.9
5.1,
0.4
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.4
2.1
2.5
0.0
13.9
3.6
3.2
2.8
0.0
3.6
4.1
2.1
2.1
3.6
3.0
3.8
3.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
3.4
3.5
9.7
1.0
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.1
1.0
0.4
2.4
1.9
3.8
4.1
2.2
28.5
2,1,
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.1
2.1
0.0
2.1
2.6
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.1
18.1
3.3
3.0
0.8
1.7
2•.5
5.0
3.1
7.0
7.6
11.4
5.8
5.3
4.7
8.0
8.4
4.2
100.0
3.1
3.8
3.1,
2.5
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.2
4.5
4.1
4,6
3.1
3.5
3.6
3.0
3.1,
MONTH:JULY
/
TABLE C-7
MONTlH.Y PfiRCENT FRr~QUENCY OISTHIBUTIDU DF PASQUII.L STAIIILlTY
BY IJlRECTlON ANIl Mf,AN I/lNIl SrEEIl (rnps)AT BLANDING,UTAH
A--------8 ____C _lJ E F _____A_I._L _
%Mean
Pi!~~!!on Freq.W.S.(mps)
%Mean %Mean %Mean
Fr"q.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(OIpS)~·r"q.W.S.trn!,s)
%Mean
Fr"q.W.S.(mps)
%Mean
Froq.N.S.(rnps)
%He.1"
Fr~~"T!!l
N
Nm~
NE
EN"
E
r~SE
Sf:
5:jE
S
SSW
SW
wsw
W
WNII
UW
rww
CALM
ALL
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1.
0.3
0.6
1.1
0.7
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.6
6.5
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.3
1.5
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.\
2.2
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
0.0
2.0
0.6
O.ll
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.1
3.0
0.8
2.0
2.1
3.0
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.8
0.2
0.8
16.5
2.8
0.0
3.8
3.2
2.7
L7
2.9
2.7
2.4
3.2
3.6
3.1
2.6
ll.O
3.1
2.6
2.9
1.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.4
1.2
1.8
0.5
0.7
1.6
4.4
0.6
0.6
0.2
0.8
0.9
0.2
16.3
3.9
4.6
1••3
3./,
2.7
3.6
3.5
3.1
3.2
4.3
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.I
3.6
1,.1
3.8
2.5
2.0
1.7
0.8
0.3
0.9
1.1
0.7
D.7
1.2
1.8
J.2
1.6
0.7
2.2
1.2
0.6
21.1
3.9
4.2
5.6
1,.7
3.7
3.0
4.8
3.5
2.6
5.5
4.5
4.1
1••8
4.0
4.6
4.1
4.2
4.9
1.3
0.8
0.1
0.2
ll.1
0.5
0.0
0.0
ll.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.7
2.1
0.0
13.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
4.1
3.1
3.1
3.7
0.0
0.0
2.1
2.7
3.4
3.1
2.7
3.I
3.3
3.3
8.1
0.8
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.7
1.3
1.1
3.4
11.4
3.6
26.1
2.3
2.2
1.6
2.8
1.7
3.1
2.2
3.1
1.9
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.8
2.1
2.2
7.4
1.9
\7.3
4.8
3.9
1.8
2.\
3.8
7.1
2.6
4.7
5.8
11.9
3.5
4.6
2.7
9.0
8.6
5.8
lOO.ll
2.9
3.7
1...2
3.8
2.6
3.0
3.3
2.9
2,/,
3.8
3.6
3.3
3.3
2.8
3.2
3.ll
3.0
HONTII :AUGUST
r£Au.~~q~~A
HONTIILY PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF PASOUIl.L STAHII-lTY
BY DIR~:CTION AND liMN WIND SPErm (mps)AT BLANDltIG,UTAH
'j,_~..:.~J'i..:'~;;..,,-'
A 8 c D E---------------F ALL
%Henn %Hcan %Ilcan
Direction Freg.W.S.(mp.)Freg.W.S.~_Fre<eY.S..J_m'p!,2.
%th~:111 %HeLIn h Hea"
Freg.II.S.(m!'!l__Jreg.y.S.(mps.L FJ:eq.__W.S.(mps)
%H(>an
Freg.W.S.~
N
tmE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
,mw
CALli
ALL
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
4.6
2.0
0.0
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.3
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.1
0.0
2.I
0.0
2.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.3
1.2
2.3
0.8
1.6
1.9
2.2
0.9
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.1
14.8
1.5
1.1
2.9
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.1
2.3
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.8
L7
3.2
2.8
2./.
0.7
0.3
1.2
0.6
0.8
1.6
1.6
1.1,
1.5
1.7
3.2
0.7
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
17.3
3.5
5.0
3.1
3./.
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.I
3.0
3.7
3./,
1••3
3.4
3.3
1,.4
1.9
3.3
1.7
1.3
1".7
0.5
1.0
0.7
1.1,
1.2
0.7
1.2
2.3
0.7
2.0
1.2
1.6
1.5
0.9
21.7
4.7
5.2
3.9
5.4
3.7
3.2
1,.5
3.0
2.5
4.8
4.3
4.7
4.4
5.0
4.3
1,.7
4.1
I~.l~
0.9
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
1.3
2.1
0.0
12.0
3.3
3.1
3.7
2.8
5.1
4.6
3.3
3.1
2.8
3.6
2.9
3.2
1••1
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.3
8.6
1.6
1.0
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.7
3.2
.5.2
4.5
29.6
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.8
2.1,
2.11
1.5
1.5 .
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1,
1.9
15.8
l~.2
5.2
1.7
2.7
4.3
6.2
4.3
1,.5
5.8
9.3
4.2
4.9
3.9
6.8
9.2
6.9
100.0
2.9
3.5
3.2
3.6
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.7
2.5
3,1,
3.4
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.1
2.9
2.9
HONTH:SEPTEHBER
TABLE C-9
HONTHLY PEIlCENT FIlEQlIENGY DJSTllIllliTION OF PASQIJ[LL STABILITY
BY DIIlECTION ANIl HI\AN WIND SPEED (mps)AT IlLANlllNG.lITAI!
A------B c n E f--------ALL
%Henn %Mean %Melln %M(~:lIl %Mean %~1('an
Direction Freq.W.S.lmps)Freq.W.S.lmps)Freq.W.S.lmps)freq.W.s.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mps)
%Mp;1I1
Fre,!.W.S.lmcl
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SF.
SSE
551/
SW
wsw
W
WNW
Nil
NNW
CALli
ALI.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.4
1.1
1.8
1.5
2.I
1.9
2.3
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.9
14.9
1.8
1.5
1.5
2.0
1.8
2.7
2.5
2.4
2./,
2.8
2.4
2.7
2.2
2.0
1.7
2.3
2.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.7
1.2
1.3
0.5
0.8
2.0
2.3
0.5
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.2
0,/,
13.5
1,.3
2.9
3.2
2.4
2.8
2.8
3./,
2.8
3.1
4.2
4.1
/••5
3.7
/,.1
3.3
3.3
3.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.8
\.\
1.9
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.4
0./,
20.0
4.5
5.5
5.1
2.7
4.1
3.6
2.5
4.3
4.\
6.6
5.8
6.2
4.2
6.2
5.6
6.3
5.2
3.3
1.0
0./,
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.5
1.3
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.9
1.9
1.4
0.0
14.0
3.5
3.8
2.9
4.1
2.J
4.1
3.\
5.1
1.5
4.0
4.1
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.7
8.6
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.2
0.5
1.3
2.3
6.5
7.4
3.2
37./,
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.1
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.I
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.1
J3.6
4.7
3.7
2.2
1.8
3.1
5.I
3.6
5,/.
8.2
8.8
4.5
3.9
5.2
10.5
10.5
5.2
lOO.O
2.8
3.7
3.5
2.tl
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.9
4.1
3.8
4.6
3.2
1.7
3.0
3.J
3.1
HONTH:_..Jl.G.TOBER.._
TABLE C~lO
HONTItLV PERelmT FHEQUENCY OISTHIIIUTlON OF PASQIIILL STAnH.ITY
BY OIRECTIotl AND NEAN WIND srElm (mrs)Ar IILMltli.NG,UTAH
A-------II c D E F ALL
%H~an %Mean
Direction Freq.W.S.lmps)Freq.II.S.lmps)
i,:Mp.an %Hr.;)"%}1f~rtn :t Me:!"h Nean
Fre'l.II.S.(mps)Froq.II.S.lmps)Freq.II.S.lmps)Freq.II.S.lmps)Freq.II.S~lmps)
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SII
IiSW
W
IINW
N'N
NNW
CALf!
Al.L
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.5
1.2
\'0
1.6
1.8
1.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.0
1.7
12.1,
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.7
2.6
2.5
2.7
2.I
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.4
2.2
1.6
0.0
2.0
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.9
0.7
1.6
1.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.5
10.6
2.3
2./-1
3.0
3.6
3.3
3.U
3.2
3.7
3.5
4.1
1,.2
2.9
3.0
2.6
2.5
2.6
3.2
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.2
0.8
1.6
2.9
2.0
2.5
4.7
2.7
1.7
0.7
0.7
2.0
1.2
2.2
32.9
2.8
4.5
3.7
3.3
2.9
3.1
4.0
3.7
3.5
4.9
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.7
4.8
4.0
3.7
3.1
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.3
0.7
0.6
1.0
2.2
0.0
11.6
3.3
4.3
3.1
0.0
2.1
2.5
2.6
3.3
2.8
3.6
3.4
3.1
3.2
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.5
11.0
2.3
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.0
0.6
0.7
0.7
3.4
5.6
3.4
32.5
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.3
2.0
1.5
2.I
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.5
2.2
2.5
2.1
2.3
1.9
17.2
6.1
3.8
2.2
2.2
3.2
5.0
4.6
5.6
10.1
7.6
3.3
2.6
2.6
7.0
9.1
7.9
100.0
2.4
3.1
3.3
2.9
2.5
2.8
3.3
3.3
2.9
4.0
3.5
3.4
3.0
3.1
3.I
2.8
2.8
MONTIl:NOVEMIlER
TABLE C-ll
MONTHLY P~:RCENT FUEQIJENCY D1STIllnUTION OF PASQIJILL STAnn[TY
IIY IHUECTION ANIl liliAN WINIl SPEEIl (mps)AT nLANIlING,UTAH
_____A _B ___C _D E F ALL----_._--
%Bean
Oireption Freq.W.S.(mps)
%Mean %Mean
Fr~W.S.(mps)F'req.~W.S'("'j>S)
%Mean
Fro'!.W.~.(mps)
%Mean %Henn %~1enn
Froq.W.S.(mps)Froq.W.S.(~j>~~L Froq._~~.,...<.!:~
N
NNE
NE
EliE
E
ES~:
SE
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.U
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
o.[
0.0
0.3
0.2
0.9
1.5
2.5
1.5
0.0
2.2
2.3
1.7
0.7
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.0
1.4
1.5
4.4
2.6
1.5
3.4
2.8
2.4
1.4
1.9
0.3
lot
1.1,
2./t-
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.3
2.3
2.5
2.9
5.1
1.3
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.3
2.9
3.1,
3.4
2.8
0.0
2.9
2.2
10.9
1.[
1.0
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.8
2.2
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.6
2.1
1.6
19.2
4.2
4.3
0.8
1.9
2.7
5.4
2.5
2.8
3.3
3.0
2.1
2.7
2,1,
._------------------------_._----------------_._----
SSE
S:3\-I
SW
wsw
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 /'
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.1,
0.1
1.8
1.7
2.3
1.5
1.5
1.[
1.0
2.7
2.2
0.4
2.6
2.5
3.1
2.8
3.0
1,1,
1.9
2.8
2.6
1.0
2.9
2.5
5.0
4.0
3.t.
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.2
2.4
2.I
2.2
3.0
2.1
0.3
0.8
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.[
3.1,
4.5
7.7
7•~
2.7
2.5
2.2
3.5
3.0
2.7
._.__._._---------
W
W~l~
Nfl
NNW
CAUl
ALl.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
n.o
0.6
1,.4
2.5
0.0
1.5
0.0
1.6
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
1.7
13.7
2.8
2.2
2.3
1.5
2.4
1.1
1.5
'}.1.
0.9
2.8
29.2
2.9
1,.2
4.9
5.I
3.3
0.4
1.1
1.4
1.5
0.0
11,.2
3.0
3.9
3.7
2.9
3.1
0.9
1.5
4.4
6.0
6.2
38.5
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.1
1.8
3.0
4.5
8.6
8.5
11.3
100.0
2.7
3.3
3.2
2.6
2.5
MONTIl:DECEHDER
TABLE C-12
HONTIlLY PERCENT FREQUENCY DISTR IDUTION OF PASQUILL STAn 11.lTY
BY DIRECTION AND MEAN WIND SPEEIJ (mrs)AT Bl.ANDINC,IJTAII
A B C D E F ALL
7.flean 7.Hean %liean 7.Mean %tlean 7.tlean
Direction Frog.W.S.(mps)freg.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.(mps)Freg.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.(mps)Frog.W.S.(mps)
h '1e<1n
Frog.W.S.(mpB)
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
s
SSl~
SI~
wsw
w
WNW
NW
NNW
CALM
ALL
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.2
5.4
0.0
1.5
1.5
0.0
1.5
1.5
t.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.0
0.0
'1.5
0.0
1.5
1.2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.7
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.4
1.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
9.3
2.0
0.0
2.B
3.6
3.0
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.'__
2.3
3.0
2.6
2.1
2.1
3.7
3.6
2.6
3.0
1.7
1.2
0.8
0.5
1.3
2.3
1.5
2.0
2.4
2.8
1.1
1.7
1.0
2.5
2.3
2.9
31.0
2.7
2.6
3.2
2.7
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.6
2.3
3.1
3.2
3.4
3./,
3.5
5.B
1,.9
3.0
3.4
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.8
1.1
1.9
2.6
0.0
13.6
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.1
3.1
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.9
3.6
3.4
2.8
3.2
3.1
9.9
2.6
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1,
1.5
1.7
0.7
0.7
1.5
4.8
6.0
9.1
40.7
2.1
1.9
1.8
2.2
1.5
2.2
2.6
2.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
2.0
1.8
2.3
1.9
2.1
1.6
16.6
5.2
2.5
1.1
1.1
3.0
4.3
3.4
'••5
7.8
6.9
2.5
3.3
3.7
9.6
11.2
13.3
100.0
2.4
2.3
2.6
2.7
2.1,
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.1,
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.3
2.9
2.3
/'-
-.::;'71~-":'~-:~_
TABLE C-13
ANNUAL I'ERCf:NT fREQUENCY OISTRIIlUTlON Of PASQUILL STABILITY
BY IHIU:CTION MID fmAN WINIl SPEf:U (mps)AT BLANDINC,UTAH
1970 -1'174
A-------___C _o--------f--------ALL-----_.---
%Ncan %Hean %U~<1n %HC'lHI %Hc.oltl %ttean
Direction freq.\~.S.(mps)Freq.W.S.(mps)freq.W.S.(mps)freq.\~.S.(mps)Freq.W.S •.~I~£S)fre~W.S.(lIIps)
i~~h'.'1n
Frc.~~~~.S.~~
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
SSW
SW
wsw
W
\/NW
tM
NNW
CALM
fiLL
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.0/,
0.09
0.16
0.13
0.30
0.20
0.31
0.09
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.21
1.77
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.I
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2./,
2.5
2.3
2.1
0.0
1.9
0.26
0.12
0.26
0.22
0.33
0.69
1.39
O.Bi
1./,7
\.45
1.49
0.38
0.44
0.19
0.26
0.10
0.77
10.65
2.\
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.7
2.9
3.0
2.9
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.4
0.57
0.39
0.54
0.24
0.35
0.76
1.09
0.97
1.29
2.08
2.31
0.71
0.60
0.38
0.52
0.31
0.39
13.53
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.0
3.1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.9
4.0
4,/,
3.7
3.9
4.0
3.8
3.5
2.22
1.59
1.61
0.54
0.62
0.83
1.65
t.28
1.45
2.77
3.00
I.55
1.31
1.15
2.29
1.70
1.74
27.32
3.7
/,.5
4.4
3.6
3.I
3.0
3.5
J.l,
3.3
5.3
5.0
5.0
/,.6
5.1
5,(,
5.1
4.2
/,.31
0.88
0.40
0.12
0.11
0.16
0.23
0.15
0.24
0.52
0.80
0./,0
0.56
0.85
1.93
2.32
0.00
13.99
3.3
3./,
3.3
3.0
2.9
3.3
3.0
2.9
3.1
3.4
3.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
i.7
3.3
3.4
9.23
1./,6
0.65
0.28
0.27
0.22
0.40
o.J]
0.46
0.80
1.15
0.67
1.16
1.51
4.36
5.18
4.46
32.58
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
\.9
2.11
1.8
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.I
2.2
2.2
1..3
1.9
16.65
/,.fI9
3.50
1.1.1.
1.73
2.75
4.93
3.70
5.22
7.84
9.08
3.8l
4.1/,
/,.11
9.42
9.62
7.56
loo.n
2.5
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.4
3.~)
3,/,
3.1
3.n
TABLE C-14
PROJECT SITE TEMPERATURE DATA MARCH-AUGUST,1977
"M.;1'177 TF>'PEf.!~TlJh'E «(tIlT IG4I1f,lt::)
1':'!tI.;GV FUF,\.~.BLANDING,UTAH
f~llI If.!OF THF 1)11 V
':i\y q I O?O:J 04 IJl,Of'o(I)>!04 III 11 If'n 14 10;16 17 11::\19 ?Il ;l}?i'.21 ?4
1 -I .1 -].1 -J."-2.2 -101 -??-?.t~-.~1.7 14.4 A.7 7.H H.c)'1.4 H.9 .,•P,n.7 4.4 2.?1• 7 1• ].f,-c.il -2.R
?-2.M -1.1 -4.4 -'1.0 -s.n -4.4 -4.4 _].1 -1.1 -.1',.f:I • 1 ].7 1• 1 2.??iJ 1.7 O.-2.1::\-3.3 -1.9 -4.4 -5.6 -6.1
-~.7 -~.7 -h.7 -7.~-H.J -~.7 -n.1 -3.3 -1.1 n.1• 1 3.3 if..4 s.n 5.1',J.ll 3.3 1• I -1 .1 -1.1 -?R -].9 -4.4 -3.9
4 -3.4 -4.4 -4.4 -3.3 -2.?-;.2 -?p -1.\-.().F',?"•f,1•J 1.1 .f.,J .7 ?.A o•-~.2 -?.H -?R -3.3 -1.3 -3.Q
':i -~.4 -S."-5.A -5.1':-~.'-~.J -7.2 -?~'.I • 1 ?p J.'1 4.4 S.h 1.3 "l.Y ·l.3 1 .7 -.~-2.2 -3.3 -J.~-4.4 -S.h
f,-S.I)-l.Y -r.!-1',.'-f,.1 -".7 -S."-1.1 I • ]?i-l 4 ./-f 4.1.+'1.?'1.3 <.;.lc.10.0 Y.4 7.ti 5.0 J •3 .6 -1.1 -.1',-1.1
7 lI.-1.J -2.?-1.1 -1.1 -1.7 -J.7 .11 ::.3 s.~7.<:~.~•J J0.0 11 • 1 11.7 \?.2 12.2 10.0 H.J 5.6 4.4 3.3 1.3 3.1
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"-.4 1• 7 1• 1 1• I .f>O..6
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TABLE C-14 (Continued)
:"y'-:~~,
/ll-'fI '<J 77 IF"'Pr ~',Tlmf (CI:>JIIGf/,"lt I
FI~f:fiG y HWLS •BLAND1NG.UTAH
MOtJf<OF lHE OAY
CI\Y nl n?())04 0"Oh 07 Oil 0';Jn 11 12 11 14 IS II,11 18 1<'21]?I ?2 21 24
1 1.7 .~99.g 9'1.9 99.9 q~.~o.-I.I II.?p f,•4 4.4 (',.1 "• I
1,.1 h.I S.6 S.6 1.'1 2.?1•7 .6 .n -e t'l
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1'-1 i~•1 ".0 3.9 fl.e 1.7 I • I 2.fl 3.9 l.1 h.7 7.~0.9 g.4 111.0 10.f,10.h 10.1,9.4 S.b ,:>.r.".4 3.9 ?.R ??.Ii)2.2 ?"J.J ;>.f!t.'.2.R h.I 7.f·,1::.3 12.2 1/...4 1~.611,?11.i:'IIJ.:l 17.ij II.?11,.7 I?fl 11.1 1I • 1 7.1j h.7 h.7
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?Ii -~.Y 1.9 it .4 4.4 if.4 3.<;'6.I 7.2 t'.Y 10.1',I?e 12.2 13.3 14.4 1",.0 15.0 13 .4 14.4 I 1• I 9.4 p.3 7.H 5.0 3.9
?1 3.q 1.3 ."3 I • I
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TABLE C-14 (Continued),
"flY 1977 IF''''F''~TtIPF (CfNT !1;I>AUF.)
F.Mh'GY fllFLS.BlANDING,UTAH
Hl)lIf<OF THE !JIIY
r f\'(nI n?()<04 ("01',01 0"09 In I 1 12 13 14 1c;16 17 18 19 20 ?1 ?2 23 24
J I"'.I',P.?J 1.1 I I • 7 1,)•11 I I • 1 1,1.1 P.>'1;.1 Ie,.n 1flo 7 IfJ.J 17.A 11."19.4 20.6 21.1 21.1 ?I.J 19.4 )7.f'15.0 1,.6 11.Q
('1I • 1 I \ • I II.]11,]9."6.1 S.II 7.;)JJ •-l l'i."11.~lB.'!20.0 21.1 ;>1.7 2?.~2c.R 21.7 21.1 1'i.<;Ib.7 12.r.'I I • I 1101
1 1()•f,In.I',\ I • 1 10.0 11.\I I •J J0."I?;>1:'.1 11.9 1e,.~\7.2 17.R 17.;>17.7 11.A 20.0 19.4 11-1.9 11.M 16.\15.6 IS.0 14.4
I.1:'.1 l?i1 11.1 11 .]>\.9 fl.3 -,•?In •.;Ie.?14.1•Ic;.~11.H lA.]19.4 20.0 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.n 1 1.I>:1'>.6 14.4 14.4 12.1-1
S 11.1 I').':'r.9 'l.~"• 1
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1h fO.l '1.1 1l.3 7 -t:.l 1'::.1 6.1 1?iJ 13.9 1'>.n Ih.7 IH.9 19.4 20.n 1'1.1 ?O.O 19.4 1'1.9 17.2 16.1 I'j.n 13.4 12.1'1 11.7•c
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TABLE C-14 (Continued)
vIJ~:197I TH·r;p;,\T1.JI,r (C..;'J r ((;f<':Il)t':I
Fr,l~I'r;y FII~LS.BLANDING,UTAH
f''()I1><OF P1[f)A y
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I
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9
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20.0 )0,4 18.3 17.~
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2f.H ?H.3 ?A.<.J 21.2 2A.7 2S.n 24.4
24.4 26.J 21.M 27.'1 2h.7 26.7 26.7
25.6 26.1 26.7 27.2 27.2 26.7 2A.l
2S.0 2h.1 26.7 ?7.R 2A.7 27.R 27.2
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2n.6 IR.4 1'1.3
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21.9 21.1 lR.9
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24.4 n.3 n.il
23.9 IIl.Y 1-"2
23.3 n.2 21.7
22.2 IH.9 17.R
22.R 21.1 19.4
C?f<21.7 2n.6
26.'I i'0 •0 If<.4
21.1 20.0 (1).0
n.3 23.3 n.2
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2h.l 2,>.n 21.3
?7.2 2h.7 n.9
2f,.7 (''5.0 22.2
2P.3 26.7 2h.1
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TABLE C-14 (Continued)
,"?!::"~~,.
"UL 1977 TPWP''''T')P~«(fJHJG~ALH')
~'t'~I-,r3Y ~IJFLS.BLANDING,UTAH
f'llIJ'"<'JF THF !lAY
r.~Y OJ o?01 04 OS 06 01 OK otJ 10 I'Ii'D 14 Ie:;]1'17 18 1~20 ?1 22 21 24
I ?J.'J ????il.n ?o.o 7].1 ?O.il 21.1 ?~.h il.?~~.~2Y •4 10.0 'V.?J?H lJ.l ,V.?31.1 31.1 3n.6 21.~2~.7 24.4 21.3 22.R
??I.,l').I ?!'.O I H.J 1".1 I I.?1'1.'";'.'c".1,?".1 ('I.e 10).U 11.1 12.?'r.~3?R JI.l ~?2 10.6 29.~27.2 25.6 24.4 23.9
1 ?l.g 2'i.n ?3,1 21.1 ~I,I 2">.2 22.2 ?l.g it.7 ?y.~10.0 ll.1 1CI •0 3 I •7 10.1',10.0 :ll,"3n•f,27.II "2 1•2 ,,6.1 25.6 2S,O 21.4
4 70.0 IR.l Il.?I~.I 11'•1 1('• I It;."II',.\It.7 16.1 I1',.1 lb."?O.O 21.1 22.7 21.1 21.1 2?2 21.1 lY.3 17.13 17.2 16.7 16.7
r.;1f.• "I1',.1 11',.I IS.(,15.1',15.6 lS.6 lo.n ~I.l ?1.1 24.4 26.1 76.7 2H.l 27.2 26.7 72.R 21.1 22.2 19 ./~1R.3 18.J 16.1 15.6
I',1"•II l'i.n 1:0.0 11.J Ii,."II.??'1.11 ?1.1 "~.'('f..l ?0.I ?~.1 ?H.g 79.4 2Y.4 30.0 71.9 2 R.9 2S.6 27.A 22.R 22.2 19.4 17.n,".2 11.R 11,.1 ],.0 16.'1~.'">2.2 ;s.n It.!?R.Y ~(I.n JI • I 11.7 32.2 12.2 12.2 31.7 ]0.6 26.7 25.0 2?H ?0.0 19.419.1•
f'11.2 1(,.1 1(,.7 I".1 If-.1 IY.4 24.4 2~.4 ~t.7 ?H.~]n.r 31.1 12.H 3~.H 17.R 1?8 )7."31.7 2R.Y 26.1 25.n 21.1 71.9 n.?
<i ?I."2n.h ?0.0 19.4 IR.'!n.1 ?~.2 23.3 ~~.4 ?~l.l ?~.s ]rl.b JI."3;:>.2 '?H ]??n.7 ll.1 ?R.3 26.125.6 23.1 Z2.~ZI.7
1n ?1I.6 ('0.1',?il.n IH.C;17.?IP.9 2J.4 2~.7 2~.1 2Y.~3il.Q JO."JI.7 31.7 '1.7 Jl.7 31.7 30.6 2R.3 26.1 25.0 23.3 21.7 19.4
II ?P.A (1n.,;II'.0 IY.4 19.4 ?J.I ??~22.?2;.7 22.?2~.f 2h.1 2M.3 24.4 10.6 30.6 30.6 30.0 2R.9 25.6 23.~22.2 21.7 21.1
1('?',.4 21.0 :;:1.1 1':;.1';1"i.0 /":.1 ?O.h 22.P ?Q.4 ?~.,2A.]111.0 31.1 31.7 11.1 11.7 31.1 3n.6 29.4 21.8 26.7 23.Y 22.2 21.7
Ii -~I.I c'1.I 20.6 ?O.f ?O.~20.U ?1.7 c'?H ~;.R ?~.h ?6.7 ?~.3 29.4 10.h 31 • I 11.I 31 • 1 ]I • 1 ?R.9 26.126.1 24.4 22.R n.R
1~23.1 27.R ?I.I 20.0 1'1.4 ?n.1I 21.1 ??~24.4 ?h.7 ?".P 29.4 31.1 32.2 n .1 '13.3 3101 1?2 30.11 25.6 21.9 21.7 20.6 20.n
I~If-.9 IR.]Ii.R I 1."17.'"I il .:3 ?11 •ll~?.">c~.1 ?".I)?<.,•7 ?,"•J ('9.l,3I)•h3 I •I J 1.1 :31 .1 ,0.0 ?7.B 24.4 26.1 ?4.4 n.B n.2
1~?I •7 en.I',I'J •I,IR."11.~17.~20,h ????J.G ?"i.I}?6.7 2R.9 10.0 31.7 '?~11.1 J?A JI.l zq.y 2H.]26.1 24.4 2!:;.0 22."
17 ?;;:.2 21.7 ?I.I rfl.r,?n.h ?<1.h ?I.I 2".~~'::."?6.1 2P ,30.0 31.7 33.1 11.9 ]1.1 31.1 3?R 10.11 27.2 2~.0 20.0 20.0 20.n
I H ?fl.n 1'1.0 1H.1 I"."ILJ.:,lil.J 1~.4 21.1 ~=.I]?7.U ?R.~2~.Y 31.1 31.7 11.7 JI.7 lO.~2 R.4 24.4 23.9 23.4 22.2 20.6 ?O.O
1'1 Iq.~1C).4 14.4 11'..'1 I~.~?a.~~I.I ~l.1 ~~.4 2~.1 2M.'21.2 le.l ?~.1 ?7.7 ?~.J 2~.1 2~.0 2?8 21.7 21.1 2n.6 14.4 19 •4
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71 It-.1 Ih."11'.7 16."1.,.7 I , •i'ltl.'1 1'1.'l ;;:•()2).I ?3.~24.4 25.6 ?s.n ?4.4 23.9 21.9 21.3 22.2 21.7 11.9 15.0 16.I 1601
77 1S.'"16.1 Jr.,..,IC;.1'II,• I 17.A 20.0 20.~71.1 ??7 ?l.~?~.4 26.1 21.A ?6.7 26."26.1 2"i.0 2n.1::>cO.n 16.1 Ih.l 16.1 16.1
n 11,.I 1".1 /".1 16.1 1"'.7 17.8 IA.4 20.n 1].7 21.7 22.~25.6 26.1 26.7 27.?2S.0 25.0 21.9 20.0 Pl.OJ 17.8 17.2 17.2 17.2
;Ji.J )I,• I II,• 1 1t,•1 If:>.1 16.'1 II.;>16.,Ih.7 I r-•I 1~.7 7n.~?I.'?2.R 21.3 23.Q 23.9 23.9 2~.H 2"i.O 17.FJ 17.R 111.7 l A.7 Ih.7
?c.;11-.1 IS•.,1~')•(\1/-4.['IS.h I ,.7 I '1 •I.2(I •n r'r.2 ??f'?"•f-?'"•I 27.2 26.7 28.4 24.9 24.4 20.4 ?H.J 25.6 73.3 21.7 ZO.h 70.11
;.:u..)1'1.4 1'1.3 ]i'.1 IH.J 11.2 II.?2il.'.,27.rl ?~.4 2",,'1,.>1',.7 "'''.3 lo.n 31.1 In.1',10.6 JO.6 27.2 2".0 23.'1 22.2 20.6 20.0 19.4
?7 1f'.J 1I.fJ.11.?17•P.II)•I 17.2 ZO.O 21.7 ~~.3 2"."21'.1 2/.2 29.~30.1'11.1 30.6 31.1 2"'.9 2h.1 23.9 2J.3 21.7 21.7 19.4
?'1 1t'.4 \9.4 1 I •P.111.1 I~.n 17.2 ZO.O 23.1 2'::.0 26.1 21.2 2rl.Y 20.4 ?R.3 11.1 31.7 31.7 30.6 2 R.]24.4 22.M 22.2 20.11 20.0
?4 1f'•3 Ill.]14.4 1".]11.216.121.1 22.1'.r'~.il ?~.,7K.~30.6 11.7 37.1'.33.3 33.3 31.7 32.2 2A.3 2S.1'23.9 23.9 21.3 2J.3
3n ?O.'-;2n.A IH.,!IR.]11.2 1ie'.3 2':>.':1 C'~.l,,-(-.7 ?f1,J :,ll'.~37.2 33.9 J].4 ]4.4 34.4 33.9 3?8 30.6 27.2 26.1 25.0 22.B 22.B
1I ?I.I ,,1.1 "1.7 ??";;11.(\1/'.1 ;>II.h i''J .'""',.1 :->",.'1 :'1.1 '1-'•?12.1:\:P."'2.">37.2 n.7 30.11 ZQ.4 2.,.n ?4.l.23.l 21.3 19.4
TABLE C-14 (Concluded)
aue,1971 lF~"'f'I",lllPt,lethJT Ir;I~I\I)I:)
FI'It,«r,y t IJFL~.BLANDING,UTAH
f,(IIIP O~TI1~..I),IY
Cay 01 02 0,1 04 0i,oA 07 0>1 09 II)II I?13 14 IS 16 17 Pl l':i 20 21 ??21 24
21,Jn.R
24.4
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21.1
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22.2
2?H
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I h.1
20.0
21.I
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lA.4
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19.4
20.A
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22.2
14.4
16.1
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17.2
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1>1.1
11'>.7
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21.7
21.7
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22.2
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20.(,
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21.7
20.0
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21.7
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21.7
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20.0
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It:.7
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1"2.1n./<
17.,l
II.i:l
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l/<,.'l
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21.7c2.il
CJ •7
jii.'l
I .).I,
]9.4)I.,.n
1'-,."
211.I'.
?n.n
cl.l
1"2.>1
"1,.[
2?.'1
?J.9
?2.?
J I.R
('?q
211.I'.
2t.....Ii-
2n.I--,
.>3.1
IH.3
21.7
19.4
?1I.h
I 7•f~
I I.?
el • 1
20.(1
?'1.n
I".,J
?iI.'"
21.I
1'3.]
It,• I
I 7.'2
I 1.2
I I.'"1H.)
)><.9
1 7.?
I Y.'.IS.6
16.I
['.2
1).>1
I?"D.OJ
J7.?
I".7
2f1.ll
)0.(1
1"'.1
20.n
1".'1
IS .4
]I.>\
I ~.]
II.?
1 / • 2
I 1 .1\
1S.I)
I I':•7
17.2
It.I
1iJ •I
If,.I
Jc,•1
I I."16.7
\1'.3
)f.7
J'/.I-J
1:'.9
I'-:.h
I (~•II
1/.1
I :'.9
I:'.Y
11':.7
I')•IJ
1':J.4
I H•:~
Pl.1
21 •.,
I ':J • "
1Y./,
I,••4
IH.]
1h.1
I'"• I
11.2
I 'J •'-!
II •~
I 7 .;~
It'-.I
]".1
)h.l
1".1
I 7.;>
I h.,
JH.'-'
I I--•'7
I 1.M
13.'I
1'1.1',
II:-• 1
Ic.r!
In.':'
12.1:1
1u .:.
1~.l)
2').0
1/:1.:
lii.S
22.1'
20.0
2l.1
lY.4
IR.:
I A.7
11.2
14.4
IIJ.'/
P.C
1A• 1
I A.I
I A.7
lIS.1
17.H
16 •.,
Pl.3
18.<;
1'1.:
1'-.4
I""~
I"• I
12.;;
12.2
]J.:
15.1':
I 7.f'
2n.t
14.4
]R.'1
1'>.4
?J.9
?1.7
?O.f...
?I.I
;::1).A
]10.9
)7.?
lL?
)S.'1
JiJ.7
II';!
1':'i.A
II-,• ]
]h.7
Ih.1
1I.?
11.?
P!.3
1'1.4
1~.3
]">.0
It:.7
11.2
I:'.Y
12.H
].,c.'.J
I 'J •f,
II.>i
1'1.9
,>.1 • I
'>'0.0
24.4
21.7
20.1',
2'1.I'.
20.1--
19.4
lR.]
11'..7I".'"17.8
IQ.4
1"'.1
1"'.7
1"'.7
11',.7
I il.l
17.fl
19.4
20.1-.
l A•1
1'"• 1
]"',.)
17.u
1".1-.
P.A
ll.-~
IQ.]
18.1
1',.9
;Jl.7
?1.7
2'_.4
22.8
21.7
2:'.J
2 1.1
2J.I
2il.'"
I J-•1
1F:•I
1'1.4
IS.4
11,•I
IF,.I
1l.1!
I 7.1>.
1':'.1
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1>'.9
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l't.7
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13.9
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1<'.1
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I
2
3
4
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7
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y
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12
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I H
19
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21
22
?3
24
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,I
TABLE C-15
MONTHLY SUM~~RY OF TOTAL PRECIPITATION
APRIL-AUGUST 1977
PROJECT SITE
Month
April
May
June
July
August
Precipitation
(em)
0.03
1.22
0.15
4.62
2.21
>.,.".:--.\."'.•...•.,
TABLE C-16
:,.":,\C":~".';,~~"i.~i,
PROJECT SITE RELATIVE HUMIDITY DATA MARCH-AUGUST,1977
Vl\i.J 1<,)71 ",I",,_r r"F .,I)I·qC [TY (I-'f,"Ct,1\1 )
I'NFkGY !'lfEL5.BLANDING.UTAH
/-'fiIJR OF THF (.JIIY
r.~y 01 11?0'1 0'.0':>(1)01 IlH ()~In 11 p I'j I',lC,1I-,17 lH IS'2')?l 22 21 24
1 4H I.A 41<So 4'01 SI St.S?4c.;JH ]1,:J\2H ?7 2(-,?A 3?41i 1)0 Sf'SA CjH R?93
?Q2 HI',7"p.p.II?An 63 111 S1 4',::il H D 14 ]S 1(-,40 1.0 46 Lj,)1.)1 S2 5S SA
J 1',0 1'-1 f..A 71)7;~AN IiH 6?SP ~d 4"44 1H ,,,,1"i ]S 11.S4 6('6>!Ah 6S 62 hI
4 A~)1'-1 ('2 An Ail "':1 7 I £-.4 h?sq I:Ii '/OJ ')9 hI ')i\"it'Ljl,1.)4 56 58 An An SA SA
<;54 t)q C'")q 60 Ii"1-,2 6r'')4 4?3'1 :_~'4 11 211 27 'H).10 ;>'-1 10 34 3i'42 43 4h 4'1
h sn I,q 9 53 (";1.+')S 5 1 1.<)41,1 37 ..32 29 7.7 2";?l n ?3 2h ?fl 1]]1-,3H 3')
7 3f<40 1.2 40 tin 42 41 4J 'J"JI1 Jlt 31 2iJ,2i,24 32 22 ;>3 24 C7 ?H ,0 31 32
I<31 10 l~34 jJ ]3 ]4 J4 14 ?9 2f ?,l ?1 ?O ?n 1A lq ?O 22 23 ?9 29 30 .Ill
9 31 11l 11 ]/.34 14 33 Jo ;>9 ?H 2t 2'.2?"I ILl Iii 17 I "lH Ii'lH ??25 .31.
III S'.7;>711 he;nH "',1 ~/+6J ')4 0,1 "e;so 52 'jl.l "iCj f:H SA <;S 1-,0 6n <;1 <:;2 51 50
11 I.)J so;<;'J 'if'')':1 (-if)S ~4A '."
4/.3<;JM )L~J4 11 34 .11"H<4]44 l.'.l.~.41<4<.)
12 4')4 "I.'1 42 45 4':i 4..,41 1'~]~JC 21 2~);,>':i ?4 ?4 2'-2'+l'b 26 ?f~11)]L:j ]A
n 11:>1<;15 37 1q 41)41 :~h 14 31 2e;;>4 20 17 J4 13 II 11 11 11 11 12 I'>1q
JI,21 ;>4 ?9 32 34 16 37 3'1 ;>S :HI ] I 'If>55 64 44 ?A 2<:;?5 30 ]4 42 45 47 48
1"SO sn '13 c,1':SCJ 1.)7 52 41 l2 ]1)n ~~i+??211 11 16 ]A 17 1~21 ?3 ?4 ?S ('4
]f>?'-?s ?(,311 ]2 V V 31 1fl 2'-1 ?c n 21 If',lC,IS 14 1f>12 IJ 14 16 10 ]f>
17 ;>'1 1>2 qq ')<;~!..":,Ad ~.~')4 41;41'42 411 :H :12 32 :11;'19 44 41 4H i,H 5n 51
1"<;1 S2 (~1 s"e,'i se,r::,1 Si,(~''''"i)4 l•III 32 2'1 ?fl I P 17 I h 1'7 21 n 21.)2H 31
1')1h 1'1 ',2 Lt2 4">46 L"h lY 1S :i?30 ?r\?I-,24 r'?2?2??l 2':i 2'"2H 3n 31 32
?"14 1'1 'J6 ]<;4\42 4?]1:13 :1\2e;30 29 '10 2q ]0 :q '~'"]t>16 lC,15 3e::;31i
2 )19 41 4?43 46 47 4'1 :n 11>]/~~;;in 24 ('./26 2A ;>h ;>7 29 30 13 37 39 3q
?2 40 4()',11 .1t'43 1+4 42 3"1 'JI-,:v 3 0 ?Ii 2")?l 21 20 19 1H 211 20 n ?b 27 2A
?'J 10 :10 <1 31'n 14 :V :in ?A ?t,2·?1 20 It!Iii ]"\I)U ]':1 21 ;>2 ?3 24 26
('4 2"'Jl 14 3<;1.1:'I,'-}51 4'~4S :;"-:I::'32 27 (",<'S ?f--2<;24 2S (~t~?M ?'1 30 3'J
;>c;l"i 1Q I,S 4 iJ <;J AI)A','-)4 ".]h'j S~'is 42 40 19 30\11-1 41 45 SO SI:Al 64 nO
?h An P?97 97 97 <)7 96 14 '>1 43 3~20 20 l'I IS 17 2?25 ]4 41'4'-)<:;2 51 52
;>/414 47 1,1',[if:43 t.(']'1 3'3 n 2'1 2~1<.,1 16 13 I~H H 10 ]J Ii)111 19 20 21
?9 21 h;>.~1+11 i:~4 ?6 2'1 24 21 21\\S IH lH Ih 1I.)14 14 1S l'I 1A ;)(1 24 10 3?
?<.,I 14 .".>1 :it','!:-/'\')1>\:n '1'')3'',l"2')3?W 1n 30 ]0 '\?]4 J'j :-;7 1'1 4;>i,4
3')1£-.:<A 1.11 Itl 4,'42 41f ,J4 ?'"r''''r.:~?f)1H II-,Ie;14 14 1S IS 11':]A 11 19 21
'II ?3 ;>c;;>i<32 V-11:>]f,Jh ,",j.'..:!I 2>l ~"n ;>1 19 It!19 r.o n 24 25 21,?6
TABLE C-16 (Continued)
AiJlO 1417 ,,'I P,TTV>H,W I r;1TV IH:..,CI:/'iT)
":r~FI--('t FIIFLS.BLANDING,UTAH
hO')!<OF Ti-1~fj1Y
CAY ()\fl?()1 04 riS ()(,0/OR nli 10 1 I 12 I J )4 \S 16 17 18 1':1 20 21 22 2J 24
1 11 1;:>t;qq qqc;"lLili qQLi 4'<',Ill 70 4;>10 ;.>];>n p,:>()22 24 25 'Ill 42 S2 <;4 6;:>73
;:>7()7'1 79 92 "l (Q"9'5 91 (,2 i,1 '11 2M ;>]?Il IR 20 2<;2M 60 71 70 f,'5 66 6~'.-3 f-2 F,()(--n 1'0 S ..~S7 <;3 ,-?V'31 ~~2S ?J 21 1;<]1-1 17 17 20 23 25 2A 29 3i"r.
I"1<;3'1 I.I 1,2 .!./~I,7 I..Y 1.4 VI 3'1 ..•("'27 25 24 2]22 20 ;:>0 21 21-2(-,30 3?33c'
<-;11,]f,:"'~3<;,.?/-Iol)I..f,'."11)JJ 3,.~2/25 r':.J n 21 2n ?2 i?3 24 :;>fl '\0 \J 3"
f,3'1 42 4)44 <,<I '.5 4,.,{..n 1'-,3?2<;,>(,n 21 ]4 Ifl 17 16 Itl 21 21 24 24 ?7
('Hi 2q "P J:!]"~.-\1'"n :;>H "";:1.22 2(J If-,II...J:l I:'14 15 I I Jil 20 ;!O ?3
'"'2C,;.>7 2i-l ;;OR ;J.<-l .?9 2>-i ?";:>'\??2 11 J<)17 Il.II I? I?12 12 1I,IS )7 1.9 21
q 21 22 ?;:>n ;>4 ;:>/)<);>/?I.72 in !lj 15 1'...\1 11 10 10 1 I l?I?I?11 IS
1'I 1('1(,17 II-'19 1'-1 21 21 ?O ?Il je;Jb 15 lJ \n 10 9 9 10 10 12 13 24 2R
1\10 "2 ..'"33 V'V 3j :H 1<'(:'2"2')l/-l If,14 14 14 \5 24 42 1,9 S2 52 ':1]
17 <::;2 te;(-,(-()(-,4 F,7 7.-,Sci "i\4f.4'1 l7 15 34 32 11 3<;34 17 4 /,,,9 s?S2 61-\73
11 H:,7'1 74 7:'It>713 ~6 ~'1 46 y,2.0 ?4 20 IS \I.16 If,16 16 II'-11:\20 21 21
14 ?2 ;:>?21'?i':In ]0 ?/-l 2M ?H 2/,('1 I I 16 14 J4 14 14 15 I H 2,.?'"29 31 3i'.
IS 31 3il ~/,33 J?33 34 3:1 111 ?9 21';;>"n ?1 I Y 18 I A J tl 21 22 ?3 24 2F,2R
16 ~4 ",4 16 34 4 1,1.4 41,'~/..1i1 ]'j ]'])3?11 ]t)32 32 12 36 39 40 42 4F,4R
1 ,i,fl 4"1 <::;'1 4<;S?"i2 I_4 3\~3'-,'j?;'::S ,~"24 a 21 J 7 IF,17 I h 20 ?I 2??4 Zc,
1i,2/,?M 2Q 3?J'-,~7 3'1 11 ?q ('7 ~c:24 21 Iq U 16 I h 16 I /It'Iq 20 34 40-:
1';I 42 1.1 4')41'-411 45 L.':'t 1.<-'..?Ji-l ]<;':'0 6/•61 ">7 ';6 SR 1'-·2 AM 1"'-77 77 78 71
?il 71 n 72 F,I 6')6/-l 511 ':>7 SO "n .,~3 l 211 ?h 2S 24 24 24 2':i 26 21 ?H )0 30-~
?l 11 l I '?)4 ,..,30 31 JJ ,?~2>,2:';>\)19 17 IS II'IJ 12 12 It'12 14 IS If>
??19 JO ;:ttl ;:;0 2fJ 1.'-1 2IJ 19 If'I'"'II'-14 I?II 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 13 15 16
;'.1 II'-)7 j fl 2"?l ;:>2 2?1,'-'If-,Ifi I"14 13 11 10 III In 10 12 12 \7 II,15 I";:>"I'"11 19 <'I 26 3,>'3 I i,L(lH J"]1 ;>7 24 2?21 23 24 28 3f\39 41'-,49 S2 <-;4
r'S f>"6'"I'-1 61'n 7~,71 49'1 r.,;..>S-j 51 44 ]<J !e;29 27 ?7 28 2':!2t'3\3R 1,4 49
;Jf-.,S4 L,S <;A 5<;"0 <'3 61 <;7 ';1 S0 41'4(J 14 )0 ?C,22 22 22 22 24 2r 2A 30 31,.,
?I 1'1 37 1f'41 46 41-1 49 4R i.l 40 31'35 33 'In 2f,?f,26 26 21'-,27 29 30 31 3S
~H~39 I·S So f,4 IS 7:,9?fJ,9 'I"1:-2 =:42 36 ~,n 47 40 32 3U 30 38 S5 c;/-l (,1 6\
?-J r..,1)h1 ',1 f.,~t.,h 7il f.,1 ~.'h I...,...J/.•n :,4 2H 24 ;"\C???21 20 21 ;:>1 23 27 32
,')14 31 -~t.l 3'1 4l 41 ,:13 4'}v.:<,1 ;c ?(.,2,1 14 I H I R IfJ 11 16 1'-,IS 16 I!'o )7
TABLE C-16 (Continued)
IJ6Y 1971 ,,1'"1 AT I iiI'HlW ICI Tf (PI',;Ct-OJ r)
E'.IfYGv t lJF~LS.!JLANDING,UTAH
!-<Oll'i OF TliF DAY
r;1\Y 01 O?0]04 oS 06 07 (lH Oy III 1 I Il-IJ 14 15 16 17 IB 19 (1)21 ??23 24
19 ?1 ")4 ?o;?y ")9 3 (,46 ',-'1 4]"3 .,],j J?11 ?"I 2h ?S ?3 l'f'21 ?2 24 24 2S
??h 2B ?4 2<;11 1'0 -JY ,~~i.11 2'~c:?J l~()U ](,15 14 14 14 14 1':>17 14 21-..,
3 ?? ???2 22 ('I ?4 2S ?f:1 2"2":>2/-.JO .JI)-n v ;>9 ?7 flo 2':>26 ?7 ?f:1 24 23
4 ?4 ?S ?7 27 ?7 ?-r 27 <'6 ?.;d 2?n 21 ?O 14 19 lA 17 Hi 19 1'1 ?2 21 2i,
S ?f,?7 ?P 2<;31 -n JS h 16 3j~~I 2<';?.7 ?'1 ")')25 24 2 /2':>e6 ?H 12 39 4'.
(,4>1 Sl sn (-,4 <,4 7 r)he;'on c:;;>4.<4~'.11 1"J]?'i C3 21 ?1 21 23 ???2 24 ?7
7 ?H 11 'f,]<;3-j 41 4\,.?1,1 I.I ]f ]c 3rt n ?n 111 U 19 20 21 ???'i 2h 2f,
H ?7 1'7 n 2<;:31 V·]J Y.11 31 Jr'?':1 ?J ?I n ?I 20 ?O 20 21 ??<,4 211 21-\
g 30 31 13 ]4 37 40 41 ItO Jb 3S ;.?I~a 20 If I I 17 IF.16 lk 21 10 ]Ii 42 44
I"44 44 4?I-+~'<1 4]1,3 '>I ~d 36 :3 I ?7 2<;24 21 19 17 16 11 Ie;?I ?2 25 ?q
It ?f.?9 ?9 2e;?9 ;:'>9 ?4 en If 1f:1 IF I':>13 1I LJ R 7 (-,-,7 h '}tj 9
1?II 12 13 1'5 l'i I i~1S 11 11 l'i I ~I j I]18 ?'2S ?(~12 3:)3"-J4 4-1 4')i,7
I :~'if'S'i ':'>7 Sf:<-;"<:;/co;l S]S?I"If;JH 311 r-,n S><,,2 70 Rll 72 /:if)7(-,66 ","7 f,Ii
14 7:3 PO 77 72 -f'>7S P,)iiI 71 '/f.I ~F.B 1)3 '"i,)42 34 -J4 15 40 410 4""4 5;.,5~
IS hI f,1 f,?64 7i.6B 611 t.;S 49 4/.J/..10 24 20 17 I7 1'-)I 1 1C 24 13 41 3R J9
16 1<1 17 14 37 Jl ,rj 3f:1 ?'Y 2<;2?I"j,+1n 9 4 9 q 10 1?12 14 17 I'j 21
17 n 1'''1'9 311 32 -1':1 311 27 ?I 2"7 2~?2 15 14 I:~10 10 9 13 17 ;>0 22 25 27
I'",(I JI,l;"31:.3'"]7 •I ()1 1'4 n IS 11 1L~I I ]?I 1 10 9 HI 14 19 ?3 2h n
1'j 28 1?V,3"~jf\17 3"<"i ?3 ('1 Ie;11 14 l l,I?Ig I'J Pi 20 <'2 ;:>J ?4-21,24
21'1'"1'')?,~30 -1 I ?'-J 2-/2 ~?1 I.,I"I'J If'11 II 11 I 1 13 14 If:IA 21 23 ?S
71 ?l ")q 1'9 2'>]1 1'\2/('4 21 ?0 17 IS n 1?11 10 10 10 I I I]14 I 7 I p_I"2?19 ;>f)?3 2:l ;;>l 23 21 11 Ih 1S 14 13 12 10 10 10 q iJ Ii '>In II I?J]
?l 1/4 1S IS 1/?J ;>0 cO I'l 1"1 l"1'-'12 In R R H R H Y If)II 1 I 13 Ii,
?4 15 I';I (.-I"J7 ?1 I ~I"I"I ,~1<;?l 2"jH "7 c:;'/f,/.72 li4 hi:'I'd C)q 54 7;>
;)L;f,5 f,1 F'i 01:I)')"f:1 S'-J 4'1 '~c,"I .~/,2Y ('c,2;;>If-1<'IS 15 It<211 1'4 31 ]4 37
?~.:n 16 .')I,"4'\I.LJ I.')1.1 ;'H)1"{'l-n CI --'1 I<oj 17 17 17 17 21i 21 ?l,27 2Yn?CJ 10 "l;l.3'0 .3.,-IS 33 r'eJ ;:>1::'r.J Ie 1 r 1-\11 1 1 11 4 lJ 9 1I 13 14 If,I R
?R 1'1 1'1 21 22 2];>R 2,;<'4 ?")1'-'I 7 14 1<'I?11 y Q 10 lu II 11 14 15 If,
?G 2 I ?'i ;>7 3t 1·_~13 31 ?~1",21'Ie;I';L<1I 11 I 1 I 1 11 1I)In 12 11 15 I')
'Ill 1 7 19 ?l 22 N ?-,?'1 ('11 ?t:/;;>')17 l.l IJ 11 1n '1 R P.I /1')I':>I h IF.c_
-ll II<17 1I<11 Ie,/0 2n ~I'I"I'II ll)y '!'1 7 f,6 b 7 l)II)12 1 ,
TABLE C-16 (Continued)
Jl!:':IG77 f-i""1 Id TV'",",Ii''!r:LTY (!.Jf"UI,T)
~',+'Ir:Y ~llfCL~.BLANDING,UTAH
Hili";OF 1r-<~,I)IIY
[AY 01 (12 01 0/,')':i ,01)01 (11<OCI 10 II 1C II 14 15 If,17 Ie 19 cO ;:>1 22 ?3 24
11 IS 1I.IC;I',1I)J'i I "
JS h I'"I,"]?1(1 "~h 6 '"7 1-\10 11 I?
?.1<1c;1'-"I ~Ii 1'1 ?l 1:1 )"1>j I"I ,~lJ 1('1,.1 11 10 10 11 Il 14 ](l 17 19
J ;:>1 ;:>;:>21 ?J C"?H ]'.1 ?";;>4 ?2 -e 1~15 L~l?):I 13 12 12 Ie;17 1':1 20 27_.""t r.I
4 34 I,r 4]4S 4d 4H i,,oj 41 v:;v "c ?h n 19 17 17 lA I':l 11-\2n ;:>3 25 2A 30r::'
r..,1n ,;>15 37 J)37 1'),1 ~;>C;,rl ;::?21 19 18 1'"16 1h 11)) 7 1";:>0 22 2')29
h '\,e>'\4 1'/J7 :11 "11-,'j')]');>,";-1,2;;('II 11-\) 7 14 n D ) 3 15 2}?"2h 24 ;:>6
1 27 :1'1 l'.37 :it)4',1"1 .n ?,~26 ;::c:?J 21 19 )9 11'1 ?h ;:>7 ?H 28 :I'.37 39 ,I,1
"4 r)S/-4 "'1 '02 s !~':i;-4 'f i&.i)'l~?CJ 2 F ?l 21 11-\2fl ?l 24 25 30 .14 31-,44 '-...4 4"q 4/:.,1,11 1,9 ':i2 "14 49 l-fl4 /+1]1'-,'V 2 :~24 2(1 )(-.,14 1'"If,14 15 17 17 IA 17 )A
I"I ,)?2 ?'l ,,':",~2'-1 ?l.,,'j "2 ;>1 1<;1 /15 13 1?If'J;'12 13 14 13 14 15 If,
11 ) 7 1q 1H 2iJ ;>'.J ?1 ]1 L"1',IS I'"b 13 l?12 11 10 9 e 9 10 11 11 11
1;>'I',110;I"If 16 16 JI.1.~1?l?11 1'1 '-I H 7 -,7 R e LJ )1)11 J?11
1<I"17 114 1<;('I}?fI I P jf;I')JI.I?II fj h .,'j S 5 5 r,l A 9 In
14 1;>12 11 IS Iii 1h 14 Ll 1 ]1'1 ('M 7 f,c..;5 I.4 4 ':l 5 A 7 1-1,
1r:.,M q 1 ]Ii']4 ]S Ie']'I q 9 c 7 r:;'i S C;"4 4 4 4 S f,7
1"fj A A 10 ]11 11 10 C;<.j H P '/'"A C;"4 4 4 4 5 6 >1 (,
11 l 7 A <;I (l ]()'i IJ I I,~S i,I.1 '3 ~2 3 3 4 6 7 9
I"'-I In 11 12 I,) J l?Iii 4 14 I "C;<;i.4 3 2 2 J .1 S A h
]'i I,A p <;Iii I I 11 y ~~,r I I)c..;S 4 4 S 5 5 C;/1 7 R g
?11 111 10 11 P I J 1J ]1 J'.1<J ~l;::11 1 I In 111 9 '1 9 9 10 11 12 12 11
?1 14 l r-)1(.,]/I"18 )I Pi I',j 4 ]~12 1]10 q q </9 "10 10 1]1?I,
??1A Ji>17 21 2':i .?',);>1\I I I"1S 1.,1Ll 1I In ]0 10 10 10 11 IS ?O ;:>J 25 2(,
rl :1 ?9 <,«JS ]4 "1'.1'9 27 ;>C;<'\;::1 ;:>n 19 PI 17 1/37 ,15 31 21 15 31:1 I.;:>47
~'4 4'-1 L;?"?5::r.:;'"')S>-','''~4;1 1',J-'~o I':'?4 \9 n J '-1 n 26 31 32 1">3M ]'1 ]0
?r..,i.(l 44 1,7 4/''''f-41 4;>J'~'1(,,j?~S ?b ???Il ;>1 21 1']?3 25 27 ,,-,?1-1 V ]4
"I~11'-1"1.1 4-1.4 4"39 JS n Jtl ;~?.l 22 20 1M 30 ?7 28 34 33 34 4H 1.5 41~
;>7 C,11 (,I'"'p "'11 S4 r.;]511 .1',T~"'1 ~t.24 2.1 ~O )9 19 I P,19 19 21 ?4 ?R ]0 3n
h'2lJ 1'-'?<:J 3/-if..,'n 24 n 2n 1 /I Jt)15 14 )I.]4 14 14 ]4 15 11-1 19 22 22
;"1 ?4 ?l ?"lr]?:~I'll <?<'''2fl ?7 ;:?"l 1'1 I"l IlJ 17 17 17 If li:'19 21 22 21
10 21 ?(~;>1)?IJ ??1'1 20 11 1t;IS L n 12 II J0 1I)In 10 11 14 If,17 111 I q
TABLE C-16 (Continued)
""UL 1977 f(~-I ~,TI'Jf'HIIMII:lTY (PFhCf/lif)
F'lf..-I'y fIIH,S.8LANDING.UTAH
,,0111<OF fHf.IlAY
Cfly 01 02 0:1 04 O"i 06 o(011 09 Iii II I?13 14 IS 16 J'T I B 19 2n 21 ?2 23 24
I 2n 21 ?i,2~n ?'j 7'+;->fl 19 I '~I 1 I 1 16 Iii 16 I '(I P II:l I H 21 2?27 29 32
?31',1<1 4?h3 c.,(hi'SI :i q "1t1 J I 2~;4 2(1 1'-,IS 14 IS 15 16 17 1q 19 20 21
3 ?2 ???3 ?S ?S ?h.?"?'.?,i f'1 Je;1M 1H II-'pI Ii<III ;>0 23 n ;:>5 ?,.,211 :n
4 S4 7n 7<;1<;(13 Al 7'-J 71 /,g 'I;,>IP 4rl 37 4?4f,JIi 4(1 71 6'::>6'0 AI)Of,60 bA,.h4 AI',74 n 14 7h 5<;44 1(1 :n ?"?J IH I'i I',Iii 2?21 24 21 11 32 35 42,J
f,44 47 47 5;)4"',0 3'::>'q 25 ;>1 IS IS II II 9 Ii H I:l 9 II lJ 13 If,17
7 ' 1R 17 ?()IS 11 1'(1h 1"f.11 Jl)"4 ":1 ???2 4 c.;6 (R 9
H 10 10 1n 10 III 11 Ii rl I Ii "'+:1 3 1 :3 3 4 t'I 7 10 19 ('4.>
'-J ?h ?9 'q 32 3"1('3 ')?7 ?'-)1:'1 Ie:11 B '-)4 4 4 4 '::>(,7 8 9 1IIn1)II,1h 17 2"I'"If,I',P P 1I ':I q '-J q 9 q H '-i II 12 12 I?J)"II J)I?13 I I 3d )'>V 'j4 1'-,;1'(..~(1)24 21 ]1)1,<1I 1n 12 15 17 24 3?37c·Ic ,39 1,1 1,4 41 4'-1 49 4')]G 11,?CJ ;;:4 Pi 14 13 II 1I I 1 12 12 14 19 11 35 37
1<11 3><')R 3<;14 40 3H .II>11,Jl cS ('')2]1M 1h If,13 14 I'::>1/19 ]4 21 2?
14 .~I 3;:>1'1 1<;42 1.2 1111 1,1 '~I.{''-J -...n IfJ 14 11 12 II,12 11:>(',"21i V 3'1 TIr:.~
15 :i9 1,1 1,2 '...~4e.:,,,,,~,4t~"I 1~j j .H~;>/;>'1 n ;'1 19 ::>0 ;>0 2J ill ?S ;:>9 .30 31
If,39 43 I.l 51)~~r.;J I,(41 'i'·1 3"1:;9 26 .JJ ::>0 18 IA 1H 20 Cl ::>'1 32 30 4;>
17 44 44 ,:'f,<:;11 4Y 1.4 4 'I ,y il :l'i ~;;:?ij n 211 I'i 11 l'f I /21 21 14 6"61 1'1)
It'>,0 71 7n f:f.f,?7...,f)l4 4'>)'\3d "C ::>6 22 ;J(l ?I ?O :n ;:>4 3'1 ,jl':'Hi 47 4')S;)c'14 '1"L~,::,'14 61 t,J "1/4"{.~?ltJ 33 :J r .In ?H V in 29 n v"41 43 46 4'5 47 54cOAD~?(.,1.6<:;h?'13 41i 41 1"1 3;>?~?I 23 ,.>n ?O 19 1'1 1./:\5H tI;>In 7J 72 7',;>1 7,-,....?<='7 63 54 5·:'53 S"10'-,31 2r.:;?l ;>6 25 20 26 27 '~n 31:.'41)79 71 62 Ail
2i'7;J f-Cj 71 66 ';'j '11)',1 4 ~4'1 JS II ?'-J 23 ?I ??20 27-V J~5?7/::>76 7'1 69
21 A./h-(7n 115 S")'13 51 l.(1 19 4\4f ?4 2?20 14 ('Ii ?7 40 5...51':71 Ad 7?7t-,
;:>/.7?/4 75 71 '14 he 7i:'.'12 7 i-4 1II 52 4':)40 ,ii-<ie.:,33 ,'1 'd 60 61 t-,]72 72 7?:;t:;.n 71 71<75 6/L.;h 52 4<-;4/1 .n r?S ;>1 ?h 24 ??22 21 ?I J'I ?I ?'11 42 40
;)h 4;>44 4'-1 1.<;<-Cd '1S 17 In ?'J ;1)13(-1 ?I It;JS 14 It>II',1q ?Il ~<10 4()43 48
;r(<:;3 "1 S?51':6'1 S'.41 3f',32 "-.,2~21 11 \~,16 l':i If'17 21 2 J ?J n 26 Sn
;>8 (=),)1,7 '13 'is '09 <;1 1'oi 2h ?2 ?J IA If,I?14 1f)In 10 10 11 17 1H I 7 III 19;:)(1 ::>4 ?4 21 2::]tl 10 ;:>1+21 1>1 17 I"Jj 11 R 7 i:I A g ]J 21 ?'+?J 21 2S
l(i ?h ?7 11 V 11 3 (?>i ?S ;>?II I"\II H ~)4 J 3 4 5 I''}H lJ 10
'il 9 "q 1 'i J'--)1.1 9 ('":>I I II I)n 0 0 /.I 1 2 2 I,A
TABLE C-16 (Concluded)
~UG 1'177 f'<"~1 IV"l~lFAlr;I TY (OJF >,0 I,r)
F't,-,!r:y HiFLS.BLANDING.UTAH
t,OI.JI'OF T"lf:'[IllY
r·~y 01 O?01 Ot,ns n6 07 II>..!or)II]I I 12 13 14 1<;16 17 18 l'-J 20 1'1 22 23 24
I K H <;<;q 1Ii 11 1r;1'1 II Q /1:0 (-,c;"i S 5 i.4 7 7 ~B
-'r,1"11 12 1"II 1I.I"q ,J I f,<,c;"4 4 4 "5 S 7 H 11
3 'i 1"J 3 14 I~I '1 Ik 1'"]'I Ii'P II II II]4 7 R 9 14 14 I 7 1'1 20 1:'1
4 ??1"1 ?~21 2'1 32 .V f''-i n ?'i ?~~22 2(1 Ii-<17 IH 19 1'0 20 23 24 21i 27 27
c;1'9 1''1 -H,];;:]4 1h ]7 3J 11 f','j 2";>4 2?lR 17 17 17 17 17 Ie;?fJ ?2 24 2h
f-.?I ?~?~2f!?'i ?y 2':1 /:'';n ('n I 7 It>LJ I;>11 10 1(1 \ 0 11 13 \4 \4 2\20
1 1'1 ?\1'1 <'01 21 1"1 27 ???'l 1"I~Pi \'1 1p \y 19 20 ;>0 ?2 23 ?S I'li 33 J'"
p 43 '0<;c;?~~'-,'1 Sf ':;4 39 1'-)31 1'1 ?J ??\9 I>;]7 1'1 IlJ 21 2~n 13 3f>311
q 42 4<;t"1 t:';l 0,/<;4 44 '3'1 )ll.21 ;,:1 \6 12 II J 0 9 10 10 12 13 13 IS 17 19
11\???4 ;14 24 2';?7 ?q 3f,'\S J3 J:.n <'5 2';?h 25 24 ?4 £'6 29 15 47 5\Sf,
J I Sf,e;q f,1)fl)h3 1',2 <;4 4'1 41'Jf-I 3~10 27 ;>c,?3 24 25 1'7 loR 50 "ilJ (--2 IiIi 67
1 ?1,1-1 (-,8 f,.,h7 hi 1-,4 5.1 42 ,I-,V 27 1'4 23 22 ?I 26 23 23 24 25 1'3 25 29 31
1 '\:n 41 I,C:;4"4··~<;.3 /~I,41 I,')I"31 ;.>"('n 2?2n 1>;•P!IlJ 21 <'3 ?ti ?f,29 3)
14 15 1P.41 t.4 4"-44 -1'-l y,1'J :J?],2'/24 ?J ?:J 24 ;>S 1'5 ?l J/.4]45 4C,fJ?
IC,79 7'1 77 72 I-./I-,·OJ f.l~he;sc;"q 4'1 'I'>4(\I??R ?F\ZS 26 29 J'J t.':>54 n 74
1~7h n f-.~6<;'f?71 fly '-it,4'1 '.f,:~<;-J4 ?J ?1 21 20 1'0 1'1 27 32 41 49 53 51J
1'1 74 79 7<:'73 IS 7?n h,l <;1 41 4"41 4)::If,'If,69 51 0:;1'62 f)"(,5 AS 67 64
1R 7',7n n I~hi AS 62 ';;0 f•.,42 ~7 32 ;>f-.n 19 21J Iii IH 20 29 11 30 3(-,42
I q Sf.<;1 <;0:;5n (~'-I ~n 4'-'4n ,'-;?H ?~20 II 11 P I?II 12 14 16 ?]1'7 ]4 ]f,
"'11 41 l.Q 1.,9 c.;I~SI-.e;/J (.~1"1)v,'l]?f-24 20 ?n I '/1'7 1<:;19 ?4 l'::'1'(-,26 7.1 29
;'>1 ~1 ;.>11-,411 40 t,lI 1.4 4f.y.11,:\1 ;;1 ;>4 21 p'I"?I I?If!1f,22 24 ?b ]0 V
??:11.3h '14 39 '."1.,'7 4.,42 '~Q J/."p 24 ?'t.~V,2h J()'j4 42 3"1':1 45 51 ')0(',-.(
;>J C;2 r~6 "?,,:!5'1 so,c;c;41-,41 :JI ~~10 2"2"19 3f,39 H 57 59 /',3 h3 6S 7)
?i.7n f·7 he;72 14 7h 7[~l :~4~".':Jt.;~~~35 5n J I ?>;2'f 27 :,3 3':1 4J 1.9 50 52 57
2'~1',7 "n 71 n I?73 "111 ',4 ',I-..H 31 ;;'f)2');'>1 j'{If,14 14 It>20 ???2 J?]4
2'1 14 11 ,~34 1'1 I.,~.(4?y'JI ('4 IS ]1 II"II Q ~I R ")1()12 14 Iii If,32.r
?/'Hi ILfl (If:49 1~1 t"r 5n 31 Ii-'.C1 24 24 19 II l?11 10 10 In 12 21 i:'B 2h 24
;)H 2'1 2"-?S 27 2LJ ?/29 21 I'll 1l 13 12 12 II 1 1 10 10 10 10 D \ 7 22 2'5 25
;:H,?I..1''1 Hl 311 JO 11):lll ?fl ?I,?1 Ie I':>13 I?II 10 \ 0 ) 0 11 L!14 1B 21 22
]~?????.~?t;2>-\'2.1 2 r "'I ::>11 (''1 1<;I r 1'-,14 II 11 II 11 lJ 14 15 16 U ?O
~I 1'1 1'1 ?1 22 1."?I 2'1 (':.,??21 I';11 I b Ie,1'.)t.Ie;1'>)t>Ie 1'1 21 21 2"
TABLE C-17
;~:/!:/'!:f.~
PROJECT SITE WIND DIR~CTION DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
IVAI<197'1 W1',11)I;I uFCT 10"-(LJf.l,>-Itt:<;)
FN~~GY f lJE.LS.BLANDING,UTAH
I'JOU'"OF rHf.DAY
CIIY 01 0;>01 04 OS Ih 01 0'\OY 10 11 II.11 14 15 If,17 14 1':1 20 ;>1 22 ?1 24
I 45 4')4S 315 yy'-l IIJ 61\(>]')0 I 1~I JC:ISM lAO 140 1'>'\IbO ;>01 ;>?S ?4b 2,+"?4H 2?S ?O)I JS
?113 III I"'P 203 293 :UO 270 ?"H CI.fi ;>"d 24~24M no 210 2·.R no 24A ?4&?'1J 2Y1 ?Clj 293 31S 291
1 31"138 :DH 2,1 3110 ~AI/!ld)'-/'-/9 ns IS"1"':'~jill)IHO ?').J ??S ('01 I5H IIJ liS J3u ?ql ]]':i 331'1 3154D>j '11 S :lIS lJl'31'-,JI'>.lIS :l I"~'lP 2':1l 9';';")')'1 I lH hM "i;"fJ :13>-l 115 :ll'>'1'0 ~IS 3IS 'IS liS
"315 11<-;31<-;31'5 jl':>JIS 31S HS c 71)?4"9<;<;'-'9',9'J'J 2"10 ?J 21 23 lAO :160 ll,31'1 31H 13H j,..,nf-,JAO 11,0 JAO ?93 29:l 29.3 ?9.l <'J ?1 2r:"i ?o:ISH 151:l ns ?2<-;201 ?Ill lAO I81l 135 AH 4::)4')4')
7 23 ?3 4"360 4~i II j 90 4S II]1':1'1 I'::t 1Slj ISH 1':>f\IHO IHO 1.'10 lAO ISIj 45 ?3 3AO )3H 3bO,J
fl i,5 ;>?S f-,A 68 61\AH 33rl 270 II j 13S ISP I-I':>DS PH1 1'10 1/10 1'10 1'-10 ?OJ 45 l.5 45 45 nY?3 n ?1 6e f,M i,S 6'1 YO 111 I 11 13':180 1'10 1-;11 1'11)1:'01 225 n5 20J 203 20]20J 225 ?4'~
If.!?4H ;>4f1 270 33~27/)2'n 293 2';]i9j JlS 1,1 ":315 315 01I S JIS JIS 'llS 'ns 31s 31S cOJ 315 315 33") I 33"?O,1 cC;3 293 2'n 243 lIS :lIt;31H ]jH q~:nb 315 q'J :l1'J 31S 'qS 31S lb 'jj"Ail Iflf)499 9'-/9
J?'c0 3 11"J'IQ 2'13 20l C;'J9 20J ('i,'l c?S 10
"225 <,I))24M ?;>S 20'1 ;>()3 IHO l'\o PHI 1~,,~JIS f.,H n 21,J
13 45 f.,H qn II]Il"J gil 6'J 23 ISH I""I"f)1HO IHO 180 !fHl ?03 ?2S 225 ??'::>as ns ?n]('OJ ?4f<
14 2/,.B ;>n]l'nj ('03 2111 -20]180 CjY9 ,:f)]20]<'lI'('4 Ii 225 no 2 1,H ;r/O ?4f1 ?4H 24M ?'+'!'?3 ?J 21 3f,(1
15 23 lAn ]f.f)23 n ?J j(;0 :Ibn dJ I3S 13":ISH ISH I!iO IH(\IS8 ISH 113 135 2J .lAO 31'0 23 n
16 AH l.S lj99 (,/'f<l1 {,S ')99 lJ49 111 1I 1 13':I j'j ISH !HO l':iO ('n3 203 ~25 22L)203 203 2n 203 201172(1J ?;)C;,?S 24"2/:••1 2?~;22'1 ?I...k Cl..~?4)~('4 P ?4d ?In 2711 ?In 24H ?4H ?idi ?4fl 22S 2?S 24"22<;c·,f·I.~24'1 ??S 2'1]13<;1Ll I 'lS 113 i,>1 ...,Y9 n':',I':r~,;j JIS 9'/l;lit.,II':':n<;115 H:,He;:'1<;1,H 1W 311'
19 <;99 'nil 3li'33t'4,3""1)3(,(1 jf,O "99 I""I'::c 1"1\1 IHO ;'>01 20:1 ?n]1>10 :>O.l lAO I>")'In III hH 360?n 23 4S 4':i 45 hH 1.5 4'::>l,S 90 IJS IS!'lI<tl yljlJ YYlJ ('4H 'lIS :nil 11 ')31S :II ,~:;IS 3~<1;'31 '>31<:;
21 293 ;>91 203 lAll '1lJ'J 999 293 :nl':1'>ISfl ?/n no 293 'NY 9'-JY ns ;>01 203 IRO 203 'Joy 45 ]38 31"
22 315 11<:;J I OJ '),40,<;qy ('OJ II J in 1.1()I'::Q I <:;i,\lSi<IHII 1')1'<,OJ IHO 140 20j ?-O'It.,H 36fl ~160 JVlt.~n 31A llH JI',I)4':1..1"')?J °11'0 ~L1tol D<-;1f'1)tS G I I~.l I IS I ~)H 9'1'-}<'2<:;?01 20J ;>(U ~o ";;>?':>22:>180 IfJO24en]1'),1 l'i-l lSi<I"M ISh ISH JjS I -j',1"''''I>:":r'(l:!203 I·'lll ?O3 IHll lAO IRO IHO 2(l1 ?(1'\"03 201 20,12'-,IPO I f',O 201 <'03 ('OJ ;>OJ 20.1 (',.>1 c"ln 2'+H ?.....::2f}J 241\?2c,2iS 22S nS ?:>5 2b 20J 22':1 no ;>Y3 lIS,c-
?f.en]201 IPll 1I 3 4"1,'0 4')('l ?3 ?l 4~hf1 135 9q,/;;;.)1;,2'>1 :ns lIS i4 ':)liS :\1 e,315 :lIS lIS?7 ?I.n ;>93 20-l ]15 31.':i :q..,2'J]liS 1r~2'tl ?I.'-;21.)]293 no,]1'-1 oJ]S 11<:;2/,1l ?4H 24'!221:,225 ?,.H ?4H;'0?A 24H ?9]31S 31S 31S 'lIS 31 ,,;J 1'0 15 !IS (l~~]1:>2'13 293 2'13 29]20 3 ;>9:1 :lIS 13"311\Dq lhl1 ]hO
29 3(,"90Q '199 lSI''19'-J 2'n ?70 ?70 I,>-\24 '!2'"2,,>1 ;.>/0 2'1.1 270 ?i,O 270 24H ?4H (~"-J J ".I1H 31H ""!6n j )llC,./\999 '.)90 ](,11 i"o J.l"1I"BY 3,o,n 4t_')III q.,<;'14':1 ,-/'IY '-1'-1')yCj4 14-'DC:;113 I?I 11'1 Ph )7S 148 13')
11 10H IOf)f'?~I)21 ?7 10 li'4S II h I I"CO'~207 207 214 7.4 'I ?J2 215 2:i5 2~;I 2 tol;?n7 17S 1"1"
TABLE C-17 (Continued)
~PrJ 1'-I 77 .,pf1 [1 rn r.r,0',(Dr (il.>fY<;)
F•.f-,JC;y FIlFL:'.BLANDING,UTAH
t"(JI.If.(OF THF [JAY
r."y 01 O?0'04 I)';06 0-1 (,H oq If)I 1 Ie I)14 I',In 17 111 I'~21)?I 22 23 ;>1.
I 1'14 II-'n 999 yyc:,'NY YQY 20~c,·,J-l d?('1'"n'l 2t,O 24:1 dR ?~4 24f'?4'~;;>1,)?39 2J<;2?3 194 203 194
?J94 17S Po 191 II1S FlO 210 i 9/c20 ;>39 (,II:';;16 "11 ('?s ?2S 7.10 2YO 2/,7 155 Jh ?S 75 214 260
J .l20 ,2";J]S 325 32';VI)J 1,1 31S ::1':'lIn :~0':]o'j 11 c,-v 0,pc;'~2'3D ]]8 14-7 J'+2 3('0 :11 0 190 115
4 l?3 17S 9S I 7':24 ;:>4 111 Jill,IS]lilO ?2r.300 210 209 ?O4 ('Of',50 Dl 3/.2 3':)5 3S0 350 160 360
"]11 lIn 31 (!300 J'-;r'-1'0 511 If)~~I,1?7 I c;7 i-'Ol no i:'r't;??5 ?Y7 211'214 31S iJ V9 342 :13'7 3':>;>
6 34<)9 JS1 324 JJ6 J2Y 70 1(1')I?I y<JY 'iSS Y9Y '-:It)O IHO i-'Jf1 i-'2,J9R 197 19f:l ?1f,?4?J51 3"Z 2ljH
"347 ,4)3SQ 133 13<;1'+27 1,'1 III In 121,161)J7L;14?211,c20 22S 19/:1 207 1'-15 2 91-1 )7 355 45
/:I 31 1R 12 350 J6U J"'O 31S lIS 114 14-\161'1110 IHO ('03 I 'n 190 19?190 IHO 130 107 9 27 40
'1 70 P -'s 62 'j)40 36 12 Jon I nl I J r IHO JHO I '-IA ]9R ]47 ]9R 10 4 197 211i 210 20C;?10 ~2C;
10 190 ;;>0;>200 151 31'S JIlO lAo c,1)101 122 17\ICJO 201~211 i:']l 215 214 1,H 135 20'3 75 115 126 360
II 32'i 11,7 1'2 1no el'J ;'+~~25';III 1'1'i i-'01 ;Jon ('Ou 200 204 IHO 19?220 ;>;>5 21"259 31S 247 2HO 2'JO
Ii-'J?4 IP 113 I?J ~(·I ~Ii 31 Si'It;?lr<'))11:21 /1 22(1 160 II,i-'Ie.,]n ?7 ('3 I~;:>3 ')12S l?5
I~32C,1,7 342 Ie T·.''''2'11 ?RS ??S J7'j lin 1 I r li-\'")1':/7 1%234 ?v 2e,f,2?5 2143 Jr.'O 14 16 30 IH
I I.15 S J1'4<;I~iJ 4':'1',0 100 I fO J6,+p'l1 I"Hi 24n ??O i-'f,2 264 ?hl ?79 216 ?HO 310 310 :J25 330
I'"325 '3n J2S 325 Jb ~O'j ?y"i-''-:II cR4 2'::07 I')?],>3 14'i ll,7 IJC,125 139 1'10 20M ;>4 ~279 21,]115 111
If,I,'/7 1H 31,0 ;>91-1 4t!.3('I~<Il lid)ll<D ?3/-J r'?':J 237 2111 2?S ??5 ;>41 2'\4 170 200 no JO(,]1'2 R
I I Y 124 324 31J ]?<l J1S .332 ?-/O ~?'-i ;.>05 21~c~1f)('V'r'?'-i ns 256 24")2"'0 262 26?2;'3 311 331 30e;
Ii-'277 2;>S JJ'i 67 )t,'S 31 fl 2 Sqq IS3 III cllJ ItJ9 1;<9 li\9 ;>09 215 ;>2S ?Co,220 ?O7 19B 2Tc:,3]7
14 332 ll°31e:,315 304 21J,1 291-1 lOll :ne;HO .llr.3";I 2n 1O'i 24«31S 31S 117 124 331 I:l 320 104 1-"4
211 31H l?R 3 J0 302 ]]S 205 III 1"'1',l'i9 724 25 P 2SH jOe,PO ]IS 130 324 124 321-1 J22 342 JI.5 143 3Ie;
?1 320 l?O J?4 ]43 cllP 1C;9 11 '~3:>1 '.tW:;]dq I 7.u I'll!710 ?;.>c.;217 '>]0 1en IY"l 22<CJ?('''l8 ]07 322 342
??S V 10 It'JlS :~1(I U5 1711 j,S I:<S l:l":IA 7 ]'10 207 2117 lOS 202 plY ;:>0:'2J3 3?J 349 ]43 ~l
;:>]321 lnS HPH IP 4 /.lll It<J2?lh?1"0 It~lilO IlO I')'j IH7 [47 16;>?o7 ;>]2 26<;1ln 3S8 <;3S2
?4 ];:>7 7S f,]5 11,SlI 54 III 121',Ie'Y lJ:?Ih'j 147 ?V 310 3?7 20 11 '1 190 201 ?29 120 95 72
?"99 9q9 ?99 2.56 99CJ <,3 73 un 10:;4 15]1,+4 lYr,230 ?Hn JOh 327 JI',21 27 ?H8 ZOO 115 115 1:12
21'-,S4 4(1 ?P 2 I 3S1 3~i+Tn '-:II)PO 121 120 lAO 19R ?II'-,('4]?IO lCiS 170 143 126 OCj 10 ]lS ]6
?7 3S 45 ~n 27 352 ~l"1':1 \1r~i 1H ]f''1 I 7~('00 207 ?~O ns 230 rhO ;>I,A 211 160 ph 333 275 261
('"?S3 ]f'l 1:;"90 ':J/-,-';99 49'1 999 <,44 "1'19 4(,<;49Y '19'1 "l'lY 949 '-1'-:19 949 49Y 99'-:1 'I'-J"999 999 999 999
-'S <;9q qqq <.,9',4<;<;'1Y'~QY4 '19'-:1 qY'j '-i'-FI '1'1'-1 q<;<;yqq Y9Q 'NY 9'-'9 449 999 94'-1 99C1 49'-;9'19 '-19t)9'19 9Y9
~O <;99 Q99 '199 9Cic;'1CJ9 999 99'-J 4',14 ',99 Y9Y 9'1S '-19'1 "'-1'-:1 944 949 999 9Y9 '199 999 999 999 999 999 999
TABLE C-17 (Continued)
'.':_;';!;
"If>,)1''/7 7 "pin OjrJrr:TIO/\(IH'Jif.lEF <;)
Er,IEI...GY fUELS.BLANDING,UTAH
HII'~Uf Trlf DAY
Cr,y 01 n?rll Of,OS On 01 nil 04 In 11 I?II 14 IS 16 n Iii 19 ?il ?I ??21 ('4
I 999 999 <,Q9 9<;9 "")CJ g9<.J Y9g ~9g S9Q "199 q<:;c;994 999 999 9YQ "199 "J'-J9 999 994 9<.J9 994 99CJ 999 994
?<;99 9Q4 ')'.19 99<;'-)'J9 99'1 999 994 ';99 9'N 9"C;<,)99 '-199 9':/9 999 Y,:/9 499 909 9'}9 '~99 999 999 999 9<,)9
.~999 QQ9 9°9 99<;Y4Y '-)9'-/'~9Y ,-/Y9 S9u ':1':1'.(:"1f;'j'J')Q94 949 49''1 '199 994 99';1 949 ':J9')'N4 99'J CJ'N 994
"<;94 qc,CJ C;Q9 9'1:;'199 99'1 <,)<;9 YY9 e,'~cl "1"'1 y,-;(;99<J Y'I9 9(}9 9qlj Y49 Y'J9 9Cl9 999 C}li(;(""-J99 '-)99 999 999
c.:,999 Q99 YC;Q 999 9LjlJ 99'1 YCJY y-/q <";99 9',y Q'-1C;'-l'i')"''1<.J yg9 CJ<lq (N<.J '1'-J4 99CJ 999 949 99Q 499 9Y4 999
1--.9Q'1 9Q9 CJ9g 99<;9'19 49-;lJ99 4..)'l (1Qy 4<;4 q9';cjY'J 999 '194 YlJlJ q\-l':l 9Y9 9Y'-j 99e:,'N'?99Y 9Qy Qlj9 999
7 <;99 9Q9 99CJ 999 ..;I"l9 9'-i'..j 99'-)999 <;9'1 lJ99 99<;-;..J,-)9'-/9 "I9q 999 l.Jyg gY9 q99 999 0.,/99 9<.:)9 999 999 994
R <;94 Q99 ~9q 9q,;''I'll)99')99'1 '-)99 '-,44 9lJ'l 9'J<";-.;4cJ '799 l.J<;4 9'-/1)'-/Y9 449 qq9 Q4c;9'J9 9')4 '-)99 999 9l.J<.:)
q 999 999 999 99Cj 9~9 "l}q Y99 9'19 ~q9 999 9o.jS 1/-,2 15"7 PJ9 194 ;>03 ;>n,?14 22':i 2JIl ?hl 277 264 ?7n
In 2';'-,?(-.o ;:07 171 l"Io.J ?OO 191,?O'l ;::04 20 'J ?p r'?3 194 1...11 ?1'.?14 ?2(\1l}5 ;>(\7 232 :3 (\f,3'ti)346 l?
11 10 I??(1 24 21 4..,9?leA I It.;lh'-.+J2i"li-<4 ?I)O :(07 201 ?IO 20R ;>01:J ?I3 2"'"~'l97 53 85 1-/4
I?99 H";hI l.1)IH ?9 I'd 99 13">IJ':i ]'<0 lAS 141)In I I)t.In?1[)4 100 7n ..,1 7?IH 114 lOR
Ll IS..,II?1St>110 14J I(1)J 74 123 l?l 127 137 144 144 99...999 994 499 999 999 99':;9Q9 99'-;999 99q
14 ",99 qqq 999 999 (,')l.J '1Q-j "19''1 499 ;.jQ9 9'-;'~YS"999 999 l;";9 999 999 999 999 999 99;Y99 c;9'J 9"'4 949
IS <;'19 qq9 ':)99 99<;9'19 99')94<)l}l.J9 "4"1 '-;9''1 94C,(,}t"JlJ 9')9 '-j94 ~qq 9<;9 '1"19 9"19 9'N 999 999 lJ99 999 999
J'"S9Q qqQ SQ<l 999 <'Y';I <;9"1 94,)y l/9 17'i 17')17':I"S 1ill 19h I'JO IlJR 194 200 ?OO 20S 2In "OS 194 I "If,
17 20(1 194 1'1"1 no 22 I 2"i':!51 l':d 17H 11<4 Ii-'n IH4 144 I'..)':>194 1L.J4 rOO :>06 ?II)2 ipJ 2S9 ?"9 ?6"i ?H11
]H 2',9 ?1??lH ntl III 1'10 1h'"I fll,lAO ;>0;>?ilr:I'j I 216 ;>In ;.:'1)1':';llJ3 ?IH ?Sci (71)270 2 47 3D VI 14h
19 ])1)1<'4 1?2',I H 15 :0 0':;I IS Il'i I '/~I"Ic no 242 ?IA ?l0 10?]00 10<;'324 319 3)()114 101,
21'313 "l"lt)33'j 324 J 11 31n 1lJ 3!l 3?4 2-/1I ?~I 2.,s ZCJ2 1?t1 3?1).111 1?4 "l24 :ns 330 3~O 340 146 11S
21 324 11 'I J?n 324 32')320 l20 lin :!I?('HI 2f::1 2-'t,?'P 2ell ?7n j 11 .118 );:>4 33'-J 34O lJ5 341 ISh 3]S
??:n'l ?I,n JIll .1?t.1;>'1 3?1I 110 ?:l0 ,;ns J'-;?)~~,~1'1:;?OS ?2?214 ?II',?jl)2;:>7 ?Ih cOS \78 I'll Ail 140
2:l 14 I I f,P JH4 Ih2 J'J "i4 4n I]n IV It-2 I f:~1"1I ?O'-,1'-;4 ?OO rIO ?OS ?()I;:l 2i:'??c??IO 2nd I H4 In
;>4 140 1/.0 1')6 170 ?I 0 17J 17tJ 1,>1,l'J4 ?(J':i 1':i4 1qt.('10 ,-'..,..,?'-,4 ?70 ?n'i ?OS 173 lSI It,7 1(,1-\loS IS]
25 16('17n 171 19n J114 In 16<'I'll,<''1]IH4 I I:'I.liS 194 ?OS ('Ill 216 227 ??7 ?21 2SP,?96 313 ~S2 ?4?
26 ('SS ;>f,?In]]3<;313 3il"J 2ql)?40 "V 2in ?fJe ?n <'Ih ?:?7 elh ?If,?00 ?:>n 137 21"?90 31'-)j3n 3<'0
?;l 3'ln 'OJ 277 182 l'2 I cAS 25'1 1'-Jf,173 I""?If'2:l\23M ?:lk ?lfl 2c,Y ?;S4 ;>S9 ?5Y ?/n ?',lj ('42 ~24 301
?R 310 1;>0 31~25"2("):n",1nt•I'.?17f,1h'C)1~I'?O')clIO 21n ('II"<'59 64 ?S9 ?S~?.'I r,;>fl3 ?q?;'P.A 311
?4 31'1 l f1 J/~h 7 I"nt,')I J 2')'.]",1 Ih?1>','1f'4 It'll,I'lS Io.JS P\4 I H4 ?lb ??':l 2J~(lSI :n'-,:UO 309
3n 3;>0 1"l()3"P JI3 ;>'1 ?':I ?I_I;>e70 ??H ?/':C nli ?<.j2 ?h'j <'Ih ?n5 1"14 ?ll:>;>32 311 If!n...,JI9 34,.,
11 312 115 31';3]'j "US 3/,1)216 2Jh i nr;"1 II'173 20.1 (lll'-{JO',?In ?IA ;>;>7 ?4h H3 111 3<;6 '351):;••1,
TABLE C-17 (Continued)
~IJr.;197 ,W[f'n nIPfCTlOI\(Of::G~FF'i)
F',!FfJ(.Y FIlfLS.I3LANDING,UTAH
flOll>'OF THF DAY
r:~y 01 O?O:l 04 os I)f)07 11'1 I)q 111 I'12 I'l 14 15 16 17 li:l 14 Z0 ;JI ?2 n 24
)3'07 ,.,,7 2'OS 34fo Al 42 3411 ?f,l Ill)IJII I IS 115 ?n??11'-21";>]8 ?lR ;J?7 ?IO cJO ??7 2f,S 113 ?90
?3Sh 7,.,115 If '7 ;J'j 43 1?6 In 119 lIt;In 1S 1 11:>2 I YI.('22 ?OS I R4 276 2AI 173 IAil 194 194
J 17]I C;I lqs 205 3'-;?I ?Y 1,)4 If,?IfR jt?20S ?16 ?If,III 11'.9 20e:;IQ4 157 I tl4 178 100 130 135
I~91 lSf,3'011 l ,~1St..211 k7 \ J 1 IJO \l n ILJ \.15 IS"7 ,l'-IR 'j/j 71 45 3'7 J11 1;5 A2 76 2H
:;:lSI',?4 ?9 2(:;?h If II 7C ~,<1 IV IS9 1"'.Jlj 174 179 1"4 147 lJ~1:30 70 l,j ,n flb 119 (,S
f.,:p 7 1]IIJ 14 3<:it>1M rjHR "I?fUR Ill)14':>IS7 14f 1'51 151 151 lSI 14M 10M 41 3M 47 100
7 114 1J I~IIf,11'1 119 lIb 10M 119 141 P9 11'4 173 216 21f>227 324 124 Al 411 4]2n5 140 179 141'.
R 111 ns 1I)JI~6 3'~I.:>RA;;19,,,I (-If;If,?1 j4 I'~162 184 20S 194 184 220 2?7 ?27 2J>!2f,4 248 194 1"3t::
4 171 17l If,i-l 17S 16M 13">I I,I'179 IR4 pq ?Of'205 205 IH'1 ?OS ?OS ?OO ;:>1)5 2?l 2;>0 ?It>227 210 211
111 Il1f'I'll',14[1 114 f,5 1;4 f>1 1f,11 ~l)194 ?10 IYO lye;?IIS ]C/S 140 ?OS ?nu 20':>)94 ;>nS 216 221 ?7h.
) I 7 292 HAfl f,f.""?3 'if)13"141))!:'H ?II~JS1~21 ()::>27 2('1 ??2 ?7,?n2 ?23 231:'?R7 324 324 342
1;>]'i;;,RAil 271',313 12 340 30M ;>1"17'1 lYf))<;~)'-10 1'11,21f,205 201)I1I 4 219 ;>44 cbS jt;3 34c JJ5 340
J:1 ]40 AflR 32 43 48 19 43 Y'19 -;99 4'19 '1Si"'-19Y 4Y9 '-199 09'i 999 999 90Y 999 9Y9 9Y9 99'1 99'1 9'-19
14 <;99 999 <,;Y9 Y9S yeN ::;4'J 999 qqq ','19 '149 ygt;'149 Y99 '-1Yll 999 499 999 '199 999 9Y9 90Y 999 999 999
I'>,Sao '100 y99 99'1 999 c;Y'1 Yge 99Y <;94 YY9 Q9S 9'19 9,:/9 Y99 994 999 999 499 999 9':J9 'iY9 9Y9 999 999
1f...Y99 'lY'1 yoo 99'1 YY9 SOY 9qq -:;"19 ...;qq 4yq qc;~'I'-I'-J '-IY9 949 9-1'1 Y1l9 9911 909 9Y4 q'-J9 999 999 9'i9 9YY
17 S9Y 'j '-I '1 yqq 9YC;'149 99lJ '-Jqy '-1'-,19 (,CJq 9'~9 4'1S ';'-19 9'-;}9 \.J9<.l Y'-lY 999 CJ49 '199 9'19 y'-Jy CJgy '199 99'1 999
1;.1 soy ':J'14 Y<.J9 4'19 Cd";t;'1y '1<.JY '14Y "llq YYY qyC;999 99<.J Y9Y CJ99 9CJ9 999 '199 99'';9,-;}9 'loy 99'1 99Y 99'1
1y '19Y '199 909 99'1 9";4 <;9'-1 999 yqy ';99 99'1 99c;Y99 ·Y9Y 4YY 9'.)9 9'19 999 999 9'19 o.J99 999 999 qY9 99q
?n <;99 '19'J 'J99 99<;<.;94 9?y '199 yq<J <;CJ'1 4'19 <J'~"qYlJ 99CJ CJyo 999 q'-I9 YY9 99q 999 99<';9'1'1 'l99 999 9q9
21 <;99 9'~9 '199 99<;;9'.9 99'1 999 'IlJ4 ',911 "i9<;q9';999 q99 9'lY 4<.J4 YY9 9qq '1<.J9 94'1 9':/<;9Y9 99Y 999 999
?-'e;ql.j qqq Y'19 999 <,;99 Q9Y Y9C;<J49 ''-09')9'-j'1 q'1 c 94'J '199 qyll 9'19 999 '149 994 99'1 999 9Q9 999 999 99ll
;JJ <;lll}q'1'1 '109 Yll<;9'~9 "CJY '~94 q99 ',9q 'JCJ9 YS;C q9'-J 9YQ '-I~'.)99q "199 9119 '1Q9 949 99~9119 999 999 999
?l.<<;yq 9'1'J e.,qq 49'1 999 S9Y 44'J Y'1CJ ...,ql)'I'J9 CJ"C <I~"94'1 '~49 94';Y99 9'J9 '199 9<)'J 9lJ9 9qll 949 99CJ 999
?~~99'1 9'19 999 9QS '199 <;99 99'1 999 (,qq 99Y 'lye;9'19 '199 YY9 9"';9 9'1'1 1199 999 99'1 Ll99 9°9 994 999 999
?f..,999 949 904 yg'1 999 99'-1 "9<·1 <;99 S44 999 '1<;S 9'-19 qCJY '194 Y<Jq ,,'19 9Y9 '199 4qy 9'19 '-1'1ll 499 94Y 9'J9
;>'7 <,;99 '1yq '!9Y 9'10::,'!Y')q<.JY Y9Y '-J4Y o.,qq 949 l.:I1.1(~9'~9 9Yy qt.49 999 499 499 9Y9 999 999 99Y 9'19 999 9YY
949 9("~q 'jCJY 94'1 '·;Y··J :';i..)".)Yll'~q'j'-l ~'lq 1I49 (JI.j .~..jqy qqq '-}Ol)qqr)Q'-;f4 "/'19 ')99 99'-1 Y':J9 9'1'l 999 9'19 999
,>'}S;94 qqq ~qq 9<.J9 0.,9"qt.l),:lqq qy.....J \~<}r,'I'IY I~'"f;l.Jq{~'1',;9 'IY'-l Y'N Q'l9 Cl9'1 Q'-l4 gy<..;'o}o.J'l 9<JY 9'N 999 999,,'t,Qq '1'~q ,,1l4 4q<;o..j ~.,J•~';'Q'-1 '"9';./qq ..,Q'4 ,;,;q .~-j .~.,..,j 4'';;Q ·..,'P-I "-I ,wfj1}'~qq '-l<-l':J 99'J 9'J9 Cl'Jq qqy 99lJ 999
TABLE C-17 (Continued)
·,,;~,:.-£~
/,.-
..;UL 1977 wTnn IlI Q f-CTTOI\(DEG~~F")
F:~E Pf,y f uF L~.IllANOING.UTAH
Hfll!Q OF THF [JAY
CIIY 01 O?01 04 O?06 0'1 OR 09 1il 11 \2 13 14 15 16 \ 7 ltl I~21)?I ??23 21•
1 <;99 999 ':199 ',lye;9<N ':19'"99'1 ll')'J <.,94 99'1 qt;<;9Y9 9yq 994 9Y9 449 499 999 99'J '19;;494 Q9y 999 999
?999 gQ9 999 99<;9,,9 <;9Y 99-J 9')9 ,,9ll 99'-1 9-;"lJ'J';/9")9 9')9 gyy l)9',l 999 99')99Y 9'n 999 99"994 999
,1 <;99 99<)':!y<)99<;994 "J4lj 99lj 999 <.,44 Y9'1 9<;""4lj 9Y9 'NY 994 4'N 999 '199 999 ")yC;lj44 9'19 999 99'1
I.999 99q yqc,9'-1"999 e,')'-j y99 9YCJ ,,<)9 9e,<)<):.;S CJq<)99<)yy<)Y49 '1LJq 99q 9q9 9'1Y '~9':;999 <)q9 9<)<)'199
e,<;99 9 1.1<)99<:)')9<;c.;"9 <;Y9 99Y IMli 175 If<'!j<;1'216 225 1"]4 2J4 ??S 207 ?07 22':>,~16 ?f)7 234 170 03
A r,]uS 16 27 ]]/l 9 'l47 14il PI lhq lt3~I A9 ?n7 ?2'->?IA ??':1 214 ?52 ?42 234 ?"i5 )06 .D3 342
'7 313 311 33'1 360 II:'3/)'1 315 i:'~1 lAO Ihi)I<;~1"'0 190 2('')?117 ?If,C2S ??S 24J ?,4.,274 333 133 31.4
H :n3 3"1 I?350 2~H 3{)fJ 36n h1 IY';I'."I'll.,I'1J 171 I'iR {'?t:,IfJ9 ??"i ?'1'.2,11..243 2~·8 313 HHA 12h
y l?h I?O PO 13S IlO 1'13 144 144 I t,4 14'1 15~IHO 1"3 210 ?~jO ?;>5 23'->?14 ?52 211)303 30"274 ?7n
10 254 l?t,3<;0 IHO n,16 30 ]f)elf,?If,?<.;-?'l2 252 ?e;2 ,.,'>?252 ?S??L,H 26')27S ?HO 3M,l21 124•,,,t"
II llS 'I?4<;9e;180 21">22'>I""19"?117 ?II'?-16 19R I..,?I i411 ;>07 cre;??5 ?07 1"07 P19 171 lAO lo?
12 Ill)Qr;lh 77 'In 3h p'2117 I""1;"1)J .J ~J(~I);>?S 1"'0 1"0 IYO ?OO 1'10 190 ltiO 1'10 I"'"192 I liM
D lAc If,?2()1 ?')?e71)306 n'>?Ih el h ('Ib ?11'21n i'lh ?Ih 21A ?In ?II:>?c;6 ?52 ?t·'2e;2 207 108 Ii'
14 1:;4 10'\1Oil I I 7 1'14 117 12/1 l3"i 11S 126 ]?F.1?6 144 I '~O ??C5 ?2':i ino ?RH 19M 1hZ 117 10M IBO flO
15 Il>fl \00 7;'45 b 1 AJ AO >10 '144 1'+'1 11,4 ,jql)IJ':i 1101)In?DC;IHO 1',1 144 4'::A3 ]I-i(j ?If,!'j()
I A 14"I'll II.l,153 2nc,?qH 10'>Ih2 Ph 11S J "'"1"0 191;HjO 21'>[1'0 1'70 \70 10~YO A)y,12A I HO
17 )1'4 IRq ]C,l 4S 1:",I I 7 :ns ?:j4 J7(J Ito?I~~;>?':i 19M ~O'l el'.?J7 11<0 rOO l l1 <c1 ,b?If)h 270 liS 110
I ,I :!?4 ?1'0 Jill 14?]?,~27y 1 I)13<';171 I'J';?Ir ~l,J ?AI 1"0 19'->[4f'(';'5 214 ?It>('YH ?8h 33:1 14?f)1
19 I?A }~n 42 124 "',I I I 7 I 17 l?fl j'jc,''->'1 Ji":I,MO ?SOl ?7i1 f'''1 no 2')1 ;>'->1 IH()h0 RO 72 Jf,jh
)1\7?'HI .<if)4~3'J 36 4')IJS 141,ISh I~n <'?S 257 (>90 31S no ?Al IRO YO 2rif:?O7 'II,IBO l,~
21 S"?l Jr,o 30 ?7 4':>3£,0 l,'1 I If).lSi)9'1<;'.)<.jl)IP 95 117 lOA 117 90 1011 10il 10il 306 342 l~n
??hJ S4 14 45 ]1,?l ?I 5A 144 13",1'-..lJ5 Il,l,1',2 I .is no ?SS no PI 4::;R4 144 140 310~,
?J 3?4 l?P 311 liilA Ih 21 3hil 'lfd)liO I <,'I I"~1 1')f!.07 IHO PI IS3 In;>72 72 270 t,5 .l?3 -l':il 34R
?u J?3 6 r-j V7 63 n "hI)'t:'<,II)f.Jll IJS I ..~,"270 ?';O 24l 2/,]1HO IClO 140 jI,?2 21 27 ?7t'.
;os If.<1??J1J J':i5 ?O 31'.0 3;'4 261 ,~~n 90 ](l r.:J'+90 '1<,1 HRil C,4 ;>31..?OB 297 133 113 3SI)10 100
2"Yo ,H)3<:;1)]]3 UJ ]?,~22'>Inti IV:;\3':1 )Ie Ih?£'Y.?7li ('>if<H5 II)H lOB 112 lOll Ii'h lOP 99 I?
?7 tf e,1A ?I 14;;9 ?7 91)16?IS]1':>1 It;IRQ 190 2/0 29M lOb ;>9R 106 150 ]iJ SO 41)11 ]00
i'H Rn ?I J"'I ,113 3bO Hi 27 9i)1,'0 IS1 1 S ''->3 270 be 3',?101',22S 11',2 5/1 27 1H Je,O :133 3J3
?4 27 ,An Jl]27 111 1(,lb Y',IflH I JS IS ,S3 189 ne:,214 ?16 2V,,>14 13':>q.")1n ?7 lD S
.1"16 4<;',4 £.5 .36 45 7r'12f-t ;.>'1 13S 1I ;Jnl 2')2 ,>47 ?q7 q':1 101',1?4 :IJ1 3',II lc;O JSO 144 142
lj 34?131 ;;(l-'341'r'tC)AJ 27i)?7S r.?"·H-'")II \;.>"J?4 1"4 l?4 1;>4 -qe;1?4 333 'l':il 142 3"[14{'30f,
TABLE C-17 (Concluded)
"tJ~;1'1;'WI '.In I:II)Fc Tror--(flfJ,IIFF.C;)
"'II->J(.Y /-liFt s.BLANDING,UTAH
I~OIif;Of THI-I)AY
r.ay (11 0;>(1:1 0"ot.;1)1)07 Il,~1)4 II'11 1l-II 14 IS II'.17 111 14 21)?1 ??23 ('4
]31"1?4 3;'>4 l?l.V4 J]'.,1.;'>',P<h 171 1/,;.>1':~17]Ih?21"??"i 214 ?I{,;>11'.1?'.]]"1 ]4?.]24 11'1 .11 Q
?,'1'1 lJ"](.,q n'1 27'1 124 34h 'IY J 1',IY"?-"<1)7 ('j{.?3i•??S ??'-;?Jh ?lo ?4?324 li,;?3?1..130 .14?r..
'1 324 1?1.1h 51,'j/t.'16 .lIJ I 1I J71 14/,J/::r 1,.1.(1 11111 1>-14 l'iH no ;'>I,??(.,o ?"l0 no ?70 27':'lAS ?hl
4 ;;.14 ??S l-l4 2?S ;':]0 1"0 Ii';.'<'fI 7 I 'Jij \9'"'?01 19tJ 216 as ??S ?l4 19B 19i:l ?07 215 J?O 3?4 ,315 )24
S 30(,1?0 JI)O 2H7 ?/II .~':'Il 36 >-']1]7 [fin I~C;1913 ?.If,?i.l ?t,'1 2Ol4 ;)(d ??7 21h ;>34 ?""31S lR 11'1
I-,i,'i 1 ~~t.4';'"1H I'd '-1<)I?h PI P',",>14 ?42 c;.>"2 \4 3.lH ?J4 ?S2 24J 2Ji)2 Hf\.lIS ?3 'I
7 lIS loR 2<:;2 170 1I 7 101c\Clr)l.J'i 111 l'-lil ?l)7 1'1>-1 2;;>5 234 22'5 1'11-1 19n 1'IS 17':>171 1"4 17S I HO I'll)
H ens ?2t:;I:'~R 31':f<1 HI 911 11';I·lt.,14"IfF l QH a'5 2'.];>41 ?S2 241 ;>i,3 23"234 ??'-;212 ?16 214
y 2?S ??'1 ]44 9'1 225 ?2 ?;>lSI I'w ]HO ?""?2S 242 2'>1 2"1 ?i,]?3(,;>')2 270 261 ]f1f>3?4 219 30t,c') 0 31'S ?70 t,.1 40 4'1 S7 (1J ,.·,9 lq~JK'-I 1"''1 IH4 207 ?,)7 ?07 n'1 ?07 211:>225 211)31S 234 13S 121',
1I "i4 11-,l6 45 f)I ?"I .160 1(1)144 ]Sl 1".~14'•US 11c;IS~IS]117 t,3 351 c;171 171 1J5 lJO
12 °9 7??7 3f,O ~~('4 3?4 n3 :11 S (-n7 ??'j ?If.2?S 243 2/1)2"'1 ('hi 252 ?c;??S?26'1 liS '}J"50
II '14 I,"i ')4 ls ?7 y 1'1 I ;<1''1 j"?",4 )"'0 1"10 ?"In ?'-II.)310 1(1)31<:;115 14?342 ?7 I-,J 97 7?
I"Vi 7?h1 S4 n 'J"'o).11J I'<11H I?~,Il,(,IS~J,~q ns 11)111 IfI'1 ItJn 171 1hZ '10 SO 40 45 144
IS 104 A1 'in 31;Pol 5 3JJ Jh lA ""j 12f.110 IfJ9 1~4 ??S 234 ??'1 10 162 151:'IRO 207 1'52 36(1
Ih 34??7 "iI,4S 31-,11 31}Jf,n JA 1/,1,lSI)L~':jI.>-l 144 )71 14n \44 15:1 178 ?07 IHO SO 41 flO 204
17 IRO Ih;>1'111 27 2f)?1 1')4'1 40 17]1 7 ~11-19 21)7·?;>5 ?2S 297 3;>1,"1;>4 l33 ~42 3:13 34?3'.2 331
\H C:.79 ?(\G ?f,l <;3211 2H':I 2S??r..n 1<10 1f'.q ? If,?If,?01 ;nc,?4?2SJ ;>hl 2':'1)?S3 ?4~2"1 29 -'117 li.:'4
1Q 324 1h ?l ?7 "3",1~1~];J 124 )'-,,!IS"a5 2'10 ?S2 ?4??51 ('5;>2"iS ;>70 -102 It:;1 313 11-1 21'"
?O I:'hl lh 1(,42 '1'1 4':;3?)35 J?")44 111 1913 213 ?f,1 ?I-'ij 126 2iJf~115 12"317 313 296 fJ;>'IS
?J l".7?St.32 y,n '3(,0 ?7 "In 'j ;>11 III 135 1"3 )/JO ?2'i 2111 S4 22'i ?t,1 22':>1<:,1 99 90 ](,54
??:!SI ?hl 110::,)O~y,.16 4tJ I?f,1"2 I -IiJ III 1'12 221.)Ih 4'5 150 31]14 36 1f).~117 72 40 42
;q 16 i,'i So SI!45 45 54 61 I'lR 14/,I~~IHO ps 2fll1 ]4?]40 120 ]IS Dol IS 4r:-,31 ';54 140
)4 ?4]"4 4'"4"f..·.)4':>I?j;.>.,1':-.;:>)'i?Ih')297 :>hl <'s:>252 21",lQf:\1119 171 )?h I'll)1411 3"~
?e,11,](\"P.P Sf.y,16 1"Illli 114'1 ISltl ::>1)7 14h ;>00 I GH 19f.1 ;>02 207 ;:>?S ?O.l ,>07 216 Iq?121i 91
?f,142 14/,144 140 ItJ"lli4 In IH"p:p "1'-<I"i,2f1e ('0);>Ih 2?"i ?JO 2-14 ?14 222 222 22<;22'"?3R 324
;>7 324 l?4 3"11 342 41 1'11-1 21f)?'i2 (-02 ;y2 ;>54 225 244 2-14 241 2':>??7n ;>70 29('333 40 40 3R 2:l
?H 18 10 J<;S :160 342 34f,13 :i 31':>;;79 2?S ?4 ~214 ?2S 211 I'll ;>;>5 241 Ih9 144 57 22 '1 36 3?4
2'"4 q ]uf.JOI']0';'14H ?7 I,el 11')l:Jo I:.l5 Ih2 IYH I~O 207 ?12 l QR 191:l 192 Ih2 3?4 ?o S 333
:If'e,0 31'~297 l?V C,d I;>JOIl I;ll)1"1"IRy ?O7 ?Ill"no;;(l'd ?S??S?252 ?Sf ?"?2(,7 2;.1'1 27
11 "?;:>'-'7 }11 27 lh f,J 11',.1'"J 15 lc,)I""I'l,I f~'I 14?21h IljP 21':'lCiH 11'0 l'l'i I'll'2?0 115 3 '1
TABLE C-IB
PROJECT SITE WIND SPEED DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
"I\~1<.J77 W1"11)CHEll (~I •P •~• )
ENERGY fUELS.BLANDING.UTAIl
HOI II-<OF THt DA Y
CAY 01 02 0]04 0:-'06 0'nJ~()lJ 10 II 1~l:l 14 IS J6 J7 Ie J'I 20 ?I 22 21 24
I 2.7 ~01 2.2 I •:l 1.8 1.3 I.H 2.2 j.h b.J J J •':C;.i:i 5.R S.M 7.2 H.O 9.A 6.7 fl."7.2-A.-7 4.9 2.7 3.6
2 2.7 2.7 2.?4.0 4.;)5.4 't.?4.9 ~5~h.3 1-."1 I.c 6.3 h.3 ~.I..,.7 6.1 A.:~4.':1 4.0 4.0 3.1)3.6 2.?
J c.,l.1i 2.7 3.e 2.2 I.H .':l .4 1.M 2.7 :i.1 1.1 4.9 4.0 3.I I.I 3.1i 4.0 4.1)2.7 2.7 301 1.I 301
4 201 2.7 2.7 I .3 .3.I 4.f.':>.4 J.f,c.2 I.f,1 •~J.h 4.0 4.">4.11 :>.4 .,•2 5.H S.d ....S 5.4 4.':1 S.4 f>•.1
~t.3 ".4 J./i ....0 4.0 J.n 2.,2.?I.A ;-'.7 ?7 2.1 3.1 lof->5.4 7.2 f-.,.7 S.H 4.':>4.';4.5 3.6 2.?2.7.J
6 :3.J 3.h 2.2 I .I!J.I ?I 1.>1 2.7 .4 I ."J.1 .-'.2 J.J 2.('2."1 2.7 3.I 4.0 ].1 1•I'~2.2 3.6 1.••5 4.0
7 4.':>4.S 3.1 1.e 2.1 1.3 1.J I .:3 1.4 2.7 l •~1.1 2."1 2.7 J.A 4.0 3.J ?•I ?r.I •~4.0 3.6 3.1',.3.I
H 2.1 .4 I.A 3.i'.3.I .':1 1.3 I.J l.]J.6 r.e~J.I 2.7 2.7 4.0 4.9 4.0 ••6 I.'i 2.7 .3.I 4.5 ':i.H 5.4
9 4.5 ?7 2.2 J.t':3.I .3.I 2.1 2.2 2.7 3.6 ?-,,?..7 3.I I••'>'J.r:!5.M S.H 9.4 R.O 8.q 9.B H.9 9.4 M.O
1(1 9.fJ Jo.7 1,1,12.1 I I.?I I •.,\1)•I II.?I J •i'}:1.1l 14.J !:J.Y 12.5 \3.',12.S P.l 11.6 11.6 J?l 1I •/-0 I (I.7 12.1 1;.1 12.S
11 !:!.S f.,.7 H.9 R.C;I.?~.]6.3 n.7 "'.4 ~.q 4.~-l.'1 -1.6 7.f,'l.1l "l.S q.;J.9.4 7.2 ?.?:I •f<2.?I.R 2.;>
12 2.2 I..•s 4.9 2.1 '+•I)2.I c.l 2.7 1.11 ??If •!~?I :1.I)2.7 .~•f,1.1 ~~.I "I 1.6 2.2 1•fJ I.M 4.0 4.S
13 '!.O 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.?1.3 1.3 2.7 c.2 2.7 4.~S.4 7.2 rl.O '-1.4 10.1 !:i.e;A.9 A.9 fl.O 7.1:>e.o 7.h 4.0
14 4 .~)~• I It.9 S.4 it.'1 I.B 1•Ii .9 ~.I I:>.J 7.f-:III.-I 9.4 '-1.4 9.4 10.3 H.9 R.9 7.2 1.1 2.7 4.0 1.f>5.H11-6.3 if •C;2.7 4.0 4.11 '+.'-1 5.4 ('.1 J .1 l.r."1.4 J.I 4,0 4.5 3.1 2.7 ???2 2.2 1•H 4.S 4.0 S.4 4.5-,
110 2.i'.9 1 .~2.2 J.f,'.f.u 2.2 1 -l I.M 1•l :i,1 S,4 c.;.fl 'i.3 7,?I."?6.7 7.2 12.':>D.o 11.('9.H 11l.7 A.e;
17 /-0.7 q.q 4.4 fl.""'.:l 4.9 1i.3 4.<)j.2 1-1 •.-j h.r.::9 •.'1 II.?I 11 •.1 1-1.'1 H.C;-,.?'J.O 6.l 4.'J 2.7 3.1 2.7 S.4
IH 2.??'"I 2.?1•~2."I.H 1.1 I •1 I.--j S.4 ,->,1'1••0 c.l .1.1 5.4 S.~h.7 t...7 ".-,4.0 4.0 J.I 4.S .~.J
19 2.7 ,:,.4 4.0 4.0 1•>-1 l.il 2.2 l.!-J I ._.2.2 3.~4,0 4.9 4.4 ':i.'.h.7 fl.]S.H 4.1\Z.7 ?7 2.2 2.7 1.3
20 2.7 3.1 2.?1.1 J .1 2.7 2.I :1.I I.H ???7 ?I I.R 4.n J .1 S.H 1:>.1 M.O 6.1 4.0 S.H 6.7 s.l.a.5.4
21 I••0 -~• 1 'J.8 4.~I •i-l ?l'J.l (,.7 1.]2.7 4.<;1.1:1 4.9 1.1 2.7 J.(,4.S 4.~-1.1 ;~• 1 I.il 4.0 4.0 1.6
??.3 .1 3.1 <-.7 2.7 ??•'01 1.]J .1 r...iJ 1•~?;.J.I ('.7 1.1 J.A j.I 1.h '.1 ~.1 ].1 1.:1 4.9 "'.7 4.S
22 ;:.7 1 •.1 C•7 4.'3 4.'"1 lof .9 .J.n I.H J .1 ?2 ?I I.f.{):l.1 ,J 2.?3.1:>4.S S.H 4.':1 ?.7 ?2 3.1 4.0 '••0
?4 4.0 4.S 4.S 4.<;5.4 4.9 4.9 J.h ;-• 7 ".~.4 }.l •f~'7.4 H.C;9.4 9.4 '-J.4 9.4 q.4 R.O t1 •'j 9.4 7.f->H.9 7./-0
ZS 'J.A 7.6 h.!l 1!l.:!Y.M 1:'.4 .'l.1l 1••9 4.5 ..1.6 S.~M.O h.7 'l.S ·7.?S.M '+.0 1.1 4.0 ?I 4.5 S.H 4.0 3.1en2.2 4.9 J.6 1•:!4.II ~.fo)4.(1 '+•\)'c.r:!1.I,~~•f 4.'>:~.6 2.2 3.J J.6 '1.4 S.4 1i.7 ·i.5 '->.1-1 5.e 5.4 4.9
?7 4.11 '••9 4.Sl 6.]f,.,I'•.J 6.l h.I ~.K ,....~L;.4 ::;.4 4.5 4.g 'o.H fl.3 ~.:;:.H 7.2 9.4 4.<;3.'"4.9 R.S IO.l
;'"!()•I 1'.0 IfJ.7 I fl.7 I"?•1 11.2 ti.d 1."-e.4 I.to ,.,.7 b.7 -I.?11.3 t':.7 0.3 ".]C,.'l '0.4 4."t..l.l 4.4 S.H ].1
('11 :3.1.2.?.'-J 1.".9 I •rl 2.?1.3 1.8 I .;.!?1 '..()4.0 7.2 t"'.n 7.?A.S 7.2 4.5 -j.f,3.1->4.9 h •.~5.4
Vi 1•1 1.3 :3.1 "I )•f'',~•f)Z.l J.I ~.1 Gy.9 ~~.c 9".9 99.9 94.9 R.4 10.7 14.8 1?1 11.1->10.7 '-J.n "/,2 f-.,.·1 S.B
11 fo.3 '1.'1 "'.3 6.7 rl.'-I 7.2 '>.J 5.4 I.?'-'.>-1 1:.~II /\11."14.M 14.3 1e.S 14.1<1'-..?11.6 9.K 9"14 9./\CJ.H 9.4 H."
TABLE C-18 (Continued)
/lUI-.'19n \',Jf'JI)q-f-.,)(~I •iJ "~" )
ff~F~GY FlJr-LS.BLANDING,UTAH
HOljf.OF ft1F OilY
Coy 01 02 r)l 04 OS 0';0"0"0'1 III 11 1C \1 I l-IS I h 17 PI 14 cO 7\22 2:1 24
I f..9 7.(,<;9.9 94.S 99.9 '-1';.9 \ 7•1",1--.7 :;.4 \4•.1 II.c;\n.1)Ifl.:1 \7.0 17.'1 17.1•\1.0 \4.3 \'5.?-10.7 R.O 1-l.'5 4.4 g.>I
;.-7.r'1-,•7 I:'.g h.3 (-•.1 , •2 !j.'..7.?r:-"f)'I.,~q.~\l.l,\?L,10.3 H.9 (:;"4 \r).7 7.b ".7 '1.4 :<.6 2."l.\'j.4
3 t •J h.7 e.fJ 17.0 I 3.'•\5.'"\ , •Y I H.i I ("t~"'I.h ?1 •':20:;.0 27.R 21.S ?4.\2?1 \"'d 14 .3 'I.'2 '5.4 4.'-1 S.H 4.5 1.6
I,f'• ,4.r)4.'1 1,.7 p "7."S.,.h.l q "I':',...'';".,\\.2.9.4 \0.1 1-~,,9 \().7 \\.6 'l.9 7.h R.O 7.f,4.4 \0.7 R.n."::-
'i 4.Y '1.4 4.'1 4 \'4.'-,)5.4 2.2 J.':'~.q b".~h.7 1,.\1 5.4 1.2 h"-~1.2 9.4 1.2 7.f,6.,1 R.O H.9 10.7 II.S.,
f,\1."'l.R R."6.7 :3"f)4.1l 5.4 h.I SC;.Q q~.q 99.S :~.0 7.n 1.2 b.7 '~.q <'1.4 '1.4 4.11 3.":".11 \\.2 4.S h.]
7 1'.0 A.r)'f.?1.re 9.4 ".4 f,.:l ~.J 1.2 1,.7 7.;'::n.O 9.H 11.'5 9.4 H.9 B.r:;4.9 2.7 3.I 1.A 4.5 4.5 l.&
"C;.A S.B 4.9 ?7 c.??f"2.c I •1 ?•'1 1.1..0 ~.~I.1 ?7 4.<';5.4 5.4 4.9 4.5 3.6 4.0 1.6 2.7 4.9 4.0
q 2.7 ?2 \."\ •3 2.I 4.'1 3.J 2.7 4.11 4.1)4.S -;.4 S.H I.h 9.4 y.~If/.J 7.2 h.J 6.3 5"~~6.3 5.4 l.n
1'1 ~~,,(,I~"q 4.'1 3.\I.I!I •J 2..f ??~.~I.."11 4.t::n.J 5.il .6.J 1.1',h.7 t.;./4 1.\\ •H \./j ;>.c 2.f 3.h 4.5
1!3.I 1.S1 l.fl 2.7 I.e.~.4 1.\2.I t •(l 7.?7.re ':'.0 6.3 7.?h.7 I).7 5.4 4.0 4.S 7.2 ".6 5.H 1,.5 4.5
I?4.S 3.I I.R \.:3 I .I c.?4.r,2 •.,2.r:,I.1 2./"•1 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 S.R 4.5 4.~;4.9 'J.fJ 5.4 4.9 h.7
I)~.R 1.'"3.h 4.5 4.11 .3 •1 3.1 I.,'1 ':.1 'l.'1 l,•<;4.4 4.9 ".3 I).7 1).7 1,.3 1.6 1.1 1•e 4.5 5.4 6.7 5.4
14 4.9 <.1 3.1 4.5 4.S 4.11 2.2 2.?~.f)3.~1.1 ,>.1 4.5 5.4 5.4 1,.3 R.fJ 1'1.0 Ii.]4.S e.o 9.4 1'1.9 10•.1
It.,(,.7 1 I .?111.7 1:\.'3 /:l.5 '.2 6.7 R.Q ,.h ::I.\4.11 4.9 6.3 7.2 'l.2 6.7 4.0 1.6 1.1',4.11 3.1 2.7 2.7 3.\
1"3.I 4.n 2.2 .9 2..,1.P 2.?:~.1 ':.1 :1.1 ~.?-4.':3 4.11 4.0 3.1 J.h 4.0 1.6 3.f..1.I J.l J.n J.t-)4.'1
17 ".4 1."J.f..'1.1::3.",:3.I 2.7 ).:J .2 r'.7 -~• 1 4.S 5.4 (,.1 ".{,1.1,11.9 11.5 I)."':J.e 4.5 2.7 ?7 1.'"
14 2.?<.1 ;:.1 2.7 4.11 I••()4.0 :l.\.1)4.S 4.;'i.>J 'l.o '1.'"9./4 \.l.4 H.9 9.4 A.S h.7 S.B 5.4 h.7 A.S
J ~1i.1 7.f,1.1',s.e 4.S 4.0 5.'<').~.4 1.":-4.<;:<•.I A.O Cl.Y 11.0 R.O 6.-,S.8 h.7 4.9 1.6 3.6 4.5 4.S,.
2(\4.'-;4.'1 S.R S.4 4.1)I.R 1•>J 2.7 • 1
:1.1 4.9 5.(of.9.4 '1.9 g.4 >1.0 B.Q '1.0 7.2 5.4 I,.Q 1>.1 5.4 4.S
71 4."4.0 4.11 4.0 1.R 1.,1 :).\2.2 •-I 3.I t4 •~4.()4.0 1....9 'J.4 4.9 5.4 S.H 4.9 3.1 2.7 2.2 3.\4.'1
)?3.'::'i••9 4.5 4.5 \ •H I.J 1•1 l'.2 .f,~•I,i.f::{".O :i.('I 4.S 4.11 4.0 4.'"3.6 1.1 \ •'1 J.r 4.5 ?7 1.1',
n .!.I:><.1,1.H J."4.n 5.4 ">.4 I •f'• 1
~.(,~.~I.I 1.':1 ~.5 4.n '+.0 1.I 1.6 ::I.I 2.2 1.I 6.3 c;.4 4.5
?/~4.n 1.'"3.(,1'.0 1.3 I •I-2.7 ".4 ·.,S.H {...Il I••0 4.S 4.'i H.'-I 5.I_'7.(,1,.'7 7.2 5.I...1.\1.J l'.2 3.\
?S 2.l'2.2 \.R 1 .3 I .3 I.J 1 •r'l 3.1 .'1 .~.~:J.1 3.I 3.I 1).7 H.S 5.4 fl.O h.7 3.\4.9 1.1)3.h 3.1 1.1
?r 3.6 4.S 4.0 :3.\2.2 1.R 1 •J 3.I ·(,4.5 3.1 3.I 3.1 :1.(',4.5 ?7 3.1i 2.'7 2.'7 2..7 ;>.7 3.b J.\3.1',
27 4.S :\.1 2.?1.P 2.2 2.2 I.R 3.1 .6 3.6 1.1 4.5 S.~5.8 6.,1 (,."h.7 1_.5 1 .1:1 1•'"1.R 3.\S.A 4.0
?I-'4.9 1.1,J.h ",.4 4.S '19.9 9'-1.'.j 4.~•f)01.I 4.r ,I.n 4.,"'.1 ~.i,..~.7 J./i l'.2 1.1 7.6 7.2 b •.1 S.A S.>-l
;>\.l S.4 S.H 4.'-1 'J.4 ':J.4 5.4 J.I ('.7 • 1
???7 l •'"3.1'5.A I_•e;2.7 2.2 :1.I 2.'7 4.il 4.r.;1,.9 J.h 1.1
:HI 2.7 4.r)3.1i 4.5 J .\2.2 .3 •I ('.:.>• 1
~.(-:'I.<<• I 4.'1 "l.A h.1 5.4 4.Q 1i.3 ,.,."'5.4 4.e;2.7 1.H I •1
/",
TABLE C-18 (Continued)
",
"'flY ]91/1,lpl'"(;~f'FI.l (I"•fJ •.,• )
Ef\:H~(;Y f UtLS.BLANDING,UTAII
f"(1I1f<Of THF DAY
r.lly 01 n?OJ 04 0:3 06 07 118 0'1 If)11 12 13 14 15 If,17 18 19 2D ?I 22 21 24
I 2.2 ??r.'.7 3.I 3.6 H.n 7.I->4.9 ~.4 S.H ".7 S.M 1->.3 S.M 7."6.7 4.9 4.5 S.H 4."4.n 4.S 3.h 3.I
?3.1 ?7 1.1 2.2 4.11 I,•'>3."2.2 :3.6 4.'5 J.t'S.4 6.3 6.3 5.4 6.1 ').4 1••5 1.I ).3 2.2 4.5 S.R 5.4
J 4.'1 'I.1 2.7 2.2 .'~I •j 2.2 ('.,4.f)<'.,S.f'h.7 6.3 1'..7 5.4 3.I 3.6 '+.'>(,.7 7.f::1'..3 6.7 7.6 R.O
1+~.O 6.7 6.3 5.4 2.2 4.11 3.b "I.I 4.4 b.7 h.l M.O H.O H.Y 10.7 fl.4 M.O 1.h 7.2 it.5 I.A .'1 1.1 2.2c;3.A 1.f.2.7 2.?1•3 .9 j.l '3.1 t."S.H il.S 11.2 4.k )0.1 10.3 10 •.1 II.?I).;>12.S II).7 10.:j 8.9 M.O H.I)
f-7.2 'l.r / •2 S.il S.4 ~.d 8.0 11.?li,:.3 9.4 ~.S 1.h H.S ~.q l}.H '1.4 9.'.\,).4 1',."I 'l.O 7.2 h.7 1-,.,~7.h
I S.4 :>.7 I.J I •e I •':i .Y 1.1 '1.1'/.?Jn.'I H.S /."'.6 1.1'.1'."1n.l 10.1 1.6 1,.,1 I~•,;4.')1+•U ~.(..,2.7
R 4.1)4.5 4.1)1.1':3.I 2.'f I •;1 1 .9 f'.•"4.n 5.p f,.1 1.n 8.0 h.j 1-,.1 H.'1 '~.H 1',.4 7.A 6.3 4.5 J.I l.h
"2.2 1.,('.7 2.2 2./]• 1 3.I Y4.4 Y.,.':I 94.4 1'..7 /.2 1.?.4.S 9.4 10.3 11 .?1) •6 1).?11).3 '1.4 8.':1 7.A 8.n
) n 6.7 ".R t.]1,.3 7.f:/.?S.M h.7 /."1.h f..7 5.H S.4 4.4 4.')4.S l••q 4.0 3.r)?.2 1•H 3.6 ).6 4.4
) I 6.3 1',.3 =..p ,;.e 5.i..'f .:l I.'J OJ.J :::.4 4.9 4 ..e,'••'-j A.3 l...q 1:-..7 '.?6.7 A.7 1.f-,2.7 2.7 2.?) •3 2.7
I?1.3 ;;>.?t'.?3.10 3.\4.':>l.I 3.I ~.1+7."1:-.,.7 t••y 5.4 , •I'14.1',l~.4 1I •"9 •.-\A.f)':':'.4 l••5 2.,".7 3.h
J:j ".7 ?7 .J •(,2.1 ) •M 3.6 3.1 ':>.8 i.h ".0 H.O ~.f1 h.3 9Y.~94.9 44.9 9~.9 94.9 94.4 4Y.';9'1.4 49.9 -)4.4 llQ.ll
)4 "S.9 49.9 99.'1 99.S 99.9 '19.9 99.9 99.9 ~9.9 99.9 94.S 99.~99.9 99.9 99.4 99.9 94.'1 99.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 94.9 9'1.9 99.9
I';4';.4 ':19.9 99.9 99.S 99.9 99.9 ':1'1.9 99.9'99.4 99.9 44.~9Q.Y 44.4 49.9 99.9 Y4.9 4'1.9 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 49.4 99.4
)A qq.'l 99.9 99.9 9~.S 9~.9 9~.9 ':19.9 99.~J 1.2 I ()•1 1(1 .~\1.'1 Ll.O )4.>;15.?)">.2 lA.5 IS.6 14.H 1 3.0 10.3 4.4 9.4 9.4
I 7 7.1,S.fl i••()2.;;;I •fj 1.3 2.2 4.1l i •?"/.A 7.1::>J.1I Ill.3 P.';10.~11.4 13.9 13.':I 11.0 ,'3.()6.l H.9 10.'l 1-..7
I P 5.4 4.9 3.f,?7 3.\2.1 ?.,l..•II 4.<.)Ie.,f..;l,.M b.J A.7 t:>.7 7.2 A.7 fl.':I Q.4 f.f:0,.4 4.5 4.0 '<00
19 3.J I •A 2.2 LJ.e 0.7 1':.3 4.'1 4.(\~•J..):1.I .~•.G:3.6 ~.I 3.f>3.\, •A 9.4 7.2 "l.H 3.I 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.n
?n 5.4 4.'0 L••()5.P.7.2 8.0 7.?">.4 0.4.0 2.7 3.r.it.O 5.H ".6 H C H.9 fl.'1 R.5 A.9 ,."R.n 3.6 f..7 A.]...,
?I 5.8 s."S.4 S.P.S.H 5.8 S.4 4.9 4.'1 4.9 L:.,.,~l..f.'"J 4.5 4.<.):].f"l 4.5 0,.4 h."1'..3 5."s.,~4.5 4.0 4.">
22 4.0 '1.1 2.2 2.7 3.I 1.6 1.<1 J.J I.R ?,3."4.'1 5.H 5.R h .l l~').4 4.n S.H 11.7 3."2.7 ?.2 ??1.)
?J 4.5 4.1)?"7.1 4.n I.Ii ?.7 1./,Jt •l)h.'~'1."I II.J 12.1 14.3 JJ.(]];>.)1.<.0 13.0 11.0 10.7 11.7 5.4 I••()J.f.
;::l..4.0 4.c,S.4 4.1)4.:'I ()•.,'J.':>....'j t:•1 "'."J.J.n J (I.'I 11.2 In.:3 S.I',/.?H.O 11.0 h.J '1."fj.,)'1.4 H.f)6.3
2S 4.4 7.?5.4 J.f-2./;;;.7 ].4 :.,.4 "::.4 s ..~s.;10.3 7.?7.?7.?7.?f..-l 4.9 4.0 ry.4 1.1 ?7 1.1 1.I,
21,4.1)1."J.h 4.5 l-t .5 '+.:'?.(".1 ".S 4.4 ;:~.~4.4 5.4 '+.g j.)'-f.0 4.S 4.S 1.t>l.t ?t'C.7 l.h :3.(,
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2~~:l.r-,??3.\'of.•I)1.1',".7 ?1 ;.7 4.'1 4.q I.,•~.:;.'"h.1 6.,1 6.1 11.11 11.6 11•"10.7 I •.,(-.,•l 6.7 3.(.,1.I
1",/:3.(,??1•'1 ?,-J •J 1.3 1.3 ??o:..n It.n 4.S \0 :'.'..S.H c).H S.M 7.2 7.A R.O 7.r..4.1)3.6 1./J 4.0 4.1').r.
'ill 2.7 1.1 4.11 'j .1':J.1 4.'1 ?r.'I .1 .f}1.I '1.I::1.1,J.h 4.11 LL.C:;3.1 '1.h S.4 7.b '1."4.'"4.9 4.9 4 "•1
11 4.9 4.9 4.q 4.11 3.n ;;;.2 1.Ii I •rl 1:'.1 ???i 3.I <.,.;'l-i.4 S.H 4.lJ J.h :1.6 S.H 5.~4.':>b .l 5.8 4.1.)
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~~~~~M~~~~N-~~~~~a~~~~~ry~~~7~~~~~a~aa~~~~~~a7~a~
~~4 __~~~~~~~~~a~~~~~~~aa~a~~a~a·...........................
~~~~~~~~~~~-aaaaaaa~ryaaaa~aa~~a~7~a~~~a~aryaa~~ry~
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..::r'":~~~)..::t ex ..;t ...j"l"""'.r--0'0'0'0'(t 0'-0"0'0'a 0'(1',.,..0'0'0'0'0-a~a~~aaaa~aaa~aa~a
~c~~~~~~~..;ta-~c~o·~~ry~~~~ao·O'aaaaa..........................
4~~M~~~~~4~-~~~a~rr~a3a~o~·a~~~aaa~a~~a~~~aaaaaaaa
~~~_~~~~~x~~~aa~aaaaa~aaaa~~a~a.............................
~~~~~~~r~~~v~~~~ry~rr~~~~~~~~~~~aaa~~~~a~aa~~a~~~
if ~~~_~~=~~ifc~~~OO~~~ry~~~o~~oo~a.......... ............
~~M~M~~~~~~N~~O~J'~~·~~a~~3,~~7~~
a~~~ryJ~ry~acr-~~a~a~a
~~~~~N~~a~~~a~aaaY~~a~7~~aaa~~............................
~~~~~~~~~4~N~~~~~7~~7~~~~~~~7JaaaJaa~~aaaJ~aaaa
~~~--~~~~Oc~7~~~oa~~a~~a~~~a~o·...............................~~4~M~~MM~~~~~O~~3~~~~~~cr~~~
~~~~~7a~a~o~~cr·a~~~
-=c-r~c~~~D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... .........
~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~7~~~7~~~~~y
ry~~~~~~~~~77~~~~·~~
- -'\1.'......\.l.~~iJ \I.'\l:c..:.....n.-U'LT V'V'I,.r 0':..r '.J t....U"tT V'lJ"U lJ'u·u·_,...... ..........
~~~-r~~~~~~~To~~crTO~~~~~~~~O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~J~~~~
C~~~l~~-~~cr··17~a~J~~~~~~~~7~~~7.... . ........................
~~~~~£~~~~~-~~~~T~~7~3~~~~7~~·~
~~~~~~J~~~~J~~~J7
~_~~IC~OC~_~~~O~~~~~~O~~~~O~30~... .................
("I r"'I ~\.:-~I r :--.\.....)---:.1':..'"J'"J'J'r J'J'J'.J'l':;,.'"'..1'J'"J'J"!"~~~r y~a~~~r;~~~~:
~_~_~~~~xcr~~ry~a~~~~~~~~a~~~~37·........... ... ..........
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c -£~NX~~--~~X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7~~~~·...........................
~~~~-~~M----N~~~7~~~ry~~~~a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
N·=N~r~4~~~-~--~~~~~y~~~~~~3,~~~7·. ...................
f\..'~f\J r-)I""}'!l.r t\!......_,...~......~~'.r 'J':.~~J"r-,~:r a-(..U''~"J''.J':J'~1'0'(1'fl'
~~~~~~v·~3 ~.~,~~7 ~~.~
~f~T~S~~~~-I~~·ry~~~~~~~~~~~a~~7~........ ................ ..
I\..I C f~Lf)U'u~Ul ~.:I.l""l 1"")U':"'-r.J'tJ'r.J't.J"fJ·tJ'l1'LT'U'(j :J''J'U"U'U':J':J'.......................
~~~-~o·~;_~~~~_a~a~J~~~~ryJ~G~aJa........ . ..................
~~~MJ)~~M-~--~~~~.r~~~~ayJ~~~~~~
~u~~~;~~~~J~~~~~;r~
Na~~~~~~ry~~~·~~~~~7~~~~~~~~~o·~~~~~~~
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_-~~~~.~=~T~~·N~~n·~~~~~J~~~~a~~~·..... ..... .....................
..:i""l ~.Lr ...t,..~'1 C -.----(\,;r\J (.J'0''J'J':r :J':1':.'"'J'(J'J.:.r 'J"0'a':r 'J'
~~cr~cr~~oaacrac~aacrc
~......~~coc~~~a~~~a~a7~~J~~aoaaacao........ ............
~~~~~~~~_n aa~acr~~cc~~·crocrao~
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c
[\c
..-.
.....r'\.rr ~r '.L f"o-::I....')'.=.-.\..,......z '.1';".J::"-:1.'J ._.--:\..~-.!J'..::"-:'T 'J'.:.------~~~'~~~n~~.
,t!...'L~
TABLE C-18 (Continued)
':,,~\'!t~"::;;
wlJL 1977 W'~JI)q'FFI)(t-'.I-'.S.}
f':NFb'Gy FIJF LS•BLANDING.UTAH
HOlJl;OF fHf_OilY
r.~y 01 O?(\]04 OS 06 07 0'1 O<:j 1()1I 12 1~~I"IS 16 17 18 19 cO ?I U 23 24
1 <11:;.9 <;9.CJ qq.q Y'l.'1 9Y.'J 4'1.'J 9'1.'-)'/".9 :';',.9 9'1.<;qy."q'J.Y 94.g 99.Y qq.9 99.9 9Y.Q q9.q 99.9 9q.<;99.9 99.9 99.'1 99.9
?9~.q 99.9 99.9 Y9."99.~99.9 YY.4 q9.9 '-)<;.q 99.9 4q.~9Y.9 99.9 9Y.Q Uq.'l '-J9.9 99.9 99.9 99.4 99.Y q9.'1 qY.9 99.9 99.9
1 9<;.9 'J9.9 49.9 99.<;C;Y.9 '-h.'J 9'1.Y '-)9.9 'i':i.9 '1'-J.9 '/9.<"Y9.9 94.Y Y·}.9 9Y.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.Y 99.~q9.9 99.9 99.9 99.4
"09.9 Y9.9 99.9 YY.9 qq.'-J 49.Y 99.9 Y9.9 Y9.Y Y9.9 Y9.<;Y9.9 99.9 99.4 9Y.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.'J 99.9 49.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
S 9<;.9 Y9.9 99.9 Y9.9 yq.,!Y9.'!qy.,!1'.1 ~~.(')3.h 4.«:'0.4 s.t.f,.:J ':).4 S.4 H.O g.>!7.2 J.t 3.6 J.6 1•f!2.7
f-c.7 3.'"J.A 3.1':2.1 ;'.1 I •>1 1•,1 C.,c.7 1.1'~.4 5.1,'1.4 S.4 A.'j (,.1 f....J 5.4 5.L•J.f,7.7 1.6 3.A
7 :1.h 3.6 2.7 2.7 2."2..'7 1 .14 7.7 f:.l l.t;3.1'....4 l'•',1 f:>.l 6.:~S.4 ~.4 6.3 b.)5.~t 3.6 3.6 4.<;1.A
"3.6 -~.~<;.4 5.4 l.A 1.6 2.I J.6 t,'.i '1.4 ,~•r~I,.:'4.5 ".1 h.l 7.?h.]t)• '...7.2 6 '~3.6 2.7 3.6 '1.9.-
'J ;J.1l I...,."1 ~.t.S."~)•"3 3.6 /).J K.n i.;>~.4 S .t.(6.3 10.3 1.2 ~.q M.O 9.'1 R.9 -'.2 1).4 2.7 I.M 1•fl 2.7
1I)4.':>:>.7 I •I'I.!'I •f''!.h ;;>.,1 •""I.e;f1 •()\ I •f-I I •':>I 1.10 \0.7 ,!.R R.9 q.R \n.7 fl.()S.4 3.A 1.>:1 2.7 3.h
11 1.1-<:>.7 c.I ;;>.7 J.i-,~.4 h.J 1).1 ..,"~~"I.,;4.':~.3 A.3 '1.4 1'.3 ').4 ')."7.2 ....'0 4.5 I.....S 3.6 3.6 ?7
I?"• 7
.9 2.7 4.5 4.':>J.A ?.1 I.f\c.1 ?•I .l.f-l+.~').l,..l.A 3.A J.A ,~.A 1.6 4.:=.J 4.S 4.S ',I.Ii 11.h 111.7
13 t.3 3.~1'.7 1 •i'1.h 1.:4 I.h 3.~~~.q q~.4 gq.s ~9.9 9Y.9 99.9 ~Y.Q 99.4 S1Y.9 R.O R.O Ii.]3.1',2.7 ?7 3."
14 l,.s ~.3 1.?'1.4 4.S ~•!)I.I;I.H t.3 S.tf 4.1.:4.')3.A l."3.f,:1.I)3.n 3.6 1.6 .9.I)1('.<;H.O 2.7 I.H
J<;~•7 :>.7 c.1 :>.7 2.7 2.1 2.7 2."l,.')S.4 e..,.It ').4 5.1,4.S ]./)].6 4.5 4.:'7.i'"l.S r::).if 3.6 1.1i '1.4
I h S .'..S.4 5.1,4.C:;;>.,I.H 1.1;1.>1 J.f.].f,].1'1.6 3.t)(1.'7 3.1',3.6 I,•S S.4 h.)J.t 2.7 3.6 4.S 10.7
11 4.5 1 •>1 3.6 2.I J.h 2.7 .9 .9 r.'7 'I.":J.I':J.O 4.':>J.h 4.'")I."c;J.A :3.0 <;.4 ;'.'7.2 7.2 1'.3 7.;>•?
1~~.'-+S.4 S.4 ?I J."1.ri •Cj .'-1 c..7 ;.1 .~.~.l4.S 4.5 4.S 4.'->4.S ">.4 1...:\.4 f).'j H.I)H.O 5.4 ).A 2.7
I '-I :l.'":>.7 3.r',2.'7 I."2.I '3./.').4 .:'.t.L)J.'"-J.I'If •'J h •.3 '.2 "•.j 1;.'-1 7.?7.2 A.]~.3 3.10 2.7 ;>.7 4.S
20 2.7 4.S t,.•c:;-J .1'-:..,,';:):.6 3.1',1.•4 (-• 7 ,>.7 ?I ,>.7 5.4 h.3 4.')2.7 2.7 7.2 6.3 1,.5 S.4 (1.0 '1.4 2.7
2J J.f,1.1-·').4 6 •~~S."~.6 1.1:1 I.H I.h I.•fl YY.Cj ':!'-J.Y :l.A 1.A :J.n 4 ['4.S 3.6 I.H I.H 2.7 6.)'1.4 6.1•J
??5.4 1.1',4.':i 4.5 J.n 3.6 2.7 I.R ".S '1.4 4.~4.5 ':>.4 .l.1l 3.h :>.7 2.'7 ?7 ?.-,7.2-R.O H.O 7.7 4 ••,
(,J ':i.4 1,.5 4.S 1•,~I •f'.C.•1 2.,7.7 1.'1 ('."4.~4.f:-3.A 'i .1-,3.1,1.A S.4 7.2 C;.l,'1.':'S.4 ':>.4 ?7 1.0
?"";.1 3."-5.4 ;>.7 2 • ,I.'"1•H I.H I •'1 I.'l ?7 2.7 2.7 I."'·?1 ~•I',:J .Ii '1.4 <.6 S.4 4.S 5.4 4.S 4.S
2')3.~::>:.7 I.R ?7 3.h ~.h <.I 1.'<I.H ?7 ?1 ".7 ?7 2.7 2."?"J.{)?7 1.b .:..=3.6 2.7 2.7 5.I,
?h 3.A ;>.7 :l.f,c.1 ?.7 ",,I.H 2.,<:.7 ('.1 .~.~_~.b 7.1 4.'3 6.1 n.l S .l.q.O A.(1 S.4 A.3 n.3 S.4 S.4
?7 4.S l.f,J."?./3.".l.b 2.7 ?"7 J.h 1.1i ~J •I'3.6 3.h ;>.'7 4.,S.4 1.A ,.4 R.(/6.3 7.2 6.3 1'.3 5.4
2h 4.5 3.1'J.t;?7 ].~4.'-.>J.h ?7 i.7 3.f-1."'j.6 3.6 4.'):3.1\3.f 2.1 7,7 7."S.4 4 •~.:,4.5 4.5 4.'1
?9 f'•7 ?7 I •iJ 3.1':J.(0 4.S J •~"'l 3.~,;.7 l.1i ,...c.:l••S 4.5 !:-.3 ~"'l.4 "5.4 S .1,"'.3 4.':>S.4 7.?h.J ?7 3.A
)'1 I)•/.~S.4 J.fo;l-t.":~.q 4.S ].h l.i:-".7 .~.(,~.I'.~•h '+.~,4.'-,S.t•.c.:;.4 A.3 n.3 S.4 ",.3 I .,h .~".1 4.S0<
11 3.h <;.4 j.i.,'l.f.4.(:'1 ?•I 2.7 I.",-.7 7.I I.""'.''''".?7.'>H.Y .1.'-l 8.0 ~.O h.J t~.4 <;.4 5 ..'-.<;.4 4.c)
TABLE C-1B (Concluded)
~III;I q 7 I 10:H'i)"1·,FFIl (O}•~J •S • )
E~,F'iGY ~lit LS.BLANDING,UTAH
f.<t!IJ~OF THf~U~Y
C~Y 01 07 01 04 0<'Oh 01 nQ Oll In II 1?1:1 14 Ie:;Iii 17 111 14 20 21 72 21 24
I '::.4 t;•I..S .l.(,•J Ii.l ~.~..?"7.7 1.4 :.>.I .~•to .1.1):i.IS J.h s.(&.'....s .1.,.,2.7 S./J-S.'•{,•r:;,+.5 4.5 4.')
?:.'>,~•c;J.h ?I I .1-\J.A J .;\I •H r •I ...~•f,'l.~{~.S 5.4 1,.1 h.:J S.4 4.S h.3 h.]').4 4.5 J.h 4.5 J."
:1 ~l •f,?-,3.1',2.7 ;;.7 i,.5 {,.e,l.h .3.f..-~.(~l.~.i.h 4.5 S.4 6.1 .,•?.f~•0 fl.9 10.7 4.0 9.B H.O 1i.1 I)••
I~7.2 R.n I,.1 -'.2 H.n S.f.?l ]."4 c '-f.')S.l,S.4 4.5 1i.3 7.?11.0 R.O 7.2 S.4 5.4 5.{,3.6 3.n 3.".,
c;4.S 7.2 6.3 5.4 4.S 1.11 "-.1 1.;1 ;;...,J.6 4.t7 h.]h.:!1S.3 H.O 7.2 1'..3 1',.3 1.6 3.6 2.-r 2."S.4 4.'1
f.~(...5 ?7 c.7 ?/3.f>4.:;2.7 3.f,~.("'l 4.5 ').4 7.2 6.3 -'.2 7.?7.2 "'.1 7.2 4.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 S.4 1••5
7 e.l 1 •R I.P <'.I I •H J."'l."I.'"3.h j."-S.l,.,•'·1 1,.3 1',.3 h.'l 5.4 1',.1 4.5 S.4 5.4 5.4 ".2 6.3 4.5
fJ,r •7 1 •.'1 ,0.7 2.I I.H 2."1 I •rj 2.1 ~.h 4.'1 :~.~3./)5.4 ,.?P.9 fl.':I R.9 4.0 7.t'.4.5 ~.Ii 6.3 9.R R.f)
9 6.'J 4.S 2.7 2.7 1.1i 4.5 3.b 1.4 ?-,4.S 4.~1.J..5 7.2 6.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 ".3 h.3 5.1,3.6 3.6 4.5 3.A
1n ::.~:.2.7 3.h (""1.3 5.4 4.5 3.6 2.7 .;.~';.l.5 ....5.4 7.?7.2 7.?5.4 4.S 1.6 l.b 4.5 J.h 3.6 1',.3 3.h
II J .8 ~.I',it.5 2.1 I .>i 1.t'1.'J 2.7 ':...5 ~J •4 s.t..4.5 3.h 3.1',3."4.5 10.7 1 I •I)9.H R.O S.4 7.?.1',.3 3."
1;.>;:.7 ?7 J.(...3.1'?I 2 •-,2.1 ?7 3.A ?-,?7 J.h 2.7 1.!'-3.h 4 ,-S.4 "'.3 1',.3 5.4 3.h 7.2 5.4 3.6.,
11 3.6 3."4.5 4.5 J.t'-:,:•I 2.f ;>.1 ;.-,?7 l.~J.b ?,4.S t:1.~n.3 S.4 S.4 3.1:1 ?7 3./)3./)2.7 2.7
1I,'3.,:.,2.7 c.7 3.~J.'->;;.·7 ;>.,?"~.f-.4."4.~4.5 5.4 3.h 4.S 7.?1',.3 5.4 4.':>4.5 4.fi 7.2 3.A 4.51"4.5 4.S 6.3 'c;4.5 3.6 ?7 c.7 ':.6 ?2 3."j.1 2.2 2.7 2.7 ?2 I.B ('.2 2.7 4.0 1',.7 8.9 4.9 4.0&,4 ••
1"3.1 ?7 3."3.':3."??2.;>1 •>1 1 •'~?;?7 :3 •I 2.7 2.7 3.I :3.1 3.h 3.1)3.1 j.1 4.9 4.9 S.4 6.3
If 3."••.1 loP 1 •P.2.I 301 :.>.2 ??I.n ??~~• 1 J.1 3.1 2.7 c.7 4.11 I.q 1.1 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.?
1"1.Ii 4.n "'.2 ?2 2.??.2 I .,.,??~.,:1 •.1 ?7 ?7 4.S q.•q ".7 6.7 6.7 7.2 s.e 4.1)).I 2.2 2.7 3.1
I <;£l.7 1 •fl 2.?2.2 2.f i'•-,,1.f:2.?r:.2 :1.1 1.I 1....0 5.4 ('.J f,.7 h.)6.7 7.2 5.'+3.1 £l.2 2.7 4.9 3.1
2'1 2.7 1..,....3.1'>4 c;-.!."3.I 3.I ?,.~•h J."<.1 :1.1i 4.')J.I 3."4.n 4.9 I....S 4.5 4.'1 4.9 2.7 1.A 2.?.-
21 ?2 ".7 3 .1 2.7 2.7 2.2 I.R 2.1 J.h l.A,3.f 4.'::>S.4 (oJ.Y 5.R 4.0 4.S h.3 5.4 3.1 3.1,2.7 3.1 2.7
2;>:'•f,1.1 2.7 2.7 4.':>4.':>3.h :1.1',4.0 4.0 3.I J.1 3.h 6.7 4.0 4.5 5.4 S.fl [).4 2.2 I.M 2.2 3.6 4.0
?J I,•"~•f-.,J.I 2.7 J.I',4.0 3.1 '2.7 ::• I 4.'1 4.':4.5 4.0 4.0 f..7 4.9 7.f.R.S 1',.3 >J.n 6.3 1',.3 5.4 4.S
24 t..•0 I.,J.n l••n 4.0 4.il 4.0 4.0 2.7 ,...S l:f..n 3.~':'.:'1',.1 4.n 7."6.7 h,J S.A 4.9 4.n 3.1 1.1l 2.2 1.1
,>',3."'l.1 ".2 J.I 3.b 4.0 ·1.h ?r'':.h ';.if S.~f.b H.O >1.4 H.S H.O '7.I',7.6 S.H '••0 3.I ;.2 2.£l 2.2
?h c.?l.P-c.?2.1 3.h ~.S S.t<f...•-~6.7 H.O i'c;....0 fl.9 Y.4 I I •I',1?5 I 2.1 P.S 11.b II •'"11.h 11.6 11 .;>9.>1.'
?7 11 •h 11.2 H.O ~,.7 3.1 2..7 2.2 4.0 "of •0 2.1 ".I 3.6 4.'"6.3 8.C;R.9 8.9 R.O 5.H 4.0 4.9 S.il 5.4 5.I,
:.>>1 c:.If.f,.~4.Q 4 c.;4.5 J.6 '2.r?I .'J 1'.7 3,j :~•f 4.5 5.4 'i.~5.4 ').R 301 3.6 4.5 I,.')4.5 4.0 4.n 3.1.-?q 3.f,r;.I..4.9 1.6 3.1',) •Ii ?..7 ) •Ii 2.;;.1.A .1.,.J.I)4.0 4.<'4.<;4.9 3.6 3.6 4.0 2.7 1.3 4.5 4.9 4.n
<P '-..0 ....S ,...n 2.2 S.if.3.6 1.1 2.2 "]•f,4.1.:;4.C::L4 •\-}r:;.4 6.3 1.?10.3 9.R ,'.1.<i 7.?S.4 4.~;3.6 ?7 ?2
.~I I •J .9 I .1 1 •f:'J.f':'I .3 •1 4.tj ?.7 '-t."I~•/.f "'."L:•,-~f,.~f,.:l h.l h.]4.5 <;.4 4.9 4.5 4.~J.'"ro.?J.'"
/I"\,
TABLE C-19
HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION TEMPERATURE DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
/JAR 1977 TtYPFkA f\JRF ICEI,:IIG,,<lI)E)
ENEI.JGY fIJt:LS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
....I)U..01-IHf (JAY
CAY 01 0;>03 04 OS Ob 07 P8 09 II)11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1'1 It)ell 21 22 21 74
1 7.2 6.7 5.0 2.8 2.2 1• 1 .6 O.-1.1 -2.2
2 -2.2 -2.~-3.3 -3.~-J.~-l.Y -J.J -1.1 I • 1 2.2 ,l.S 2.2 3.3 .~.:.~3.1 2.B 1.7 .6 -.n -1.1 -1.7 -2.2 -3.3 -3.9
3 -J.~-4.4 -3.1 -3.3 -4.4 -t.l -].~-1.1 .6 ;>.?J.S 3.4 S.6 1>.1 f;•I 5.n 4.4 1.\1 1.1 1• 1 .6 O.o.O.
4 -.10 -1.1 -1.1 -1.7 -2.H -2.H -1.3 -2.2 L.r'•.2 J.~4.4 3.4 l.3 3.3 2.2 1• 7 1.1 -1.1 -101 -2.8 -2.M -3.g -4.4
S -S.h -7.;>-1.8 -B.S -B.9 -P.4 -S.b -2.?-1.1 101 2.P .1.4 4.4 S.I)f,.1 5.6 5.11 1.9 -1.1 -2.A -3.9 -5.0 -6.1 -6.7
6 -10 • I -7.2 -7.2 -7.~-B.9 -8.9 -1.M -3.1 11.2.?4.4 ~;.6 7.2 <l.Y Y.4 10.0 10.0 I~.9 3.3 1.7 -.f>-1.1 n.-2.13
7 -101 -3.9 -~.I)-4.4 -5.6 -6.7 -6.7 -3.3 ./)3.3 6.1 H.)10.6 12.2 13.9 15.0 11.9 1?.8 10.6 e.g 5.0 5.6 2.2 2.1'1
H 'i.6 1 .7 1.1 1• I .h 2.1.1• I 1.1 ....3 h.7 11• \13.'~16.1 I h.'I 11.2 II.?Ihol I '~.0 9.4 6.7 5.6 3.3 4.4 1• 1
')I)•1.3 I .1 •F,•fl -1.1 ."1.1 ~.q h.I III."l2.?1?p 13.1 16.7 11.<:'17 .?I 1',.1 14.4 12.P 11.1 10.6 11.7 4.4
1(1 3.3 1.7 .1)O.-1.1 -2.2 -2.2 -2.2 -1.1 n.1• 1 2.2 2.H 2.1:\3.9 'l.Y 3.1 2.2 .6 0.O.O.-.6 -1.1
I I -I.I -1.I -2.2 -z.e -2.~-].~-J.~-;.2 IJ •??"j.C;I,••4 S.b ':i.f,6.1 6.7 1:1.1 I).1 4.4 2.2 P.-.6 -.1.7 -2.1'
12 -J.o -s.o ··t.1 -1.2 -1.2 -H.Y -Q.4 -~.I-c.2 101 ?F ,1.'-.1 S.o S.6 B.3 M.9 h.q R.9 13.3 S.6 'f.if 4.4 O.-.f!
lJ -1.7 -1.7 ':>.0 S.£:LI •if 4.it-6.7 6.7 t."".1 p.S 111.6 10.6 12.2 13.3 13.9 14.4 12.8 10.1:1 fl.C;H.3 ".r i.+.4 2.2
I'.n.-1.~l -J.'-I -s.()-4.'I -J.':J -':>.II -l • 7 c.•f~3.9 ol.::3.3 2.M "..'.S.6 h.7 4.lt 4.4 2.2 0.-?2 -4.4 -S.h -6.1
15 -C.!-h.l -1.2 -6.7 -H.j -<;.4 -B.'"-J.g -1.1 ;>.2 3.::~.l)6.1 H.J H.ll '..).4 9.4 H.3 f,."I '~.e;1• 1 O.O.-2.2
16 -4.4 -s.n -s.n -h.l -S.h -6.7 -1.2 -l.l -t.",~."'-,.~~~•'-1 12.2 1'••4 14.4 l'l.913.9 12.i:l fl.9 1n.t 10.t-8.9 8.3 'l.2
1 1 f.•1 4.4 4.4 3.S 2.H 2.f!2.t-'c'."::•f)/'>.I .,.1 "•.'J B.9 ...4 10.6 10.6 H.Q 7.2 4.4 2.M 1• 1 -.6 -.1.1 .f,
1R .h .h (;.-.f -2.2 -1.7 -1.1 -.,.).1.7 'r'.2 :l.S 4.'...S.h 5.6 ".6 S.6 S.h 'i.0 2.2 1.1 -1.7 -3.9 -4.4 -5."
19 -t.l -1',.7 -7.2 -7.2 -7.2 -~.3 -9.4 -4.4 I)•??S.'-"1:1.1 8.3 11).1)I 1• 7 11.7 12.2 Ifl.h 0,.'-.1 I.'2 2.R 5.6 S.6 3.9
;n 3.9 2.;>...4 ':>.f ].j I • 7 O.2.?...4 S.Ii h.7 r.c;Ij.q 'j.q ':1.4 H.9 f<•'~7.M h.I 4.4 3.9 2.2 2.2 2.2
21 2.2 ;>.f'1.7 1•'I II.-2.2 -3.'-.1 -4.4 -1.7 2.M h.l "• 1
7.1l 9.4 10.11 1I .7 11 • 1 Ifl.6 ".1 3...2.2 101 o.fl.
n -1.I -2.2 -2.?-3.e;-S.II -...4 -1.1 3.e;::.h .,.~~10.('1.-::.2 13.9 11••4 lS.h lS.o 10,.0 1,l •9 11• 1 05.10 3.3 2.2 2.R I .7n1.1 -1.1 -2.p -2.e -1.9 -4.4 -2.2 J.'-1 C•'7 10.1)I 1•.I IJ.J .15.6 18.9 14.4 17.2 Iho.!13.3 12.211.7 12.B 12.212.2 11.7
24 II.7 11.I II!.I;10.()'7.4 10.0 1I •I 1I •I Ie.?12.'"1r'.~lS.b 15.6 15.6 lb.l 15.6 14.4 11.~13.3 12.?11 • 1 10.6 9.4 9.4
2",~•f~s.'1 J.J 2.~3.'1 11.4 h.I h.,i (7 _4 10.11 10.~I I • 1 I 1•I I').6 Y.4 b.q B.,1 7.8 7.2 Ii.1 1•I 101 1.7 1•.I
2",•#1 "..1',.f.•h I • I 2.f1 J.'~,~•q l.~•I..I.r t",•'-J /1.4 I,)•('I 11.1 11.I 10.1',7.M S.D '-4 .'~S.h 5.h s.n ].9
21 3.'1 1•'I II.1.1 ?"',I •~.]I.?.".4 I ]•I 12."D.J 14.4 15.6 IS.b 15.6 Ih.!IS.6 11.'1 14.-,13.]1',.7 2.M 2.2.'
2"- 1• I -?;>-?H -J.3 -J •'oJ -4.i.--:!•I:i -1• I j;•I • 1 I •7 ('.ll ,~.')2.H 3.1 2.M I • 7 .6 -I.I -2.2 -2.8 -2.2 -3.3 -5.n
29 ,·I.M -h.l -,:>.n -5.0 -5.0 -5.6 -2.b -1.1 .h 1• 1 2."2.2 1.7 ~.J ?H ?2 2.?1.1 -1.1 -4.4 -6.1 -7.2 -H.]-H.9
~in -H.'J _4."-'1.4-10.0-10.6 -"."-5.n -2.2 1.1 ??'1.11 ':>.6 6.7 1.;>'I.,'l I.H 7.1'1 h.I J.J 1.<;.I •7 1 .7 -.6 -2.il
'n -SeQ -S.~-~~'I -6e"7 -~o~-~.b -l~l 1.7 ~.'.}•.••f..l.,J ..t'J I I • I 12.?1?.H 12.2 12.2 1].7 4.'+h.1 ?f:3.'1 2.B -.h O.
TABLE C-19 (Continued)
:,';~;<,;::'f.<'-':r:•
h''''1971 lFMPFkATUpE«(f~TIG~AOE)
E,\If,>iGY HII::LS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
f"01)"UF H,E l!~Y
[AI'01 n;>()]Ot,(I:'06 01 III'ny 10 1I 12 13 14 JS 16 17 18 19 21);>1 22 23 24
I O.I • 1 99.9 99.<;94.'1 'I"'.',n.??t:•l ,.I'7.1'7.tI 13.'1 ".1 6.1 3.9 ].3 3.3 .6 .Ii -.6 -1.1 -1.7 -1.7
c'-."n•-1.1 -2.?-3.~-4.4 O.1.7 ::.1 "'.1)'-,.f:.S.6 h.1 h.7 (-,.7 6.7 6.1 '1.9 2.2 1.7 .(,O.-.6 -.f.
3 -.f.-1.7 -1.7 -2.1"-2.M -2.M .r,2.;'>::.3 e,.I)".1 ':J.1 7.2 I.?7.~7.P.7.P'1',.7 S.,)1.9 3.3 1.7 I • 1 I • I
4 1.7 1• 1 ll.-.f:-2."-S.II -].7 ?H Ie.I ".J 1(1.1'12.?D.3 13.9 IS.I)IS.0 1':>.0 14.4 11.1 10.0 9.1,B.J 6.7 I).I
S (,.1 1',.7 4.4 4.4 J.Y 3.Y 4.4 b.I , I • I 12.2 II:'•~13.'1 IS.6 11).1 16.7 16.I 16.I 15.0 12.~9.4 7.2 0.1 5.6 5.n
h 3.3 2.R C.R I .7 .r,.0 3.3 I.?IU.6 12."IS.!'10.7 n.R 1':\.9 19.4 19.4 19.4 IA.3 11',.1 12.2 R.9 7.ti 7.2 1',.7
7 S.'l S.O 3.3 2.1"2.2 I • I 5.1l M.3 I I •"I 14.':'I,.,• 7 I(.~20.1',22.2 22.2 21.7 21.7 2f).0 lR.J 15.0 13.9 10.f)12.2 11.7
f<~."-IS."-lt.l-ln.7-1 I.d l.q h.(1I • I 14.4 I"•f,lY.~21.724.4 21 .9 ~].]23.3 22.R 2~.2 21.1 11:\.9 17.2 16.7 15.0 13.9
9 1':>.6 17.R 13.'1 13.3 13,)12.2 12.?14.i+Jt:•7 If<.J c'(1.('?J •I 22.2 ?~.~~J.3 ;>3.3 23.]2?~22.2 17.~I?I-\12.2 14.4 15.(-,
In 13.9 I?R I J .7·9.4 6.7 1:'.3 S.1l ",.?L'.Y 15.1,IH.S 20.0 20.h 2l.1 ?1.7 22.2 22.2 22.2 21.7 20.E 16.7 15.6 1?8 11.7
1J 13.9 l??11."11.1 11.1 ".9 (..h h.1 ) I• I I 3.9 Ih.1 1':>•I)12.?13."3 12.1:1 12.2 12.~IS.6 19.4 I~.]Iii.7 11• 1 10.0 9.4
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IS ~.6 4.4 ].1 ?iJ c.2 2.<'2.2 J.OJ 1:-.';h.7 h.7 ':l.1 (-,.7 1.1-\In.n II.1 12.2 P.2 1?211.1 10.0 7.8 S.O"5.f)
1h 6.1 1-,.7 h.(7.1''J.l ~.1./·l.j h.7 ,:>.4 11.1 1J.~13.':1 15.1'-h.7 17.2 17.A lA.9 1~.'1 lR.3 17.1'15.0 11.1 9.4 H.9
1 I t'• "7.R t>•"'S.l':"J.o 4.4 3.J 5.n II:.()13.1 IS.I'1"1.2 1':1.4 21.1 22.~2J.3 23.1 23.3 22.~22.8 21.7 20.0 17.8 16.7
1H 13.9 12.?1l.7 C..J.4 .,.H I .;>1f)•h 1J •.1 II.?2().n ?2.2 21.7 22.2 22.H ?4.4 23.9 17.2 14.4 11 •.,10.6 9.4 9.4 9.4 1:\.9
19 f<."3 R.3 (c.7 h.l h.l ~.tJ 7.2 t ."I.H 7.>'H.'?'1.'-t P.2 ~.4 10.0 10.b 10.6 9.4 fl.J 7.2 6.7 5.6 4.4 5.0
?o '..•/4 s.n 4.4 4 ..,~:3.'j .~..t.,I-,• (H•.!If;.f)P.~11.S 14.4 IS.h 1'>.7 I h.7 11-,.7 16.1 15.(-,1"3.4 12.2 9.1+10.0 10.0 7.2
?1 7.?1-,.7 f-.1 4.4 I.t •'.1 ':>.0 '<.1 11 • 7 I I.<)1'0.1'1/.2 IH.9 20."?O.O ('n.n 19.1+IR.3 15.b 15.0 11.1 I 1• 1 fl.3 7.R
??p.J 7.R J.9 j.3 J.e)2.14 (."I 1• I I".4 1....1 Ip.??'l.O 2?2 23.J ?J.l 23.3 22.R 21.1 19.4 13.'"11 • I 10.0 H.3 fl.3
23 1fl.f)7.R ::>.n .l.S :3 .3 4.4 .,.I 9.1..l~.k Ih.7 20.n 21.7 23.4 24.4 25.0 25.0 23.9 ?1.3 22.2 1".H 11.9 13.3 12.2 11.1
?4 1(1 •()>'.9 7.'1 7-I).I S.n 1.>:J 13.1 P:.I 1~.4 20.1'22.2 23.Q 24.4 ?5.6 ?S.6 2">.0 24.4 21.~1/.8 14.4 IH.)17.8 IS.6.r-
?S 1":.11 11.3 13.911.<;13.3 1;;::.>:1 I??IS.")/.<:'(1'1.9 Ii'."3 1>J.921.1 22.2 23.1 24.4 21.9 23.9 21.9 21.7 If'.]15.6 16.1 IS.o
?':>It.7 Is.n 14 .4 1J •"10.'"11 •.,H.1 Y.4 I .~•1 J~.!2n.~21.1 ?1.7 22.H 24.4 21.9 2S.0 2S.D 2~.O 22.R 2f).1)lR.~17.2 1<;.(,n J 7.fj 1iJ.1 I Ie.7 11>.7 1"•I)13.':1 13 •.1 1".R J"•r)1>:1.9 211.~21.7 2?H ?4.4 25.1',2s.n 25.1',24.4 21.9 22.~21.1 20.0 20.0 19.4
?A ]1'1.9 1Q .1,Ii'.1 J7.;::IS./)13.J 14.4 12.>:\1t.I )l.?16.1 1 (.H IH.]19.4 ?O.h 21.1 21.7 2?8 21.7 20.0 1(-,.7 13.9 1?8 10.0
29 9.4 1'1.1;(.~" •'l:(•2 ~.Y A.'-i I 1.I 1i.2 n.i.J Ih.1 IH.]20.0 21.7 ?3.3 23.9 24.4 21.9 21.4 22.8 20.h 19.4 lR.]15.6
In 15.0 1 ~.9 J 1.1 11.1 10.(l c.;•.1../l.l fl.9 tI~.4 Ifl.1 <'I!.n 22.('24.4 2',.[1 ?s.n 25.0 25.0 23.3 22.~22.f'20".1',18.9 17.8 15.6
":"-::::':':."'..:--~'";'-~",
TABLE C-19 (Continued)
I'6.Y 1977 TF~'iJrRI\TURI'(Cf"-!TIGKI\I)r~)
J:~JFh;(jy FuFLS.HANKSVILLE.UTAH
t-'ntll';OF Trll:[jAY
r:6.V 01 02 01 04 I)S (1)01 OH 09 10 1I 12 II 14 IS 16 17 Iii 1~cO ;>1 ?2 23 24
1 1(••4 IS.f,Ie.?13.3 14.4 15.0 16.1 ]';.(I 14.(,14.(.)1'1.f:I I.u IA.3 IY.9 lA.3 14.4 19.42l.1 21.1 21.I 19.4 18.3 15.0 16.1
;>110 • I I I'.•I Ib.1 15.1)1f'.H L;.4 7.?b.7 I.H I l."1"'.1'I I .d 14.4 ?n.b ?e.R ??H 21.7 21.1 ?I.l 20.6 IH.4 13.~IS.0 I?.A
3 );>.?10.A 10.6 10.0 11.I 11)•()I I • 1 10.1\I':.1 },·1.1 ;0.f}I I.h 14.4 1"'.7 I"I.?P'.l ?O.O P.A ]-1.11 16.7 1';.6 14.4 I~.A IS.o
4 13.9 1,.9 Ic'.?II .7 11 • I 10.">12.,-'15.0 1~.0 IS.11 11.r-IM.4 I ~.4 ?,).n ?J.I n.A 21.7 21.1 20.0 Ii:\.~17.2 16.1 \].9 12.?
S In.b P.1l 12.1-1 ]j.e;1('.:'1I •I'I I •7 IS.'I I ~./)Ih.7 IA.::I I.Ij IH.91'1.4 1~.4 cl.7 21.7 21.7 20.U IM.3 17.2 16.1 16.I 16.\
6 15.0 1,.4 1J.1 12.e 12.2 ,12.2 le.1i J3.~j 1~.(\16.I l'i.f'Ih.1 II.A IH.9 14.4 20.0 20.0 19.4 IH.9 lA.3 17.2 16.7 Ib.l IS.6
7 14.4 11.9 12.2 11.1 I 1• I 11 • I 12.il li,.4 1=.1)Ih.1 17.1'1~.4 19.4 ?O.h ?O.h 20.0 20.6 20.6 20.0 1>3.':1 IH.J IH.3 lR.3 17.;.>,
R 11,.1 IS.o l.).9 14.4 12.;;>1;::.<:'14.,+lb.I 11.2 Il.8 IA.~1~.4 20.6 21.7 22.A 23.3 23.1 21.3 ??Ii 21.1 19.4 19.!,17.2 15.6
4 IS.O ll.q 1':1.0 IS.I)I'J.O IS .0 IS.I)IA.t I I •K I K•'I Ill.'I 2il.6 21.7 2<'.2 "1.7 1'1.7 n.?rl.7 20.b 11.2 !:J.LJ 12."10./)i\.9
1n l.il 7.H l.?(',.1 t:::.h 'j.II "• 1
1.'<I I • I 1I • 7 l?o U.J 14.4 }'j.n 11'..1 1'f.R 1f,.1 I1',.1 15.6 14.4 I?.~I 1• 7 1I • )10.(,
II F'.3 4.1 4.4 4.'t 3.'1 t:'•~j 3."1 1:\.'1 I I • I 1)."I,.,.1 1",1.':i 19.4 1~.4 20.6 ?n.6 20.6 20.0 19.4 11'1.3 1b •1 13.'l I I •-I 9.4
12 I.il 9.4 b.9 '1.4 8.1 II • 1 10.n 1':>.0 11.2 IH.9 2h.f ?1.7 ?2.H 23.3 ?J.4 24.4 <:'4.4 2S.0 22.H 21.720.0 17.2 17.8 17.?
13 1(;,1 1h.1 1':>.0 IS.0 14.'1 I :J •9 IJ •'1 IS.,)j t •I 11 ....IH.~18.9 20.0 20.6 19.(,10.0 12.?9 .'+R.9 8.<;7.,'1 b..7 6.1 S.O
14 4.4 1.3 3.3 3.3 3.'1 :J.'1 3.':i h.7 ,t~•-j 1'1.f)11.1 12.'1 13.3 13.9 13.4 13.9 1£..4 )S.O IS.O 13.3 13.3 12.~12.2 11.7
15 1I • 1 10 •~,9.4 li1.0 ~.1..f.1.4 "-).t+If1.":"1c:.H 11.4 14.i,1'1.11 IS.O I 1.lJ 1J.1 14.4 IS.0 11.'1 13.':i 13.9 11.9 13.9 13.4 13.3
11,P.R If).1,I 1•-I 11.7 I I •l I I • I 1I • I 1I •I j ~.]I -j.'1 I l.J •(~\':>• t J 7.?IK.~j 1t'.1 lH.3 1I.i3 17 .8 17.2 16.1 IS.0 10.6 q .'*fi.Y
1I H.y H.l 7.'1 7.2 6.I f.•I ':>.~,.,.1 ~.]Ill.,.,I~.~1r:\•Ii 13.9 IS.II I':>.f,]S.6 1':>.1',IS.0 n._l 11• 7 10.6 ~.'"M.]7.;>
I'"t.l S.A 3.J 1.7 2.?I •l :l.j 6.1 e.)9.4 ]11.1:11•I 12.?11.1 11.1 10.6 10."4.9 10.0 g .1..6.7 7.2 b.1 5.0
1'1 5.0 4.1...2.1"1• I -.1-,-1.1 t!.2 I.?e.J 10.6 I 1• 7 D.3 15.0 J:J.O 11-,.I 1h.I I",.I 16.-I 16.l D.':1 I 1• 7 1I • 1 9.4 9.4
?f1 9.4 .'\.9 1.8 7.1'I.r'l.2 8.3 10.0 j 1• 1 12.,..14.4 I~.()16.1 17.?17.('1-"2 17.?j7.2 11',.1 15.0 13.3 12.2 9.4 4.4
21 S."H.l I •"~..:I.K I.h 7.?II)•(-,1~.1 1':>.1)1""~I I."11'.3 19.4 ?iI.h 21.1 21.7 21.7 21.7 20.10 17 .H I h.I D.913.1
?2 I 1•7 111."9.4 9.'..h.I I:•7 h.I 1U.f,h.O ]1).7 I~.S 21.7 ;?~?J.~?J.4 2S.0 24.4 24.4 ?l.~2J.g 2?~21.1 2n.b IH.1
?]P!.3 1-'.2 It'.]1'."I 7."1":.1)1'>.6 h.1 I I.;>I c\•Y ?iI •I'?c'..~?2.<'?l.'3 ;>j •4 ;.>L 9 n.9 ;>'l •3 ;>? •d "1.I 211.0 I"J •(I 1R.3 11.?
24 1/.2 17.2 14.4 13.':1 IS .1)15.1)1t).I 1('1.I 1~.6 1-I."b.O 14.4 1C.k 11•-I I I • 7 12.2 12.?1 L -I 11•-I I 1•I I 1• 1 11 • 1 1I • 1 10.1,
?5 9.4 Q.3 b.3 7."l.?"/.?7.f'.I".J 11.7 lr'.d P.i'IJ.4 15.6 11,.1 Ih.1 )6.7 1').0 1').0 14.4 13.3 I I .7 10.6 10.0 R.i
210 ~'.9 7.A H.g H.3 6.I S.(J 7.?':i."Ie.?li.'1 14.,<b.t>lh.-,10.1 1'J.h 16.1 Ih,j 1".7 II1.J 1f,.1 14.4 12.2 12.11 12.M;7 11•I 9.1..t.Y 1.F'Ie.1 S.h 9.4 11.!J:'o.o J I.?1.~~•?I ".'+14.4 20.h ;;>1.7 ?1.7 21.7 ?1.1 ;>1.1 ?f).0 17.?16.7 16.I 15.n
?"12 .?I ().n I.H 1.i!I.?7•>j 9.4 lC.?1'0."til.',J r'(l .;~?t'.'j r'1.1 ;i1.h ???2?H 21.7 ??;;0.0 19.4 17.r lS.6 1?1l 1I .7
1'9 10.0 11.~<'.3 1.1'1.2 ~.1 1.;'~I;;.?14.4 I (.?1~.4 22.2 24.4 ?~.n 2:i.0 ?~.b 2h.l ?h.l 26.1 2e.,.i1 24.4 ?3.3 ?1.7 18.Q
HI I I.H I h.I IL711.7 I J •I 1,1.h 1(j.h 10."jJ.4 jrl •.j ?,O.~?t.l ,'3.3 <:',+.4 ?:1.i1 e6.1 ?".1 2f ,.1 ?h.l 2').1:2.l.LJ 19.4 19.(+1:i.A
31 IS.n 14.4 1/;.1 13.3 I 1• 1 10.6 10.1',14.'1 il.K 211.,.,?'I.S ?~.6 21.?2H.Y ?4.4 30.0 30.6 lO.b 10.0 ?R.C;26.7 21.1 ?o.o 17.A
~?ABLE C-19 (Continued)
yUh!1'177 rFf'p~"'I\TII\Jf ICF,··;T Ilj"uIIE)
E~'FPGY FlJr LS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
1-'1111"()f"Tilt.UIIY
r;/iY 01 f)?o:J 1)1.0'0 0")oJ II ~~04 ·J'l 1I Ie>IJ I I.IS I'"17 II:J I~20 ?1 ?2 21 24
I It.t IS.'"15.n 14.4 I].]P.?11.1 Ih.7 ~c.?23.1 ?~.F 2~•.J 31.1 3~.H ]?R 14.4 33.9 3~.4 31.7 JO.'"2R.9 28.3 27.8 24.4
?20.1-,21.1 ?O."20.0 II:!.j 1'1.4 16.1 I/.rl c2.2 21',.1 n.t::w.o :H.l 31.7 30.n ~H.3 27.2 27.H 27.~27.2 26.1 25.6 21.3 22.2
1 1<".4 l'l.l 17.'1 I 1-,.I 14.'-l 1,~•It Ie,."I"'.'"~l;.h ?,••"2".~30.0 'nol 31./~?M 31.7 J??3?rl ~1.7 31.1 2Y.4 ?7.R 25.6 26.I
I,?4 •4 <'C;•n 2':J.0 2 3•c;??•r'2 1•1 ?(I •'1 ('1•I r'.3.J ('I••'.;>....I 2'0.1 ('Y.I.]0.1',11.1 30.6 31.7 31.7 31.7 JO.~29.4 2Y.4 27.2 2".7
5 ?t.1 ('S.n 22.2 ?O.t IH.<'1<'.9 IY."20 •I)r:c •A 2h.1 ('7.~29.4 30.6 31.7 32.2 32.R j~.R 32.U 32.b 32.~31.7 27.~27.8 27.2
6 ?':0 •Ii ('4 ./,?3.1 2('•en.7 ;>1ol (1).0 ie.9 I';•I,2':>.Il 2"'.I 2~.J 30.0 31.1 10.0 31.7 3??31.7 31.7 31.1 28.9 27.2 21.9 21.7
'7 ?S.O 21.]23.1 2?~20.n 2n.o lR.9 23.9 c~."21',.1 ?7.p 29.4 30.6 ]1.1 11 • 1 30."31.1 :n •1 30.h 30.6 28.3 26.1 21',.1 26.1
f'?3.Y 22.p ?1.7 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.1 27.2 ~J.7 2c.Q 24.6 ?~.o 26.1 27.2 27.K 27.R 21',.7 24.4 21.7 20.0 20.6 20.0 11'1.3 18.1
9 H'.7 17.?17.?11',.1 J'i •')17.11 ?I)•II "I.'c ~.l f.'':1.n ?h.I 21>.7 ?1.2 f.'~.l ?P.l ~7.M 27.2 2~.1 n.b n.7 19.4 18.Y 17.2 16.7
III 14./-4 14.4 h."15.1S 1h.I 17.2 l R.y ?1.7 ~~.?24.4 ?S.t ?b.l ?b.7 27.2 27.2 26.7 2~.7 f.'~.7 2h.l 22.B 1'1.4 19.4 19.4 17.1\
11 17.2 Ih.7 14.1.12."I 1•t J?.2 11.><21.1 ~J.Y ?'i.o 2S.~2h.l 2~.7 27.2 ?7.?2/.R 27.?27.2 26.1 23.9 20.b 18.9 16.1 16.7
12 IS .'.19.4 1/.21<;.0 13.3 11.3 20.0 22.f.l r'J.3 2'i.b ?h.7 2~.J 2H.9 ?~.4 29.410.0 2K.9 2R.9 2R.J 26.1 23.9 21.1 20.0 IH.l
11 J 5.0 14.4 13.9 )].'7 J:J.:I 1.3.3 I h.I 21.7 ~J.')"10.1 2/.~2':l.4 10.0 30.6 30."30.6 jO.O 2R.9 27.2 2~.O 23.9 22.8 21.1 ?O.O
14 I'I.K 17.2 1~.1 Ib.l I I.t<1~.3 21.3 23.Q 2/.11 2~.9 ;Q.4 30.b JO.h 31.7 31.7 ]1.7 31.1 30.6 2R.3 22.2 22.H 24.4 23.3 23.3
1'0 ?II.6 111.'1 1M.)]I.e l3.l)1f'.'1 n.t C"'.I'~t.l ('H.1 3ij.():JJ.I J 1• 1 .11)•10 ·.l 1• 1 30.6 30.0 ZQ.9 2".1 22.8 22.2 22.8 20.0 21.1
)'-J ?O.I)1"'.7 1'::.")].3 II.·J ?'l.h ?4.4 21.?cl.K ?h.Y :JI1.f 31.1 ll.l 32.2 12.K 33.3 j??.11.1 2i\.9 2':1.3 25.6 22.H a.R 21).0
17 Ito 1 10,."1f'.8 I'~.":?11.fI 23.'12/-:.1 <,Y.4 il.7 31.1 :\?;:3?2 32.2 32.2 71.7 30.h .10.0 2S.6 26.1 2601 25.6 23.3 22.2 21.7
I"?o.o IQ.4 '79.9 4'1.'7 q~.9 q~.~~Y.4 44.Y ~~.9 9Y.9 94.S ~9.9 99.9 99.Y QY.9 99.9 99.Q 99.9 Y9.9 9~.9 Y9.Q 99.9 99.9 99.9
19 9'1.9 99.9 9~.9 99.9 9Y.~'l9.Y 99.Y Y~.Y 9Y.~94.9 yq.~qy.y 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
2n Y9.9 99.9 QS.9 49.9 99.'1 '19.Y 49.~99.4 ~9.Y '14.9 ?s.e 2h.1 27.2 ?1.H ?8.1 ;8.3 28.1 27.A 27.~26.1 2l••4 22.2 20.1'>17.8
?1 19."I.Q.9 J~.L)I ,~•~]~.'-'1,.,•3 ?(I ."('~.~<::.'i ?'".",'''.1 ?I .,>2H •3 ?'~.l,?q •I.3(I •0 J 0 •()30 • 0 2Q• 4 26."2"!.9 22 • 2 2].1 19.4
(J ....'11.2 1".1',1'0."17.;::U"I 11-:.1 I".q ;I • I ?~.~2~.9 ?s.f:,>/.;?l.~29.4 10.0 31.1 31 • 1 3 I • 1 10.6 29.4 26.7 23.3 21.9 22.R
;>1 ?2.'"21.7 21.1 21.1 I ~•.~1"'.3 19.4 2??<'~.O ?h.J 2~.?2Y.~JI.I 32.R J3.1 32.e 32.M 3?~J?K 31.7 2H.9 25.6 26.7 ?7.~
?I.2S.0 24.4 ?3.1 ?2.R 21.1 1".3 IH.'I 22.R ('5.6 2/.2 ?P.9 30.6 11.7 12.2 12.1'33.3 33.3 JI.l 31.1 31.1 2R.9 26.1 26.7 25.0
?S 23.9 21.9 23.3 22.P 22.2 1".9 ?O.h 23.9 f'~.o 27.H 2 u •4 J 1• I 11.7 32.2 13.3 JI).O 29.4 ]0.0 29.4 2~.3 27.2 25.6 2].3 23.9
?h ?3.9 21.1 21.7 ?1.1 2n.n '''.3 17.~22.H ~'o.n ?~.J ?G.7 ;"•.l 31.1 JI.7 32.M 33.9 33.9 32.8 32.M 32.1'30.6 29.4 27.8 27.2
n ?:~.9 22.?22.2 }f.\.<;1~.9 I~.J 1~.I ?2.k r:t.]?I."if).r le.?T3.3 ]1••4 lS.n 35.1',31.'1 31.J ]1.3 JI.l 30.h 30.1',28.9 2i\.1
?f'?7.2 21',.1 2S.n 2~.4 ?2.k 21.7 ?~.?(,'i.n ('/.2 ?9.4 -HI.I'OJ 1•I ~I?.H 34.4 '5.n 35.6 3S.6 3S.U ll.9 31.7 10.0 2B.Y 27.2 27.8
;'';27.2 ~7.??~.~?S.U 2?H ;2.~;2.~210."~~.3 3/).0 .10.f:ll.l J2.2 32.H 13.9 31.9 31.3 31.3 32.S 31.1 2Y.4 27.8 21.9 22.R
3'"?2.2 21.1 2P.1)ZO."1>j.'1 IF.7 17.?211.~1'':.''27.i'.in."ll.1 32.R 3J.9 l4.4 35.0 3<;.6 3/••4 31.3 31.730.6 2t\.3 25.1',25.ti
_"·""?,;':X,,:'t:~,
(
TABLE C-19 (Continued)
..;LJL 1977 TF~·Pf-·kI\T'Jf<t.(Cf-t\lrIG,u.l)t)
E'JI::RGY FUE.LS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
HOI.'I.OF THE DAY
cr..y 01 n2 01 (1/.0'>f)t)(}f liM 09 JI)Jl 12 13 14 IS 11)17 Itl J'}20 21 22 23 24
1 25.0 2?R 20.1)14.4 21.1 23.4 24.4 ~4.4 ~~.I)24.4 31.1 32.2 33.3 2h.l 25.0 ;A.]25.6 2A.I 24.4 23.9 22.8 21.1 17.2 lA.l
2 ]~.I 11.2 Ih.7 16.1 IS.~13.4 13.9 18.9 ~1.7 23.Y 25.n 2h.7 30.0 33.3 13.9 J].9 33.9 31.3 32.H 31.1 31.1 28.9 28.3 27.8
3 27.2 27.2 2t.1 2"'.fl 23.3 21.7 21.1 2?~~~.6 27.2 2S.4 lO.t)30.6 ]1).0 2H.9 26.726.7 2A.l 27.2 27.~26.1 25.0 24.4 25.0
4 21.9 £'2.'1 21.7 IH.~l':'.~1>:'.3 IrioJ II."J"'.'.2(1.0',21.7 ?J.'1 ?..,.h ?4.4 20.0 2?2 24.t•26.121.3 22./'21.7 20.6 21).019.4
5 l~.~l A .3 16.1 IS.E 15.0 )].'1 15.6 ?n.n cl.1 ?j.j ?'>.S 26.1 2/.R ]0.0 ?H.9 ?~.9 29.4 2R.9 27.2 26.7 25.0 23.3 2?2 ?O.A
6 2n.0 11.~Ib.l 15.n 13.4 13.9 IS.I)20.n ~c.~23.4 2~.1 21.d 2R.9 30.n 30.6 30.6 31.1 31.1 JO.&30.0 27.8 26.7 24.4 23.3
7 22.2 1~.q 17.1'1h.7 IS.O 15.0 16.l c?g c~.'1 2A.7 2H.~2'1.4 31.1 31.l 32.~33.3 ]4.4 31.9 31.9 32.8 2R.9 27.H 2S.6 25.0
R n.9 n.l 20.1)21.720.6 20.0 1').6 n.2 <:c.8 2h .1 2'1."ltJ.t,32.2ll.·1 <2.1i 33.4 33.9 :n.'7 12.U 32.2 30.0 26.7 25.6 23.'-1
9 27.2 30.0 2"l.p c"'ol 26.7 2f;.I~h.1 23.9 c':.">2f.2 ?fl.":HI.O J1.I 31.1 n.]33.lJ 33.9 31.9 ]J.3 32.2 31.1 ~9.'.2601 23.3
1n ?':.6 <::'>•q ?3 •G ?':>• 0 ;:'i •Ii ?j •(I <'1 •')r",.h -:.I.2 ;::"1.~r''-I •...]iJ •I)q.1 3 >.?.!('•H :0.3 3].9 31.9 3:l.':I j l •3 32.H J 0 •')2f1 •3 ?1 •H
11 21.2 24.4 2l.1 21}.1O 1H.l P.?19.4 21l.h C~l.'J ('''•.J J(\.8 2".4 JO.f>3[.7 '2.,).3<'.'1 J?H 31.111.1 3n.0 28.3 2h.1 2S.A 25.0
I?;>',.4 2".9 n.B ('7.2 21-,.1 2-:.3 <'7.2 21"1."11.1 n.'J ?~.I.n./32.C<V.M .13.1 3].3 33.1 32.H 32.H J').6 2G.4 2<1.3 27.2 2n.7
11 2~.n 24.4 2J.Q 24.4 23.'1 2J.9 2J.9 2s.n 26.7 26.1 2h.1 ?~.4 29.4 31.1 31.7 31.1 30.6 30.6 31.1 31.1 2R.9 28.3 2h.1 25.6
14 23.J 22.2 21.7 19.4 1/.2 11.2 19.4 2':>.0 ~/.2 2H.3 In.f 3~.2 32.H Jl.9 13.9 33.9 33.9 31.9 32.b 31.7 30.0 28.3 2H.1 2n.1
IS 2':>.0 2S.n 24.4 (,2.f1 21.]22.8 21.1 2S.0 26.1 2H.~;q.4 31).h 31.1 J2.2 10.~30.0 31.7 32.2 JI.7 31.1 27.R 27.2 27.8 27.2
II':?f,•I <:C;•(l ,::5 •0 ?S •n 24.'+?1•J ?3 •J ?':>•I)c.<:•I t:'I.'"l'";.4 j ()•':>j".?,~U."3 .~{'•?j;:>•('31.'I ]1 •9 .3;:>.H J 1•I 29.4 <'B.\2b •I 2:l.9
11 22.8 t:'1.Q 2~.n 23.S 23 •.3 ?3.~21.1 ??~~~.h ?~.1 ('''.3 ?~.~29.4 31.7 ~??31.3 32.2 3?2 31.1 30.~;:>'1,4 ;>H.l 2~.7 2S.~
IH 2::.6 2";.A 1',••1,?2.2 21.1 ;>1).6 20.0 2(1.0 c':.Y ?C'.1 ;>7.P.2'-J."30.t>31.71O.A 29.4 30.0 27.2 ;:><;.0 2".4 23.3 24."23.3 23.1
I 9 2 I •i'2 1 • 1 2lJ.Ii (-'1 •I ?L• I ?l • I d.I c;.'(..:.'I ?S •I);;".1 ~,',j •J ?h • 9 ?1• 1 ?{'."£'J.1 (-'0\•lJ 2 S • 0 ;;>4 •4 "'.l.:l 2 ()•I:>20.0 ;;>()•0 P\.9
2('J,~.3 i7.8 1/."11:>.1 1'.,.1)1':.J lH.'..!r'l.l r:.-:.'1 2J,·\:->f..l 2/.'\(''<.3 (-"J.',111.1"-;>'(.fl ?S.~2A.7 2A.I 2S.1)23.9 ;>3.3 2?R 22.R
21 :.'11.6 (-'1.121.714.'.1".;11./1 ?n.(1 rce.?(·:.'1 2r·>.11 ('('.\?'.r.'2H.9 2".4 2Y.',2rl.9 2".'-1 2S.0 22.214.419.4 20.0 21).0 IH.3
2;1 I.?17.?~~.G ~Y.~~~.~y~.~·~4.Y ~Y.~l)~.~q~.~~l~.~'~~.'J ~4.q Y~.4 4Y.~yq.g yy.q ~Q.q ~9.~Y~.G 99.4 4~.1~9q.9 q4.~
23 9~.Y 9Q.9 ~~.q 49.~q~.9 q.,.",99.4 9~.9 ~S.4 99.'1 94.C YY.9 '19.9 94.9 qU.9 44.9 94.9 99.4 9G.9 99.~99 .lJ '79.'1 94.9 99.9
24 9S.9 yg,y S~.G 99.S q~.'J 9~.'J 9Y.~~9.~~"'.4 ~4,Y ':I9.S ~Y.~~y.Q 94.4 49.4 Y~.9 Y4.9 ~9.,}99.4 ~'}.~99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
2'>G~.~~a.9 SY.Y YY.~S~.Y ~9.9 99.9 99.9 9~.9 9Q.9 QQ."Qq.~'19.'-1 99.4 99.9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.~QY.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
?A 99.9 ~a.9 9S.9 99.9 9'-1.9 9Y.~yy.a 99.9 ~~.9 94.4 9Q.c ~4.':I G9.9 9~.Q Oq.9 99.9 99.9 ~Q.9 ga.9 99.9 ~9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
?f 09.9 90.9 9y.y 99.S 99.9 9~.9 99.4 99.9 ~y.y Sy.y ?~.~J".O 29.4 29.4 21.?2A.1 2A.7 27.2 25.6 24.4 22.8 22.H lQ.9 IY.4
;>1-\11;.3 ]7."1/.1-111.1'1/.'5 \/.2 P.c·('I,.,,>r'C.?('i.·j 2'-,.1';-r.??H.'1 ]'I.A :11.7 :J?A .33.3 ]1.3 V.l'32.2 n.fJ "".4 2:\.9 22.2
;:>q 21:.~,'n.A ;>(I.A co.1)19.4 ]1-'.9 ]H.Y d.l ,-~,.A ;'1.3 3f1.~31.1 n.1 31.9!'J.nV.A 3?Q ];>.1-1 n.1 3n.f-.lO.O 2M.3 2(,,]2:;.0
3iJ 2',•.,22.""22."rJ.~?I:>.I 21,.7 ?'';.I)2',.'.,oc.J 311.n J].I J?.2 ]3•.1 .3',."1'-,.h\';.0 3').0 .1S.0 n.Y .3;:>.2 30.6 2i:l.3 2'.K 2'••4
1];:>3.0 21.9 22.8 ?n.n 21.1 19.4 1~.4 21.1 ~c.k ?~."l ?f.~2~.9 In.~31.1 ';.1-\32.H 32.R 32.8 J2.fJ 32.2 30.6 24.4 2').0 25.1)
TABLE C-19 (Concluded)
~11fi 1977 1n "F"/I TI'II~«(f',TI Gf';dJt:.)
E~iF(,lr:y ~lJ~LS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
"''''11,''-<OF 'I "~DAY
CIIY 01 O?Ol 04 Il'o Oh ()1 (P~0'1 1 n 11 12 11 14 1"-16 17 18 1'1 ~(1 21 22 23 24
1 ?,~.9 ??p ?c.?2101 21.7 ~11.h 21.121.1 C 4 •4 2 l .9 27.?2M.3 29.4 )O.h ~1.7 32.8 Jl.]33.'1 ~4.4 J4.4 33.9 33.3 30.6 23.9
2 ?2.'\2s.n 2~.'"24.4 23.Y 23.3 c2.'!,.'1).'"I 1.2 I.~.J 2?~2G.1 31.7 12.M ~s.n 35.0 15.f,35.0 3',.0 Y ••4 31.1 26.7 25.0 24.4
1 ?:i.9 ,,;;>.?<'1l.0 211.('18.':i I~.Y IP.9 2n.~~t.l 2~.9 ]2.2 31.3 33.'1 31.3 3~.n 33.3 31.9 33.9 32.2 ]1.1 30.0 29.4 27.2 27.2
4 27.?2f.,.7 ;:S.1\??t',2 C .??,~.'-I ,~j.,1 ,-3.,I c 1:•1 ,;,',l.4 j I • I 11.1 12.2 33.3 ~I.l 30.0 21.R 2 Q.9 27.H 26.7 2~.h 25.0 23.9 23.9
'-i ?i'.?21.7 ?',.!)2'i.!)n.Y i>:l.J 2J .,-1 2".1 ..-:J.~(1\,,_11 ?,.....,?,'1.[+10.h ]1.7 ')].1 10.';11.7 3?2 Jl./30.U 26.7 25.0 27.2 25.';
'"?t.I ;"'0;.(\;::~."24.4 22.M ,,'1.1 lY."23.1 ri.2 ]1).":11.7 'n.3 34.4 ]4."'1'1.0 :Ie;.f)3')....3'1.():n.3 ]2.i':11.I 30.6 29.4 29.4
7 ?f.9 27.8 27.?Z'i.~25.0 23.3 21.1 2?""":t.J :<1).6 31.731.1 32.R 3.1.9 14.4 14.4 34.4 ]4.4 ]3.9 32.2 30.6 29.4 2H.9 27.R
Ii 2':-.0 "S.">ell.1 26.1 ?J.Y 21.~24.4('3.1 ~~.4 2~.G ?~.~10.0 32.2 32.2 1c.R ]4.4 3J.Q J2.H J2.~32.~30.b 28.3 27.R 26.7
9 ?h.7 24.4 23.1 20.0 J4.4 I1.M 11.2 19.~c~.R 2h.J 24.4 311.0 31.1 31.7 1?4 :<2.R 33.3 31.3 1?8 32.2 3n.0 Z>i.9 26.1 25.0
1n 23.9 cZ.??U.~zn.n Ii-'.'-i P."ll.?I H .,1 ~r.•2 2h.I ?~.4 3').b 31.7 30.6 10.6 27.2 2S.'1 2~.9 29.4 27.2 21.Y 23.9 21.3 22.2
II 1S.4 IP.Q [7.2 16.1 I':J.1 I"•1 1/.H ?~.~~4.4 2h.l 2M.?2~.4 30.0 24 •4 2H.'1 ;>9.4 30.6 29 .4 29.4 26.7 23.4 24.4 23.3 23.Q
l??1 • 7 21.1 ?tl.~I'J •4 Ii-'.J 1".J I~.'-I ?(I.~~c.?2l.Q (''-i.E 2~.1 2H.1 30.0 10.6 30.0 24.4 30.6 28.9 27.e 2~.1 ('3oJ 22.2 21.1
13 1S.4 IA.3 IS.4 IA.:11.fj )f:.1 16.1 II.'"ce.",2;,01 c7.F 29.4 30.0 31.7 12.2 12.2 31.1 31.1 31.1 30.6 2H.9 26.1 25.6 n.R
14 2b.l 26.7 23.9 23.3 23.I 22.2 20.h 21.7 c~.n 2",.7 ?7.P 2H.Y 24.4 30.0 31.7 31.1 31.7 2Q.4 2s.D 25.6 2b.1 25.6 25.h 24.4
1'0 ?2.8 21.9 23.9 ?2.H 21.1 21.1 ;.>fl •.',20.6 ":11.0 2n.0 ,.'1.1 22.2 23.9 ?7.2 ?7.2 27.2 27.2 2S.D 2S.()21.9 22.8 22.H 21.7 21.1
If.,20.h ,.'0.""?II."19.4 1-';.4 ZO.t!1"1.3 211.f,,:1.7 ??"24.',2'-;.6 ?'j.6 27.?2H.Y 26.1 25.0 ?5.0 ?1.9 23.3 22.~?2.8 21.7 21.7
17 ?1.1 21.I i'O.I'?O.t rO.1i ?O.b (1).""cll ....<,1.7 22.'"?~1.C;Z'l.'J ?~.()21.1 2).~23.3 ?n.h 14 .3 10.4 19.4 lA.3 1~.3 17.R 17.R
I"I 7.f!17.2 Ho.7 h.1 lb.I 99.9 99.9 'J9.9 ~~.q g-l.<;94.9 49.9 '-19.9 4~.~9'-1.'-1 'J9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.~99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
19 99.9 4Q.9 99.9 99.S 99.9 99.9 9G.~'-19.9 ~~.Y 4'1.9 99.S 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
?O ~S.4 Y9.a 99.9 '19.S 99.9 99.9 99.~'19.9 -I~.9 9'-1.9 Y9.S 99.'1 99.9 9~.9 49.Y'Y9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 49.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
21 9G.'1 '19.9 S9.9 99.S 99.9 99.'J 49.4 99.9 99.Q 94.9 99.S 99.9 99.4 99.9 ?~.7 26.1 23.9 2?2 22.e 20.~19.4 21.7 20.0 18.9
22 1Y.4 l'l.~If'.'r 17.1-'?I.I 2~.9 2A.1 21.~~9.4 ~I.l ,IO.~,,".3 2/-'.9 ?J.l ?7.M 2M.3 27.R 2h.7 26.'7 ~~.I 21.3 22.R 21.1 20.~
?l 11'.3 14.'1 If •'1 I I •e I to.I 1·1.~2~.~~,",.l).-:~/.r.?Y.4 .il)."lil.h n.""?,>.I '22.2 21.1 2~.~21.7 ;>1.7 21.1 2,).~,1 21.1 2n.6 20."
24 1p.9 IR.9 ICI.Y 1M.G Ir<.'-l I J.q I,...'~2 J .1 c2.9 <,?P ?"-.~;'>n.1 2b.7 27.2 21-1.1 29.4 21.A 27.H 27.2 26.1 2S.0 23.4 21.4 22.H
?S 21.7 ('n.A IH.1 J7.e 18.9 1 1.7..1".0 Pi,l c2.1~e".)27.?2H.3 29.4 29.4 ~O.D lD.h 30.~30.0 29.4 2R.3 27.2 26.1 26.1 23.9",-?f<.f.2?p 24.424.4 ?3.3 ?:1.'I 21.3 ?2.R C'::.I\;'>(,.1 27.;2/.2 27.R 24.3 30.n 30.6 ]O.h 29.4 27.2 26.7 21.1 19.4 IIl.J 17.A
?l 1:>.J J?.p le.2 I-:.?[1).h 1(J.f.I 10.'"J I .7 l,~.'-lIb.I If.,.7 11:1.3 19.4 20.(-.;.>1.1 21.7 22.2 22.2 ?Z.2 21.1 19.4 17.1l I".1 15.h
?~]].1 j?.q I 1.7 1I •I I I •I II •I In.h I?•.;II.?!'i.4 21.1 22.2 ?J.Y 24.4 2~.0 ?h.1 21.2 ?h.1 ('6.1 h.1l 21.7 19.4 19.4 IR.9
;:>q ]i'.'J 17.?It:.I 1t:;.0 12 ....1,,'.2 11./11.1 1~.h 1....9 21.7 ,,'J.9 ('~.O ?A.I 2~.7 ?H.]24.4 79.4 29.4 ~Y.4 ~/.R ?h.1 24.4 ?5.h
In n.]21.)21.i.'"I ....~!11.?1c.:.h 1tj.I)] ,...I...Jt.,.I.~???;,.'/-...1 27.M 10.0 31.7'1.1 2Q.4 ]1.7 30.6 30.b 2~.4 21:1.3 ?6.1 23.9 2S."
11 25.6 2S.0 2i.?21.1 ?O.~1~.7 b.b 15.f-1"•/~?(....;J ,,'S ..'"('"'.7 ?".,1 30.(l ~O.h 30.h ,to.6 30.6 30.U 2R.9 2".7 25.0 25.0 25.0
TABLE C-20
MONTHLY SUMMARY OF TOTAL PRECIPITATION
APRIL-AUGUST 1977
ENERGY FUELS'HANKSVILLE STATION
Month
April
May
June
July
August
Precipitation
(cm)
0.13
0.18
0.05
2.34
1.70
TABLE C-21
HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION,RELATIVE HUMIDI'I'Y DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
tv~'"I'H7 f-IFI"H!vf'f'\)''il;rry (fJF.;r:u,n
FI\'FI<GY f IJFLS .HANKSVILLE,UTAH
"';1I1"OF rHf tHY
r::ny n1 O?01 04 ll'>nf,0'(iiI nG 10 11 12 JJ 14 IS If>17 11'\1'1 20 ?I 22 23 21,
I 22 ?h 32 B7 J'J 43 42 41 42 4':>
?I,7 4Y l,q (~e,4'.IJH r.:;n 4 ,I.?]H -~I~]'1 lh .14 V,3S lli 1H 4('4 /•4(,4f,4A Sn
1 <;0 <;1 "I <,1 ">.1 ";4 Sf,">1 '4""1 .-~~V,3]J 1 ,lO 10 30 '12 34 JI.17 40 39 40
't I,?4"4f.4!'-44 49 50 'ell 46 Id)3f.JJ :n 35 ,h 40 41 3d I,e.43 1+4 4"4Fl 49
'0 Sf)S?~4 Sf:5'1 "i'l 1',11 ..,0 4"-40 ~~34 32 ~n 27 26 21',26 2>:'32 16 ]1;40 42
6 4S 41-,4R 4<;SL SJ ")4 If 7 ld\3h 3?2'-1 27 24 23 22 21 7.1 22 25 10 32 34 3S-,1'"]7 4n 42 '.2 4')4"1<]1~34 J~2t\24 20 1,14 lIf 15 16 1 7 I A 7.0 22 23
>:!?l 2/'?"(''I ?>J ?I..~2':\2Y ?,.('4 21":I 7 14 11 10 10 A 9 1[)12 14 If>n 114
y ;:>iJ ?O ?I 22 2:.1 ?4 2'-;-1 ?1 c')I"Ii,13 I?12 In In 11 12 13 14 16 32 42
1"4l)1+2 lQ J~]f1 41 it/)'+1 '+2 3')3"36 33 34 II 32 33 J4 3H 39 I,0 41 42 44
II 44 44 4f,46 4h 4/j 46 I~'1 1+6 4i)~7 14 D Jl 31 3n 29 29 30 32 34 36 311 4n
12 42 44 46 I.f:'5"s;5<.+S/+41'42 ~p.15 32 31 3n ('7 2S 25 25 27 2R 10 32 35
13 :;It,J7 3'"30 ,I,;.111 2t\n ?f.21i ?f 19 1I,lL,l'l 12 10 10 12 lL,14 16 19 2n
14 1.1 4?49 5S '~,t;'3 5'1 'J'i !-t-4 j',.J 1L:J2 43 ]9 .l4 21 28 ?f:J 30 33 If,3':1 4n 41
15 /,2 4/.4S L,S 4h Ifi!5/1 4f,'1'-1 34 ~:;?tl ?t'o 20 17 14 11 13 14 Iii I B IH 19 21
1I,21 ;;>"?r,2,>2'-1 ll}:Ji::'j2 ?O i"-t 21 1;l,13 9 "l In II)III 12 12 12 14 15 19
1 ,2'-1 11-,34 3~:1"'1'i 3'::>.v,34 :J n -~1 30 27 27 ??22 24 2-'313 41 44 47 49 41-1
]H 4'{~/t I•.1 42 44 1.4 4if 4"l.,P 3"1 -30 21-1 2<;24 22 ?2 23 21 30 13 3')38 4n_.t:
19 L,l 4L,4(-,4'::4'7 "0 52 sn 4P ]>,31 21 24 22 21 20 19 20 21 22 2S ;;>9 211 ?R
21 1 31 12 1)30 JI1 12 3'::>Jr.'l2 JI ,~4 ,34 JIJ Jf)?'l 2~~29 ?9 30 3'.:33 3f>3A 4n
2\41 I,?4,-'4;;i,..,I,l S?">'.<-;1,/,,4(1 14 JO 2'1 ?h 2h ?r,?:7 2H 32 ,14 3f,39 L,!l
U 1·1 4l it 1-4 4(.qi,j "I)Ld:'jY 'F>J?;0 ?~n 2??O 11-1 17 PI )'1 2C 25 ?7 28 2 R
?l 3(J \2 .14 31'::.l1 3K 3"J?21 24 2~1':1 17 IS 12 14 14 16 17 I 7 IIJ 19 22 21
2'..2/-2"11 ,-33 .1l..,3?J 1 '1/1 i::'h 'f'?2 ?2 2'i'21 f'n 7.0 22 22 24 12 35 39 30:,..C c
?S 92 S/,71,1,/+5(...I.'"41 411 ?t,?l-'27 ?J 7.2 ?2 2"32 35 19 311 44 95 95 94 tiS
?"9:"CiS <.;e;9"glf Clj 4'1 '"7/~1 "f-I,"yO Je;]/[phone]"1 34 3Fl
?7 35 19 it'.J L,?4/1 Si::'41-<.1)?,C''J I ~1':>12 1I )?12 11 10 I )In 12 23 29 2A
?f'34 27 3n ?<;II Jj 30::ie;;>4 21 1 IJ 12 14 13 l3 13 1'+16 22 2A 29 30 J2
?y 35 ~1r,<L,34 34 l5 33 ?H 24 21 I 16 lA IS )'-;lR 1>1 19 25 30 34 1H 31:1 39
1(1 4l)41 42 42 /13 I,f>:JI:'3')?8 ;'>4 1 14 12 10 1n H 7 t:l '-i 12 14 15 17 20
,1 2J ?e;?7 2'1 :Jfl 29 25 ~).)1"Jl,1 11 <}7 6 h 7 13 13 Ie 22 23 2A 29
TABLE C-21 (Continued)
APt<1977 kFf ~r I Vf-'~'lJ"'II:I 1 Y (f"!:-f./CFNfl
~>IFRGY r lJELS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
1-'1)1)'<lIr frH:/JIIY
ellY 01 o?03 04 os (1)o(OR Oy I II II 12 13 14 IS I h 17 Iii 1'J cO ;>1 22 21 74
1 ?H ?II Y9Cj 99'1 '199 '''9-1 )0 ;d ;>1 lR 17 li:l 1R f'h l?49 SO 50 lJ2 7J.!95 95 94 74
?"0 S?P4 .84 \~I)'i?1,('JI-<.~4 ?S ~'-I I'<IS 14 )1',I h 14 ?2 4S "/'-,,,4Y '.R 411
3 4H 4H 4(1 4<;'..y r.;:)41 j ~~?H ?2 I"14 I'.1"14 1 3 17 ;>0 ?Lj 21 "?lJ 32 3)34
4 lLj lh ]7 J'1 4?4H 41-,J"I?;rl 21.j ?3 20 Ii-'1M 1 /17 17 1'1 ~1 21 10 33 37
')34 39 41 45 4/411 4 (42 34 311 ">J ?:>U ;>0 If:'II I 7 10.)20 2'1 ?7 30 33 34<:.
IS 3tl :19 '+n 42 4':>4iJ 44 .is 30 2')2~20 17 If>IS 13 17 12 lJ IS If:'20 2?~C;
7 ?';?S -;1,2'!)n v 311 r''.+??I Y I!'1'-+12 10 H rl 9 Y 10 12 1'.17 17 17
""'J ??·n 24 en ?"2n ?2 1/\IS I ~10 h 4 1 i'.?3 '+'5 <,/)I H
Y d 7 ....S III 11 1~I 3 1!l 0.))'+'.4 1 ('?('j 4 ':>6 h t.;
10 S I',7 7 M f;10 10 1I).~I lj 4 :J 3 ?1 0 0 II {)1 ?1
II H 1n 1?1"If 7(1 2r'r:'Lj ?u ;1 1'1 n 19 1 7 lH IH 1h ;;>0 ?6 :i\IH 40 44 45
1('4j '1<';1;J JIl 2 M ?tJ 2'1 ;"?Lj ,n ,;~22 22 ('?21l 19 21l ?1 26 J()SO W)Ill>tl4
13 '14 tiC;'Je,':i5 Y4 ti')y')YII 6)~':>1,44 3M 2?20 10 In 1?11 In 11 ]d n 24 ?h
14 2>,\?I'\?9 .12 h 1 (411 j':J I??~2;-I '~Ih 14 11 10 10 12 2<'21 22 2J 25 ;>R
IS 2n ?h ?I-.2/:l'{?d 31 l?'In c~~~?J':!42 j,-<34 3"J4 '14 3:'j;"40 4j 4ti ':>4
If,Sf,r::.f.<';7 57 ~~.fo('(,1 1)0 S2 4'J .:.;-.1':'S .34 .le r'q 27 2')?4 24 2~?f.32 34 :14
) 7 37 19 41 42 41-.4':!50 4"1"J]~11 ?h ??19 10 14 I?11 11 11 12 14 17 1A
!"2 n fJ 0 ()I 2 2 n 1,.1 1~14 If't 1 )Il 14 ?4 ?fl 33 34 14 12 30 ZP-
14 20 ?4 ?ej 25 2c;?f,(1):U '\1 31 ",0 2/'jiJ 41 :lh 19 41 46 SO S6 5H 60 hO
2(1 SY '-'4 l.f.,37 'l"11 2'"c3 14 1h I':1~III .,h ,.,h 7 y In 12 1J 14 IS
?\If,If,\1 I"';..lil ;>1 ;;>1)1...I')1',J(\1)4 H h 6 S 4 '.4 ':>b A q
2?'-}q )"12 12 1;12 1(I 4 H I j 4 4 1 ('2 2 ('J 5 h 7 A
?3 H q 1n 11 I;12 It'I 1 111 H I b '.4 'J j 3 3 J 3 4 5 IS 7
24 A 9 10 10 I]I 1 11 10 "'.<;....A 7 h S S 5 6 t 11 1',20 24
25 ?l ;;>9 II 32 JS 17 3,.,36 V 'iqq ;p ?b 2/,n \4 17 17 15 1/,1/,1'-,If!1A 20
?h n ?S ?6 ;Of f:'(?'-;I Jj j4 ?'I "J-";lJ ?r 21 14 II \2 12 12 1~1:'1Y ?(~2S 2f,r.,
?7 2'21 ?...1'1 31 ]?JJ J(,f n .1'1 ;;/1.4 t'?17 I 3 Ie LJ ]4 15 15 I (1'1 21 21
2R ?4 ?S ?./3').If''16 30 jh ]h 41 I,e.:;4,+41 HI V :10 2A ?J 30 31 17 ';0 55 <,9
29 hi hn f.,/,7?h 7<,7 J hl1 ">0 Lj'j l::ll '+4 ]n J?2/,14 IR 18 l'l 11',16 17 17 III'II 1"19 ;;>1 23 ?J 2'+26 f'.f,??1'<[I 1':>lJ 11 ] n 10 In 9 9 M 9 1(l 12 14
TABLE C-21 (Continued)
~..:_':."~~'.t.,
"flY 1977 I-<FI tI TIVI'"~'UMIC II Y (Pf':"Ct.N r)
f~'f_"GY FUELS ,'HANKSVILLE,UTAH
H()I'e,Of Ttlf I)flY
[flY 01 n?o'~1)4 ne,nh 01 I)~~n'-l 1n II 1<'II [4 15 Iii 17 IH III el)?I 22 ?1 24
1 IS Ie;1A 17 11 PI 21 ;,'1''II',40 ?P :"31-1 .10 27 ;>fJ 26 25 21 21 20 ?O 21 24 21
2 ?I 2?21 21 2"11 31 j"12 <'5 ;;;4 21 11)15 1;11)1.1 7 6 6 Ii 7 fl 9
j 1iJ 1'1 ];'J.?1'1 14 1:'1"12 ]1:,I'II c2 2?<'11 1'1 17 111 1"I"1/-:1 19 IS I Ii
I.Ie,1l ,1(,II:IH 1'-1 211 1'1 11 1'··II I:>14 J]Ie'11 In 10 1(I II 11 12 I I,15
'-,11 17 1H IS cO ??n n ?I <'";;;I ;>0 I H 17 17 1(-,I':>1~)4 IS 17 19 ;~0 ??
A 26 11 °lS 31 1>'41 I,.i 41 V~3J 3 1 2'-'27 23 21 21 20 19 III 11 17 1'-';>1 2.1
7 2<-;2 7 -0 33 31 1.0 41 ":1 11 3j 31 ?6 24 24 20 ?1 21 )9 I 'J 19 ?2 ?n 1.9 1R
f'?1 ?l ?S 2=2e1 111 3 11 2'J ?~?H ;;r-:;>'-;24 a 21 19 17 16 16 16 17 )I-!"0 22
Q ???l ?1 2"?I-,;>Y ]<":lO 'll):JI)'r ?l lY If'Iii )S IS 11 y C;13 l'I 21 24c'
)r.?t:l ?A ?H j!)V 1<'3'1 :i)-?:v ;;<;2n ?3 23 21 ('0 20 1'-)19 21 ?J ?5 ?':>27
I 1 ?i'10 0-34 .3':>Iii 1'-,.It';>'Y ?'i I~I;11 9 A 6 5 ~~6 7 Il 9 ) 1
)?12 11 Il 14 1S IS 1':J Il 11 I 1 1n '-J P.7 Ii 5 S ':)13 16 19 ?O 25 29
1"3 :13 14 -~31:'n 41 43 42 41 37 :~34 32 2f',?S 7S 6n >'\6 713 7'3 77 90 78 Hl
II,911 91'Pol Pol HI,Rl Fl ,~hi)"i7 4 /,:;~33 ?p 25 2S 25 2<:;1'5 26 21 ;>9 10 35 41
IS 1,'1 f-.')f,l 5'1 5';S~51 S3 47 j4 ::I 'J...3?44 4,1 39 '19 41 42 42 31 30 30 32
II,14 ]1,31 31 c-J ?':i ?1 ,II)?7 a IS 1<'13 1(1 q q 1(I 12 If.'12 15 ;>3 25 24
I 1 ]0 '10 11 32 J.-,~~':J 1':>,.12 n ?J cr,1'-1 Iii IS If.'12 12 12 )4 Iii 19 20 21 2"
I d 2'0 2'3 '1;>3'1 l'I JI):u IQ ;.>4 Cl 1~IS Ii'IS 19 2n 20 1'1:"23 21 1'4 ?tl 35 3H
19 Id l,r-,i.fl 50 4'~49 4tl I.d)'lfj :n 2·~?j 17 16 14 lJ 1)12 13 19 ?'o 26 27 ,>R
211 ?CJ 1'9 <I'33 D 13 ]I jll ;J>-\?':i d 17 16 15 )4 11 D 13 )..16 1'-'71 2S 26
,.-'1 21i ?7 ?9 :II)II ~r'l?f'!"'!";Ii...r?;l:I>'15 14 13 12 11 10 10 1I )('}]17 IH
22 19 ?O ?I 21 23 1'4 ?t:J t'J ,,~I I Ie:12 1)In 9 H R 8 I:<Fl H 9 8 9
('3 4 10 1')10 111 II 1 I 1?l?P II;h I I 'i 4 I,4 4 4 4 5 5 I)
24 7 9 12 (1)el!?')?r'19 17 Ie!if...?4 24 'll 4]44 47 49 47 47 49 '51 54 4A
2C;49 c;<,(-,I,69 IJ 7':;7 1,/3 r-,7 30 2"2h 23 21 ]'-J 17 2n 17 Iii 21 31 13 37 44
?Ii 41i 47 4F''09 74 11 f'-J ':>A 44 ?7 ~c:?J 19 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 14 IS 17 19
?7 21 2/•2',27 29 '1\21-\?C,2"I"11'I j 1?10 10 fl A 9 10 IiI 12 13 14 15""l 1 7 1'('1'"?I:21 2H ?'I 21.1 ;>1 1'"I ~JlJ CJ II 10 10 10 10 IS If,17 1'1 2<;2°;09 13 3'):0 3i>1..0 42 42 J7 12 2·'0 ?~1'+11 '0 q 9 9 H 9 9 10 10 13 1J
]n 17 ?l Jl 33 JS 31 39 34 I'll 25 Il IS 11 7 c;4 4 4 4 4 5 7 H 10
II 12 I?I?14 I"I I 1H IS 1J 10 I ':J 4 2 I 1 0 0 -0 0 0 2 3 4
c
TABLE C-21 (Continued)
.,,;"''";,~-~.
~ur;1'J77 kFl.ilrl'Jr f'UMlf;IIY (...t::~nt,[)
tl,F~llY FIJI'.Lo..HANKSVILLE,UTAH
HUll"UFO [HI-nAY
CAY 01 Oi:'03 04 0'::>00 o(IH1 or~III II 1C 13 14 IS 16 17 18 1':1 20 21 f>2 23 24
J 'J "7 .,I.~1 II I I 10 I"P 1 J 4 7 f.S ~'5 4 6 6 .,9 1()12
?. 1S 14 1S If:If 1i 1"19 1i 1'.I?11 10 7 ',I 1II n 12 12 12 1J IS IS 16
3 1cj 2"?I c3 2....21 2'-,cr';>;..>1'i I:']J II 10 r'f1 f1 f1 b 9 "11 1 I II
4 11 12 IS 21 ".1 cd ?"t'd ?I l:'S 2 /..~J ef)1M II ]6 II)15 1':>Ifl 17 17 lR 19
5 19 ;>0 23 2-0 2d 2'-'2'1 2'J ?t-i3 r.:~I':!It!17 15 14 1l 13 I j 1.3 19 20 18 IK
6 1'J 21 ]]31 JJ :13 3.1 34 11)c/',??Iy 17 It>17 It.;14 13 13 13 15 11 19 21
7 21 23 ?5 2/3'1 ?r'2'j 21)?tt-23 2\19 11\If,IS 15 15 14 14 14 16 Iii ]9 20
H 2':>27 11 3e JI:>II->3'>j!JS ':H j.~31 2b ;.>1 n 23 24 ('':I 3/4/1.1 41 ',5 4':>._.J
q 4H 50 c:e.,h!)1-,2 5?1,1-.31 1)('/I 1 I':>14 1;'>4 If)15 IS 2':2'::?f1 :q 16 3f.
I 'I V'40 '<:'31!..11)1':>Tl ('9 ')6 I >l I"If'10 1n If)1II 10 10 10 II 14 14 14 IS
I 1 16 16 18 20 21 ').'Ii>1"-14 q "d 7 ·f e.,4 4 4 4 ':i 7 y I I I?•..t:..
1?12 J"Ifl 1(:Ii If!IS IS 1"l:l 11 ..,h 7 6 6 6 6 6 I)7 9 10 I 1
1J 13 IS 16 I 1 1'1 2u 1y 1':>]1,j;'II I n S ':i 5 4 3 4 5 ';6 ,.,7
14 fl q 9 10 1I I 1
y H h 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0 ()I 2 3 4 4 5
Ie,(,7 q In It'11 'I i'I ~)'.<'"I I I ?2 2 ?3 I.5 6
It i R Q 10 12 I J "I f;h I:>'"4 4 3 ;.>('I I 1 ;>J 3 4 4
17 ')(,7 e d rl h (S "?~()0 II 0 0 0 0 0 I 3 lj c:;h
18 6 f-,9qq 9'19 9':19 <>9'1 99'1 949 c,C)q LJ99 <)';'1 'l9"'J'J9 'i9Q 9Li'l 'j'J'J 'Jyq 99'1 99')LJ9<;qq'J 909 9'J9 999
)'/'J'J'i '199 <;99 999 ':I'J'J 999 'iCJ<l Y':Iq "''1'./"1""11.1 lj..,<;-H'J 9'JLJ '19'1 ':I'lq "J99 CJ99-999 Oqy 9'1<;9C,4 y9'}9'19 'iqq
c(l CjCJCJ qqq 990 499 '199 <;9"1 '199 l:ll~(1 '7qr,~41.~4 11 10 4 q 10\1\A 8 <>H 'J '1 10 II
('I 12 11 IS 1 /
p;1'"?o 1'1 ]><1 /I':I ...12 In ,j 1 7 i 'J If.17 21 n 2'5
22 29 11 '4 33 3',3S 33 :it 2"d r......?1 14 1-/I"14 11 1J 13 14 IS I b 1'1 2[1.J
23 ?2 n ?4 2'5 2~?M 2f,?:J ?2 21 IS I I 15 13 'I H 7 H "I <;In I 1 13 14
24 16 21 (".n 2"1 111 30 21 ')c,?"21 Id 17 In I f.13 11 14 14.14 16 18 21 24
2C:;?'7 2R 2':i 2'>1I 14 34 ::n 21 24 22 21)18 IH If,1'J 19 18 cO 22 ??24 24 26
26 26 t'7 ?"2'>J2 v>3',Jfl 21 26 25 2:'21 1<;17 Jf,Ie:;17 I 1 Ii'19 20 23 24
?7 26 J(I ;.>')]i:'J'.1-'Jt)3 I 2.,ce.,'"?II <,0 I')14 14 15 16 If,I 1 11 18 20 21
2><')2 21 ?3 24 b ?!'>,,;,2'.;'>1 IS 1"Ib 15 14 1"3 1)11 13 lJ 16 17 I R 1M 1'1
24 17 17 19 l'i 21 21 21 19 17 ]1.J.~I "13 I?12 1C 12 12 Ii 12 13 13 IS IS
.In 15 je:,16 If.:1/Iii 1'1 I 1 I'"11.I·'11 10 'J <I 9 9 9 ':I .,I (l Ii"1·4'15
TABLE C-21 (Continued)
vllL 1977 f<FL'\TI V~",IIMIC [TV (f'>f_"Ct I~r )
Et'IFh>GY FlIELS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
HJI,Ik UF HI~UAY
r r,y 01 O?rq fJ4 oe,06 01 11ft 0'1 111 II 12 13 14 IS 11:>17 Ifl 1'1 2(1 21 22 23 £,4
1 1<:;)1',17 P!2("1'1 ?I C2 19 17 I':j)13 ,lO 47 3'7 33 H 3S 311 :H 47 11 79
?h'l f.?"A 7f)14 7'1 P)':>1 C;2 :J7 ~??y 21 ))In ) 0 "I 9 ':I 10 10 12 14 14
-J l:J 1J IS 1~IfJ 2<1 ?I ;Oil 1~~I I 1'"14 1',Ie,If>22 23 ?2 21 22 26 ?5 2<;25
4 2F,1"" 7 4]7I "'1 (-4 I"HI)b'l S7 '-,n 1,0 J<::4'1 I->R 61 .13 31 I"45 49 49 49"
S Sil C;C;<;7 hI '"7J 7')h"4"41 JIl ?4 17 I~1'1 19 21 i'3 25 C7 ?7 28 27 ;>f,,..,2':>2"J 1 3'::],;40 I,I Je,?'7 2£,;;;I I I 15 13 I I '1 7 7 7 ,..,7 H 9 10
1 9 10 11 12 jI,1':>II 1 ~!f<f1 .,5 ')4 4 3 1 2 £'2 J 4 5 'j
H S 7 7 e 'I g Ie }II In '"7 5 5 5 5 S '5 I:>6 f;7 A 9 10
'-!9 10 12 14 15 1'J 111 IF,1M 17 1"10 7 h .1 0 0 0 0 I I,S 6 7
1'1 8 H r~<;q :,1 S S II ":3 I,4 4 4 I,4 4 4 4 :;.1 2
11 J 1 4 '5 h 7 I 7 7 ;~'I 9 7 5 "4 6 1:1 9 }Q II 11 11
12 Ie,19 27 31 )!.f.41']"!33 ?y ('4 1<;\5 1n II 11 1 \11 11 II 13 15 17 11:'18
13 19 21 ?]2<';27 ?"I 2M 2'7 2"27 <,'I ;-,n 17 15 IS II,15 IS 15 14 1"16 15 14
)4 15 1f,1"II IH.1':1 1 1 14 14 12 If'I I)9 R 7 7 6 (,H 9 In J2 12 2?
I':>2';26 n 2';H :1i:'J I ;~l ?IJ "'"n 20 J9 14 17 I':'15 It:>17 ?O 21 22 22(4 <:.
1b n 75 '?I 2S '1 i)14 ]1 :u 1"?Ci -c ;:'5 i'l 2\19 18 17 16 It>II!?O 21 21 ;>4<:
1 1 ?<;2'i '11 32 ,13 ]5 :~l"J"','I h .~~?t'\27 ;>,;:-3 70 ?o ?]22 2J ?4 ?S 32 3'::ir
11:']/1 .lll ]9 51 5"'17 60 0::,9 4<;3')3~J2 28 ?.-r ?h ?r,2'1 :>4 32 35 37 40 42 47
1<;I~A 1.4 I.>0 5(1 5:1 S J 'iii t...,(~1,1 4')4f-42 ,11',34 h9 hI)hI S2 45 4:;49 Ail 73 l?ell 77 R?77 1"0 i1 ~'Ie;71 u·:J 1,'1 41).:~?'!24 i.'l \9 24 17 14 IS U }9 1':1 19 ??
('J J'I ~i f.\4 <,5~'jM "':1 '1',1 44 I,}.11 ~,~3l 27 ?S 2L"25 24 If)S4 63 70 <;9 r,4 1:\].)
?r'7<;f1'i <;'19 9'-1<;cd9 S9'-/'19'7 ',1'1<;"'9Y '7':19 1~~C;'-i9"!9'FI 99q 4'N '199 9'19 99Y 999 9<;1,;Y9'1 '-199 999 999
;>1 C,99 9Qq <,uq 9<;',,-}'1'I ""N ':I9g g'",,'}C;qQ 4C,<.j ,}C;e,"!Y'I 9'19 ':1'-)9 Y99 9"19 qq9 q9Y 999 49<;999 999 999 9'19
?4 ""I')9Qq <;99 "19<;<;9':1 '';9'1 YqLl '-I'I'J ",qLj 4'1LJ 9S(~':i'J'7 9'-)9 9'19 l.J99 <.jq9 9Lj9 99l.J 99'-1 999 'N9 '199 999 999
?':>C;Q9 <)9'1 '19Q 99<;"iq'-J <;99 999 9',4 .,Y9 ,,:!y~qc;r;'1'-1"1 qgu 999 494 499 999 999 99q 9Y9 99l.J 999 999 999
;>"SQ.j QY9 <;99 99C;'-)49 <;qy 1.)9'-1 99',e,qq Y'1Y 9YS lJ9':1 q9q ':ILj9 9..9 999 999 9Q9 999 499 994 999 999 999
?l <;'1G qqa <;9q ')9<;9-}'-'Y9CJ 99'-/44lj ",qQ 4Y'-I 2'5 23 2??3 17 35 32 29 33 4':1 45 41 61 SI:.,
.-'1-<Si "-7 <:;g S~S'r.:;j 54 '+J 17 3;f'p ?':>2;>1'-1 D 7 h 6 6 e 111 ?7 2h 32
It>3':>14 1<;3r,1",>.~"J"'>n ?I,I-:J 17 I':>lJ 12 }I)11 I?}J IS 16 16 }I'19 19
'J,.,17 ?1 '?;>2f)1"\1 I I I 17 If.j)I"'-!R 7 f,'3 4 4 5 ':>:;6 7 9
-II 4 1n If)12 Ii'13 J:\12 13 q "1 6 5 4 4 4 4 3 ]4 H 8 f1
~,:•.:y!.~'.
TABLE C-2l (Concluded)
.~~,
~UG 1977 t<FI ~IlvF "<UMIC 1TY (f-'f,<Ur.Tl
Er,jERGY HIELS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
f-'111.1';OF HH,.[lilY
CAY n I 0;>03 04 os Of,oi Of.'()'-"I II)II 12 13 [4 I";16 17 IH 1'.1 2,)?I ?"23 24.L
I I''J 1n ) 1 II ]2 12 I?1n ]n r.;I 6 5 1 3 2 2 C i'3 7 fl 7
2 7 7 i~"In I I 14 14 Ii'9 7 0 "':i 4 4 4 4 '+4 S 1:'\9 ]0
:3 11)11 I"12 14 IS 16 IS I fI 9 ~I 7 1 7 8 R I:l '.1 11 13 12 II',IS
"17 17 Ii;21 ?l ?~)?I ,>9 ;>1:>il [/1'J IS 13 IS If,?l ?]21 22 ?f,?6 311 ?H
S 311 12 '41")31i 4:1 ~'+~4S 42 U jl 2~2':>?I Ii;)1<19 17 16 Ib Il 19 ?O 18 ]iJ
I,17 1R ]8 ]S 7);>J ?S n 19 1'i 1~11 III y 9 9 ij fj '.1 In 10 10 11 11
/1 I I?I?I ~1'+IS Itl Ii:'I 7 11 II,':I II II 9 9 'J 10 II ]1 12 IS 19 21
11 24 ?c;?7 2<;34 34 ]'1-34 3u ?7 ;;:.16 ]S IS 1/,]t'II 13 13 12 11 1I II I?
q 12 II,IS 20 27 1h 16 3?10 <,S 1"t j 1]III 9 '1 8 Ij U 'I 10 13 17 III
In n 2"?1 2/21:>?"20:.;("I ;>7 ?f ":1 ,~d 21 I"19 ?1 2':>1'.1 1'1 23 ?7 2'-1 31 31
I]17>17 'I!)4/,lfS lot)4')j(,13 JI ~<;r"2<'2h ?j 22 17 18 17 21 )5 29 3?:n
Ii.'36 "I)it 1 'is 1',2 h?5'1 c..;1 ltb 4']~5 II 27 ?c;'>1 23 ??17 17 Ie;?S ?6 21-\3n
13 33 11 1?3"5 3h 11\3'1 Jf,?l-j i:'4 ,.:I 1',1 17 Ih l"i 16 If,10 1M I 7 I H ?()21 2u
]4 ?3 ?3 '11 31 J?,,"36 V l'8 i:'h.24 2':>24 r'1\19 pJ J()16 30 ,l':>32 10 JI'\3~t
15 33 31 Jg 4'5 ':>1 SS 5 (.':d "'1 ~Ii 47 4J 31-\31-'37 37 31',40 40 41 48 49 5,l So
10 '16 <,h <,'J 1'-1 "I or'f")'1,1 "i-(':-4 4S fib 4f!4(1 J I 40 ('?4':>4':/51 "1 41-','01),,?
17 0,3 L;R t:,..()~)f-711 n 7?l)q 1',6 t,O ...0::~;:)53 I,J '>I hS 'HI In 77 H~HI-!A7 I-!9 H7
11'I-!l i->?,P(\i!P.4',Y9'1 99"q'-J'I L,(.Jq 4Y9 <i";c,'jY':!l)l.jg 'J--I'-i ':/'jq \~9tJ '!..Jq qlj4 99':1 'J'19 Cle)4 9'J9 Cl99 "lye)
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TABLE C-22
HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION WIND DIRECTION DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
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TABLE C-22 (Continued)
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J S'N QQg 9'14 gC)s '.iSH Gl~9 yg'~"yo '~qol qyg <.,c;<:;JY'J 499 99Y 'Fj'.)lJqlJ "'yq qq4 g4Y ClliC;994 99'1 999 g99
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TABLE C-22 (Continued)
,I'll,1977 ...I~'r)I;I (Of.r T [n1\(lJf:li',~,"_c;)
"f:kCi Y f IIF L~.HANKSV ILLE,UTAH
HOtly 0F IHE lJr.y
r:r.,-oJ 0;)n'l 01,t}i.)(jh n I fPt fll.J 1n II 1;-J:\IL,ll.,I"17 11:\I y 2n 71 'l?n <:'4
J ('1:,'-1 'l1,1<('1.11 ?05 ,J 1'1 ;>U,'7 ,,9"'.~;>i~1?'1 1;"1/.1 11,11 I 1.0 210 I,n ;;4 ]3'-)',?4 V4 3':>',:Dc,346 ?1"??7
??1 l lle;<'PI "~I(;>1,1:1 IGII 21";'42 .3"("I·~<'4';I:lO 1:,<;?!.,.H ,)1..0 ;'>11',?1A ?t.;O ?Hl 21j1 ?1:,7 ?f,~?41l 270
1 ;::71)?C,q ef-r:,;J~'::t",;>)]/,;1';;"n ',III hll ~':'7e Ii..,210 iN,0.,,>',0 ?I??Ib j"f<t 2'12 }I:,h 2e:,y i'70 1 7]
'+lSI 1PI.10 '1 I':i 1 1')4 1"6 141 I':>1 14f)1':>11 1r.r.J?4 ?In 1">/;I'Pl iJ6 47 110 140 142 11',2 156 156 141j
S rc;y 'lSO 2711 ?l~2?7 ?'ll ('1M lIn c"7 t~~~IF j 'JI)16ti 374 ?I";>;>1 ?I"100 1':14 1.;1'1 1"1 158 IIl4 190
6 Jql,'lI11 :l'l4 21'S 2??2?1 21 '0 Ib?i ql..1"-'1',IIS 72 ',0 JI~,",21h 14f',Ih?162 lSI )1',2 Ih2 IS6 156 14 1
7 f-:Po-\?'l?.,'l 7 ??1 11'1 ;;li-?3"?T<ct..l...;oS 1 'l";1 411 61 7?(,1 ?y "1'5 SO 12':>24 •311('7 101 710
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c'('11':''lI1S rOC;I gLI 21:1 ;>lH nl rl,!)cRI ?'-iO ?~7 Illl 220 11:14 1 ~4 IHO ?IO 173 162 lSI 1"1 16H 17)184,
1n (,Jf--;'>'l7 ('?7 ;>}(':?or.1 {'oS ?11~rllc,i'j'";.>?;>;27 ??i ('4f,2V,?QI IH4 I'll:,194 ?11 216 1'10 216 220 21f',
II ?11',?fl r;21f',?1f.14!'194 l e 4 I cI/~jq4 cOl)1<';4 ('oS 211',??.,n?2?7 ;;44 ?70 ;:>/:J'1 ;:'19 3;'>"IHO 144 20S
1?11 q ?Cj;.>:)r\?'V4 ?n 14',II·'IIIH .-C;q ?I I IF InH 119 IIY II q Ph 1411 In 13':>IJo lOB lOR 61 13c;
1 I llJ 1°'\Il'i 13'0 I'->h l·~:")11'->114 7r.]4')It?14':>Iin 1SI 140 UI1 IV,I~':>IJS US 140 14S 16?270
J"216 1p 1Cd I \I.11'.pc,II"J IS I 1r,I I"11<;114 114 114 11 q 100 731 /05 IH4 11'>IIY 145 13S 119
l'i 1IS ]79 If.l/,In2 II '~'('10 20S Ih:>I'll In ?If.IN lOA J 19 J 19 )91)?RI liS 'l6S 210 I?216 292 324
If,3'.6 1/,11 WJ I II.111 119 In/-<lOS I rH'1J'~1,.-<':14S 110 110 140 ISS 190 47 47 H6 '11',9.,127 12S
17 1411 I"'j I'n 119 114 PS 111 11 Y 114 10"J 1I,114 lOR IflH II1H I(lB 101',II1S I{lH lOS 10';R6 90 ill:'
J"AI':'7R I (~n 11<;loR II1K 110 Iii?Jill<In 1<';"JH/~111?10?I (1.'J I);>140 92 fib tlO A9 Rb 6"711
1q 21h 101,lIn IS"]""11',5 16',Ih ')1 144 11 "'j ?J4 I'~H 21 ,:,2)R ]IS ':I J2H l(11;.1:3f,III ?97 2?C;
2n PI 'l]h 2C:?234 741 ?SS 291 ?f,J .~"q r'f <';f:n J 4S f,)4S 9f,151 no ?10 2tU ?01 ?'n 'l70 2n"-
'l 1 ?71)]71 19;.>167 loB J9S i'S (as ..:n,:,l'j '10 144 IS3 IJS 126 16?162 IhM ]0 36 ('RI:l H':>18R I':>J
;'>1 I')l ISS IS'!IS"}1-J':;lRy 12"Nt.;I ~';?1Ji<~6 n ~4c 3':i1 140 lIS VI 313 33 1M)?./O 3?'>?li?252 270
?1 ;;;10 17(1 jt.;l 1(-.;'I ',le;(,3 2'1"-q':;Jf,11 IPil 117 I..l()YO Ile,I Y,1]"1 117 140 1('6 135 111 HI 225 3?A
('4 ,"i2 IS]10.,1 144 1I I J':i,;1]':>1/1/I 'l'),'11"1 2117 1"13 :jJO HS S/,1<Jt1 ?"i?11h lL,11 2'J7 ?I:,i'2"1 ?7S ?70
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,>h ??,;'C;'l "Pi<?f'0!,06"~?,201 ?.~'J.,~1'"J4 ;0 2/"I.::.'19 US 171 1f>7 ISJ IS)lOti 40 1(-.2 270 234 2JSn177IR91"0,15'/I(-.?1f,2 11•."147 1'+4 14 4 141<120 \1>4 144 I I.H ;>10 14,<-\12b 162 19>4 ?4'7 21-1{l 101>270
?I:l 279 'l07 l7'l 27'1 2~\J 2"\'i ?."7o 213.<-\,~Of>j!ol)n 91"1 72 J61J :nl 36 2"9 !o3 )43 1::;3 2.14 ?II',2FJA
?9 ??S 241 27n lMe;211,;;1',1 ?7n ?In (",'17 1'1 'l"14<,]4/>225 2-71i '247 ?]4 lA?144 151 IA7 l RO 225 234
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11 2i1i'\?fll'{l71';J 1'"2l-H ZIf!;>1-11\('H>l ;>/1'-+?.~'·1 ;j'-i(']')fl lSI 3"0 'J6n ?7 45 63 40 111M ?4J ?70 265
TABLE C-22 (Concluded)
~·~r~~::-..'.'i~h),~~,~'
6\IG \q 77 \",~n DI\CI~CTIOI\(Or:(;'<f':F.C;)
F"r ~GY f lIFLS.,HANKSVILLE,UTAH
f-.(lU-<Of I HF nAY
r;ny 01 O?01 04 0:>06 01 ()'!119 I')II 12 J]14 IS I Ii 17 IH 19 20 ?I .?2 23 24
I no 270 """nG c'h 277 27S 2-"}~1)(1 ,1',1 1':1 113 I)]i,')lAn 10 160 10 40 NO \70 23'.;>]4 ?70
?;'1.)0 ?70 c'1·l rhl )tHI ~/.2 li!Y liS ~'n ,HI"i '!O V'U '<'I lnO J..,10 1"0 ,\"11.\l?Ih2 214 ?J/.?1/"
3 ;?S5 ??')?,n",;611 ?14 ;;2':>22'::>;;'-"J c .~.")144 1""l't4 12h 117 IOd ;>0"IHo -;><;2 H~2/0 2hZ 27()7h2 243
4 [(Ifj 'IS 2"4 27<;;1"2hi-<;>41 ;':',"111 I:>!1";;III IS3 1>'1 34;>lSI ]60 ??S Ifj':l ?4l ]Oh 31S 7'lS 30h
S 2KI<?7n 2h A ,US ?"2 2'l"'lOr 3,,4 ~"O :lIe;2S;:!I':>225 234 3',I 34 45 'l0 72 90 :lAO 324 ,60 16
6 RI InR S4 10 261 2/d 261 cbl <:/n ?hS ?~c:;;4',as It,?3c'4 ;4J ?,;S 115 IHO 260 ?'O 252 ?52 1'34
7 ell,??C;2fl7 l'lo 19M I q 4 IY,\ILl;'enl ('{"j ;.>,,"i'J'1 23/,as 2?q rl"22S 1.)'/-1':>4 2<'2 :n3 J I"I'll)2;>':;
i\l'l!<?n7 Iflft IHO I III 1711 I I J J hi I II If",I I,n 1;'>0 101 21\(\?'U 63 I')'J l?b 16"I JS 117 n',>?l0 761
9 chi ?Sf~??"??5 1Q'-,len 21h {'hI r-1I;(~y 7 ~f;~11Hrl IM'J 1,-19 2n7 !OJ 207 1>,,()110 170 I'hi IS 1 16H I1S.I
III Inn ?97 l'?S 214 24)Al y')I'll,9')Ifi,)~1 rl,j YO ll1H 11 7 I?,f'JilO 1<;3 144 IHO IhC'13S 12/1 130
II 153 1<;1 1/•1,90 <j'~107 9"'1'/10"11"1 I,:f I'>3 IHO 1'-,1 117 90 Iii?1?6 1;~b 126 169 162 I I7 13S
Ii:'lAc 1/,1.If.;>If>;;:1i)2 I'lH I(H 714 c7n Lh ]fll "10 lliO 14f-<12h 1?6 !30 'l0 H5 135 9'.>'l9 103 10K
11 10C;101 II)A 10C;J OJ 9'-,CJI "Ie,Y"J ':II)'iI'iJ':J BI Hi<'-JO 10?III)144 lHO 171 11\0 21/•175 140
14 l','.li,h 111 21'-1 2/0 214 101','is I C>-\-1 -ql ",.,1 ino 162 I 11 I h !}f'0 ]80 IHO 19t\162 ISO 144 IS3 IS,
Ie;IS3 Ih?]711 JI'-2 14'~1,,4 144 ]h?II',;>IY,J 1,,~H';'lI2 306 31'-0 ?0 I I.11')106 2'11 324 .lIS 1'7'1 ?7h
I h 31')?91 34{'?9/2-J7 ~~Cld :Hlh J2!.~n ?'/-;III 20 (241 ;>/0 2-1>'1 .-''/L;?hS ?'13 110 2,.'??5 IRO ?07 14H
I 7 InH II.,!If,?15~I':>l I';]16il 16('S'llj '1'-19 1:::~1'-,3 IS7 I':',h-J ]hO 24 ,1"'3 21 207 II?19iJ ?52 2 q 7
lel ;;:-,"(71)de;?IS <'51)2.1Y 2flM ;?hll lilY ('J4 2t':342 ]ti 1H e;VI 11i 108 180 lee;I H 126 117 201
19 2,34 1,e;1"2"7 2'11 217 chI ?I)I ?,S?;>'>2 ?~r~,~fJ'J "(.10 chI:'"11,11 VI)JSI 21 4'1 9 4')?2S RHR
21!A,40 qf)IIII'1 1<)I'll)IY;C"?,?:",...S r2~as ('':in ?S6 {'In ?iLl ('hS ?'is 100 bl -lhO 20 54 D'i
21 2?S IS,11'1 t~';'-j ~41 ,lon /.1'1 ,;fl"..;,,/c:hl i':J4 ,,'->?j?S j44 ??'l ?4J ?:.J I 201 ;:)[-12 3S1 9 1'1
??,h y,<.19 S hJ 1'1 In ';;n 1"''''J ,."j'l',j 23"2?':.,,I'-)??hl ;>nO ?'iO 1l:'0 21:'5 2?S )fl 0 IHf)243
21 2S?q 3r.i)3S1 4':>Iltl 14i,3 I':'II~I)I IS 11:;:us lJ5 162 2/9 ;,'1'4 ;'>'/0 ;:>38.1'16 2':>2 ,'25 225 261 243
24 ?Ib 214 <'25 24 ~~...,'II)I?f,J 17 j 1 I IS,III cO'.lriO 20'>('In ?4J 1('1)IHO 17'1 I/jS 1>'10 I~O I 70 17S
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;>f,170 l HfI <:1'"<;Jc;,,?7'-1 :In?,;,>1 c?Li ,'101 ;;S;';';U "0 lhn 4?144 1'1'-;170 18.':>PH,)Hf)IRO I':lY Ifl'l
?I Iq8 lyH IFlo 171 Iii'"1'1'1 l?h I'.h ~2S as ?c r db 1'02 1'1'I J"liS I')H 171 171 I I I I flO IY6 ;>co 7?5
(lrl n':,?,f1 ;C;A 2 /,;;;J I d ~?('J?4 ;>Ye,~1'1 ]11)J~~180 11:>2 2c':'1,)6 chi 2HI :nJ 131)l?4 no 34/•151 4')
1'4 J4?v,45 27 4"45 3"n .·~S ]3 J 1 :1<:'n r'HH ;4.'21ti 2""234 no ?43 ?4!J 28R ?C;?333 131 133
jO 342 13 ~jt=;n 1I~I)~Ob jOb 1 Ie,IS]III 11-'1,'.4 ??S cbl 2KR ?7Y 1'''7 .n'!10..1'61 ;>43 230 ?31 241
31 2]1)-jhl))14 34;;:Ii'4':>r·H~;'~HliH ..~(,(~l?h I;I j',IJn I lO I'e'li IHO I IS 144 ?Sc 2':>1)2S4 2?S 227 19H
TABLE C-23
HANKSVILLE BUYING STATION WIND SPEED DATA,MARCH-AUGUST,1977
/III>./I 91".(,IT ~;p CfoF F I)(".1"•S •) .
tl\t'Wi ?u~Ls.HANKSVILLE.UTAll
'-\II)"OF 1Hf OilY
CIIY 01 O?01 04 oS 06 07 Of'04 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 1'1 20 ?1 22 21 24
1
r''".,;h.J "'.H 7.,;h.'-l ~~,..(1 f,"";7.<'7.2 5.fJ 5.4 4.9 4.S 4.0
1 ~.6 1••0 4.0 4.0 ].h ;• 1 J.I :I.I '-t •(;(.,...S I.....l!2.r.I.H I.k I ••i 1.1J .9 1.3 1.3 2.2 J.6 ,:>.4 4.5 4.'"
I;J ..fj t•..()4 ,-4."4.1)tt ..~1-+..~:i j ..r,Lj ..0 (f.5 if ..~j.1 3.1 J."6.]'-;.4 5.'1 ].6 2.7 2.2 J.';J.n 3.11 2.7.~
S 3.6 ?7 1.3 .<;2.2 I.J 1.:1 3.1 ;;• 7 I •~?7 2.e.2.2 l.H 2.2 I.B I.H 1.3 I.B 2.2 ?7 2.2 ?7 2.7
h C.I 1.1-l 2.?2."'2.,;;.2 2.,;;.r .9 1.•"1 I .::1 "I.R 2.2 3.1 3.Ii 3.n 3.1 1•H 1.8 2.2 2.7 2.2 1.1.--,2.2 1 .3 2.2 2.7 2.2 2.?2.2 ) •.1 ..,~".S I.j 1.3 2.2 2.7 J.I 4.9 5.4 4.':>3.6 I.R 2.2 J •A 2.7•?1.8 1•R 2.2 1•i'J,j 1•>i ".,1.'1 I.H I "•S 1.3 3.1 4.0 4.0 3./'1.1 ;>.1 ?-,2.2 1.1:\2.-f ??1.1·.'-1 ::.1 1.1 c.?1.::2.r'I.H I.H I •fl J...p.I •"2.7 ".'-:1 11.6 10.1 11.'-i 6.7 1-1.5 7.6 A.S 7.~S.H 5.4 6.7 9.1J
III 1a.3 In.1 ) I •Ii 10.7 13.'1 I,!.4 9.11 Y.4 '7.'111.'7 II.?11)•.\«.K 8 .l'9.4 '-1.4 I?• 1 11.2 R.O 8.5 7.2 "1,2 -/•n S.H
II 5.4 4.5 4.()4.':~.If 4.'-:1 5.4 S.4 ~.R 7.2 f·..~6.j 5.,'3 '+.5 '"q 3.10 4.S 3.0 2.7 1.3 1.11 1.fl 1.3 1.3
I?2.7 I •1 2.!2.7 2.'f ?7 ".,1•'.1 .4 I •f1 I •P I.H I.B 2.1.'3.1 1.I 3.1 4.0 1.1 1.8 1.3 .4 I.R 1.A
13 2.2 r.,...:l r.r,7.2 "'.7 /,.1 ..,.3 1...c.5 'i.n I.A.':7.6 8.0 l.h !:l.S 7.I)~.9 'l.u 5.1:\6.3 7.6 e.o 4.9 I.R
It,2.,)I.r,I •f<r..7 2.;;~" 1 I.".t).4 ~"~~1.1'I.M 7.11 c..4 ~.l.4.'i ;>.7 1.6 4.U 2.7 ?2 2.2 ?1 1•H
I ....:3.1 ;>.l c.l ?-l "':~??:':>.2 ._1 I .3 I .,1 "~I.j 1•l'2.1 n.7 7.?h.3 1___"0 2.7 1•iJ 1•fl 2.2 1.3 1.A••t:
I"3.1 ?7 ??2.2 1 "~.2 I.j I.}.q .',1•~I •~J.b "'.7 5.R I.f,hol 1+"9 2.2 3."6.3 R.O 7.2 7.2.'
)7 1I .;>4.9 4.n 5.1'4.1)h.l I1.J 1.1-l I .]2.2 ~".~fl.J 5.1:\h.1 4.0 4.9 4.<J (-,.7 7.2 4.'1 3.1 I.B I.]1•,~
)>-'2.2 1.1 J.J J.t 2.?-J.l 3.1 {-f."c.;'-I.Y 4.0 4.S 4.<;5.4 6.3 -/.?11.7 6.3 S.4 4.S ;>.7 2.2 2.2 2.7 2.?
1"I 2.?2.7 2.?2.'/??2.2 1•i:l 1•3 .4 •<}1.1';;>•'7 ],)4.0 1.9 3.6 5.4 fi.]3.1 2.2 1.8 3.1 2.7 2.7
?n 2.2 ;>.7 J.I 4.n 1 ",:1 l.J ".2 ??J.I J ,,')l.1 ".P.6.7 .-j.ll 7.';/ •fi 7.A '1.5 7.2 /"'.3.6 4.5 S.A (,.7
21 ,:,.7 !••'-1 -'.I ;>./co?2.~I •>i I."."1·1';;.;I •:\2.2 2.;>2.;>;;>.2 I •"I.J J •J 2.7 2.2 1.R ?2 2.2
N 2.2 ;>• 7 <'.•7 2.2 2.e ;;...,J .1<1"fl J.I ~.,7.;=I.d 2.2 1.1-\J.H 2.2 1,]1 .3 .'1 2.2 2.7 3.1 2.7 3.I.•r:
l'l ;;•r 1.1J I •H 2.7 2.2 I.M 2.2 •'1 ."1 I.J 1·::I.H 1.H J.I 'S.H n.7 f,.7 <;.4 4.0 J.t J.I 1•:3 3,)3.1',
,'4 4.5 3."J."1).3 t-,.l Ii.7 S."/.?,.?I~"~~~"~~j "S 7.0 -,.(-,M.O '7.?'I./,Ii.3 7.6 .-j.t)R.9 9.4 8.9 7.fi?C,S.'.'I n.7 H.I)r~,,0 S.H 7.6 5"I..b.J 4.0 4",}:;.e /.6 '1.2 4.':>,:>.1-1 ".7 4.9 4.5 t."'5 3.6 c.2 4.5 ??.9
""(:./4.5 J."4.~4"O..~"h ('.r 2.2 c.??/".i ,\.6 J.l I.H 1•"c.,301 2.7 I./j I •"2.2 4.9 S.4 4.5
21 2.2 1.(,J "P-I "I •>-<~.?"lj 1•.,I •J J.l 1•.,103 1.H 1•t'(>.7 ':>.4 6.7 1',.7 5.4 4.S h.7 R.9 10.7 11.2.-2t'f:'.4 10.3 10.'l H."I.,;7.t,S.4 H.I)(.1',>i.n f'•r,>j.O 'J.fl 'J.f<4.~':1.1-1 b.l 'i.4 4.LJ 1.r-:3.1 4.0 4.5 2.7
;JY 2.?1•f'<'.7 3,)J.l :3.1 ?I C.1 4.(''1_6 4.S i.f.9 4."J I••'J 3.I S.1l 5.il t...S 4.0 1•fJ I.e 2.2 ?7 I •1
1"2.7 1.1 2.7 2.7 2 •.-'1.1\1.;j I •.J .4 ·'"?;l,.o I,."J ':'>.4 4.Q 4.9 4.0 1.1 1.1:1 1•J 3.1 1.3 3.6 2.?
31 2.7 ??c.?2.7 2.1 2.7 44.9 YY.Y '7~.~~~.9 ~q.s ~q.y QY.9 9~.q 9"1.4 6.7 6.3 11.7 4.0 4.5 3.I 2.7 1.A .9
TABLE C-23 (Continued)
AfJl<tq7l w'~i1)~l--n;1)(~J ..~l.~.)
Et'Jt RGy ~UI:LS.HANKSVILLE.UTAH
f-,UI If<()~HiE fl/lY
CAy 01 O?-rn 04 os Of,01 Oti oCJ 10 II I ,~13 14 IS In n If!1"~o 21 22 23 21•
I J •q ??9'l.9 99.9 99.4 ':1"'.9 I •>j .9 I .1-\I ."('.'/S.H '::i.A ':>.,t,.'1 4.9 ?7 n.3 S .'t 4.5 3.1 99.9 LJ9.CJ I •1
?(.2 ??4.q 2.1 I.J .'.I.ti J •H '~• I ??I •~I.d I •3 ,J.?4.0 ?7 1 •I l.n 3.I 5."3.1'4.S 4.9 4.9
~.l l •I.)S.4 ':i •'..,~.~it,,'::>,~."4.0 J.t:..q e~'">.4 s.;:.b.I)I.?l)0 4 S.4 ".5 4.0 A.S R."1'1.~h.7 5.4 4.q 4.5
4 4.5 4.',)4.il 1.1'.'-1 ~.2 .'-j •L)J.l ,j.I I •1 I,.1)1.8 7.2 2.?7.7 r.C 1.I .l.I 2.7 t••5 4.5 4.n 4.0
5 't .0 '••9 4.CJ 4.<;4.l.')4.':)].I I .1 t.>:l 1.'1 3.1 3.I c.?2.2 J.I '1.1 3.I <.I ;>.2 I • 3 :1 •I 4.0 _~~•h I •fl
h I •]2.7 c.2 I .3 1 •f.j I •'3 I.J .9 l,>-l 2.,I •>'I.d 2.?2.2 J.I 2.1 4.0 4.5 4.0 3.I 1.8 2.7 101 2.7
7 !•B ?2 c.?I •fl I •,'1 C•"2.2 .9 .':1 I.J 1.1 1.1i 2.7 2.?3.A 5.4 h.'j S.H 4.4 4.1)1.h 2.2 ?7 I •rl
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9 i••Y S.'!3.1','....0 I).1 '••5 4.';t).,c.S '-J.It Iii.'I l.J •.!.'-J.4 9."ri.q Y.4 9.4 '-.7 2.7 1.1 3.1 4.'::i 4 •.:j 3.6
10 J.6 ].J I .1 I .I!?t'2.2 2.,I.H I .3 l~•Lj ~.~"'.4.+H.9 >J.9 'I.h 7.h 6.1 4.9 3.I 3.6 2.7 I.f!4.0,2.7
II ;;.2 ~J •"~••1 r.2 <:•1 i .:i I .j ;'>.2 f:•-(i••O L,.'I ~."4.LJ I./)1.2 1'.1 H.5 h.]1.1)1..3 I .1:'6.3 4.S f'.2
1?:'.1 4.n 4 "4.n S.lt S ..4 4.':>;.1 <:.1 ?1 ;.r.j.I f:'.(2.7 ;.7 ?;>;>.2 4.il 1.I '3.4 S.H J.I ?f'1.11.,
13 1..d 1 •'J I.H 1'.'/~..1 t?c 1•1\.Y t:..'?I.J 1 "?c.J.b l.6 4.n 4.0 4.9 4.<j 1.b ~.2 2.2 J.n 'l.A 4.0.')4 l~..5 1.A 2.?4.0 3."?2 .'"1 •'j .;• I ?1 1•~1.Ij ?.2 :l.b 4 "
h.,'J.O q ..ti In.)H.O 9.4 8.0 7.?H.O.)
IS ~...~j 7.?~•.q CJ.B P.lJ ".0 h.1 'I.?.'.h 7.')t'-.'I ,~..iJ J.t-1,.'j 4 ,-'t.f)1.1 1.1 1.I 1 •oJ .9 I.H 1.1 1.1.)
If,.9 1.3 1.3 .<;1.:J I •i'.'-1 .9 1.>1 I •>-l 2.?:?.,2..1 3.I "."2.7 2.2 I.H 1.3 I •A 7.7 3.6 2.2 2.2
17 J .3 ?7 1.1 I .!'2.2 2.2 .'1 .4 l .1 I •3 I •"3.I J.t>'+.0 4.'>4.9 h.l 4.5 4.::>4.'>h.7 S.H l.,..0 ?2
Iii t:..7 4.'1 4 ~S ..'f 2.7 .9 .'/I.J ';~.9 9Y.9 ~9.S 4Y.~99.9 49.9 99.9 LJ'-j.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 '-'i'J.Y 99.9 YLJ.9 99.9 99.9.--
19 9~.LJ 99.9 <;9.G 94.<;9'l.9 4"J.Y 99.9 99.9 ~~.9 <;~.9 49.S 99.9 99.9 '-j9.LJ 99.4 99.9 LJ4.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.LJ 99.9 LJ9.9
('II 4~.~~q.q Yll.q ~~.G ~~.'~'~~.Y ·J~.Y YY.Y ~!~.~Sl~.Y Yl~.S ':I~.'1 99.9 ~y.9 ~~.9 ':19.4 99.9 99.4 99.9 ,,9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
?I qtj.r,ljC).q Y'-1.l )'YY.S "''-1.9 <.,:i.l-;9'·~.\.J "-;}'-i •...,lj~,.'-I Y·).';"11).:~y~.y 9':1.9 Y9.~99.9 LJ9.'-j 94.9 LJQ.9 Y9.':I YY.Q 99.9 94.9 94.9 '-j"J.9
??Q t.J.9 lj'.:j.q SY.4 Yl~.'1 <..;y .....;j~9.y ~'~.I-J '1I..J.y'j'"J.4 l1'-J.'-1 yy.S '-j9.9 99.9 9'I.Q ~4.Q 9~.9 94.9 99.9 44.':1 49.9 9'l.9 49.9 94.4 9'-1.9
?J q~.LJ 40.9 SLJ.9 99.Q ~g.9 ~S.4 ~~.4 yy.q ~~.(~9~.~1 ~q.~'J'J.')'J9.'J 99.9 q9.'~Y9.9 9LJ.4 99.9 99.9 '-j'l.LJ 99.4 I.H 3.6 5.H
2'.f·..J 7.n t.1)H.O H.O A.O '~."rj.q i:.".S ~"•Il 7.f.M..1 h.J b.,S.4 4.5 S.4 h.7 4.'-1 4.,)I,.S 7.&4.9 3./)
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?I .9 1 .1 "• ?
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2;<1.8 1 •M 1.1 I .::I •')I.H I.h 2.1 .~..1 3d 3.1 ~..,)2.7 ??I •"2.?2.7 1.1 l••Y S.H 6.3 2.7 1.3 I •:329l.il 1.1 I .l 2.7 2.;~.7 2.2 .q I.k 3.\2.;;:l.~2.2 2.1'c.??7 2.2 2.7 4.0 4.5 4.0 4.':>t,.S 3.I
30 I •'J 1•'1 ;:~..2 2.2 I •q 2.2 ~.c.1.J ."1.'j 1•:i.I h.7 rl.LJ 7.<,',.h H.O 7.6 S.4 5.'"4.9 4.':1 4.0 2.2
TABLE C-23 (Continued)
"'f>Y 19n Wl~Hl q-FFr~(~'.fJ.s.)
F"IEh'GY FUELS.HANKSVILLE,UTAI~
Hill';iJF T.-<f-_jlAY
ChY 01 02 0'1 Olt (I',Oh 07 o,~Ol)II)j 1 12 l:l 14 IS 111 1"7 Iii 19 20 ?l ?2 23 24
::• I {,.S 9'1.9 99.<;99.9 9S.9 99.9 99.9 Y<;.9 G9.9 qq.'1 99.9 Y9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
r 9S.9 ~9.Q Sg.q q4.~qc;.y q~.q gq.9 ~~.9 ~~~.q G9.q 4"1.'';99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99 .9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
"9').9 99.9 9Y.9 "19.9 ':;'';.'1 9':;."9'l.9 '-14.""",.9 9'1.';9'1.<;99.9 99.9 99.9 9Q.Y 9Y.9 94.9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9,.qS.q ~q.Q S~.~~(~.S S~i.Y Y~.Y Y~.Y Y4.~,',.4 <.,.,.'1 Y9.S '~~.4 yq~q YY.Y gg.g 49.4 :1.(,'1.3 6 •.'1 6.3 ".3 .'1.6 4.0 3./)
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f,<;;•tl 'l.1l 7.n 8.C;I.r"7.b l.6 h.7 I~.0 k.O R.O (,.1 h.7 /•h.H.O 99.9 99.9 9 9 .9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
7 99.9 Y9.4 99.9 Y9.S 99.9 yq.y 91.9 99.9 <"Y.9 99.9 94.S 9'1.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.C;99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
"QS.9 YQ.Q g4.4 Yl~.~9q.~4~.Y qq.y yy.q y~.q 9~.4 yQ.G 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.Y ~9.4 99.9 99.9 99.~99.9 99.9 99.9 49.9
t.;qS.9 YQ.Y '!9.9 Y'I.':'<.;<.;.','J';.-,Y'1.Q <''J.Y 1'"1.Q <'~.f.1.9~.';9~.CJ 94.Y Y9.Q i4 ,".I 1).1 10.)11.6 "1.11 6.7 7.b '1.4 S.R 5.'~.,.,
In fo.7 ".C;<'.4 1'.1)f,•.I ~• I ,l.!h·.S ~.I ].fo 4.{,')Y.9 i)•-f ':J.f'~.~~6.7 7.;>7.6 1:>.7 1i.7 5.4 3.6 3.1 ?."7
II 1 •>j 1.1 i.7 1'.2 ?.1 I.H .Y 1.1 1.'1 J .:1 7.(-Cl.4 9.R 4.11 t<.y H.O 7.6 "'.7 h.3 ?.7 2 .7 3.I ;>'.7 J •H
1?2 •'I 1."-2.7 I'3,]2.2 1.11 '1':1.4 f.":>~.9 7.;H.I)1:\.0 ':\.">p.!)4.9 J.6 R.5 h.)Y.lt 99.9 99."1 99.9 99.9.-
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I h 9<'.9 ,!~.q 99.9 49.9 qq.'1 49.',1 '~9.4 99.9 ..,,,.Li 9'1.9 99.<;99.'1 90.9 9'1.9 99.4 99.9 99.9 ~9.9 94.9 99.9 90.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
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21 99.9 99.9 99.9 49.9 qy.y q~.~uq.y Y~.Y ~~.Y y~.~yq.G 99.9 49.9 49.9 99.9 Y9.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
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n 9~.9 49.Q 9~.4 99.9 9S.9 qG.9 99.9 99.9 ~9.9 94.9 9Q.G 99.9 99.9 gY.9 99.9 49.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
;'>4 9<;.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 qS.9 99.9 '19.9 99.9 99.4 49.'1 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99 .9 99.9 99.9'99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
?'i YS.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 <''1.9 9<;.9 99.9 49.S 9Y.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.4 99.9
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,'4 99.9 94.9 ~Y.Y 94.9 ~~.Y y;~.~4g.~~Y.9 ~~.4 94.t~4Y.~49.9 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 "14.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.g 99.9 99.9
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'3rl 99.9 ~Li.9 99.9 99.S 99.4 4<'.9 99.4 99.9 9<".9 99.Y 99.S 9~.4 99.9 99.9 49.?99.9 99.9 99.4 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 99.9
11 49.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 ~~.q ~4.g Y9.G 94.9 49.9 99.9 99.9 94.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9
TABLE C-23 (Continued)
:..':~l,:;'~'·i;:~~:
..;UN \'Ill wFir)"f'H'1l ('/.1-'•..,• )
f''\t flGY fUELS.HANKSVILLE,UTAH
f-.Ullk uF THE lJ~Y
CIIY 01 02 OJ 04 OS 06 01 of"O'f 11.1 11 \t:'1]\4 \e:;16 17 I H I 'I 20 ?1 ?2 23 24
1 QS.Y 99.9 ~Y.9 9q.~9S.Y Y~.'J gy.y '19.9 ~~.q '14.'1 94.C Y~.Y 99.9 '19.9 44.9 49.'1 99.9 99.4 '19.9 9'1.9 44.4 Y9.9 9'1.9 '19.9
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l QS.4 'IQ.g 44.'1 '1'1.4 '19.4 Y4.Y Y9.4 44.4 ~~.Y 44.9 44.S 9;.'1 Y4.Y 9Q.9 Y9'Y 44.'1 49.9 99.9 94.9 49.4 44.9 99.9 99.9 94.'1
"49.4 99.9 94.'1 4Y.9 99.9 y~.4 YY.Y '19.9 ~~.9 99.9 '/4.S 49.9 94.'1 44.4 99.4 4Y.'I '14.9 '19.9 49.4 99.9 99.9 49.Y 49.'1 49.9
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'1 99.9 '19.9 GY.Y 99.S 99.9 49.9 99.Y 99.9 ~~.9 G4.4 ~9.S '}9.9 9'1.9 i,•e,5.t'6.-,if.•t:j 1.1 ].\J.1 :J.6 6.]H.5 4.9
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13 \.H 1.(,2.'1 3.I 2.1 ;;.2 •(J 1 •fl I.j ??S "10.]Y.fj >i.O P.O H.f}H.O 7.6 h.3 S.4 1••9 3.6 2.7 2.2.'14 'c.7 I .]1.3 I •e .9 .'1 1.'1 2.2 4.'::>r<•()H.5 'J.ts 9.4 'J.CI 8.S 1.2 I.h "'.:1 ].b 2.7 4.0 4.':>4.9 4.9
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17 2.2 ?2 .9 I .~1 •~\.].9 •r.:~1.1 2.1 J.I h.j "1.6 ,.,.1 9<';.9 0.7 f-.7 f,.3 h."'()•1 4.9 4.'1 S.il H.O.-
111 f-.]??\ •1 ?.2 c.f'2.2 .l...1 \.1 1.3 \ •H 1 •p 2.7 2.7 .l.r,S.>1 I.I S.H 8.S R.(I 7.2-6.7 5.4 1.\1.H
19 3.1',?2 I.R I •J'2.2 I .I~1.:1 i,.S 4.<;".l ~eC:>1.~H.9 .-1.It i'.5 7.6 'I.II h.7 7.2 6 •.~~1.h 3.6 4.5 1.1',
2n f·.3 7 ....h.'j 3.10 2.-I I.H 1.i:l 1•"'<.0 4.(;L~•r.S.i:I h.7 f.?1:'.0 7.r,7.2 7.6 6.3 S.f'/~• 0 I.H \ •H 1.4
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24 ;;:• 7 S.R 0 ..3 S.B 2.2 .';1 ·"1•t-~':.i:l 4 •~J ~l •1 2.2 2.2 2.?2.1 2.7 4.5 q.l..j 4.':>2./1.1 2.7 6.1 S.H
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26 3.6 l.r-J •fj 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.3 .S I •j 1 •H ?'/) •M {'."(2.7 2.;:>?•"7 i·.O I~.S S.t!4.'1 i,.9 5."6.3 4.9
27 2.2 ??l.cl 1 '1 1.:I 1..~t ??\ •1 .'.I •J 1 .3 J •J 1.11 t:'• 1 3.\4.5 4.0 I~.4 7.6 't ..~4.0 4.')1.6 ].6.~
2'"3.1 4.0 4.9 4.<;4 ..~)!• I 1 •r<I "~<:.7 ??".I \ •I:'?1 2.1 c.7 ].I ].6 l.h S.b 6.J f.3 4.5 4.9 4.9
2 4 4.5 S.4 ':)..(~:;.4 4.S 4.':>i•..':J J.'"J.h 3.1)I.;...~J.b ].I \."1 •IJ 3.1)I'A h.]7.2 6.7 S.H S.4 l.f,4.5
]i)3.6 1.1',?l Jot .9 I.J 1.3 .4 1.1 \.]I.;>Z.t:'2.2 I~..0 S.H n.]5.R 5.8 5.d ~.4 4.0 S.4 4.9 3.n
TABLE C-23 (Continued)
..;lJL 1977 IN Itl["'(y~r!l (:/.1-'.<;.)
HtlJ(:Y FIJI:LS.HANKSVIl.LE,UTAH
!-«)I)I,OF THE flAY
ell'!f11 O?f1 1 04 os Of,o(tJi,0 4 1n II II.13 1I~1',16 1 7 1ti 1':1 20 21 ?2 23 24
1 ('.7 'I.J 3.1 1.3 ':i.H S.H ('.7 1•~1 ~.2 Jol J.f-.(~.~~.5 1:\.9 3.1 4.5 3.1 ".3 5.4 4.'1 3.6 1.8 2.7 I.R
2 1.3 l••'i 3.(,;>.7 2.1 .'1 1•t\.9 J •J I •.J ?7 J.()3.h S.I:\1-,.7 6.7 6.1 S.H S.I:!4 "t·.3 B.9 7.2 A.7.-
'3 e.n 7.1-,t.l 1.f;I.e 1.j .4 1.:3 i •J 1.'1 '3.1 2.,3.1 11.b 13.4 9.4 9.~A.J 4.'1 ;>.7 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.-''.5.4 'I.A S.il ".0 tl.1J ".0 fl.f)s.II ':.4 J.':'1•-:i:'.,I....l'::;.Ii 3.1 3.ti 2.7 S.f.'.'1.9 Y.Lt 9.M 7.6 A.O 301
'i .9 J .1 1.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 1•J .9 1.3 l •.,u.<;r.j.d 3.h 6.3 S.iI 4.9 4.'1 S.8 4.:'4.5 5.4 4.5 2.-'I.R
"I •H .9 1.1 1•Il 2.2 2.2 1.3 J.1 c.c 7..,;>.7 c.c J.1 J.1 3./:)4.':i 6.3 99.':1 99.':1 4.5 4.9 6.7 6.3 ).6
'(I.H ??2.1 2.2 2.'7 4 .11 4.">J.ti ..!,.r,I....I:)7./1.1 I.R 2.2 2.7 J.1 3.6 1.6 4.0 4.0 7.7 2.7 3.6 3.I
f1 3.1 4.S 4.S 3.1':l.tI 2.2 3.6 3.6 't.'-J J.6 1.::1.3 2.2 I.R I •"I 1.3 101 1..3 2.2 2.-'13.8 H.9 9.4 A.9
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14 I.'3 <;.4 ':i.A 6.3 6.03 I)•'7 S.1:l h."::.4 ':i.R 5.p 4.Y 6.3 S.H b.1 4.S 6.'7 4.0 S.4 4.()3.6 4.5 3.(,2.2
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2(1 3.1-,?2 c.?1 "7.2 1•li I •.3 •oJ .9 1•r>1 .::I •'1 I.R 2.2 2.0
{2.7 l••S 11.6 9.,+6.1 4.0 3.I 1...0 4.5..
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I.e H.O R.S ~.4 2.7 2.(3d 1 .3 .,~.9 .'1 J •'l.d 3.1 3.6 3.6 i'.7 2.??-,1•H 1 '1 1• 3 2.?3d 3.1.~
?l f:•I)if).7 tI.5 S.I'J.I 2.2 7..7 .4 .Y •'1 1•'1.3 I.H 2.2 2.7 3.1 ,~• 0 4.0 3.b 3."4.')3.1 2.2 2.2
24 2.7 -,.?':i.A 2.1 3.1 2.7 3.1 2.7 2.2 .4 1•]1•I:l 4.0 ':i.A 4.9 I •]l.r:-.1•.3 1.3 .9 .9 3.1 4.5 5.H
?S 5.4 l.j •n 4.9 if.5 2.1 .4 .9 1•1 ~• I <,.7 ?'?2.e 3.I J .1 3.1 J.1 301 .3 •1 2.7 I.il I.A 2.2 3.1 2.2
21->t'..f'1.A 1•f,i 2.7 1.8 .9 1.3 1.3 .9 1.3 1.3 I.H 2.7 2.7 3.1 3.6 2.7 I •.l 1.3 2.2 4.5 1•.3 3.l-:i 4.5
27 5.8 1;.7 p.n 7.f:.6.3 E-.3 '1.0 4.0 4.,>~-,.4 4.<;4.'-J 4.9 3.h 2.7 3.6 3.1i 3.6 4.0 3.1 2.2 4.5 3d 3.I
2f~3.6 4.5 4.'1 5."S.'"l...S if •~.,3."-:!•I 2.7 I.>'I.g 103 1.A 1•'1 2.~2.??2 l.i:I I.J 1.P 3.1 1.1<I •il
29 2.7 ??1•]2.2 <:.7 I.fl 1 .1:1 ) •H I .1 I .1 1.1l 2.2 2.7 1.A I.H 4.5 7.?S.il S.4 5.4 S.'+2.7 lhO 4.0
30 4.0 ??1.3 4.5 -'.f>1.6 I,.J 4.f)t:.7 J.l '~•1=-3.1 2.7 3.1 jd 4.5 0.3 A.O /'I.S i:l.0 fe.7 6.3 S.4 4.9
31 5.4 6.1 4.0 4.5 4.9 4.9 ].1 1.~l .3 -,.t'.,\.1 ~.~4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.1 1.6 1.11 2.2 I•il 4.0 5.4 5.4
-·Ui-il~~
TABLE C-23 (Concluded)
AUG 1977 ~I r~!n q,;FFlJ ("'.i).S.)
FNERGV rLJEL~.HANKSVILLE.UTAH
H<)U><OF Tril:DAY
CAY 01 0;>03 04 0""Of>07 (jH 0'1 II)II Ie 13 I'.15 If:>17 18 1'/2')2 I ?2 23 24
I 4.9 4.S II.')4.0 4.0 4.':>11.5 3.I ~.2 1.1 2.7 2.2 1.R ,l.1 c.7 2.7 3.I 1.1 2.e .4 1.A 4.0 4.5 4.0
2 ~.1 4.S 4.'1 4 t;;1 •j .'}.4 .9 ~.I 4.n ,)• I ?•I 2.?1.1'2.2 2.2 2.2 ??1.H 1.3 ;>.2 301 2.7 1.'1
3 I.:3 .CJ I.]1 •l'2.7 2.2 I.]1 •l ..~.0 4.5 l.t'4.0 4.0 1.n I.H 1.6 f>.:1 4.0 I.b 3.r 4.CI b."'h.7 2.2
4 l~.2 S.il t,•3 4.<;3.6 2.7 I •':l J.t').J.f:'.3.I l.~J.I 2.2 2.7 2.'7 2.2 2.?4.5 s.e '1.4 7.6 5.8 '1./:1 7.2
5 4.0 4.S (j.n 6.3 4 •~j J.I 2.c c.2 ::.)I •~1 •~.Y 1.3 1.3 1.A 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.I 4.0 2./2.2 2.7
I)I.Y 1.1 3.1 4.1)4.'-J 5.4 5.H S.H c.3 4.0 ].F I.H 1.3 .4 I.'l I •?4.0 S.4 l.b 4 t;;1,.5 i...5 4.9 5.R.-
'I 7.2 7.2 7.2.7.2 5.A 5.8 4.'-J S.t<, •I)S.Ll 4.<;4.Y 2.7 3.1 1.11 1.3 1.A "2.2 l.b 3.I 5.4 5.4 h.3 7.2
iJ 7.2 h.7 6.3 s.e 5.4 5.4 11.0 i..•s 4.0 2.2 1•::J.6 3.I 4.~j J.I :3.I 3.I .Y .Y J.J I.H 2.2 2.7 2.2
9 i'•1 2.7 c.2 J.I 3.I 3.I 2."1 I •3 ::• I .l.n 4.n ,+.5 4.9 ;>.7 .'/1.3 1 •fl I.H ?'/I •'!.'1 .'1 1.:1 I.R
10 1.8 :1.1 (.~•1 2.2 2.i 2.2 2./2.?J •H ,.,."/i••t1 J.n I.e 1.3 I.]2.2 I •J.\.9 .4 ...,.'1 .9 .9 I •'l
11 4.0 3.'1 £1.I')4 t;;5.'+S.H 4.U h.)e.9 H.n 4.~:3.I 1.H 1.I 3.'"?7 LR I.3 .4 .'1 LH 1 •,:l I.:3 2.?.-I?I .3 1 .1 c.2 1 .I!I .3 I.1i 2.2 I •~I.H 2.7 4.n ~).,Ij 4.0 3.I 1.t\2.'1 3.6 4.5 6.7 7.t 7.h 5.4 5.4 4.4
13 ~1.4 4.S II.'5 4.5 j.l 2.2 2.?J.6 ::.6 3.(,3.1 J.l 2.7 2.2 5."!4.9 ,\.1 1.R .Y I.P 2.2 2.2 2.7 1 •J.\
14 J .3 2.7 II.n 4.0 4.">2.1 ?-.2 I •.3 I.q 6.3 4 •~~2.2 1.3 2.2 3.6 H.">11.h R.Y 7.6 4.0 4.S 5.H 5.4 7.2
15 fi.O ,1.9 ,".0 7.2 S.H 5.4 4.5 J.f,3.f>4.')'3.I 4.5 ".2 S.n '3.\i'.7 1.I 2.7 ?7 .3.I I .3 1.3 2.?2.2
1/1 t:.7 I •>1 1."1 •3 .'/I •>j 1.i<1 •}3 1./1 1.8 1.0 .1.1 4.'1 S.'i lj.M i••q 4.q 4."J 4.0 2..7 1.3 .9 I.'3 1•1
I 7 .':i ?2 'I •...,4.0 t.~•~4.9 5.H S.>1 t::.i..ql..-J.g 4.1,:;~)•£+4.S :1.1 1.~2.7 301 ;:>.2 I.M 1.8 l.p 1•!'\I.J 2.2
1tl r •7 ? "i:'•i 3.I I .I:i 1.3 I •,I ...;.-1 I .1 .S 1 •:1 .'1 1.H 1 •'l 1.8 1.R 1.b I.H 5.£,3.1 2.1 2.7 1.Ii
14 I••5 4.9 2.2 2.J 4.il 3.6 3.1 I •II ' 1.3 ."1 •3 I.d 3.1 1.1,2.1 1.R 3.I J.I 2.7 2.2 I.e I.ti 2.2 2.2
20 ] •R 2.2 lot<2.2 1.11 3.()it.n S.H ::.4 5.4 I •/'l •H 1.3 I.M 2.2 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.1 1.8 1.8 I.e 1.3 2.2
21 I.R 2.7 c.2 I.A 2.'1 2.'I 2.2 ~).4 4.4 4.~-)(••5 J.h 3./1 '>.2 2.'1 2.t'1.3 1.6 3.I c.2 1.3 .9 1."l 2.l'
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2S 5.4 S.H 7.r,7.7:.h.3 5.8 ti.d h.7 I.n h.)-,•'?I.h H.'}7.6 tl.4 K.S fi.5 h.7 5.4 6.7 B.O 8.0 4.5 3.1'.
26 :.'.6 i+.n 2.'7 1.3 1.3 I.J 2.2 2.2 j •H .<.J .S .Y I.R 2.2 3.I J.1 9.4 9.4 9.4 g.,i 9.4 '1.4 10.3 8.9
'?7 i.'.9 7.2 4.9 2.1 £'.2 3.I 5.t!:;.1 r!.'-l H.Y P n "1.8 8.5 1.1 c.7 2.7 7.t-,10.3 g.4 i<t;;8.5 H.I)/1.0 6.7.'•J?R i.?A.f)Lj.n '1.1"e.">I.f:>t •':1 '1.2 ,:.(I H.()?7 ('.c 1.1'1 •I 1 •>l 3.1'>301 2.2 2.I 3.I 2.'7 I.B 2.2 2.2
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3\.9 1 •H 1.3 1 "I .Ii 2.2 2.2 £'.2 c.I i.1 (~•~·l s.r....':1.tj S.R 4.'1 it.5 3.6 3.h 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.7 I.J.-
APPENDIX D
VERTEBRATE SPECIES LIST
APPENDIX D
1VERTEBRATESPECIESLIST-
Scientific Name
AMPHIBIANS &REPTILES
Common Name
Potentially Present
B =Blanding,H =Hanksville
Order-Caudata-Salamanders
Family-Ambystomidae
Ambystoma tigrinum
Order-Anura-Frogs &Toads
Family-Pelobatidae
Scaphiopus intermontanus
Family-Bufonidae
Bufo woodhousei
Bufo punctatus
Family-Hylidae
Hyla arenicolor
Family -Ranidae
Rana pi.piens
Order-Squamata-
Lizards &Snakes
Family -Iguanidae
Crotaphytus collaris
C.wislizenii
Ffc>lbrookia maculata
Phrynosoma douglassi
Sceloporus graciosus
~.magister
S.undulatus
Urosaurus ornatus
Family-Teiidae
Uta stansburiana
Cnemidophorus velox
~tigris
Tiger Salamander
Great Basin Spadefoot
Woodhouse's Toad
Red Spotted Toad
Canyon Treefrog
Leopard Frog
Collared Lizard
Leopard Lizard
Lesser Earless Lizard
Short-Horned Lizard
Sagebrush Lizard
Desert Spiny Lizard
Eastern Fence Lizard
Tree Lizard
Side-Blotched Lizard
Plateau Whiptail
Western Whiptail
B
B.H
B,H
B
B
B
B
B,H
B
B.H
B,H
B
B,H
B.H
B.H
B
B.H
Scientific Name
Family-Colubridae
Hypsiglena torguata
Masticophis taeniatus
pituophis melanoleucas
Thamnophis elegans
Family-Crotalidae
Crotalus viridis
BIRDS
Order-Anseriformes-Waterfowl
Family-Anatidae-Swans,Geese,
Ducks
Common Name
Night Snake
Striped Whipsnake
Gopher Snake
Western Terrestrial
Garter Snake
Western Rattlesnake
B
Potentially Present
Blanding,H =Hanksville
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
Anas platyrhynchos
Anas strepera
Anas acuta
Anas crecca
Anas discors
Anas americana
Anas clypeata
Aythya americana
Aythya valisineria
Aythya affinis
Mergus serrator
Order-Falconiformes-Vultures,
Hawks,Kites,Falcons,and
Eagles
Family-Cathartidae-American
Vultures
Cathartes aura·
Family Accipitridae-Kites,
Hawks,Eagles and Harriers
Buteo jamaicensis
Buteo lagopus
Buteo swainsoni
Buteo regalis
Aquila chrysaetos
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Circus cyaneus
Mallard
Gadwall
Pintail
Green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
American Widgeon
Northern Shoveler
Redhead
Canvasback
Lesser Scaup
Red-breasted Merganser
Turkey Vulture
Red-tailed Hawk
Rough-legged Hawk
SwainsonI s Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
Golden Eagle
Bald Eagle
Marsh Hawk (Harrier)
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
Scientific Name
Family-Falconidae-
Caracaras and Falcons
Falco mexicanus
Falco columbarius
Falco peregrinus
Falco sparverius
Order Galliformes-Grouse,
Pheasants,Ptarmigans,
Prairie Chickens,Quail,
and Turkeys
Family Tetraonidae-Grouse
and Ptarmigans
Centrocercus urophasianus
Phaisanus colchicus
Lophortyx gambelii
Callipepla squamata
Order Gruiformes-Cranes
Rails,and Allies
Family Rallidae-Rails,
Gallinules and Coots
Fulica americana
Order Charadriiformes-Shore-
birds,Gulls and Allies
Family Charadriidae-Plovers,
Turnstones and Surfbirds
Charadrius vociferus
Family Scolopacidae-Woodcock,
snipe and Sandpipers
Actitus macularia
Order Columbiformes-Pigeons
and Doves
Family Columbidae-Pigeons
and Doves
Coluba livia
Columba fasciata
Zenaida macroura
Order Strigiformes -Owls
Family.Tytonidae-Barn Owls
.:!.Y!£.a Iba
Common Name
Prairie Falcon
(Merlin)Pigeon Hawk
Peregrine Falcon
American Kestrel
Sage Grouse
Ring-necked Pheasant
Gambel's Quail
Scaled Quail
American Coot
Killdeer
Spotted Sandpiper
Rock Dove
Band-tailed Pigeon
Hourning Dove
Barn Owl
Potentially Present
B =Blanding,H =Hanksville
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
Scientific Name
Family Strigidae-Typical Owls
Otus asio
Bubo Vhiinianus
Speotyto cunicularia
Asio otus
~l~acadicus
Order Caprimulgiformes-
Goatsuckers
Family Caprimulgidae-
Goatsuckers
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
Chordelies minor
Order Apodiformes -Swifts
and Hummingbirds
Family Apodidae-Swifts
Aeronautes saxatalis
Family Trochilidae-Humming-
birds
Common Name
Screech Owl
Great Horned Owl
Burrowing Owl
Long-eared Owl
Saw-whet Owl
Poor-will
Common Nighthawk
White-throated Swift
Potentially Present
B =Blanding,H =Hanksville
B,H
B
H
B
B
B,H
B
B
Archilochus alexandri
Selasphorus rufus
Order Piciformes-Woodpeckers,
Flickers,and Sapsuckers
Family Picidae-Woodpeckers,
Flickers,and Sapsuckers
Colaptes auratus
Sphyrapicus varius
Dendrocopos villosus
Dendrocopos pubescens
Order Passeriformes-Perching
Birds
Family Tyrannidae-Tryant Fly-
catchers
Tyrannus verticalis
Tyrannus vociferans
Myiarchus cinerascens
Sayornis saya
Empidonax wrightii
Contopus sordidulus
Family Alaudidae-Larks
Balck-chinned Hummingbird
Rufous Hummingbird
Common Flicker
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker
Hairy Woodpecker
Downy Woodpecker
Western Kingbird
Cassin's Kingbird
Ash-throated Flycatcher
Say's Phoebe
Gray Flycatcher
Western Wood Pewee
B
B,H
B
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B
Scientific Name
Eremophila alpestris
Family Hirundinidae-Swallows
Tachycineta thalassina
Riparia riparia
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis
Hirundo rustica
Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Family Corvidae-Jays,Magpies,
and Crows
Aphelocoma coerulescens
Pica pica
Corvus corax
~brachyrhynchos
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
Family Paridae-Chickadees,
Titmice,Verdins,
Part~gambeli
Parus inornatus
Psaltriparus minimus
Family Troglodytidae-Wrens
Thryomanes bewickii
Catherpes mexicanus
Salpinctes obsoletus
Family Mimidae-Mockingbirds
and Thrashers
Mimus polyglottos
Toxostoma bendirei
Oreoscoptes montanus
Family Turdidae-Thrushes,
Solitaires,and Bluebirds
Turdus migratorius
Sialia mexicana
~ra ~-;;rdes
Family Sylviidae-Arctic
Warblers,Kinglets,Gnat-
catchers
Regulus calendula
Polioptila caerulea
Common Name
Horned Lark
Violet-green Swallow
Bank Swallow
Rough-winged Swallow
Barn Swallow
Cliff Swallow
Scrub Jay
Black-billed Magpie
Common Raven
Common Crow
Pinyon Jay
Mountain Chickadee
Plain Titmouse
Bushtit
Bewick's Wren
Canyon Wren
Rock Wren
Mockingbird
Bendire's Thrasher
Sage Thrasher
American Robin
Western Bluebird
Mountain Bluebird
Ruby-crowned Kinglet
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher
B
Potentially Present
Blanding,H =Hanksville
B,H
B
B,H
B,H
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
H
B
B,H
B
B
B
B
B
Scientific Name
P.melanura
Family Motacillidae-Pipits
Anthus spinoletta
Family Laniidae-Shrikes
Lanius excubitor
Lanius ludovicianus
Family Sturnidae-Starlings
Sturnus vulgaris
Family Parulidae-Wood Warblers
Dendroica nigrescens
Dendroica coronata
auduboni
Family Ploceidae-Weaver Finchs
Passer domesticus
Family Icteridae-Meadowlarks,
Blackbirds,and Orioles
Sturnella neglecta
Agelaius phoeniceus
Icterus galbula
Eugphagus cyanocephalus
Molothrus ater
COIllIl1on Name
Black-tailed Gnat-
catcher
Water Pipit
Northern Shrike
Loggerhead Shrike
Starling
Black-Throated Gray
Warbler
Audubon's Warbler
House Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Red-winged Blackbird
Northern Oriole
Brewer's Blackbird
Brown-headed Cowbird
B
Potentially Present
Blanding,H Hanksville
B
H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
Family Fringillidae-Grosbeaks,
Sparrows,Finches and Buntings
Guiraca caerulea
Carpodacus mexicanus
Leucosticte tephrocotis
Spinus tristis
Chlorura chlorura
Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Spinus pinus
Passerculus sandwichensis
Pooecetes gramineus
Chondestes grammacus
Amphispiza bilineata
Amphispiza belli
Junco caniceps
Junco hyemalis oreganus
Spizella arbcrea
Blue Grosbeak
House Finch
Gray-crowned Rosy Finch
American Goldfinch
Green-tailed Towhee
Rufous-sided Towhee
Pine Siskin
Savannah Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Lark Sparrow
Black-throated Sparrow
Sage Sparrow
Gray-headed Junco
Oregon Junco
Tree Sparrow
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
Scientific Name Common Name B
Potentially Present
Blanding,H =Hanksville
Spizella passerina
Spizella breweri
Zonotrichia leucophrys
Melospiza lincolnii
Melospiza melodia
Order Insectivora-Insectivores
Family Soricidae-Shrews
Sorex merriami
~sorex crawfordi
Order Chiroptera-Bats
Family Vespertilionidae-
Plain-nose Bats
Myotis lucifugus
Myotis yumanensis
Myotis thysanodes
Lasionycteris noctivagans
Pipistrellus hesperus
Eptesicus fuscus
Lasiurus borealis
L.cinereus
Plecotis rafinesquei
Plecotis phyllotis
Euderma maculatum
Antrozous pallidus
Chipping Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
White-crowned Sparrow
Lincoln's Sparrow
Song Sparrow
Merriam Shrew
Desert Shrew
Little Brown Bat
Yuma Bat
Fringed Myotis
Silver-haired Bat
Western Pipistrelle Bat
Big Brown Bat
Red Bat
Hoary Bat
Western Long-eared Bat
Mexican Big-eared Bat
Spotted Bat
Pallid Bat
B
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
H
B,H
H
B,H
B
B,H
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B,H
Family Molossidae-Freetail Bats
Tadarida brasiliensis
Order Lagomorpha-Pikas,Hares,
Rabbits
Family Leporidae-Hares and
Rabbits
Lepus californicus
Sylvilagus audubonii
Order Rodentia-Rodents
Family Sciuridae-Squirrels,
Prairie Dogs
Cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis
Spermophilus spilosoma
Spermophilus variegatus
Ammospermophilus leucurus
Eutamias minimus
Eutamias dorsalis
Eutaminas quadrivittatus
Mexican Freetail ~at
Blacktail Jackrabbit
Desert Cottontail
Zuni Prairie Dog
Spotted Ground Squirrel
Rock Squirrel
Whitetail Antelope Squirrel
Least Chipmunk
cliff Chipmunk
Colorado Chipmunk
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B
B,H
B,H
B
B
Scientific Name Common Name B
Potentially Present
Blanding,H =Hanksville
Family Heteromyidae-Pocket
Mice,Kangaroo Mice and Kangaroo Rats
Perognathus flavus
Perognathus parvus
Dipodomys ordi
Dipodomys merriami
Family Cricetidae-Native Rats
and Mice
Reithrodontomys megalotis
Peromyscus crinitus
Peromyscus maniculatus
Peromyscus boylii
Permoyscus truei
Onychomys leucogaster
Neotoma mexicana
Neotoma lepida
Lagurus curtatus
Order Carnivora-Carnivores
Family Canidae-Foxes,Coyotes
Canis latrans
Vulpes·vulpes
Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Family Procyonidae-Racoons and
Ringtailed Cats
Bassariscus astutus
Family Mustelidae-Weasels,
Skunks,etc.
Mustela frenata
Taxidea taxus
Mephitis~itis
Spilogale putorius
Family Felidae-Cats
Lynx rufus
hITs concolor
Silky Pocket Mouse
Great Basin Pocket Mouse
Ord Kangaroo Rat
Merriam Kangaroo Rat
Western Harvest Mouse
Canyon Mouse
Deer Mouse
Brush Mouse
Pinyon Mouse
Northern Grasshopper Mouse
Mexican Wood Rat
Desert Wood Rat
Sagebrush Vole
Coyote
Red Fox
Gray Fox
Ringtailed Cat
Longtail Weasel
Badger
Striped Skunk
Spotted Skunk
Bobcat
Mountain Lion
B
H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B
B,H
B
H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B,H
B
B,H
B
Order Artiodactyla-Even-toed
Ungulates
Family Cervidae-Deer and Allies
Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer B
Scientific Name
Family Antilocapridae-Pronghorn
Antelope
Antilocapra americana
Common Name
Pronghorn Antelope
Potentially Present
B =Blanding,H =Hanksville
H
1 Derived from the following sources:
A.D.u.(1957)
Behle,et al.(1958)
Behle (1960)
Behle and Perry (1975)
Burt and Grossenheider (1964)
Durrant (1952)
Frischnecht (1975)
Ke lson (1951)
Legler (1963)
Pe terson (1961)
Robbins,et al.(1966)
Sparks (1974)
Stebbins (966)
Tanner (1975)
Woodbury (1931)
Woodbury and Russel,Jr.(1945)
APPENDIX E
RADIOLOGICAL DATA
~~~~~~_.__._-------
/'"'"
TABLE E-l
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF HELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM HELFASE RATE
PICOCURIFS/M**2 OF U 23A
DHY DEPOSITION
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF SSE AREASlM**?)
lMETERS)SErTOfl-SFGMFNT
150.8230.10723. 13561.6354.4355.10479.27502.307114..1767E+05
450.952.1267. 1599.762.11 01.1241.3235. 3642..5301E+05
681.428.577.729.350.504.571.1487.1678..4332E+05
805.312.422.533.257.370.420.1092.1234..2719E+05
9i:!9.239.325.411.199.286.326.848.'159..5910E+05
1609.90.124. 158.n.112.12B.336.381..7570E-06
2414.42.58.74.37.53.61.158.180..3'l06E+06
2919.30.42.53.26.38.44.114.130..6867E+01)
4023.17.24.31.15.22.26.67.77..2540E+07
5631.9.13.17.9.12.14.37.43..3558E+07
7241.6.8.11.6.O.9.24. 27..4575E+07
8849.4.6.8.4.6. 6.17.19..5592E+07
10458.3.4.6.3.4.5.13. 14..6608E+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW NI>I NNW CURIES DEPOSTTFO
WITHIN RADII
150.57789.11453.7049.271)2.3531.4247.7487.5704..31335E-02
450.6783.1355.B3'3.330.413.502.81'10.675..5190E-02
6Bl.3115.623.3B2.151.IB7.22fl.39Q.307..569BE-02
805.2288.458.280.Ill.137.166.2'll.224..5'l32E-02
929.17n.355.217.86.106.12B.224.172..6325E-02
1609.705.140.84.33.40.48.tl4.65..B?97E-02
241',•331.66.40.16. 19.23.39.31..8776E-02
2919.219.48.28.11 •13.16.2t:l.22..9382E-02
4023.141.28.17.7.8.9.16. 13..11)69E-Ol
5631.78.15.9.It.4.5.9.7..1171E-Ol
-/241.50.10.6.?.3.3.6.4..1;>55E-Ol
8849.35.7.4.2.2.2.4.3..132-'E-Ol
10458.26.5.3.1•1•2.3.2..1391E-Ol
TABLE E-2
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/M~~2 OF U 231'1
WET DEPOSITION-WASHCO'".100E-02 RAINE=.600E-Ol
SEnOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF SSE ARFASIM**?)
01ETERSl SECTOP-SEr,"'f=NT
150.917.1059.1240.50].646.639.1531.1651..1767E+05
450.272.320.375.153.193.191.455.491..5301F+05
681.165.197.230.94.118.116.21(.,•297..4332£+05
805.133.160.187.76.95.9'••223.240..2719E+05
929.11 o.133. 156.64.79.78.184.198..5910E+05
1609.49.62.73.30.36.35.83.89..7570E+06
2414.24.33.38.16. 18.lAo 41. 44..3906E+06
2919.17.23. 27.I 1•13.12.29.30..6R67E+06
4023.fl.12.14.6. 6.6.14.15..25401:+07
5631.3.6.6.3. 3.3.6.6..3558E+07
7241.1•3.3.1•1•1•3.3..4575E+07
8849.1•2.2.1•1•1•2.1..5592E+07
10458.O.1•1•O.O.O.1•1•.6(,08E+07
S SSW SW wsw W WNW N'~NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RADII
150.3121.726.535.240.322.472.824.609..26S7£-03
450.921.216.160.72.95.141.246.lA2..5034E-03
681.555.131.97.44.57.85.15().III •.6213£-03
005.446.106.79.35.46.69.121.90..0I'111E-03
929.368.88.65 •.29.38.57.100.74..78A8E-03
1609.162.40.30.13.17.26.45.34..1412£-022414.79.20.15.7.8.13.23.17..1573£-02
2919.53.14.11 •5.6.9.16.12..1170E-02
4023.25.7.5.2.3.4.8.6..2133E-02
5631.10.3.2.1•1•2.3.2..234AE-02
7241.4.1•1•O.O.1•1•1•.2479£-02
8849.2.1•1•O.O.O.1•I •.2560E-02
10458.1•O.O.O.O.O.O.O..2611E-02
';:}..;;,:,,"::.
TABLE E-3-
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIfORM RELEASE RATF
PICOCUHI[S/MUU~Of lJ 234
DRY DEPOS IT I ON
SECTOR
DISTANCE "I NNE tl:E ENE E ESE SE SSE AREAS (t~**?l
(METERS)Sfr:TOR-SFG"1fNT
150.B230.10723. 13561.6354.9354.10479.27502.30783..1767E-05
450.952.1267.1599.762.1101 •1241.1235.3642..5301£+05
681.428.577.729.350.~04.571.1487.167A..4332E+05
805.312.422.533.257.370.420.1092. 1234..2719E+05
929.239.325.411.199.286.326.848.95Q..5910E+05
1609.90.124.158.n.112. 128.336.3Al..7570E-06
2414.42.58.74.37.53.61.IS8.lAO..3906E+06
2919.30.42.53.26.38.44.114.130..6fl67E+Ob
'.023.17-24.31.15.22.26.67.77..251.OE+07
5631.9.13.17.9.12.14.37.43..3558E+07
7241.6.8.11 •6.A.9.24.27..4575£+07
8849.4.6.8.4.6.6.17. 19..,,921':+07
10458.3.4.6.3.4.5.13.14..6AOBF+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW "1,,/NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN IHDI I
150.57188.11453.7049.2762.3530.4246.7487.5704..3835F-02
450.6782.1355.833.330.413.502.880.675..5190E-02
681.3115.623.382.151.187.228.399.307..569AE-02
805.22A8.458.280.111.137.166.291. 224..5932E-02
929.1771.355.217.86.IDA.128.224.172..6325E-02
1609.705.140.84.33.4·0.4B.84.65..8297E-02
2414.331.66.40.16.19.23.39.31..8776E-02
2919.239.48.28.11 •13.16.211.22..93R2f-02
4023.141.28.17.7.8.9.U,.13..1069E-Ol
5631.78.15.9.4. 4.5.9.7..1171E-Ol
7241.50.10.6.2.3.3.6.4..12,)5E-Ol
8649.35.7.4.2.2.2.4.3..1327E-Ol
10458.26.5.3.1•1•c.3.2..1391E-01
TABLE E-4
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIfS/M**?OF U 234
WET DEPOSITION-WASHCO=.100E-02 RAINF=.6001"-01
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE IIRF liS (t~""?l
(METERS)SECTOR-SEGMFNT
150.917.1059.1240.503.6{~6 •639.1531.1651..1767E+05
450.272.320. 375.153.193.I'H.455.491..530110+05
681.165.197.230.94.lIB.116.276.297..4332E:+05
805.133.160.187.76.95.94.223.240..2719E+05
929.11 (1 •133.156.64.79.78.184.19B..59101"+05
1609.49.62.73.30.36.35.83.fl9..7570E+06
241<1..24.33.38.16.18.IH.41. 44..39061::+06
2919.17.23.27.11.13.12.29.30..6~67E+06
4023.8.12. 14.6.6.6.14.15..2540F.+07
5631.3.6.6.3. 3.3.6.6..::I<;56E+07
7241.1•3.3.1•1•1•3.3..4575E~07
8849.1•2.2.1•1•1 •2.1..';<;92E+07
10458.O.1•1 •O.O.o.1•1 •.6608E+07
S SSW SW WSW II'WNW NW NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RIIDII
150.3121.726.535.240.322.472.624.609..2657E-03
450.921.216.160.7?.95.141.246.lR2..5034[-03
661.555.131 •97 •44.57.85.150.Ill..6213E-03
805.446.106.79.35.46.69.121.90..6811E-03
929.368.88.65.29.38.57.100.74..7888E-03
1609.162.40.30.1.1.17.26.45.34..1412E-0?
2414.79.20.15.7.A.13.23.17..1573E-02
2919.53.14.11 •5.6.9.16.12..1170E-02
4023.25.7.5.2.3.4.B.6..2133E-02
5631.10.3.2.1•1•2.3.2..2348E-02
7241.4.1.1 •O.O.1•1 •1•.2479E-02
8849.2.1 •1•O.O.O.1 •1•.2560E-02
10458.1•O.O.O.O.O.O.o..2AIIE-02
(
TABLE E-5-
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATF
PICOCURIfS/M~~2 OF TH 230
DRY ,DEPOSITION
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE IH<FIIS(M~*?)
(METERS)SFeTOn-SEGMENT
150.796.1037.1311.614.905.1013.2660.2977•.1"767E·05
450.92.123.1'-,-74.106.120.313.352..5101E+05:.>::>.
681.41.56.70.34.49.55.144. 162..4332E+05
805.30.41.52.25.36.41.101i.119..2719£.05
929.23.31.40.19.28.31.82.93..5910E+05
1609.9.1.2.15.7.11 •12.32.37..7570E·06
2414.4.6.'7.4.5.6.1'-17..3906E+06).
2919.3.4.5.3.4.4.11. 13..6fl67f·06
'.023.2.2.3.1•2.2.6.7..2540E,·07
5631.1•1•2.1•1•1.'..4..355BE·07
7241.1•1•1•1.1•I •2.3..4575£+07
8849.o.1•1•o.1•1•2.2..5592£+07
10458.O.O.1•O.O.o.1•1•.660IlE·07
S SSW sw wsw W WNW I~W NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHPJ RMHI
150.55R8.11 08.682.267.341.411.724.552..3708£-03
450.656.131.81.32.40.49.85.65..5019E-03
681.301.60.37.15.18.22.39.30..5510E-03
805.221.44.2"7.11 •13.16.28.22..5736E-03
929.172.34.21.8.10.12.22.17..6117E-O]
1609.68.14.B.3.4.5.H.6..fl024E-03
2414.3;>.6.4.2.2.2.4.3..8486E-03
2919.23.5.3.1•1•2.3.;>..90'f3E-03
'f023.14.3.2.1•1•1•2.1•.1034E··0i:'
5631.Il.1•1.o.o.o.1•1•.1132E-02
7241.5.1•1•O.o. o.1•o..1213E-02
8849.3.1•O.o.o.o.o.0..1203E-02
10451l.3.1•o.o.O.o.O.O..1345E-02
TABLE E-6
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIfS/M**2 OF TH 230
WET DEPOSITION-WASHCO=.100E-02 RAINF=.MOf-O 1
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF:SSF.:/\flEAS (MlI*?)
(METERS)SF.:CTOR-SEGMENT
150.89.102.120.49.63.62.148.160..1767E<·05
450.26.31.36.15.19.18.44.47..5301E+05
681.16.19.22.9.11.11 •27.29..4332E+05
H05.13.15.lA.7.9.9.22.23..2719E+05
929.11 •13.15.6.8.8.18.19..5910E+05
1609.5.6.7.3. 3.3.A.9..7570E+06
2'114.2.3.4.2. 2.2.4.4..30 06E+06
2919.2.2.3.1•1•I •3.3..6867F.:+06
4023.1•1 •1 •1•1•1•1 •1•.25/,OE+07
5631.O.1 •1•O.o.o.1 •1..3558F.:+07
7241.O.O.O.O.O.o.O.O..4575E+{)7
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..5592E+07
10458.o.o.O.O.O.O.o.O..6608E+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RAnI I
150.302.70.52.23.31.46.BO.59..2569E-04
450.A9.21.15.7.9.14.24.18..41168E-04
681.54.13.9.4.6.H.14.11..6008F.:-04
805.43.10.8 •.3.4.7.12.9..65H7E-04
929.36.8.6.3.4.6.10.7..7628E-04
1609.16.4.3.1 •2.2.4.3..1365E-03
2414.8.2.1•1•1 •1•2.2..1521E-03
2919.5.1 •1 •o.1.1•2.1•.1711E-03
4023.2.1 •1 •O.O.O.1 •1•.2062E-03
5631.1•O.O.O.O.o.O.O..2271E-03
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..2397E-03
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..2475E-03
10458.O.O.O.O.O.o.O.O..2525E-03
,.,.;i'~.,;.'.;.,
TABLE E-7
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCUHIES/M~~2 OF HA 22h
DRY DEPOSITION
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF SSE ARF:AS(M~~?)
(METERS)SECTOfI-SEG'lFNT
150.398.SIB.655.307.452.5rl7•1329.148A..1767E·O<;
450.46.61.77.37.53.60.156.176..5101E·05
681.21.26.35.17.24.26.1'2.81..43321:·05
805.15.20.26.12.18.20.53.60..2719E·05
929.12.16.20.10.,14.16.41. 46..5910E·05
1609.4.6.B.4.5.6.lb.18..7570E·06
2'>14.2.3.4.2.3.3.A.9..39061:·06
2919.1 •2.3.1•2.2.h.6..6B67F..06
4023.1 •1 •1•1•1 •1•3.4..2540F.·07
5631.O.1 •1•O.1.1•2.2..3558F.·07
7241.O.O.1 •O.o.o.1•1•.4575E.07
6849.O.O.O.O.O.o.1•1•.5<;921:·07
1045B.O.O.O.O.o. o.1 •1•.6608E·07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW I\jW NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RAnI I
150.2793.554.341.134.171 •205.362.276..1854E-03
450.328.65.40.16.20.24.43.33..2510E-03
6Bl.151.30.18.7.9.11.1':1.15..2755E-03
605.Ill.22.14.5.7.8.14.11..2/168E-01
929.A6.17. 10.4.5.6.11.8..3058E-03
1609.34.7.4.2.2.2.4.3..4012E-03
2414.16.3.2.1 •1 •1•2.1..4243E-03
2919.12.2.1•1•1•1•1 •1..4536E-03
4023.7.1 •1.o.(I.o.1 •1•.5170E-03
5631.4.1.O.o.O.O.O.o..5661E-03
7241.2.O.o.(I.O.o.O.O..6066F-03
8A49.2.o.o.O.O.o.o.O..6416E-03
10458.1 •O.O.O.O.O.O.O..6723E-03
TABLE E-8
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/M**2 OF RA 226
WET DEPOSITION-WASHCO=.100E-02 RAINF=.600E-Ol
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE ARFAS(M**2)
(METERS)SECTOR-SEGMENT
150.44.51.60.24.31.31.1'...80..1767E+05
450.13.15.18.7.9.9.22. 24..5301E+05
681.8.10.11.5.6.6.13.14..4332E+05
805.6.9.9.4.5.5.11. 12..2719E+05
929.5.6.8.3.4.4.9.10..5910E+05
1609.2.3.4.1•2.2.'to 4..7570E+06
2414.1•2. 2.1•1•1•2.2..3906E+01'>
2919.1•1•1. 1.1•1•1 •1•.6H67E+06
4023.O.1•1•O.O.O.1•1•.2540E+07
5631.O.O.O.O.O.O.o.O..'1558E+07
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..4575E+07
8849.O.O.O.O.O.o.O.O..5592E+07
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..660I:3E+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW I\jl.'NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RADII
150.151.35.26.12. 16.23.40.29..1285F-04
450.45.10.B.3.5.7.12.9..2434E-04
681.27.6.5.2.3..4.7.5..3004E-04
B05.22.5.4.2. 2.3.6.4..3293E-04
929.18.4.3.1•2.3.5.4..J81l~E-04
1609.8.2.1•1•1•1•2.2..6826E-04
2414.4.1•1•O.O.1•1•1•.7':'05E-04
2919.3.1•1•O.O.O.1•1•.8556E-04
4023.1•O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1031E-03
5631.O.O.O.O.O.o.O.O..1135E-03
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..119AF.-03
BA49.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1238E-03
10',58.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..12f>2E-03
c.;·il'~H:·:
TABLE E-9
ACTIVITy DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD fOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/M**2 OF Pfl 210
DRY DEPOS IT ION
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE ARFAS(M**?)
(METERS)SECTOR-SEGMF.NT
150.389.506.641.300.442.495.1299.1454..1767£.05
450.45.60. 76.36.52.59.153.172..5301E+05
681.20.27.34.17.24.27.70. 79..4332E+05
805.15.20.25.12.17.20.52.58..2719F.+05
929.11.15.19.9.14.15.40.45..5910E+05
1609.4.6.7.4.5.6.16.lA..7570E+06
2414.2.3.3.2. 2.3.7.9..39116E+06
2919.1•2.3.1•2.2.s.6..61\671:.+06
4023.1•1•1•1•1•1•1.4..2540E+07
5631.o.1•1•O.1•I •2.2..3558F+07
72'.1 •O.O.1•O.O.o.1•1•.4575E+078849.O.O.O.O.O.O.1•1•.5592E+07
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.1•1•.6608E+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW N!4 NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN R.ADIIISO.2730.541.333•.130.167.201.354.269..1f154E-03
450.320.64.39.16.19.24.42.32..2510E-03
681.147.29.18.7.9.II •19.14..2755E-03805.108.22.13.5.6.8.14.11 •.2A6BE-03
929.84.17.10.4.5.6.11.8..3058E-03
1609.33.7.4.2.2.2.4.3..4012E-032414.16.3.2.1•1•I •2.1•.4243E-03
2919.11.2.1•1•1•1.1•1•.4536E-03
4023.7.1•1•O.O.o.1•1•.5170E-03
5631.4.1•O.O.O.o.O.O..5661E-03
7241.2.O.O.O.O.o.O.O..6066F-038849.2.O.O.o.O.o.O.o..6415E-0310458.1•O.O.O.O.o.O.O..6723E-03
TABLE E-IO
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT END OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/M**2 OF PA 210
WET DEPOSITION-WASHCO=.100E-02 RAINF=.600E-Ol
SE.CTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE 'if SSE ARFASP-1**?)
(METERS)SECTr)R-SF.:"'-1ENT
150.43.50. 59.24.31.30.72. 78..17f>7E+05
450.13.15.18.7.9.9.22.73..5301E+05
681.8.9.11 •4.6.5.13.14..4332E+05
805.6.fl.9.4.4.4.11.11..2719f+05
929.5.6.1.3.4. 4.9.9..SQl0F+05
1609.2.3.3.1•2. 2.4.4..1570E+06
2414.1•2.2.I •1•I •2.2..3906E+06
2919.1•I •1 •I •1•1•I •1•.6867E+06
4023.O.1•1.O.O.O.1•1•.2540E+07
5631.O.O.O.O.O.o.o.O..3'>58E+01
7241.O.O.O.O.O.o.u.O..4575[+07
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..55921;:+01
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..6608E+07
5 SSW Sw WSW W WNW NW NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RllflI I
150.147.34.25.11.15.22.39.29..12R5F.-04
450.44.10.8.3.4.7.12.9..2434F.-04
681.26.6.5.2.3.4.7.5..3004E-04
805.21.5.4.2. 2.3.6.4..32931:-04
929.17.4.3.1 •2.3.5.4..3814E-04
1609.8.2.1 •1•1 •1•2.2..6826E-·04
2414.4.1 •1 •O.O.1•1 •1•.7605E-04
2919.3.1•1 •O.O.O.1•1•.855"E-04
4023.1 •O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1031E-03
5631.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1135E-03
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1198E-03
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.U.O..123RE-03
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..12h2E-03
(
\
TABLE E-ll
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT ENO OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIfORM ~ELEASE RATE
PICOCURIES/M~~2 OF PO 210
OI~Y DEPOS IT I ON
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF SSE ARFAS(....~~?)
(METERS)SECTOP-SEGMFNT
150.142.IH5.233.109.161.180.473.530..1767£+05
450.16.22.28.13.19.21.56.63..5301E+05
6Hl.7.10.13.6.9.10.26.29..4332E+05
805.5.7.9.4.6.7.19.21..2719£+05
929.4.6.7.3.5.6.I">.17..5cH OE+05
1609.2.2.3.1•2.2.6.7..7570[+06
2414.1•1•1•1•1•1•3.3..3406£+06
2919.1•1•1•O.1•1•2.2..6867£+06
4023.O.O.1•o.O.O.1•1•.2540E+07
5631.O.O.O.O.O.O.1•1•.3558£+07
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..4575E+07
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..5592E+07
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..6608E+07
S SSW SW WSW W WNW Ni~NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
wITHIIIJ RADII
150.995.197.121'.i.e.61.73.129.9B..IH54£-03
450.11 7.23.14.6.7•.9.I">.12..2510E-03
681.54.11.7.3.3.4.7.5..2755£-03
805.39.8.5.2.2.3.5.4..28(,8£-03
929.31.6.4.1•2.2.4.3..30SAE-03
1609.12.2.1.1.1•1•1•1•.4012E-03
2414.6.1•1.O.o.O.1•1•.42431:-03
2919.4.1•O.O.o.o.O.O..4536E-03
4023.2.O.O.O.o.O.o.O..5170E-03
5631.1•O.O.O.O.O.O.O..5661E-03
7241.1•O.O.O.O.o.O.O..6066E-03
HH49.1•o.O.O.O.o.o.o..64151:-03
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.o.O..6723E-03
TABLE E-12
ACTIVITY DENSITY AT ENO OF RELEASE PERIOD FOR A UNIFORM RELEASE RATE
PICOCURIF.S/M**2 OF PO 210
wET DEPOS ITION-WASHCO=.100E-02 RAl'.JF=.600F.-Ol
SECTOR
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SF SSE ARFAS(M**?)
(METERS)SECTOR-SEGMFNT
150.16.18.21.9.11.11.26.28..1767E+O<;
450.5.6.6.3.3.3.8.8..5301E+05
681.3.3.4.2.2.2.S.5..4332E+05
805.2.3. 3.1 •2.2.4.4..27191:+05
929.2.2.3.1•1 •1•3.3..5910E+05
1609.1 •1•1 •1•1.1.1•2..7570[+06
2414.O.1 •1•O.O.O.1•1•.3906E+06
2919.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.1..6867E+06
4023.O.o.o. o.O.o.o.O..25401':+07
5631.O.O.O.O.O.o.o.o..3<;58E+07
7241.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..4575E+07
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..5592E+07
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..61'>08E+07
S ssw SW WSW W WNw NW NNW CURIES DEPOSITED
WITHIN RAOII
150.54.12.9.4.6.8.14.10..12A5E-04
450.16.4.3.1•2.2.4.3..2434E-04
681.10.2.2.1.1•1 •3.2..3004E-04
805.8.2.1.1•1•1 •2.2..3293E-04
929.6.2.1 "
1•1 •1•2.1•.3814E-04
1609.3.1.1•O.O.O.1 •1 •.6826E-04
2414.1 •O.O.O.O.O.O.O..71'>05E-04
2919.1•O.o.O.O.o.o.O..R556E-04
4023.O.O.O.O.O.O.II •O..1031E-03
5631.O.O.O.o.O.o.o.O..1135E-03
7241.O.O.O.O.O.o.o.O..1198E-03
8849.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1238E-03
10458.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O..1262E-03
TABLE E-13
DOSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RINGIMREMl
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE
150..4499E+Ol .5862E+Ol .1413E+Ol .3473E+Ol .5113E+Ol .5728E+Ol .1503E+02 .1683E+02
450..5205E·00 .6925E+00 .8739E+00 .4163£+00 .6016E+00 .6783E+OO .1768E+Ol .1991F+Ol
681..2342£+00 .3154£+00 .3983E+00 .1915E+00 .2755E+00 .3121E+00 .8126F+00 .9172E+00
805..170lIE+00 .2306E+00 .2913E+00 .14061:+00 .2021£+00 .2294£+00 .5970£+00 .I)745F+00
929..1307E+00 .1777E+00 .2248E+00 .1089E.+00 .1566E+00 .171:111:+00 .4637E+00 .5243F+001609..4902E-Ol .6761E-Ol .8617E-Ol .423SE..-Ol .6123E-Ol .7023E-Ol .1836E+00 .2091[+00
2414..2276E-Ol .3175E-Ol .4049E-Ol .2010E-Ol .2876E-Ol .3317E-Ol .0645E-Ol .9'3311£-01
2919..1620E-Ol .2272E-Ol .2903E-Ol .1448E-·Ol .2071E-Ol .2394F.-Ol .6243£-01 .71UI[-01
4023..9258E-02 .1310E-Ol .1680E-Ol .8447£-02 .1209£-01 .1405£-01 .31)69E-Ol .4190£-01
5631..5044E-02 .7204E-02 .9256E-02 .4694£-02 .6676F-02 .7£:101E-02 .2034£-01 .2330[-01
7241..3209£-02 .4617E-02 .5937E-02 .3030[-02 .4285£-02 .5027E-02 .1309[-01 .1503F.-01
8849..2268E-02 .3265E-02 .4193£-02 .2143F..-02 .3014E-02 .3541[-02 .9200E-02 .10513£-01
10458..1705E-02 .2451E-02 .3142E-02 .1606E-02 .2246E-02 .2643E-02 .6A51E-02 .7891E-02
DISTANCE S SSW SW WSW VI W~·..NW NN~I
150..3159E+02 .6261E+Ol .3853E+Ol .1510[+01 .1930E+Ol .2321E+Ol .4092E+Ol .311I1E+ol
450..3708[+01 .1407E+00 .4552£+00 .1805E+00 .2255£+00 .2746£+00 .4AI2E+00 .3090E+00
681..1703E+Ol .3405E+00 .2086£+00 .821:10[-01 .1024£+00 .1247E+00 .2181£+00 .11',77E·.OO
805..1251E+Ol .2501E+00 .•1529E+00 .60721:-01 .7483F-Ol .9099E-Ol .1591E+00 .1225£..00929..9716E+00 .1941E+00 .1184E+00 .4695E-Ol .5770E-Ol .6996E-Ol .1223E+OO .91125£-01
1609..3852E+00 .7638E-Ol .4602E-Ol .1812E-Ol .2207E-Ol .2630E-Ol .4602E-Ol .1S59[-01
2414..1012E+00 .3602E-Ol .2161E-Ol .8576E-02 .1029E-Ol 01232E-01 .2151£-01 .1669£-012919..1308E+00 .2598E-Ol .1553E-Ol .6165E-02 .1361F-02 .8782F.-02 .1534E-Ol .1192E-Ol4023..7692E-Ol .1522E-Ol .9030E-02 .3583E-02 .4244E-02 .5025F.:-02 .8779[-02 .1',837E-02
5631..4261E-01 .8435E-02 .4979E-02 .19/:l5E-02 .2322E-02 .2753E-02 .4fl05F-02 .3751E-027241..2740E-Ol .5428E-02 .3193E-02 .1279E-02 .1481E-02 .17591::-02 .3068F.-02 .2398F.-02
8849..1924E-01 .3820E-02 .2244E-02 .9059E-03 .1042F.:-02 .1245F.-02 .2172E-02 .1696E-02
10458..1432E-01 .2848£-02 .16"14E-02 .6803E-03 .77H4F-03 .9363E-03 .1635E-02 .1214E-02
TABLE E-14
DOSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE INDICATED SECTOR ANO ANNULAR RINGIMREM)
DISTAf\lCE
150.
450.
681.
1305.
929.
160Q.
2414.
2919.
4023.
5631.
7241.
8849.
10458.
DISTANCE
150.
450.
681.
805•.
929.
1609.
2414.
2919.
4023.
5631.
7241.
8849.
101.58.
N
.3158E+03
.3992E+02
.1863E+02
.1375E+U2
.1064E+02
.4059E+Ol
.2012E+Ol
.1460E+Ol
.8574E+00
.4940E+00
.3295E+00
.2419E+00
.1819E+00
S
.2218E+04
.295I3E+03
.1429E+03
•1071E+03
.8400E+02
.3386E+02
.1741E+02
.1287E+02
.1809E+Ol
.'.648E+Ol
.3116£+01
.2354E+Ol
.1840E+Ol
NNE
.4115E+03
.5296E+02
.2'.98E+02
.1852E+02
.1437E+02
.5551£+01
.2719E+Ol
.2025E+Ol
.1198E+Ol
.6952E+00
.4662E+00
.3424E+00
.2659E+00
SSW
.4395E+03
.5843E+02
.2813E+0?
.2105E+02
.1648E+02
.6590E+Ol
.3371E+Ol
.2485E+Ol
.1499E+Ol
.8814E+00
.6038E+00
.4462E+00
.3418E+00
NE
.5204E+03
.6737E+02
.3190E+02
.2369E+02
.1842E+02
.7119E+Ol
.3611E+Ol
.2640E+Ol
.1569E+Ol
.9159E+00
.6167E+00
.4536E+00
.3525E+00
SW
.2105E+03
.3565E+02
.1106E+02
.1272E+02
.9933E+Ol
.3926E+Ol
.1990E+Ol
'.1460E+Ol
.8739E+00
.5131E+00
.3469E+00
.2553E+00
.1984E+00
EfJE
.2438E+03
.3210F+02
.1534E+02
.1143E.+02
.8921E+Ol
.3520E+Ol
.178f:>E+Ol
.1311E+Ol
.1841£+00
.4610E+00
.3119E+00
.2297£+00
.1181E+00
wsw
.1060E+03
.1385E+02
.6584E+Ol
.4899E+Ol
.381SE+Ol
.1494E+Ol
.7539£+00
.5517F+00
.3281E+00
.1922~=+00
.1296E+00
.9536£-01
.1414E-Ol
[
.3590£+03
.4736£+02
.2272E+02
.1697£+02
.1326[+02
.52761':+01
.261:19E+Ol
.IQ79E+Ol
.1191E+Ol
.7031E+00
.4176E+00
.3528F.:+00
.2150E+00
'II
.1355E.+03
.1153E+02
.8300E+Ol
.6163E+Ol
.4792E+Ol
.1865£+01
.9362E+00
.6836E+00
.4051E+00
.2362E+00
.158lE+00
.1166E+00
.9053[-01
ESE
.4021E+03
.5349E+02
.2578E+1)2
.1930E+1I2
.1511[+02
.6058[+01
.3104£+01
.2290F+1)1
.138'.£+01
.8211E+00
.5595E+00
.4141E+00
.32321:+00
WNW
.1630E+03
.2078E+02
.9733E+Ol
.7192E+Ol
.5565E+Ol
.2122E+Ol
.1050E+Ol
.7601E+00
.4452E+00
.255I:>E+1)0
.1699E+00
.1742E+UO
.9611E-Ol
SE
.1055E+04
.1406E+03
.6191E+02
.5088£+02
.3989E+02
.1606F.+02
.8251E+Ol
.6097E+Ol
.3695E+Ol
.21Qf1E+Ol
.1501£+01
.1112E+Ol
.8692E+00
NW
.2873E+03
.3660E+02
.1714E+02
.1267E+02
.9808E+Ol
.3741E+Ol
.1857E+Ol
.1341E+Ol
.7902E+00
.4547E+00
.3029F.+00
.2219E+00
.1721E+00
SSE
.11RIE+04
.1519F+03
.7635E+02
.5724E+02
.4489E+02
.1f111E+02
.9320F.+Ol
./',897F+01
.41'l2E+Ol
.?491F+Ol
.170?f+01
.1262F+Ol
.9':l66E+00
NNW
.718Qf+03
.2fJ03F+02
.131hF+02
.973'7F+Ol
.15'.4E+0 1
.2891E+Ol
.1436E+Ol
.1043E+Ol
.6126E+00
.3530E+00
.2354E+00
.1723E+00
.1334E+00
TABLE E-lS
,.;,-~:;.:!:..
DOSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RINGIMREM)
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE
150..9479E+02 .1235E+03 .15621:+03 .73181:+02 .1077F.+03 .1207£+03 .3167E+03 .3545E+03
450..1097E+02 .1459E+02 .1841E+02 .8771E+Ol .1267E+02 .1429E+02 .3726E+02 .4195F+02
681..4935E+Ol .6645E+Ol .8392E+Ol .4035E+Ol .5805E+Ol .6575£+01 .1712E+02 .1932E+02
805..3589E+Ol .4858E+Ol .61381':+01 .2963E+Ol .425AF+Ol .4832F+Ol .1258F.+02 .1,.21F+02
929..2755E+Ol .3744E+Ol .,.736E+Ol .229':>E+Ol .3299E+Ol .37511':+01 .9769E+Ol .1105E+02
1609..1033E+Ol .1425E+Ol .1815E+Ol .8923E+00 .1290F+Ol .1480E+Ol .:Hl68E+Ol .4385E+Ol
2414..4794E+00 .6690E+00 .8530E+00 .4234E+00 .6060E+00 .6988£+00 .1821E+Ol .2073£+01
2919..3414E+00 .4787E+00 .6116E+00 .3050£+00 .4362E+00 .50451':+00 .1315E+Ol .1499E+Ol
4023..1951E+OO .2759E+00 .3539E+00 .1780£+00 .2547E+00 .2961E+OO .7731E+00 .8829E+00
5631..1063£+00 .1518E+00 .1950E+00 .9891E-Ol .1407E+00 .1644E+00 .4285E+00 .4909F+00
7241..6762E-Ol .9727E-Ol .1251E+00 .6385E-Ol .9028£-01 .1059£+00 .2757£+00 .3166E+00
8849..4780E-Ol .6879E-Ol .8833E-Ol .4<;16E-Ol .6350E-Ol .7461£-01 .1938E+00 .2230E+00
10458..3594E-Ol .5165E-Ol .6619E-Ol .3386E-Ol .4734E-Ol .556AF-Ol .1443E+00 .1663£+00
DISTANCE S ssw SW WSW VI WNW ~JW NNW
150..6656E+03 .1319E+03 .8119E+02 .3181E+02 .4066E+02 .4891£+02 .86221':+02 .6569E+02
450..7812E+02 .1561E+02 .9590E+Ol .38031':+01 .4752E+Ol .5785E+Ol .1014E+02 .7774E+rll
681..3588E+02 .7174E..Ol .43941':+01 .1744E+Ol .2158E+Ol .2627E+Ol .4596E+Ol .3534E+Ol
805..2635E+02 .52'70E+Ol .322210+01 .12791':+01 .1577E+Ol .1917E+Ol .3352E+Ol .2580E+Ol
929..2047E+02 .4089E+Ol .2494E+Ol .9891E+00 .1216E+Ol .1474£+01 .2577E+Ol .1986E+Ol
1609..8116E+Ol .1609E+Ol .9696E+00 .3817E+00 .4651E+00 .5541E+00 .9696£+00 .7499E+00
1-414..3817E+Ol .7588E+00 .4554E+00 .18071::+00 .2168E+00 .2595E+00 .4'531£+00 .3516E+00
2919..2756E+Ol .5473E+00 .3212E+00 .12'19£+00 .1551E+00 .18501::+00 .3231E+00 .2511E+00
4023..162IE+Ol .3207E+00 .1903E+00 •75lf9£-01 .8941E-Ol .1059E+00 .1'150£+00 .1440E+00
5631..8978E+00 .1777E+00 .1049E+00 .4105£-01 .4A94F-rll .5AOIE-Ol .1012£+00 .7903E-Ol
7241..5172E+00 .1144E+00 .6727E-Ol .2696E-Ol .3122E-Ol .37071::-01 .6464E-Ol .5055E-Ol
8849..4054E..00 .8048E-Ol .4730E-Ol .1.909E-Ol .2196£-01 .2624F-Ol .4578E-Ol .3574E-Ol
10458..3016E+00 .6001E-Ol .3528E-Ol .1434E-Ol .1641E-Ol .1974E-Ol .3446E-Ol .2685E-Ol
TABLE E-16
DOSE TO AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RINGCMREM)
DISTANCE N NNE NE ENE E ESE Sf.SSE
150..2594E+02 .3380E+02 .4275E+02 .2003£+02 .2949E+02 .3::103£+02 .8670E+02 .'H04E+02
450..3001E+Ol .3994E+Ol .5040E+Ol .2401E··Ol .3469£+01 .3912E+Ol .1020'0+02 .114/l'O+02
6f11..1351E+Ol .1819E+Ol .2297E+01 .110,,[+01 .1589E+Ol .1800F+Ol .4686E+01 .528910+01
805..9825E+00 .1330E+Ol .1680E+Ol .8111F+00 .1165E+Ol .1323E+Ol .3443'0+01 .3890E+Ol
929..7540E+00 .1025~:+01 .1296E+Ol .62131£+00 .9029E+00 .10271'"+01 .2674£+01 .3024£+01
1609..2827E+00 .3899E+00 .4969E+00 .2442E·00 .3531£+00 .'+050E+00 .1059[+01 .1200E+Ol
2414..1312E+00 .1031E+00 .2335E+00 .1159E+00 .1659E+00 .1913E+00 .49135E+00 .5673E+00
2919..9343E-Ol .1310E+00 .1674E+00 .8349E-Ol .1194E+00 .1381E+00 .3600E+00 .4103E+00
4023..5339E-Ol .7552E-Ol .9687E-Ol .4871E-Ol .6972E-Ol .8104'0-01 .2116E+00 .2417E+00
5631..2909E-Ol .4155E-Ol .5338E-Ol .270n-Ol .3850E-Ol .4499E-Ol .1173E+00 .1344E+00
7241..1851E-01 .2662E-Ol .3424E-Ol .1747[-01 .2471E-Ol .2fi99E-Ol .7547E-Ol .1\"66E-Ol
fi849..1308E-Ol .1883E-Ol .2418E-Ol .1236E-Ol .1738E-Ol .2042(-01 .5306E-Ol .6103F.-Ol
10458..9836E-02 .1414E-Ol .1812E-Ol .92671::-02 .1296E-Ol .1524E-Ol .3951E-01 .4551E-01
DISTANCE S SSW SW WSW W WNW N\oI NN\I'
150..1822E+03 .3611E+02 .2222E+02 .8708E+01 .1113E+02 .13391::+02 .23(-,OE+02 .1798F:+0?
450..2138E+02 .4271E+Ol .2625E+Ol .1041E+Ol .1301E+Ol .158/,[+01 .2775£+01 .212/l1':+01
681..9820E+Ol .1963E+Ol .1203E+Ol .4775E+00 .5908F.+00 .H90E+00 .1258E+01 .'1673£·>00
805..7213E+Ol .1442£+01 .81\20E+00 .3502E+00 .4315E+00 .5247E+00 .91751:+00 .7063E+00
qz9..5603E+Ol .1119E+Ol .6827E+00 .2707E+00 .3328E+00 .4034E+00 .7054E+00 .543<;E+00
1609..2221E+Ol .4405E+00 .2654E+00 .1045E+00 .1273E+00 .1517E+00 .2654[+00 .20S3E+00
2414..10',5E+Ol .2077E+00 .1246[+00 .4946£-01 .5935E-Ol .7102E-Ol .1240E+00 .9625E-Ol
2'119..7545E+00 .1498E+00 .8957£-01 .35551::-01 .4245E-Ol .5065E-Ol .8844E-Ol .6873E-01
4023..4436E+00 .a777E-Ol ~5208E-Ol .2066E-Ol .2447E-Ol .2898E-Ol .5063E-Ol .3943E-Ol
5631..2457E+00 .4864[-01 .2871E-Ol .1145E-Ol .1340E-Ol .1588E-Ol .2771E-Ol .2163E-Ol
7241..1580E+00 .3130[-01 .1841E-Ol .7380E-02 .1\546E-02 .1015E-01 .1769E-Ol .1384E-Ol
8049..1110E+OO .2203E-Ol .1295E-Ol .522I',E-02 .6012E-02 .7182F-02 .1253E-Ol .9783E-02
10458..8256E-Ol .1642E-Ol .9655E-02 .3925E-02 .4491E-02 .5402F.:-02 .9432F.:-02 .734QE-02
(o'
TABLE E-1?
'\
POPULATION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RINGIMAN-REMI
DIS N NNE NE ENE E ESE:SE SSE S SSW SW wsw W WNW NW NNW RUNNING
TOTAL
300.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
600.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
762.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00848.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.001010.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 n.oo2208.0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .002620.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00
3219.C.GO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .004827.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 G.OO 0.00 0.00 0.00 .006436.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .008045.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .009654..00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0111263.0.00 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
ISOTOPE CRT ORGAN DCF CURIES RELEASED DECAY CONSTANT DErON FACTOR
11/SEC!
U 238 Wf:!.1310E+06 .4550F..-Ol .487£-17 .100f+OlU234wB.1500E+06 .4550£,-0 I .fl90E-12 .100E+OlTH230wf:!.1470E+08 .4400£-02 .396E-12 .100E+Ol
RA 226 wB .2110E+08 .2200£-02 .19flE-I0 .100E+OlPB210Wf:!.1930E+06 .2200£-02 .151E-08 .100E+Ol
PO 210 WB .2220E+05 .2200E-02 .fl36E-07 .100E+Ol
TOTAL CI.=.1020£+00
TABLE E-18
POPULATION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RING(MAN-REM)
DIS N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SI>'WSW \oj WNW NW NNW RUNNING
TOTAL
300.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on 0.00 0.00 n.no 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
600.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on 0.00 0.00 o.on 0.00
762.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
B4B.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.Oll 0.00
1010.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.Oll 0.00
220B.0.00 .02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 .02
2620.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .02
3219.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 .02
4827.0.00 0.00 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 •a3
6436.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .05 .06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on .1c;
8045.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .04 .04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .23
9654..02 .03 .05 0.00 0.00 0.00 .06 .06 .12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .57
11263.0.00 .82 0.00 (J.OO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.39
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIDES ARE
ISOTOPE CRT ORGAN DCF CURIES RELEASED DECAY CONSTANT DECON FACTOR
II/SEC)
RN 222 LUNG .5450E+05 .1280E+03 .210E-05 .100E+Ol
U 238 LUNG .1060E+08 .4550E-Ol .487F.-17 .100f+Ol
U 234 LUNG .1210E+08 .4550E-01 .1l90F.-12 .100E+Ol
TH 230 LUNG .1440E+09 .4400E-02 .396E-12 .100E+Ol
RA 226 LUNG .2710E+08 .2200[-02 .198E-I0 .100E+Ol
PI3 210 LUNG .6090E+07 .2200E-02 .151E-08 .100f+Ol
PO 210 LUNG .7270E+07 .2200E-02 .836E-07 .100E+01
TOTAL CI.=.1281E+03
TABLE E-19
-"OS.,,,,:j;'.l
POPULATION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RING(MAN-RE~)
DIS N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S ssw sw wsw VI W~IW NW NNW RUNNING
TOTAL
300.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
600.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
762.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on
848.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no n.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no
1010.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on o.on 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2208.0.00 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01
2620.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0 1
3219.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01
4827.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0 1
6436.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .03
8045.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.on .05
9654..00 .01 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01 .01 .02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 •11
11263.0.00 .16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .27
THE CONTRIBUTING RADIONUCLIOES ARE
ISOTOPE CRT ORGAN nCF CURIES RELE(lSED DECAY CONSTANT OECON FACTOI~
(l/SF.:C)
lJ 238 BONE .2220E+07 .4550E-Ol .487E-17 .100E+Ol
U 234 BONE .2410E+07 .4550E-Ol .890E-12 .100[+01
TH 230 BONE .5300E+09 .4400£-02 .396£-12 .100[+01
RA 226 BONE .2900£+08 .2200£-02 .198£-10 .100F.+Ol
PB 210 BONE .6120E+07 .22001'.:-02 .151E-01l .100F.+Ol
PO 210 BONE .9190E+05 .2200E-02 .836£-07 .100F+Ol
TOTAL CI.::.1020E+00
TABLE E-20
POPULATION DOSE IN THE INDICATED SECTOR AND ANNULAR RINGIMAN-REM)
DIS N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S Ssw Sw WSw W WNW NW NNW RUNNING
TOTAL
300.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
600.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
762.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
848.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0,0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1010.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2208.0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00
2620.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00
3219.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00
4827.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.O!!.00
6436.0.00 0.00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 .01
8045.0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .01
9654..00 .00 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .00 .00 .01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .03
11263.0.00 .04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 .07
THE CONTRIBUTING RAOIONUCLIOES ARE
ISOTOPE CRT ORGAN DCF CURIES RELEASED DECAY CONSTANT DECON FACTOR
IlISEC)
U 238 KDNY .5050E+06 •'.550E-01 .487F.-17 .100E+Ol
U 234 KDNY .5770E+06 .4550E-Ol .890[-12 .100E+Ol
TH 230 KONY .1490E+09 .4400E-02 .396E-12 .100E+Ol
RA 226 KDNY :1570E+05 .2200E-02 .19fl[-10 .100F+Ol
PB 210 KDNY .4910E+07 .2200E-02 .151E-08 .100E+Ol
PO 210 KDNY .6il30E+06 .2200E-02 .836E-07 .100E+Ol
TOTAL CI.=.1020E+00
~~-(£7.~.:.:.".
TABLE E-21
PROBLEM SUMMARY
FACILITY PERIOD ENEI~GY
FROM TO (MWOlTH»
ENERGY FUELS MILLPOI/01/70 12/31174 -0.
MONTHS OF TOTAL TOTAL HOLOUP HEFF
OPERATION FREQUENCY POPULATION (DAYS)(METERS)
12.00 99.9 3636.0.0 O.
RADIONUCLIOE CONTRIBUTIONS TO POPULATION DOSES ARE
U 23/'l WB .00 MAN-REM
U 234 WB .00 MAN-RHI
TH 230 WS .01 MAN-REM
RA 226 WB .00 MAN-REM
PR 210 WB .00 MAN-REM
PO 210 WB .00 MAN-REM
RN 222 LUNG 1.21 MAN-REM
U 238 LUNG •OC;~1AN-REI~
U 234 LUNG .06 MAN-REr~
TH 230 LUNG .06 MAN-REM
RA 226 LUNG .01 MAN-REI~
PB 210 LUNG .00 MAN-REM
PO 210 LUNG .00 MAN-REM
U 238 BONE .01 MAN-REM
U 234 BONE .01 MAN-REM
TH 230 BONE .24 MAN-REM
RA 226 BONE .01 ~IAN-REM
PB 210 BONE .00 MAN-REM
PO 210 BONE .00 MAN-HEM
U 238 KDNY .00 MAN-REr~
U 234 KDNY .00 MAN-REM
TH 230 KDNY .07 MAN-REM
RA 226 KDNY .00 ~lAN-REM
PB 210 KDNY .00 MAN-REM
PO 210 KDNY .00 MAN-REM
TABLE E-22
PERCENT FREQUENCY FOR EACH SECTOR AND EACH WIND STABILITY CLASS
WIND FREQ IN PERC BY STA.CLASS FOR EACH SECTOR AND TOTAL FREQUENCY
OIR A B C 0 E F TOTAL
N .34 1~61 1.34 1.61 .24 •51~5.68
NNE .23 1~56 2.13 2.91 .52 .9/+8.29
NE .35 1~58 2.37 3.12 .80 1.35 9.57
ENE .10 ;40 '72 1.62 .40 .78 .4.02
E .07 ;47 .62 1.37 .56 1.36 4.45
ESE .02 ;20 .39 1.21 .B6 1.74 4.42
SE .03 ~28 .53 2.39 1.94 5.06 10.23
SSE 0.00 ;11 .31 1.78 2.33 5.97 10.50
S .03 ~28 .59 2.44 4.32 10.69 18.35
SSW .04 ;13 .'d 1.72 .89 1.69 4.8A
SW .03 ~28 ,;56 1.74 .40 .76 3.77
WSW .04 ;24 .25 .59 .12 .32 1.56
W .05 ~37 .37 .68 .11 .32 1.90
WNW .10 ~74 .79 .92 .16 .25 2.96
NW .18 1~51 h14 1.82 .23 .47 5.35
NNW .15 .90 1.01 1.40 .15 .39 4.00
TABLE E-23
,--;,t;'~~':':;.,';,,-::
MEAN WIND SPEED FOR EACH SECTRO AND EACH STABILITY CLA,SS
WIND'SPEEDS IN M/SEC BY STA.CLASS FOR EACH DIRECTION
DIR A B C 0 E F
N 2.20 2.40 3.30 3.30 3.10 l.flO
NNE 2.20 2.70 3.90 5.30 3.40 2.00
NE 2.30 2.90 4.00 5.00 3.60 2.00
ENE 2.40 3.00 4.40 5.00 '3.30 2.20
E 2.50 2.90 3.70 4.60 3.30 2.10
ESE 2.30 2.50 3,90 5.10 3.60 2.20
SE 2.10 2,80 4.00 5.60 3.70 2.20
SSE 0.00 2.70',3.80 5.10 3.30 2.30
5 1.80 2~10 '3.30 3.70 3.30 2.20
SSW 2.10 1.80 3.50 4.50 3.40 2.10
S\'I 1.90 '2,30 3.40 'te40 3.30 1.90
WSW 2.10 2.20 3.30 3 ..60 3.00 2.30
w 1.70 2.30 3.00 3.10 2.90 1.90
wr~w 2.20 2.50 3.10 3.00 3.30 2.00
NW 2.10 2.60 3~10 3.50 3.00 1.90
NN'N 2.30 2.60 3.20 3.40 2.90 2.00
,'_~~--,"':;.~:d
TABI~E E-24
CONCENTRATION OF AIRBORNE EFFLUENTS PER UNIT EMISSION
(Undep1eted and Undecayed X/Q (sec/m3»
':',\;f!:.'~~('·
DISTANCE (METERS)
DIR 404 1209 2414 4023 5632 7241 8849 10458
N .570E-05 .793E-06 .243E-06 .105E-06 .609E-07 .410E-07 .303E-07 .237E-07
NNE .753E-05 .108E-05 .335E-06 .146E-06 .855E-07 .578E-07 .428E-07 .334E-07
NE .959E-05 .139/::-05 .437E-06 .192E-06 .113E-06 .769E-07 .570E-07 .446E-07
ENE .456E-05 .677E-06 .216E-06 .957E-07 .568E-07 .388E-07 .288[-07 .225E-07
£.675E-05 .102E-05 .328E-06 .147E-06 .877E-07 .602E-07 .448E-07 .352E-07
ESE .762E-05 .116E-05 .379E-06 .171E-06 .102E-06 .705E-07 .526E-07 .414E-07
SE .201E-04 .309E-05 .101E-05 .457E-06 .275E-06 .190E-06 .142£-06 .112E-06
SSE .225E-04 .347E-05 .114E-05 .517E-06 .311E-06 .215E-06 .161E-06 .127E-06
S .422E-04 .651E-05 .214E-05 .968E-06 .583E-06 .403E-06 .301E-06 .237E-06
SSW .832E-05 .127E-05 .411E-06 .185E-06 .1l1E-06 .1fi1E-01 .567E-07 .445E-07
SW .508E-05 .758E-06 .242E-06 .107E-06 .638E-07 .436E-07 .323E-07 .253E-07wsw.197E-05 .288E-()6 .909E-07 .400E-07 .236E-07 .161E-01 .119E-07 .933E-08
W .•250E-05 .362E-06 .114E-06 .498E-07 .293E-07 .199[-07 .147E-07 .115E-07
WNW .295E-05 .413E-06 .126E-06 .539E-07 .312E-07 .209E-07 .154E-07 .120E-07
NY{.521[-05 .729E-06 .223E-06 .959E-07 .557E-01 .375E-07 .276E-07 .216E-07
NNW .398E-05 .562E-06 .173E-06 .743E-07 .432E-07 .291E-07 .214E-01 .107E-07
--------------------
APPENDIX F
SOILS INFO~~ATION
SOIL I~PPING UNIT AND SITE DESCRIPTIONS
MAPPING UNIT DESCRIPTION
BL-Ro:Badlands and Rock Outcrops
This land occurs on the west side or the Hanksville site.
It consists of barren badlands with sandstone and shale outcrops.It
occurs as sloping to very steep slopes with cliffs in some parts.It
has very little vegetation and is of little to no use for livestock.
This unit is not considered a soil as no soil has developed on these
slopes.The area is highly erosive,and runoff is extremely rapid.
This unit is called a land type,and thus,is not classified in
rangeland or soil groupings.
BLANDING SITE BnD-4
Name:Blanding silt loam Date Sampled:9-12-77
Location:Approximat~ly 2700'west and 600'north of
SW corner,Sec.21,T37~,R22E
PhysiogIE.Phic Position:.On the upper part of a sideslope,
just below the ridge1ine
Slope:5%NW facing Approximate Elevation:5670'msl
Taxonomic Class:Ustollic Raplargid,fine-silty.,mixed,mesic
Range.Site:
Vegetation:
Semi-c1esert loam
Mixed seeded grasses with about 10-20%
sagebrush
Draina$§.:Well.Effective Rooting Depth:>60 inches
Notes:Profiles #4 ana #9 were both sampled and described.
Profile #9 differed little from the above.The
UA1"horizon was ·an inch thicker and the "B2t"an
inch thinner.The "B2t"horizon is well developed
having 21%increase in clay content over the "A"
horizon.
Profile:BnD-4
Profile Description (Colors are for dry soii unless otherwise indicated):
Al horizon,a to 4 inches--Reddish brown (5YR 5/4)silt
loam,reddish brown "(5YR 4/4)when moist;moderate
medium platy s~ructure;soft,very friable,slightly
sticky,slightiy plastic;common fine roots;noncalcareous;
moderately alkaline (pH 7_9);clear smooth boun~ary.
B2t horizon,4 to 12 inches--Reddish brown (SYR ~/4)silty
clay loam;reddish brown (5YR 4/4 when moist;moderate
medium sUbangular blocky structure;slightly hard,friable,
slightly sticky,slightly plastic;few fine roots,thin
patchy clay films mainly around pores and bridging sand
g~ains;noncalcareous;moderately alkaline (pH 8.0);
gradual smooth-boundary.
CI horizon,12 to·40 inches--Light reddish brown (SYR 6/4)silty
clay loam:reddish brown (SYR 4/4)when moist;massive;
slightly hard,very friable,slightly sticky,slightly
plastic;very few fine roots;no clay films;noncalcareous
above 18 inches,moderately calcareous below 18 inches;
moderately alkaline (pH 8.5).
C2 horizon,40 to 50 inches--Reddish brown (5YR 5/4)silty clay
loam,reddish brown (5YR 4/4)when·mois~;massive;slightly
hard,very friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic;
moderately calcareous;strongly alkaline (pH 8.6).
HANKSVILLE SITE NsB-3
Name:Neskahi (Like)fine
sandy 19am·
Date Sampled:9-13-77
Location:Approximately 1810'east and 2420'south of
NW corner,Sec.36,T29S,RIlE
!h>-:siographic Position:.On a nearly level broad alluvial fan
Slope:2%NE facing Approximate Elevation:4830'msl
Taxonomic Class:Typic torrifluvent,coarse-loamy,mixed
calcareous,mesic
Range Site:Desert loam
yegetation:Mixed shadscale,greasewood,Mormon t~a,Russian
thistle,Indian ricegrass,snakeweed,galleta,
and other minor species
Drainage:Well·to excessive Effective Rooting Depth:>60 inches
Notes:This profile d~scription fits very 6lbsely profile~
#5 and #7 in addition.Parts of this unit have
been recently eroded with deep gullies.An
erosion p~vement is evident on parts of the unit.
Profile:NsB-3
Profile Description (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise indicated):
Cl horizon,0 to 5 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4)fine
sandy loam;brown (7~5YR 5/4)when moist;moderate
medium platy structur~;slightly hard,very friabl~,
non-sticky,non-plastic;few fine roots,moderately
calcareous;strongly alkaline (pH 8.9);gradual smooth
boundary.
C2Horizon,5 to 28 inches--Reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/5)fine
sandy loam;strong brown (7.5YR 5/5)when moist,slightly
hard,very friable,non-sticky,non-plastic;massive
.breaking to single grain;very few fine roots;moderately
calcareous;strongly alkaline (pH 8.7).
C3 horizon,28 to 38 inches--Pink (7.5YR 7/4)fine sandy loam;
brown (7.5YR ~/4)when moist;slightly hard,very friable,
non-sticky,non-plastic;massive;moderately calcareous
(weak zone of lime accumulation);moderately alkaline (pH 8.2).
C4 horizon,38 to 60 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4)fine sandy
loam;brown (7.5YR 5/4)when moist~slightly hard,very
friable,non-sticky,non-plastic;moderately calcareous;
moderately alkaline (pH 8.3).
HANKSVILLE SITE RIA-8
Name:Rairdent (Like)sandy
clay loam
Date Sampled:9-13-77
Location:Approximately 770'east and 2475'north of
SE corner,Sec.36,T29S,RIlE
Physiographic Position:Smooth valley floor--presently ponds
water after rains
Slope:Flat Approximate Elevation:4778'msl
Taxonomic Class:Cambic Gypsiorthid,fine-loamy,mixed,calcareous,
mesic
Range Site:
yegetatien:
Desert loam
Mi~ed Russian thistle,galleta,bucKwheat,and
other minor species
Drainage:Well to excessive Effective Rooting Depth:>60 inches
Notes:Profile #1 was "described in addition,artd was
very similar.
'Profile:RlA-8
Profile Description (Colors are for dry.soil unless otherwise indicated):
Cl horizon,0 to 4 inches-~Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4)
sandy clay loam;reddish brown (5YR 5/4)when moist;
moderate medium platy structure;slightly hard,firm,
sticky,plastic,common fine roots;vesicular pores,
moderately calcareous;strongly alkaline (pH 8.5).
C2 horizon,4 to 48 inches--Light reddish brown (5YR 6/4)
clay loam;reddish brown (5YR 5/4)when moist;massive,
slightly hard,friable,slightly sticky,slightly
plastic;no clay films;strongly calcareous;moderately
alkaline (pH 8.2);,c Iear smooth boundary.
C3cs horizon,48 to 54 inches--Pink (7.5YR 7/4)I~ne sandy
loam;light brown (7.5YR 6/4)when moist;accumulation of
gypsum;moderately alkaline (pH 8.~).
C4 horizon,54 to 60 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4)very
fine sandy lo~m;brown (7.5YR 5/4)when moist;moderately
alkaline (pH 8.2).
Name:
HANKSVILLE SITE
Rairdent (Like)fine
sandy loam
RsB-6
Date Sampled:9-13-77
Location:Approximately 1000'east and 600'south of NW
corner,Sec.36,T29S,RIIE
Physiographic Position:Old alluvial fan since eroded by gullies.
Slope:2%NE facing Approximate Elevation:4830'msl
Taxonomic Class:Cambic Gyps iorthid,fine-loamy,mixed,mesic
Range Site:Desert loam
Vegetation:Mixed shadscale,galleta,Mormon tea,snakeweed,
Russian thistle,Indian ricegrass,sage,and
other minor grasses.
Drainage:
Notes:
Well to excessive Effective Rooting Depth:>60 inches
Profile:RsB-6
Profile Description (Colors are for ~ry soil unless otherwise indicated):
Cl horizon,0 to 2 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4)fine sandy
loam;brown (7.5YR 5/4)when moist;moderate medium platy
structure;soft,very friable,slightly sticky,non-plastic;
few fine roots;moderately calcareous;moderately alkaline
(pH "8.0).
C2ca horizon,2 to 36 inches--Pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2)sandy
clay loam;brown (7.5YR 5/4)when moist;massive;slightl.y
hard,very friable,slightly sticky,slightly plastic;no
clay films;strongly calcareous;moderately alkaline (pH 8.1).
C3 horizon,36 to 50 inches--Light brown (7.5YR 6/4)sandy clay
loam;brown (7.5YR 5/4)when moist;massive;slightly hard,
very friable,.slightly sticky,ncn-plastic;moderately
calcareous;moderately alkaline (pH 8.4).
HANKSVILLE SITE SlBD-4
Name:Unnamed fine sandy loam Date Sampled:9-13-77
Location:Approximat~ly 1160'east and 880'north of
SW corner,Sec.36,T29S~RIlE
Physiographic Position:An old alluvial fan,since severely gullied.
Slope:4%NE facing Approximate Elevation:4850'msl
Taxonomic Class:Cambic Gypsiorthid,coarse loa¥lY,mixed,mesic.
Range Site:Desert loam
Yegetation:Mixed shadscale,galleta,Mormon tea,snakeweed,
Russian thistle,Indian ricegras~,sagebrush,and
other minor species
Drainage:Well to excessive Effective Rooting Depth:>60 inches
Notes:On this soil,erosion appears to have removed the
original 'surface and left the underlying gypsic
h~rizon exposed.This land is severely gullied
and the surface is covered with an erosion
pavement.
Profile:SlBD-4"
Profile Description (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise indicated):
elsc horizon,0 to 30 inches--Pinkish white (SYR 8/2)fine
sandy loam;pink (SYR 7/3)when moist;massive;hard,~ery
friable,slightly sticky,non-plastic;very few fine roots;
no clay films;moderately calcareous;strongly gypsiferous
with many gypsum crystals;moderately alkaline (pH 8.2).
e2 horizon,30 to 48 inches--Pink (SYR 7/3)sandy loam bordering
to loam;light reddish brown (5YR 6/4)when moist;slightly
hard,very friable,slightly sticky,non-plastic;no clay
films;moderately calcareous;no observable gypsum,
moderateli alkaline (pH 8.2).
RESULTS OF LABOR~TORY ANALYSES
AGRICULTURAL CO~Sl.;'·LTANTS INC
240 S FIRST AVE 1 PO 5~7 1 3Z3-659-2313
ERI GETON COLO RALO 82M~1
FOR:D&~ES ~MOORE 1 wALTER EPLEY
PROJECT:TOPSOIL 1 SOUTHERN UTAH S1 TES
DATE:09/23/77
E.C.-(1)FLECTRI C CONLUCTANCE 0 F SO I L .EXTRP.CT Mt-V CC
S.A.R.-(1)SODIU1 ADSORPTION RATIO
E3P~~1)FXCH SODlu~PERCENTAGE
EXCH NA-(1)EXCHANGEABLE SO C1 U11 t1EQ/100G
CEC-(3)CATION EXCHA~GE CAPACITY MEQ/leeG
N03-N-(::3)NI TRATE NI TROGEN PPt1
PHOS-(3)AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS
K-C3}AVAILAELE PO'T1=.SSrUt1 PPt·1
GYPSUM-(1)GYPSill1 %
OOM•..I....
EORmJ-(3)wATER SOL UELE EO RON ?Pi-l
SE-(3)WATER SOL UELE SELmI ill'!PPl'l
oc-(3)ORGANIC CARBON (WALKLEY-BLACK)
LM-~3)LIME <CAC03)%
SAT-(1)%WATER AT SOIL STAURATION
WHC1/3~(1)WATER HOLCING CAPACITY AT 1/3 EAR
wnC15-<I)wATER HOLCING CAPACIT{AT 15 EAR
TDCT-<2)TEXTURE CLASS
SN-<2)SAN D 0 R SANDY
51-(2)SILT OR SILTY
CL-(2)CLAY
REFERENCE:
(1)USCA HANDEOOK #6C
(2)~1ER SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY #9 PART 1
(3)N1ER SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY #9 PART 2
PAGE:1
SPNPLE BLANDING #4 0-4
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:
SQDIDr1
CALCIlJM
l1AGNESI tIM
PH <PASTE)
PH<!:S)
EC
SAR
CFG
~JC 3-N
:'ECS
GYPSUt1%
3C;RON
CC%
L!1%
%'JHC1/3
%lJHClS
SAT%·
TE<T
%5N
%51
%CL
PPM
69
74
32
7.4
T.-9
r';2
I",;7
e-"1
12~'8
1'"1
7"
15
198
0.15
Z"-3
~...~1
l2r,;6 3er.-3
17";7
10.....1
36"';e.
51 La
2i3
73
7
t1EQ/L
3.e
3'''7
2-'-7
PAGE:2
SAMPLE SL.o.N DIN G #LI 4-12
SATURATED SO TL
EXTRACT:PPM NEQ/L
SODlm1 43 1.9
CALCIUH 76 ~--av.v
NAGNESI Ut'1 33 2-';7
PE <PASTE)
PECI:5)
Ee·."
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
i~O 3-N
PrIOS
K
GYPSUN%
EORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%vmC1/3
%lvr:C15
SAT%
TEXT
~~5N
%51
%CL
7.6
Go-a
V.L'
Z''-S
1";0
0"-1
16~6
-"••ni£.••c
J.;-'
3
170
?.14
e"~5
?';e 1
Z-';S3
It;3
23~S
15"';1
49~Z
S1 C~LO
17
L19
34
PAGE:"v
SP1·1PLE ELF.NCIN G #4 18-40
SATURATED SO JL
EXTRACT:PPr1 r1EQ/L
SODIUM 53 2.3
':!CALCI UM 73 3-';6
MAGNESIOM 31 2°;6 :1 .
PH (PASTE)
PH <1 :5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%TJHC II 3
%\:..1HClS
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%51
%CL
8.£
S-';5
'if';7
1-';3
0';;1
15"-2-~r.-6
4--
2
162
Z.3!Z
l-"4
Z"'--!Z2
~r"42
2...--0
20-';8
12-';8
43-';7
51 CL:LO
8
Sq
36
PAGE:4
SAt1PLE:BLP.NI:ING #4 42-50
SATUP..ATED SO lL
E.XTRACT:
SODJ TIM
CALCIUH
t1AGNESI UH
PH CPASTE)
PEC"!:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPStJX%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM%
~n.J'HC 113
%1}!HC 15
SAT"'·
TEXT
%5N
%51
%CL
PPr1
llZl
73
31
8.1
8"-6
1°;2
2"-5
0""3
14"-9
2°;e
4'·
3
165
0.18
0";6
0";02
0"-32
2....1
18"."3
11".9
37".8
S1 Ct:LO
5
64
31
MFQ/L
4.4
3"'7
2:."6
,
PAGE:5
SAI'1PLE ELANGIN G #9 e-5
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:
SO DI Ul:1
CALCI UM
HAGNESI UH
PH <PASTE)
PH(l:5)
EG
SAR
E..XCH NA
GEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUN%
EORON
SE
OC%
U1%
%tJHG 1/:3
%W':{C15
SAT%'
TEXT
~SI
%CL
FPH
90
64
32
7.6
8"i 1
n··0r;,..,
2··~.'"0:;2
13";1
l"i8
6"
10
182
0.17
0-'-4
0.....02
3";53
e,;3
19';6
1f1";7
38"'7
5J U:r
3f
59
6
MEQ/L
3.9
3'';2
2";7
PAGE:6
SP-l'1PLE ELAN DING #9 5-12
SATURATED SOIL
E.XTRAGT:
SC'r;I 1J1,r
GALC}LJ11
MAGNESllJM
PH (PAST£)
PrIel:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH Nt.
GEe
ESP
NC3-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUt~%
:SO RON
SE
OC%
LM%
:,mHC II 3
%\JHC 15
SAT%'
TEXT
~~SN
%SJ
%CL
PPi'1
79
78
33
8.Z
8".-4
"'"0"'..
1"0.-
(2".2
1Z'.9.1-'-L;..,.-....
2
138
Z.18
C-';L;
rz..-e 1
0''-47
~r.;3
24-'-5
15'.2
45",;6
SJ LO
30
64
6
1·1 EQ/L
3.4
3'.9
2';7
PAGE:7
SANPLE ELAN LING #9 18-L;e
SATURATED SOIL
E.,"{TRACT:MEQ/L
sora ill1
CALCIUM
MAGNESI tJ!1
PH (PASTE)
PHe"1:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH Nil.
GEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
GYPSill'l%
EORON
Sf
OC%
LM%
%WHG1I3
%TJHG15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%5J
%GL
291
25
14
8.5
9~0
1~2
11-;5
1'"4
11'·.-9 .
II";5
4"
2
123
e.18
0~7
~r..e 1
e-;37
3-'-8
18~-5
10·...5
38"'-7
51 LO
27
64
9
12.6
1_-~.."
PAGE:8
SP..:."1PLE J3LANDJ NG #9 4e-50
SATURATE!)SOIL
£",<:TRACT:
SODI UM
CALCIUM
£1AGNESI UM
PH (PASTE)
PHC!:5)
EC·.
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPStJN%
EO RON
SE
OC%
Li1~~
%WHC1I3
%VJHGI5
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%SI
%CL
PPM
8.8
9-';2
1~0
1f!;';3.2-~e
15"';9
12-';5
5--
1
161
2.18
0~8
e~e:1
0~-26
1-';6
19-;5
1e-;5
38"~9
SI Cl;LO
4
67
29
t1EQ/L
9.8
""-·0"".,
~"';9
PAGE:9
SA"lPLE ELANDING #3 12:-5
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT;PPM t>1EQ/L
SODIUM 145 6.3
'c~CALCr U1vI 65 3'';2.~MAGNESIt11 34 2~8
PH <PA.STE)
PH <"1;5)
EC·--
SAP.
E.,'<CH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM%
:r..1HC 11 3
%iJHC 15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%S1
%CL
8.3
8';8
1"-4
3'';6,.,--,.,.~.•.J
8'';5
3-"6
1:.'-
9
174
0.212:e-.-3
rz~21
e'.;1:.2
6-;'-1
13'';8
8 ...1
25-';6
SN LO
61
21
18
-:
PAGE:1~
SAl:1PLE ELANDING #3 5-28
SATUBATEI:SOIL
EXTRACT:PPN t1EQ/L
SOD!llt1 150 6.5
CP.LCI UI"1 75 3';8
MAGNESIUM 34 2";8
PH (PASTE>
PH (1:5)
EC·-
SAR
E.."'<CH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PROS
K
GYPSUN%
BORON
SE
OC%
LH%
%'lJHC 1/3
%toJHC 15
SAT%.
TEXT
%SN
%SI
~~CL
S.l
S-;7
I";3
3~6
Qr;3
S-;5
L:.';'l
L.(-
2
182
~.29
r;;5
0".01
e,,;32
1'.2
13";6
8';7
26";6
SN LO
56
33
1 1
;:'~,PAGE:11
:~,
SAllPLE ELANI:1NG #3 28-38
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPt1 t1EQ/L
SODl UH 92 3.9
v CALcr tIN 499 24...9
MAGNESI Ut-1 152 12'~6
PH (PASTE)
PHC!:5)
EC
S,AR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GY?ST.JM %
BORON
SE
OC%
Li:1%
%WHC II 3
i.1ilHC 15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%51
%CL
7.2
8...2
4;2
0";9
eo,;1
8-';7
0...1r-
4
167
9.50
e-'-2
-0-';01
0"'';3 2
S·-t"'le.::.
15".;8
9'~8
32"-3
SN LO
61
23
16
PAGE':12
SAl1PLE BLANLIN G #3 38-60
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPM HEQ/L
SO r:;r t,JM 87 3.8
CALCl UM 573 28-;7
MAGNESI Ul1 282 ,..,.".c:c::.....,•...J
PH (PASTE>
PH(1:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHDS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
Lf1%
%",lHC 1/3
%\JHC15
SAT%'
TEXT
%5N
%51
%CL
7 ..4
8;3
5-'-4
(C."7rc.-1
7-'-9
Z-';1
1-'
2
,122
9.511l
e".-4
2'"02
rc.-26
8''-5
17-.-6
Ur'-7
35~'5
SN LO
55
34
11
PAGE:13
SAMPLE BLANr::ING #4 e-32
SATURATED SOIL
E.<'<TRACT:PPr1 t1EQ/L
SODltJr1 47 2.0
CALCI l.i11 528 26''-4
MAGNESI tJM 58 4';8 ''
PH (PASTE)
PH (1:5)
EC--'
SAR
EXCH NA
CEe
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUI1%
BORON
SE
OC%
LH%
%~'lHC 1/3
%WHC i 5
SAT%
TEXT
·%SN
%5J
7.3
8-;2
3';1
e-';5
Z".;1
s·;1
~~1
1"
136
.18.fH:l
~~-l
!:r.;;.n
"r.;32
5-'-3
23~8
13",;2
46...·7
SN UY
29
18
PAGE:14
S;;11PLE BLANDING #4 20-48
SA-TUMTED SO J.L
EXTRACT:
SODlli11
Cft.LCI UM
t-l,AGN ESI UH
PH (PASTE)
PH (!:5)
EC---
SAR
EXCH Nt.
CEe
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
}{
GY?SU1-1%
EORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%vJHC 113
%'HHC15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%SJ
%CL
PPM
107
597
26~
7.2
8-;2
6-'-5
e~9:z-;1
S~e'
0';1
I--
I
236
12.ee:
Z-;rz.I
7:;21
6~7
22-."3
14~3
J'"'-,0~.::.....
SN LIT
MEQ/L
4.7
"'0"0G4.....
ro ~.-')~w."""'"
PAGE:15
SAMPLE ELANDING #5 0-3
SATURATEr:.sOIL
E..-'<iRACT :
SOD1 UM
CALCIUM
MAGNESI ill1
PH (PASTE)
PH<I:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHO$
K
GYPSUt1%
EORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%WHC 1/3
%WHC 15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%S1
%CL
PPM
147
73
7.8
8",;4
I'"3
3';;6
0'';4
S'·':l...
iJ."..,.-""3'-
4
223
0.25
e'"1
(l"'~1
e'~37
4-":2
12'.-5
7"'4-
23-'-8
SN La
53
43
4
t1EQ/L
6.4.
~:.'7
"","~,..::..0
PAGE:16
S.Al'1PLE BLANI:IN G #5 3-12
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPM MEQ/L
SOD!TIM 119 5.2
CALCIUM 65 3~3
MAGNES!ill1 32 2";7
PH (PASTE)
PH(1:5)
EC---
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PBOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
r,r"rRv...,I~
Lr"l%
%W"rlC1I3
%\oJHC 15
SAT~-
TEXT
:tSN
%SI
:tCL
7.9
8;-6
1-':2
3".-13
10.-2
7.."8
3";1
2"·
1
175
0.23
1£.-3
0".e 1
0".-32
4"-5
13-'-e.
8-';13
25"",;'2
SN LO
76
11
13
/'PAGE:17
SAr1PLE ELANCING ...c:12-3e1r,.J
SATUR4TED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPN MEQ/L
SOmTJl.'-1 122 5.3
CALC!UM 78 "'-·0""..
MAGNESI ill1 32 2.7
PH (PASTE)
PHn:5)
EC--
SA8.
EXGH NA
GEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYP5UH%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%WEC 1/3 .
%WHCI5
SAT%
TEXT
%51"
~~SI
%CL
8.e
8-~7
r'-4
2";9
0"";3
8";6
3.3
3
157
Z.20
~"'-4
e".01
0'"';32
8-';2
15-';1
28-.·e·
SN La
52
31
11
PAGE:18
SA.MPLE BLANDING #5 30-42
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPM !1EQ/L
:~SCDIUl1 135 5.8
CP.LCI UM 567 28-.-3:1
l"lAGNESI UN 81Z 6-'-7
PH (PASTE)
PEn:5)
Ee
SAR
E.."{CH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
LM%
'~l;iHC 1/3
%vJHC 15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%S1
%CL
7.2
8";2
3-.-6
1-'-4
0~-1
7";6
tz".-g
3
189-
6.90
Z-';4e-.;e-l
0-'-26
7""3
14";3
·9";e
27-'-5
SN LO
71
22
7
~PAGE:19
SPJ<IPLE BLANDING #5 42-62
SATURATED SOIL
E.,'{TRACT:PPM t1EQ/L
SODI UH 190 8.3
CALCIUM 550 27",;5
MAGN ESI U"i!1 175 14'~6
PH <PASTE)
PHCl:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH N.t;
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM%
%t-lHC 113
%r"lHC15
SAT%-
TEXT
%SN
%51
%CL
7.2
8'~1
4"~6
1",;8
~r"l
7'..8
1_·c::.~
1-'
t
2lZlZ
5.20
0";4e-;z 1
0''-26
7,-.,....
12-.'8
6''-9
27";4
SN LU
59
37
4
PAGE:22
SP11P!...E BL.f.>..i"1DING #6 0-2
SATURATED SOIL
EJ"::TRACT:PPM t1EQlL
SOrJIUH 136 5.9
CALCIUM 572 28-;6
MAGNESI tJM 73 6~-1
PH <PASTE)
PH(1:5)
EC--
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PROS
K
GYPSDr1%
BORON
SE
OC%
LM'~
%i.J}IC 1/2
~~u.7P.C15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN%sr
%CL
7.0
8",;0
4-';2
1-';4
12-'-1
7",;7
0";8
2--
27
206
2.60
0";5
0-"01
2";42
7-';2
IS";4
10-'-0
31l-';2
SN LlJ
65
20
15
PAGE:21
SAJ:'lPLE BLANDING #6 2-36
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPM r1 EQ/L
SODIUM 57!?24.8
,~CP.LCI ill'!344 17"e 2
MAGNESI UM 208 1 .......,I •...,
PH (PASTE)
PHe!:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
GEC
ESP
N03-N
PEOS
K
GYPSUH%
BOHON
SE
OC%
LM%
%T1IHC 1/3
~~WHC15
SAT%
TEXT
%5N
%51
%CL
7.2
8";1
6-;2
6';e
0";8
12~-7
6-'-6
1--
I
345
14.02
.e-;4
0·..e2
0-;37
6.....2
25".:3
16~-:;
4S";6
SN CI.:LC
15
30
PAGE:22
SAMPLE ELAN DING #6 36.;.5e
SATURATEr SOIL
EXTRACT:
SO DI ill!
CJ.i.L CI ill1
N.A.GNESI UM
PH (PASTE)
PE Cl:5)
Ee'
SAR
EXCH Nt>
CEC
r~O 3-N
PROS
K
GYPSUN%
BORON
SE
OC%
LH%
%vmc 113
%'tJHC!5
SAT%.
TEXT
%SN
%S1
%CL
PPM
HZ9
562
178
7.5
S'';4
5";;4
1'';e
e',;1
13....4
Z-.;2
1--
271
7.7~.
2·.-1
-~'';e 1
e....32
7".-6
19·;6
1,....-c:::.:::.~
4"r;5
SN cr:LO
62
IS
2e
MEQ/L
4.7
2S~'1
14';8
PAGE:23
SAMPLE BLANDING #7 e-12
SATURATEr:SOIL
EXTRACT:PPt1 ~1 FQ/L
SODr 1J11 71 3.1~CALCI UN 521 26-.-0
t1AGNESI UM 199 16~6
PH (PASTE)
PH(l:S)
EC'
SAR
EXCH NA
CEe
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPStJM%
BORON
SE
OC%
LN~
%WC 1/3
%WC15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%sr
%CL
707
8·-c=•.,.J
5-'-0
0';7
0';1
8';~
0";13....·.
2
151
IZ.24
0~7er;e 1
0";37
8";1
16"'5H:-.-8
36"'6
SN LIJ
65
5
PAGE:24
SAMPLE BLANDING #7 12-46
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPM !1EQ/L
SODIUM 108 4.7
CALCIUM 77 3-°0.,
MAGNESIUt1 35 2--0.~
PH (PASTE)
PHel:5)
EC
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
Lt1%
%'tolHC1/3
%WHC15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%SI
%CL
7.4
S';1
1"~4
~'''5
0~2
8-.-5
~:t.-7
1°·
1
248
1.S0
0'';6
0-';01
0';21
S".-5-
11°';9
.7°';6
23'';2
SN LlJ
59
27
14
PAGE:25
SAt-1PLE BLANDING #8 0-4
SATURATED SO lL
EXTRACT:PPH !1EQ/L
SODIUH 93 4.Z
CALCIDr'j 567 28...·4
MAGNESI tn'-1 346 28';8
'.',,-
PH <PASTE)
PH<"1:5)
EC··-
SAR
EXCH r\]A
CEG
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUl1%
BOReN
SE
OC%
U1%
%'W"}IC 1/3
%'illiC15
SAT%
TE-{T
%SN
~'SI
%CL
7.6
8-....5
5";7
e".;s
.0".;1
12-....7
0"';1
4"
10
196
2.17
e;;7
-1/;·....21
e-.42
_8";5
17-;2
1fr.-e
37";6
SN ct:LO
6e
12
28
PAGE:26
SAr{PLE BLAND!NG #8 .4-48
SATURATE:C SO IL
EXTRACT:PPI1 1'1EQ/L
SO:C I m1 48 2.1
CALCI U!:·1 584 no--r."
<:.••G
MAGNESIUM 320 26";6
PH (PASTE)
PHC1:5)
EC".
SAR
EXCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PROS
K
GYPStJM%
BORON
SE
OC%
Ll1%
%irrrlC II ~
%wHCI5
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%51
%CL
7.3
8';;2
4-';8
e 4
0 1
!7-';5
e-.-1
2-'-
3
206
13.ee:-
-0-';9
-0",;01
0..'37
S'';0
20....6
12-';5
43'';8
CL LO"
42
26
32
PAGE:27
S.At1PLE BLA!"JGING #8 48-54
SATURATED SO IL
EXTRACT:PPM MEQ/L
J SOCI m·!771 33.5
~l CALCI t..'I1 49,3 24';6~t;MAGNESIUM 317 26·"4
PH (PASTE)
PHC!:5)
EC".
SAR
E.-XCH NA
CEe
ESP
N03-N
PliOS
K
GYPSUM%
BORON
SE
OC%
U1%
%w"'HC II 3
%wrlC15
SAT%
TEXT
%SN
%51
%CL
7.2
8....2
8';7
6....6
0-'-6
8
0
"47";6
190
•
1
114
.14.02
0-'-06
l:r;26
5"0",...-
18....9
12"'0
41-'-5
SN La
70
18
12
PAGE::28
SAl1PLE ELANLING #8 54-60
SATURATED SOIL
EXTRACT:PPt1 r1EQ/L
SODItI£'1 91 4.0
CALC1 UM 496 24"';8
MAGNESltJr1 339 28"-2
PH (PASTE)
PEcr:5)
EC'.
SAR
E.."'CCH NA
CEC
ESP
N03-N
PHOS
K
GYPSUM?.
SaRaN
SE
OC%
LM%
%'iJHCl/3
%'W'HC 15
SAT%.
TEXT
%5N
%51
%CL
7.3
8"'-2
6'";2
~",;'8
2";1
7'';8
~r.;1
41--.
1
III
.11.00
1"-0
3";16
e....32
6",;'4
26'~L;
16"-2
51",;'6
SN LV
60
28
12
PRlr-lARY DATA SUMr'1ARY:
COLljHN DESI GNATION:
1-DEPTH
~-PASTE PH
3~EC
4-SAR
5-LIr1E%
6-EORON
7-SELENI UH
8-SAT%
9-TEXTURE NUHERICAL EQUIVALENT:
••I=CL 2=$1 CL 3=SNCL 4=$J CLLO 5=eLLO 6=SNCLLO
••7=SILO 8=LO 9=SNLO 10=LO SN 11=$N 12=S1 13=FRE
TG-N03-N
11-?HOS
12-PO TASSI UN
13-GYPSilltl
SA1'IPLE:ELAN'DING #4
1 2 "'l 4 c::6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13w..-
e-4 7.4 1.:2 1.7 e.3 2.3 Z.01 36.2 7 ...15 198 tZ.2I
4-12 7";6 ~';8 1";0 Z"·"'l e--'"2';01 49.....e 4 4 3 170 ~r~1".......,...-
18';;'42 S"o"e:tr'-7 1"""'l 2·;2 2:'-4 2"~02 43";7 4 4 2 l62 e-.3....
l:Z-50 So;1 r;2 :2...·5 2';1 ~r.;6 e'';~2 37-;S 4 4 '")165 e-~2~.
St'l'lPLE:ELP-.NDJNG #9
1 2 "'l 4 5 6 7 8 9 Il-l 1 12 13'-'
0-5 7.6 f.9 2..3 0.3 ~.4 0.02 38.7 7 6 10 18~e.~
5-12 ~I"'·,..,(i'°·0 1'-0 eo -"'l z-.·4 fr;21 45';6 7 "'l 2 138 eo;~o.~_0.o •.......
18-43 S"c::1";2 11'''5 3-'-S tj;;7 z";e 1 38-'-7 7 4 n 123 i2r~2....e:.
4'2-50 8";8 1'.-0 Ie";3 1';6 Z';8 la-.'e-1 38-;9 4 5 161 ~.;';
SANPLE:ELANDJ NG J!."'lrr....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 11 12 13
0-5 8.3 1.4 3.6 6.1 0.3 e.!21 25.6 9 4 9 174 2.~
5-2S 8-'-1 r""'l 3-"6 7.....Z'";5 0-':01 26';6 9 4 r-182 .-]/""'l•w •e:..r::•Lo'.v
28-38 7""4",;2 Z";9 8-'-2 e";2 -";01 32"'-;;9 1 L;167 O'-C:;..::.••oJ
38-60 7";4 5''-4 Z-;7 S'·c:;2';4 lif.-Z2 35-;5 9 1 2 122 0'c::.oJ ,.~
SAt--lPLE:EL?.."Ir::I N G liL:,.
1 2 '1 4 5 t:.7 8 9 12 1 1 12 13...'"'0-30 7.3 3.1 0.5 5.3 e.I e:.!Z1 46.7 9 1 1 1"'l{:.18.Z"''''32-48 7";3 6"':-~-;g 6''-7 0-;5 .e-;01 42-'-9 9 1 1 226 12·...09""
Sf>..NPLE:ELAJ,\jD1.NG #5
1 2 3 4 ::;6 7 3 9 12 11 12 12
0-3 7.8 1.3 3.E 4.2 2.1 Z.21 23.8 9 :::4 223 (.2
3-12 7"0 1";2 3-.-e 4-.-5 C-:'""'l z,,;e 1 r.c:.~-1"'1 9 I"'<I 175 e'.;2° "
""....~_.c::...G
12-30 8";0 1-'-4 2"0 8';2 2-'-4 e';z 1 28';6 S'2 .,157 0·...2.,...
30-42 7';2 ::r.-6 I";L;7"'l 0";4 ~r.;z1 27.....5 9 1 3 JaS'..'-0....c.,
42-6Z 7.....4';6 1'';8 7"'")~r.;4 z.....z 1 27"-4 9 1 !2ze c:;........G ....._.e:.
SAt1PLE:BLANJ:;ING #6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ie 1 1 12 13
0-2 7.'2 4.2 1.4 7.2 e.::;2.Z 1 =;e.2 9 2 27 2/jO.I'.2.6~...
2-36 1'.2 6'.-2 6-'-!Z 6--1"'<e-.-4 z·-'",.,L:,.8""6 6 1 1 345 14'~eet:.•;(G
36-50 1';5 5-.-4 1"";0 7-'-6 2-'-1 -";01 42"-5 6 3 271 1';7
SP11PLE:ELP.NDING #7
1 ..,~4 5 6 7 8 9 lQ'11 12 12'"'-'
2-12 7.7 5.0 0.7 g.1 0.7 2.01 36.6 9 ~2 t c::,e.2v.-'...
12';'46 7""4 I'';4 2'';5 t:'''''''-Qr,;6 rr·-47 ,.2 ""-".....1 24[;1-'-S....::J j(;.I(;;~."j.c..~
SA."1PLE:BLANI:J.NG #8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 It?11 12 13
0-4 7.6 5.7 e.8 8.5 0.7 -.121 37.6 6 4 10 196 e.2
4-48 7-.-3 4.-8 0'.-4 8."(2 ,r';9 --.-ell 43'''8 5 2 3 206 t2....0
48-54 7....2 8'';7 6....6 5'';5 0-'-9 er,;e6 41-'-5 9 19 1 1.14 14".10
54-610 7-·~6-'-2 0"';8 6-';4 l-.-e ~r,;16 51-'-6 9 41 1 111 11-'-12.....
-------~--~
APPENDIX G
SOUND
large.
G-l
APPENDIX G
SOUND
This appendix contains a description of nomenclature and instru-
mentation used in data acquisition and data analysis,and detailed
results of the background ambient sound level survey.
G.l NOMENCLATURE
The range of sound pressures that can be heard by humans ~s very
This range varies from two ten-thousand-millionths (2 x 10-10)
of an atmosphere for sounds barely audible to humans to two thousandths
-3(2 x 10 )of an atmosphere for sounds which are so loud as to be
painful.The decibel notation system is used to present sound levels
over this wide physical range.Essentially,the decibel system com-
presses this range to a workable range using logarithms.It is defined
as:
Sound pressure level in decibels (dB)=20 LoglO
w~ere P is a reference sound pressure required foro
(L)Po
a minimum sensation
of hearing.Zero decibels is assigned to this m~n~rnum level and 140
decibels to sound which is painful.Thus a range of more than one
million is expressed on a scale of zero to 140.P is the measured sound
pressure.
The human ear does not perceive sounds at low frequencies in the
same manner as those at higher frequencies.Sounds of equal intensity at
G-2
low frequency do not seem as loud as those at higher frequencies.The
A-weighting network is provided in sound analysis systems to simulate the
human ear.A-weighted sound levels are expressed in units known as
decibels (dB).These levels in dB are used by the engineer to evaluate
hearing damage risk (OSHA)or community annoyance impact.
are also used in federal,state and local noise ordinances.
These values
Sound ~s not constant ~n time.Statistical analysis is used to
describe the temporal distribution of sound and to compute single number
descriptors for the time-varying sound.
tistical A-weighted sound levels:
This report contains the s ta-
L This is the sound level exceeded x%of the time duringx
the measurement period.For example:
This is the sound level exceeded 90 percent of time
during the measurement period and is often used to
represent the "residual"sound level.
This ~s the sound level exceeded 50 percent of the
time during the measurement period and is used to
represent the "median"sound level..
L 10 -This is the sound level exceeded 10 percent of the
time during the measurement period and is often used
to repres ent the "intrusive"sound level.
L This is the equivalent steady sound level which provideseq
an equal amount of acoustic energy as the time varying
sound.
Ld Average sound level,Leq,for the daytime period (0700-2200)
only.
Ln
G-3
Average sound level,Leq ,for the nighttime period (2200-0700)
only.
Day/night average sound level,defined as:
Ld/lO (Ln+lO)/lO
Ldn =10 Log lO [(15xlO +9xlO )/24]
Note:A 10 dB correction factor is added to the nighttime
sound level.
G.2 DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
This section describes the instrumentation,data acquisition and
analysis of the ambient sound survey conducted at the proposed mine site.
The d ..~.ata acqu~s~t~on system consists of a GenRad omnidirectional
one-inch electret condenser microphone with windscreen,a GenRad Type
1933 Sound Level Meter and Octave Band Analyzer,and a Nagra 4.2L single
track magnetic tape recorder.The GenRad Type 1933 Sound Level Meter and
Octave Band Analyzer was used as a linear amplifier and step attenuator.
Ambient sound was recorded on Scotch 177 magnetic tape.The data acquis-
ition system is shown schematically in Figure A-I.
The above system was calibrated before each recording by means
of a reference signal at 1000 Hertz of 114 dB generated by a GenRad Type
1652A Sound Level Calibrator.
G-4
The microphone was mounted on a tripod four feet above the ground
surface and at least ten feet from any sizable sound reflecting surfaces
in order to avoid major interference with sound propagation.
Most recordings of the background ambient sound were 15 minutes 1n
length.However,if a large number of intrusions,such as aircraft
over-flights or wind induced system overloads,occurred,the measurement
period was extended.
Meteorological parameters such as wet bulb and dry bulb temperature,
barometric pressure,and wind speed and direction were noted during each
recording period.If high relative humidity (over 9Q~cent)or exces-
S1ve wind speed (over six meters per second)occurred during the measure-
ment period,the recording session was terminated.The tape recorded
data were returned to the acoustic laboratory at Dames &Moore for
analysis,using GenRad Real-Time Analyzer and a Digital Equipment
Corporation mini-computer shown schematically in Figure A-2.
During the recording sessions,any unusual intrusions,such as
wind pop over the microphone or clipping due to overloads,were noted by
the engineer monitoring the signal input to the tape.Such intrusions
are not characteristic of the acoustic environment,and are deleted
during the analysis phase.Each sample tape is used to obtain a cumu-
lative distribution of A-weighted sound levels.
G-5
l1IC30i'HONE o't):'
IB,·==~:,
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~--------...;
QC.u.ISl'_",:-CR
.A
..'I,,,,..,
I'
FIGURE A-,j DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
~EAL rr /1E
':''''AL'f:Eil OEC
1"01"...3
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~E'/EL
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ile:':OROEil
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FIGURE A~2 COMPUTER CONTROLLED DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM
G-6
TABLE A-I
METEOROLOGICJI.L DATA
DAYTIME
LOC.DATE TL11E TEMP (OC)HUM.(%)WIND SPEED (MiS)WIND DIRECTION
1 9-6-77 0915 23 34 0-1 Variable
2 9-6-77 1000 25 27 0-1 Variable
3 9-6-77 1040 28 27 4 South
4 9-6-77 1120 28 24 4 Variable
5 9-6-77 1445 35 9 0-2 (4.0 Gusts)Variable
6 9-7-77 1345 34 11 0-2 (3.6 Gusts)Variable
7 9-7-77 1440 38 9 0-2 (4.5 Gusts)Variable
8 9-8-77 1000 24 12 0.2 (3.6 Gusts)Variable
EVENING
1 9-6-77 2025 24 24 0-1 Variable
2 9-6-77 1950 26 18 0-1 Variable
3 9-6-77 1800 32 12 0-2 (4.5 Gusts)Variable
4 9-6-77 1835 32 12 3 Variable
5 9-6-77 1915 28 17 0-1 Variable
6 9-8-77 1800 33 13 3.5 (7.0 Gusts)North
7 9-8-77 1850 31 6 5 (7.0 Gusts)NorthI
8 9-8-77 1940 29 10 4 (5.0 Gusts)North
NIGHTTIME
1 9-7-77 0035 20 31 0-1 Variable
2 9-6-77 2355 22 24 0-1 Variable
3 9-6-77 2240 21 22 2 Variable
4 9-6-77 2200 23 22 0-1 variable
5 9-6-77 2320 18 30 0-1 variable
6 9-8-77 2200 24 13 0-1 Variable
7 9-8-77 2245 20 16 0-1 Variable
8 9-8-77 2330 20 20 0-1 Variable
G-7
G.3 RESULTS OF BACKGROUND AMBIENT SOUND LEVEL SURVEY
This section includes detailed results of the ambient sound level
survey conducted on and near the proposed Project sites during September
6-8,1977.Data were collected at eight locations shown on Figures I and
2 during daytime (0700-1800),evening (1800-2200)and nighttime (2200-
0700)periods.
Figures A-3 through A-26 contain an A-weighted sound level histo-
gram,indicating the number of times a particular sound level occurred
during the measurement period,and the cumulative distribution of the
A-weighted sound levels,indicating the percentage of time a sound level
is exceeded.
sound pres sure
Also included are the L90 , LSO ' LIO 'and Leq of the
levels at octave band center frequencies.Table A-I
presents a summary of the meteorological conditions during the measure-
ment periods.
G-8
FILE:UTAHI3:l.DA<
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Background Ambient Sound Level Data
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-G:
45
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1
09/06/77
0915
Location:
Date:
Time:
CUMULATIYE DISTRIBUTION
(~D E:.:CEEC'ED
95
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85
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Figure A-S
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE UTAH03.DR<
A-WT.SOUND LEYELS
Location:
Date:
Time:
3
09/06/77
1040
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EQUIYALENT SOUND LEVEL 46.5'DE:
CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
90
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75
7121
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-DB
44-
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FILE IJTRH04.DR<
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Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE UTAH04.DA<
A-WT.SOUND LEVELS
Location:
Date:
Time:
4
09/06/77
1120
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G-12
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Figure A-7
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE UTAHI)5.DAo(
R-WT.SOUND LEVELS
Location:
Date:
Time:
5
09/07/77
1445
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G-13
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Figure A-8
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
Location:6
Date:09/07/77
Time:1345
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-D2
CUMULATIVE DISTRI8UTION
25
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G-14
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09/07/77
1440
Figure A-9
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
Location:
Date:
Time:
75
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"'0 39
FILE UTAH:17.DA<
A-WT.SOUND LEVELS
G-15
FILE UTAH18.DR<
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
31.5
6~
:t25
250
513'3
1'3013
20013
40013
8t.313e
A-~.n.
LEG!
CoB
62.:2
56.:;
55.5
48,5
44.4
42.2
37.5
34.2::4
47.:3
L L L L L
HI 5~1 :;'13 :.:'5
67 52 40 1.7
5:?51-'52 5'-',"'-
57 46 4".1 40
50 ~::::::5 3:4
45 3:4 34 14
42 3:4 304-3:4
3:7 3:4 ::4 :4
34 3:4 3:4 :4-
3:4 14 14 ::4
4:?17 3:3:]::1:
Figure A-lO
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
:2
64
::4
::;5
3::::
55
4:!.
42
44-
46
4S'
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL-DB
8
09/08/77
1000
Location:
Date:
Time:
CUMULATIYE DISTRIBUTION
15
:1.10
5
E::<GEEI)ED
95
90
::l5
80.
75
70'
65
613
55
513
45
4-)
::5
:-0
25
2~1
(;~)
:1'*12I.:~:o,,:
*~.!~.:
**0.6 ~~
~.1.).3:;-:
*0.1;';
:;c ~1.3:;.~
*********************************************
*******:t=****************************:t::t:**:Lt5.7 ~~
*************S.J:~?***********:~**:~*6.3 ~
***************:t.:*f5.:3 /.
***************5.9 :0,,:
*************5.!~:
***********4.':'~1.
*********:~3.8 X
*:~*****:fc J:~
******=fr 2.t5 ~~
*****2.1 ;.;******2.J:/:*****2.1 r.
*****2.1 :0,,:
****1.::%
***i.!t-:
'i'**1.1 %
**0.7 ;~**Ii).::l;~
:te:+::+::1.;2 t~*13.4 ;~
***:1..3:Yo**13.5:0,,:**13.7 :0,,:
**e.7 ;~
QJ
>~47
"tl 48
c:49g5·)
rn 51
"tl 52~5~
Cl 54
'iii 55
::56~57
58
59
60
61
62
as ~'='
0..37
::l 33~39
~40..41
en 42
"tl 43
I 44
45
46
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
,,
G-16
~!LE UTAH10.DA
OCTAVE SANe,.
H2.
:::1..5
i25
25'3
5130
:1.'3(113
261313
46613
8~~~1I3
A-LH.
LEG!
Co!::
5:7..:1.
5:'.J
52.i
5'3.4
44.i
44.4
4'3
Z!.:::
26..::
59..::
L L L L L
5 H1 5€1 :?~1 :.:'5
57 55 52 45':.~
5:'~57 5e 45 4
-54 051 53:45',",.~
55 52 42 3:7 5
5(1 46 :1"9 36 5
5~1 46 3:6 ...;:..,:.2
45 3::'~::(1 28 7
3:7 ::2 N 24 4
27 25 24 24-4
56 52 44 40 0
FILE UTAH1"',DA
A-WT.SOUND LEVELS
:~*0.5 ~~
:«*;«:«;1 ~~
***.*******:.i Y
********************~***:t:~:**8.:~
***~***:~*******:~***~:k*~~!:f::~**:f:*:~~**~::k*~*~~.5 ,;
***~**********~~:*~~:*~:~**:~**:t::~**~:*:~*:t::~:~**:k:~:~12.~~~
********************:"*~:*:k:~**~*******:*~l~.:~
*******~***:~:~****»~~*****************le.7 ~
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-D8
4~1
40
4i
4i
42
42
42
43:
43:
44
44
45
45
46
47
CUMULATIVE DISTRl8UTION
75
(:0 E:-:CEEDED
?5
::<0
85
BiO
,"~1.:l.:..~
*'ll.i -,,."
**~*~***********~:**:~~*****~8 %
*****~*~**********~.4 ~
***~***~:~****:~~~:*4.~~
****~**~****~~~.1 ~
*~****~****3.1 ~
********2.4 i~**:.r.:t:***=.-=:2.2 i~
*******1.2 (:
*L).3:~.~
:+:*0.6 ~,~
***~1.7 ~.:
:«g.?i~
:4::«t1.4 ~.:
*0.J:~;**O.4 :.;
:+:0.:1.:..~
:+:~1.:l ;.~
:~~**i.:!..~
*****1.4 ~~****1.:1.;.~*****:1..3::.;**10,4 :~
3:7
::3
39
4~1
4:1.
42
til 4JCl.44::l
0 4S
N 46
\!:47
co 4:3
'0 49
50
51
«J 52>'='~IV .I~
..l 54
'0 55c:C'.::>-'I:>0 C;"(/)-,
'0 5:3
Q)55'
:.6<3CloSi
Q)623:
I ~J
«054
65
~6
t:,.{
05:3
69
7'3
71
EQUIYALENT SOUND LEYE~
G-17
FILE UTAH05',DA<
3:5 35
::>4-14
3:4 3:4-
3:4 14-
3:4 ::::-~
3:4 .N
14 14 ?
Figure A-12
Background Ambient Sound L~vel Data
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1,'5
63
:125
2513
513~)
Hl·)·3
201313
4.3013
:301313
A-WT,
LEQ
D8
54
513
65.5'
60
5:2.:3
52.6
47,:1
4:1.2
34.7
5:::.6
L
'5
57
54
6:::
61
56
c;-'.'(
51
4'"".35
61
L
HI
54
S~)
150
53
49
52
4>5
3::3
14
56
L
50
42
45
44
35
J:7
L L
95
3::::37
45 45
FILE UTAH05'.DA<
A-W~SOUND LEVELS Location:
Date:
Time:
2
09/06/77
1950
'"~).:1;1:;
**********"'*************:12 ~************************************************2:.:3 (~******************'~*******13:;-';*************i.2 %*********4.:2 0'.******2.:3 7~
:+::ofC=+:**2.2 t~
*0.1 ~~
'"~1,1 ;.-;
'"'<:1.:1 .,....
LE','EL-DE:SOUND Pf':ESSURE
:N
3:4-
J:S
::5
CUMULATIVE DISTRI8UTION
:13
25
20
:1.5
:1~1
'5
E:~CEEDED
95
913:;5
813
75
70
65
';0
55
5~
45
413
.:;~)
-1 ...,0.'_.i ,'.
2.:1 ~~
:2.1 (~
1.7 :"?
1.:3 (~
:1.6 %
:1..7 ~~
:1..:3 ~~
:1.:3 ~~
-a.S',/.
-a.:3 .,,".
f1.5 .,,'.
0.J:t'~
13.S .,...•
13.:1 .,.'.0.J:i:
0.,.,i:.;;.
0.,..,.~...:...
'0.J:;~
io').!.'.
0.1 :~
:1.2 ~~
13.7 (~
:1.:1 ~~
:1.;2 ~~
g :.?%
:1 (~
&21.:::;.-;
~.:3 ~.~
13.1 ;~e.J:~~
:1 r.
*******************"'**********'"'i<
****:-t=:te
*
'i<
*
**'"'"'"'"'"
*****
:1C**:+C
****~:tf**
************,"*********
33
:'4
35
36
."."....
<63
64
65
66
67
6:3
69
71.3
7:1
72
~..,,-'
74
75
76..,..,(,
7:3
79
80
8:1
]::3
::3
40
4:1
tOO 42
0..43
;44
CII 45
Q)46
.,47
~4:3
49
513
qt 5:1
~52~53
'tl 54
~;~
r.n 57-g 58
,..SS'
C;61)
Qi 61
;:62
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
G-18
FILE IJTAH06.DRo(
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
31.5
63
125
2513
51313
1BIZt0
213IZtI;
4131313
813013
A-WT.
LEQ
D8
62.:1.
48.7
49.9
40.7
35.:2
34.5
34.:1.
34
34
3::-.7
L
5
6:?
53
55
45
L L L L
1€i ~0 ~"t1I 95
t;6 49 42 41
5:1.46 45 45
53:4:3 42 41
43:3::::3:5 3:5
36 3:4 34 3A
3:4 3:4 3:4 3A
34 :N 3A 3:4
3A 3:4 !4 3:4
34 3:4 3A 3:4
42 3::::3:5 3:5
Figure A-13
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE IJTAH06.DA<
A-W~SOIJND LEVELS
Location:
Date:
Time:
3
09/06/77
1800
";;.t:.
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-DB
CUMULATIYE DISTRIBUTION
70
E:O<CEEDED
95
90
:::5
15
S5
51Zt
3:~".7'I::OE:45
4~3
35
313
25
213
*********~.J:~
************************9.4 {~
*****************************.****13.5 ~
********************************'''***:1.4.2 {~
**********************-,,*******12.:1.X
****************************************
'i'***************************:1.i..:1.::~************:~:~*:~**7 ~
*************5.:1.~
**********3.8 ~
***1.:1.%
-1<**1.:2 %**0.7 ~{**0.5 ::~*e.4 %
'"lJ.4 (~*1<1.:1.~
:4c 0.1 ~~*0.1 (~
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
34
3S
.$':0
37
38
Ql 3:9
>413Q)
....J 10 41
'0 a.4-'...
C ::l 43;,00CIl 44C/)45'0 ~46Ql
.r=CD 47
Cl '0 48
Ql 49~50I«51
52
G-19
FILE IJTAH07.CoA<
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1.5
:1.25
2513
51313
:1(1013
2ral)~3
4.31.313
8~31.313
A-I~T.
LEI;!
C'B
57.?
!5l..:1.
57.:1.
5:1..:?
44.6
35.2
34.:1.
34
47.7
L
5
15J:
57
~....'='...
56
49
44
37
3:4
:J:4
54
L L
1"-1 5@
62 5J:
54 47
57 45
49 37
44 3:4
4:1.34
35 :N
,:N :;:.4.
34 ::N
4'-'3::::,~
I L...
~;'13 ~~5
46 44
44 44
4.)4~)
35 35
N 34
:N ?4
::4 :N
3:4 14
34 3:4
::5 3:5
Figure A-14
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE UTAH07.DA<
A-W~SOUND LEVELS
Location:
Date:
Ti:ne:
4
09/06/77
1835
SOUND PRESSURE LE~EL-D8
CUMULATIVE DISTRI8UTION
55
513
45
40
~s
113
25
20
15
10
5
813
75
7et
65
60
EXCEEDED
95
::"13
85
****'i<1.4 "i,
=-te*0.(:"-'r,
*e..,.0'..>-,',
*""i<e.9 ;~
***13.9 Yo
*e.]:i~
**0.5 ,,:
*:j<*e.7 ",',
**0.5 0',',
:iC*0.4 Yo
*13.2 Yo
'"0.2 Yo
*e.2 Yo
'"0.:!.'.'i-
'"0.:1.Yo
*0.:!..,,',
"'*"'*"'***2.;2:-~****'i<************"'***********************:1.2.:::-:*:j<****'i<****************************************:1.4 ,:********************************************:!.3:Yo*'i"i'***"'*************************************:1.3:.l.:~********:~*****:.:********6.7 ~
:+C*:fC*:+t******:~:te*********15.5 i~
***************4.?~'i<**************4.1-~**"'**********3.8 Y.*********2.5 %******:1..8 r.:iI**:+:****2.3:i';
*:iC****:+C:te 2.2 t-;***'i<*:1..5 r.****1.2 ?:1c:.tc:;c e.7 .~:
37
34
35
36
3:3
<l:I 39
Q."H3
::l 41~42
43e44
ttl 45
'0 46
I 47
~4:3
:>49
~513
"0 51.
c:52g53
rn 54
"0 55~56.g,57
'Qj 58
~59
~60
6:1.
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL 47.7 DE:
G-20
FILE UTAHea.DA(
OCTAVE E:AND
HZ.
31.5
63
125
25~3
5.3121
113013
291313
40M
80.313
A-lH.
LEQ
DB
47.5
36.51
3Sl.7
29.7
27.5
26.3:
24.:I.
24.:I.
24.:I.
30.:3
L
'5
54
41
47
J:t5
3::2
JI!l
24
24
24
~.r;-
L L
'50
4:1.
J:5
3:1.
24
24
24
24
24
27
L
3:4
25
L
24-
24
24
24
24
Figure A-15
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FIL::IJTAH08.DA<
A-W~SOUND LEVELS
Location:
.Date:
TiJne:
5
09/06/77
1915
2:'~
27
27
27
26
....r:.::.••1
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-DB
CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
85
:313
75
70
65
6(1
55
5(1
45
4el
35
30
25
20
;15
;1(1
5
E:X:CEEDED
:?5
5113
(;~)
***************7.]::~
*************************************************24.2 ::~*"'********************************************22.':':';********:~********:~*9.5 X
*********4.4 ~**************6.:3 i:****~.****4.9 X*********4.4 ~*******!.J :-~*****"''''*3.SO .'.****1.:3:~******:J::..~****1..t5 ......**13.:3 :';**0.7 :~*0.2 ~~
'"0.3:X*0.:1.:.~
34
(l)35
;36
...J 37
"0 :~8§-'=I
o 4f.len4~-g 42
E 43E44
3 45
46
<47
4:3
49
513
25
III 26Q.27::I
0 28
N 251
~313:u!Xl 3:2"0
3J:
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL =3e.9 D8
G-21
FILE UTAH23.DR
54 54
51 5~
42 41
3:7 3:7
14 :N
1.4 1:4
3:4 :N
14 :::4
42 41
Figure A-16
Background Ambient Socnd Level Data
OCTAVE SAND
H2.
3:1.5
63
:125
250
500
:1000
21)00
4000
:31300
A-~H.
LEGI
D8
71.:1
6:1..4
57.$I
50.3
4$1.:3
43.4
3:3.:3
35.5'
34.3
51.2
L
5
78
67
63:
54
49
45
J::?
204-
34
53:
L
10
75
65
61
52
47
43:
27
::4-
?4
S:1..
L.
J:::-
L
Location:
Date:
Time:
L
6
09/08/77
1800
.c 157
68 :«0.:1..,.'.6:'~*a.;2 ~~
70 ,..0.:l.~~
71 *0.:l.,,;
72 *e.:1..,.-.
**~).5 '.'.'.
*0.;2 ~...;
:i'*13.S ~;
:«13.J:~
*0.;2 .,.'.
*0....,~""*13.~.,.-.
40
41
42
43
44
45
~46
::.47
o 48
N 49
!sa
aJ 51
'0 52
i 53
54
~55
~56
...J 57
-g 513
::I 59~60
'0 61
~62
~63
.-64
III "S3Q.
I 66
*:~********2.3 ~
*********:~*****'.**'I<**5.1 ~1.
**************:~:w:~:~*:~****:~6.i .~
.~****.**:~~**:~*:~***:~******:~:~:~:~*:~:~:~:~S.~~
******'~***'''******************************1€1.2 ~~***'~**:;C***************************************:11.5 :~
**'1<**************************************11<1.::~
.*:4C~*:+C****:t::*****:f(:t':******************'J ~
:te***=fC:te**************:te:t:******.::.:;l ~~
**********:te***:te:te********:t:**********:::.6 i~
**'1<***'1<*****************'''*******:1'*:::.4 ."1.
*******************~6 ~
*******:te******3:.3::..;:
****~*1.5 ~CUMIJLAT I '.,IE DI STR!BUT I ON>fI**121.7 ~:
***13.6 ~(~)EXCEEDED SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-D8
95 4:1
913 42
85 4~
80 41
75 44
70 44
65 45
60 45
55 46
50 46
45 47
40 47
35 48
30 49
25 49
20 50
15 50
10 5:1
'<--,;..'
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL =5~2 D8 5 53:
G-22
FILE IJTAH24.DA
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1..5
63
:125
250
5~30
H113e
2ee~:;
4eee
80130
A-WT.
LEQ
DE:
74
65.5
56.6
46.2
36.7
34
24
24:N
45.4
L
5
7121
61
5:1.
4:1.
34
34
:N
:3:4
50
L L L L
51!!~et :?5
73:'::7 64
64 57 50::
55 4':'40::'.'
44 3:7 J:6
3:5 3:4 3:4
3:4 :N 3:4
3:4 3:4 3:4
3:4 3:4 14
3:4 3:4-3:4
44 3:7 3:6
Figure A-17
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-DB
7
09/08!i7
1850
Location:
Date:
Time:
CUMULATIVE DISTRI8UTION
E;<CEEDED
95
9~:3.~""-"~.-'..**
**************3.4 ~*******************4.6 ::
******************4.4 ~
******************4.5 ~
*************************6.:2 :.~
*****************************7.3,:~~
*********************:~**6 ~**************~.*.~****~.**~••~~.***8.9 %
***********************************:::.6 ::
**********************************:::.5 ;~********************************.~*8.7 ~***********************••***~~.*7.9 %
******************************7.5 ~*******************4.7 ~
*********2.Z %
**'******;2~?,*****:1.:1 :.~
***13.':':~
*0.3::.~
****0.51 ;~*'1'****:1..5 :~
In 3:8
"'0 3:9
I 4~:;
4:1.
~:~
..J 44-g 45
:l 46~47
"'0 48
!49
~50
Q 5:1.
~52
I 53:
c:(54
to ~30.
::l 34
0 -co
N ~..-,
36
al 37..
:::5
80
EQIJIVALENT SOIJND LEVEL =45.4 DB 75
70
65
6(1
55
5~3
45
413::5
313
25
20
:1.5
:1.13
5
40
40
4:1.
4:2
43:
.p'
44
44
45
45
46
47
47
4:::
4'"
50
G-23
FILE UTAH25.DR
Figure A-18
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
OCTAVE SAND LEQ
HZ.D8
:a.5
63
:125
250
513~3
:1~31~lI3
2~3-aa
40100
:31211:30
A-WT.
58.1
55.4
49.7
47.9
42.::.0
30.3=
34.:1.
34
4 ·",~~..j
L
5
72
63:
6121
50
46
48
39
3:4
3:4
53:
L l L L
1121 50 9(1 95
7111 64 ...-55..){
t5i 5~54 53
55 46 41 4~
45 3:6 3:5 3:5
40 34 34 3:4
40 34 3:4-34
3:5 N 3:4-:3:4
34-3:4-3:4 3:4-
N 3A 3:4-:::4-
46 3.7 3:4 3:3
Location:
Date:
Time:
8
09/08/77
1940
J::::
3:7
]:7
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-D8
CUMULATIYE DrSTRr~JTrON
E~<:CEEDED
95
913
:35
80
75
713
65
613
55
50
45
413
35
313
25
213
15
110
5
~1.7 g,
fg
0...,g,...,-.
0.J:;-;
0.2 g,.'g
~).1 .,....
0.3:.,,"g
0.1 .~~
a.:2 ~;
0.1 ;~
0.1 g,....
~1.:l.g,."g
0.:l..fg
**
:~0.:l i:
**************************:::.-4-;-..:***********************************,t,***********,t<i5.:::";**********************************lL 1 ~***************************"~******lL 5 ~~*:'!'C********:ft*:+::te**:...***********:tc*10.2 ~:.
***********:+c***********7.6 ,;
~:fC*****:tc'***********:tc t:•.t,~~
*:~~***:.ac***:iC*:t:***O.4 ;~
***********3.4 ~
=-tr*:;r****:'fC:te 2.:3:,{
*********~8 %
******1.9 %****:1..3:i;"'****1.7;-":
**:iC 0.:3::<~~)
"'''''j<....:3:1.
:iC:....13.';~=
:iC*:;C 0.;~~~
***~.:3 ~.~
:it**0.g ,,:"'''':l<....:3";
:~*0.7 ~
**J<}.4 ~;
***J<}.S':1.
:iC:ote
!:tlj
67 '"68
69 *70 *71 '"7:2 ,j<
32
33
34
:5
36
'"37c.
~3:3
0 39C'II 4\3
oj)4:1.
;42
"'0 43
,44
45
oj)46~47
..J 48
"'0 49§5121
~51
-0 52
<»53
.t:54
CI 55
III;:56
I 57
<58
59
6121
61
62
63
64
65
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
G-24
FILE UTAH:1.S.DA<
OCTAVE BAND
H2.
3:1..5
63
12S
250
500
1\3013
213&313
4&3&313
8'.3130
A-WT.
LEQ
DS
4::'1
3::'1.5
45
35.5
42.::'I
43.5
313.4
24.1
25.7
46.4
L L
5 :1.121
S4 !52
43:42
51<1 4:::
41 J:$
47 46
48 47
33 !3:
24 24
27 25
51 5121
L L L
5121 90 95
4:3 44 44
38 ~t:.J:t5
44 39 3~~
3:3 3121 3:10
42 :H 34
42 3=:2 3:i!t
J:i!t 27 .•,~0<.1
24 24 24
204-24 24
45 ::;:7 3:7
Figure A-19
FILE UTAH:1.5.DA<
A-W~SOUND LEVELS
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
3:7
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL-[
1
09/07/77
0035
CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
Location:
Date:
Time:
E~";CEEDED
95
90
10
5
85
4':'.4 elE:::uj
75
70
65
6·3
55
513
45
40
35
::;:13
25
2iZ1
:15
*0.1 :~
****************4.e %***************************:::~~***********************1'5.7 i~~****************5 ~
*******1.:?:1.*"'*"''''*1.8 :~****'*****2.7 ;~
*********"'*******5..1 :.::************'lC********6.:2:'::****************************a 4 %********:lC**:lC*************************************************'''******7.5 :~*****************************:::.':;:'::**************************7.6 ~:*******************5.6 ~
***************4.4 %:+:******1.5':I.***121.7 /.*0.1 ~:
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
1'0~~~
N 37
CIl 38...39
~404:1.
42
Ql 43
~44
..J 45
"0 46
§47
048en4::'1a;50
.t:51
052
Gi 53S54
«
G-25
FILE UTAH14.DA<
FILE UTAH14.DA<
A-WT.SOUND L~YELS 2
09/06/77
2355
L L L L l,.
5 :1.iO 50 510 ~"5
56 S5 4:?40 3::::
56 52 45 41 .p'
5:3 5~1 :::::3:2 30
51 45 2:?25 25
4:':'45 27 N 24
4:,:43:24 24 24
43:3:6 24 :N 24
3:1 24 24-24 24
24 24 24 24 :N
54 49 3:1 25 :25
Figure A-20
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
LEQ
DB
3:6.7
29.:3
25
47.1
50.9
49.4
52.4
44.9
44.6
41.1
Location:
Date:
Time:
:i<*****'+C*******:+C************:1.121.';~~
*******************************************~********:~*4.!%
*****************1:<.'=',.~
25
26
27
28
:a.s
63
125
25-3
513'.3
1>3013
20'.30
4>3(1'.3
:3e-)0
A-lH.
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
~···I..:;~
z:::
26..,~
':'1
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL-D8
25
15
113
5
CUMULATIVE CISTRI8UTION
E)<CEEI)ED
515
9~'
85
:313
75
713
65
6>j
55
50
45
413
********J:.1.~~*******2.7 %
*********:+C***5.:2 .....
*************S.;2;~*******:te:te:tt**4.6 ~~
*******2.:3 (~
*******=te**2.:3 ~
:+:*****2.:1.~;(~~)
*******:2.7 i';
*******2.15 ~~
*****1.:S ~
****:1..4:'-;
:;;"***'+C*2.2 ,'.
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***1~}
:+c**1.2 ;~
*1.3.J:;.~
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**0.7 :.-;*13.4 :::*:,,*1.2;:;
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**0.5:::*13.:l.;~
3'.3
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32
~37
3:3~39
I 4'.3
41
-;42
~41
..J 44
"0 45
§46
047
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~52
I 53
c(54
55
56
57
58
59
60
051
62 :<k
63 :iC
0.:2 to;
1.3.2 ~~
64
65 *
66 'Ie
1.3.:1.~:
.,.:l.;~
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL =47.1 D8
G-26
FIl.E UTAH:l.2.DRo(
54
45
48
3:9
43:
42
31
30
25
46
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
J:l..5
6:?:
125
2513
5~J0
113013
213136
413~3~J
8~30~3
A-WT.
l.EG!
D8
48.2
39
40.8
3:2.1
35
3:4.5
26.1
24.5
3::3.2
l.
5
L
10
53:
42
404
3:7
413
3:9
28
2Si
24
44
l.l.L
5i!t ~"13 95
44-3:3:31
3:1$3:5 35
35 ]~12f 2:'~
26 25 25
24 24-24
24 24-24
24-24 24-
2:3 27 27
24 ;24-24-
3::2 JI2t 29
Figure A-21
Background Ambient Souna Le~el Data
FIl.E UTAHi2.DAo(
A-~H.SOUND l.EVEl.S Location:
Date:
Time:
3
09/06/77
2240
44-
46
,..,......
3:2
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-D8
25
20
15
1121
5
EXCEEI)EC'
95
913
85
813
75
76
6S
6~3
55
513
45
4121
3:5
(;.~)
*
*********2.3 ~,.;***1.4 :~
:;c:.+:**~.6 ~--:*",****2.6 :1.****1.7 :'<*****2.2 ~~*********4?%****1.7 ~**e.:.:;r ~~**:1 ~...:**'3.::;':1.*0.4:";
:«~.5 ;;-:
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,.,~1.2 ~?
**************6.7 ~1.
********************9.9 ~
****************************13:.6 :::***,.,*************************************213.4 /:********************10 X CUMULATIYE DISTRIBUTION*************e·.~·i';*~*******4.2 ~
******3:%*****2.3::.-.:
54
I 1:8
-;39
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"0 42
c::47g44
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'iii 49
~50<51
52
co 76"'0 ...,..,.~i
27
28
29
co 3:0
a.7:1::3:203:3N
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEYEL
G-27
FILE UTAH:l:1.DA<
OCTAVE SAND LEQ
HZ.DB
3:1.5
63
:125
2513
51313
:1.0130
213013
413130
::H3013
A-LolT.
45
46.6
4:3.6
36
27.9
24.7
1~.:.;;
L
5
51
51
52
4'-'..;;.
41
41
3:4
11(1
26
47
L L L L
11:1 5ta 91(1 95
49 41 3:5 3:4
4:3 44 43 43
4:::3:5 3:1 3:1
3::::27 25 25
3::3 2~N 24
3:7 24 24 24-
3:0 24 N 24
31(1 2$24 24
25 25 24 :24
42 3:3:2:?r 2:::
Figure .\-22
3:1
:n
1::.5 ~
SOUND PRESSURE LEYEL-r
4
09/06/77
2200
Background ~~bient Sound Level Daca
Location:
Date:
Time:
CUMULATIVE DISTRI8UTIO~
5
E:'<CEEDED
95
91Z!
85
813
75
713
65
60
5S
5et
4S
4et
3:5
30
25
21.3
15
1121
0.1 ~:**
**13.6 :~
*:~:~********1.2 ~
**********:p:**********6.J:/~
*****************4.Sf .'.***'~**"************************5'.:::~""~******"'*****************'''*'''******'''**********'''*************************************11.5 :-~**********************************10 X**********************6.6 :-::~*:~*****:~****:~:~:~*:~**5.8 ~
***************4.4 :';******:~***2.9 ~
*********2.5 :-~****:~*****:~**3.7 ~(~)
********2.3:~~******:1..:3 %****:fC:te 1.7 .....
***13.5':-::****1.:2:~,"***1:-::i'**0.:3;~
:iC:+c****.1..6 ~
**~.:5 ~
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=--~.;2 ~.:
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:.0.J:;;
58
59 *".1.:1 %
I 413
q)41
:>42
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"0·44
c:45~46
CIJ"47
"0 48
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;:52
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55
56
57
26
27
28
29
313
31
<Il 12a.:n::..340N15
~36
3.7
CO ..,.:>.;.•J
"0 3:3
FILE UTAH1:l.DA<
A-WT.SOUND LEVELS
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEYEL
G-28
FILE IJTAH1.3.OA<
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1..5
63
:125
2513
51313
:113~313
213012t
4~3130
8131313
A-tH.
LEG!
DB
44.:::
4:1.:?
44.4
34.5
28.::,.
24.2
27.5
24.J:
35.:1.
L
5
5:1.
47
52
42
34
28
25
2$
25
4:1
L
:l.11l
3::1
27
25
L L L
513 $'10 95
37 26 25
36 3:5 35
J:5 J:12t 29
26 24 24
24 24 24
24 24 24
24 24 24
27 27 27
24 24 24
3:2 3111 3121
Figure A-23
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
FILE IJTAH:1.3.0A<
A-W~SOUND LEVELS Location:
Date:
Time:
5
09/06/77
2320
22.2 7~
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL~D~
::121
8S
'30
75
713
65
613
55
50
45
413
3:5
313
25
20
:!o5
1121
5
C'E:
GO E:'<CEEDEO
95
Stet
3:5.1
0.i i~*
""0.2 7-:
********..,*******************************:I.$'.:::7';
*********************~~***~.~~~**************
********************9.7 ~
*************************:1~4 ~CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
******************:::.~~~
************:te*'6.';~
***********5.:1 71.
**:t:***3'~
*****2.:1.:'?
******2.7 ~;
***1.5 "****1.6 ?
****:1.7 ?***:I..4 :'?*13.2 ~.:
**e.8 c:
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
29
30
CD 3:1.
>32CD..J 33
'tl 34c:::l :;5;j c..-o '?~::l _I:>en 0 ~.{
'tl N 38CD
.c:III 39
01 ..40
CD CD 4:1.~'tl
42I43<44
45
46
G-29
FILE UTAH26.DA
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1.5
63
:125
250
5130
:1000
201313
40130
:30013
A-~H.
LEO
DB
5:1.5
54.4
52.:3
44.:3
38
33
30.4
3:1..3:
24.4
43.:1
L
5
56
6~
57
5:1
44
3:8
~~.
35
25
4:3
L
112t
54
5:3
54
4:3
41
3:5
3:1.
:]:04-
25
46
L L L
46 45
46 46
49 49
39 3~'l
33 3:?
2:::2:3
28 28
25 25
N 24
3:51 3::;'
Figure A-24
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL-DB
39
6
09/08/77
2200
Location:
Date:
Time:
CUMULATIYE DISTRI8UTION
E::<CEEDED
95
90
85
8121
75
713
65
60
55
50
45
40
3·5
30
25
20
:15
:10
5
D84:3:.:1
0.1.~:
0.:1 .'.
;.fe 0~J:~~~
***************,"***********13:.4 ~~*******************:..************************'~***********************************************2:1..4-i~********'1'*****************'1<***14.15 (~********:~****:~**7.S ~
**********4.S ~
*******3.J::~*****2.5?
'!'*:I"I"I'2.4 r.
****1.9 (~**:1 i::**1<).9 i::*121.3 i::**e.7 i::*121.:1;~*0':>i::
co
Q.
:l
0N 38
~39
40
OJ 4:1'tl 42
43
ill 44
>45ill
-l 46
'tl 47c::48:l
0 49(J)50"5:1ill-52.t::.CI 53
ill 543:55I56<57
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL
G-30
FILE IJTAH27.DA<
FILE UTRH27.DA<:
A-~T.SOUND LEYELS
OCTAVE BAND
HZ.
3:1..5
63
125
2513
5'3~)
101313
201313
413130
80130
A-iH.
LEG!
DE:
~6.5
4~.:2
34.:2
25.3:
25
24
24
24.1
27.7
L L L L L
'5 :1.0 Set 5'0 ,:'1:",.,.,.1
4'"41 ......N :N....;;....
44 44 43:4<'43
40 34 3:0 2:54 2:;'
23:27 25 25 25
J:0 27 24 24-:24
27 ',...24 N ;24.:.,••1
24 24 24 24 24
24 24 24 24 24
24 24 24 24 24
3;~:3:121 :25 24 24
Figure A-25
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
Location:7
Date:09/08/77
Time:2245*13.:1.~1.
*********=tt*****:4C***:,.c*************:J:*************:t:4::1:.7 ;';~
**************:~**:~***:~****:~*****~:***~:3:!.3 ~
..,-,.co ....,.
ll.24
~25026N..,"?
Q)......28
CO 29
"tl 3t.3
I :U
Ql 3:2
>3:3
Q)34..J
"tl 3:5
c:J:rS
:::l 370
CIJ 38
"tl ::9Q)40~41ClI
Q)42;:43
«44
45
*****3:.3'~1.*****4.4 ~1.**1.6 %**1.8 ?***1.:3::-;***2.1 %**i.4 ~1.**:1..7 %**1.:1.%
'"13.6 ~1.*13.S ?
>I<0.6;:';
*~3.4 ;,;
:4't.3.!~.~
*0.2 ~~*L3.:L ~~
*121.1;-':
CUMULATIVE
EXCEEDEC'
95
85
813
75
713
65
6~1
55
513
45
40
25
~0
:1.5
:1.13
5
DISTRIE:UTION
:::OUNI)F'RESSUf':E
24
24
N
24
24
N
24
24
25
25
25...~'::".'
......-'._.1
LE'.'EL-C'E:
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEYEL 27.7 D8
G-31
FILE UTAH28.DA
OCTAVE BAND LEQ L L L L L
HZ.D8 5 llZl 5~90 95
~1.5 42.7 4'::43 27 24 24-
63 44.5 47 44 43 43:43
:125 47.J:4:::29 3:1 3:~3:13
250 ~-:o 35 :2:3 25 .....24~..,:.'::"••1
SOl)36.7 3:5 2:3 24 24 24
:101013 37.2 1:3 2:.?24 24 24
201313 313.7 3:0 25 24-24-24
431313 24.~24 24-24-24 24
:3.)'.30 24 24 24 24 24-24
A-LH.4:1-42 J:J:25 24-24-"(
Background Ambient Sound Level Data
LE','EL-1)E:
25
25
25
25
3:4 J;.,,".::4 :~
PRE:;.sURE
24
24
:N
24-
24-
24
8
09/08!i7
2330
Figure A-26
SOUND
Loca':ion:
Dace:
Time:
CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
E~<CEEDED
95
90
85
813
75
713
65
613
55
513
45
40
35
313
25
20
15
11;:1
5
0."f -,,,'.
1;1.:1.r.
0...,.0,.,....•
e.2 -,,.....
*******************"r.***:y.*******************,r.**
"'****************"'***********************************:te**6.:;'~~"''''****4.1 ,/.***2.J::?*"'**2.4 ,,;***2.3 ~
"':i<1.4 ?
**:1.1 %
:1'*1.3:,,;
**1""'"e.5 %
:I<0.5 ;o.-~
-~13.~;o.-~
'"·).7 %
*'1'0.9 {~*0.4 %
:«~~.4 ?-;
'"0.4 ;"~*0.:2 ~,~*~..J I"a
'"1).:3 %
'.121.4 {~
:iC ~.3 ~~
'"0.:1.;0.-;
:+:~'7:~~*0.1 {~
:iC 121.2 ;:
'"0.5 %
:iC 0.J:~
:iC ~1.J:~~
*0.:2:'?*0.::,".
:iC ~.::(~
61 :1&
56
57
58
59
60
24
25
26
27
28
29
313
31
~32
0.33
::l 34~35
36
~37
to 38
-0 39
I 413
-41~42
~43
-0 44
I:45
~46
(f)47
-0 48
ill 4'~E -o 50
Qj 51
~52
.(;~
55
EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVEL ..a DE:
APPENDIX H
REPORT
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETENTION AND MILL FACILITIES
REPORT
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETENTION AND MILL FACILITIES
WHITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
BLANDING,UTAH
FOR ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
09973-015-14
January 17,1978
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
Suite 445
Three Park Central
1515 Arapahoe Street
Denver,Colorado 80202
Attention:Mr.Muril D.Vincelette
Gentlemen:
vlith this letter we are transmitting our report titled "Site Selec-
tion and Design Study,Tailing Retention and Mill Facilities,White
Mesa Uranium Project,Blanding,Utah,for Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc."
The purpose and scope of this study were planned in discussions between
Mr.Muril Vincelette of Energy Fuels and Messrs.Richard Brittain and
K.R.Porter of Dames &Moore.The purpose and scope are summarized in
our submittal titled "Proposed Mill and Tailings Disposal Site Selection
Studies,Environmental Studies,and Cost/Task Schedules for Energy Fuels"
dated July 1977.
This investigation was performed in t,,,o parts.The initial studies
involved the selection of the most suitable tailing retention site.The
subsequent studies were concerned with design recommendations for the
tailing retention facility,and for the earthwork and foundations associ-
ated with the mill.Detailed descriptions of the site conditions encoun-
tered,site selection studies,and design recommendations are contained
in the report.A detailed description of the field explorations and
laboratory testing performed in conjunction with this study are presented
in Appendix A and Appendix B,respectively.
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
January 17,1978
Page Two
We appreciate the opportunity of performing this study for you.If
you have any questions concerning this report or if we can be of further
service,please contact us.
Very truly yours,
DAMES &MOORE
Kenneth R.Porter,Ph.D.
Project Manager
Ronald E.Versaw
Senior Engineer
KRP:REV:tlg
Enclosure
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION •••••••••-• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •1
PURPOSE A~ID SCOPE........................................1
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••.••3
RETENTION SYSTEM SELECTION ••.•••••••••••.••.•••••••••.•..4
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS.....................................4
Backfilling Mines...................................4
Large Pit...........................................4
Conventional Surface Retention•••••••••••••••••••5
Retention Cel1s ••••••••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••6
PROJECT VICINITY CONDITIONS...............................6
TOPOG~~PHY)v~GETATION AND CLIMATE •••••.••..•••.••••6
ENGINEERING GEOLOGy ••••••
Structure••••••••••••••••••
7
7
Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed Site•••••8
SE ISMOLOGY ~• • • • •..•9
Seismic History of Region ••••••••••••.•••9
Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic
Structures ••••••••.••••••c ••••••••••••••••••••••10
SURFACE WATER HyDROLOGy ••.•••••••••••••..••••••••.••10
Site Drainage••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••10
Normal Annual Conditions •••••••••••••••••••••••••11
Flood Flows lt •••••••••••••••11
GROUND WATER HyDROLOGy••••••••••••••••••••••••..••••12
-ii-
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Ground Water Regime ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••12
Recharge.......................................12
Ground Water Depth••••••••••••••••12
Ground Water Movement ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••13
DESIGN OF TAILING RETENTION FACILITy.•..••••.•••••..•••••14
GENERA.L•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••14
DESIGN ANALySES ••••••••.••••••......••••••••••••••••16
Seepage••••••••••••••
Material Properties.
Stability Analyses••••••••••••••••••
Liquefaction Evaluation•••••••••••••••••••
16
16
17
18
18
Design Criteria.Seismic
Settle~ent.....•.•.•............•...........•....21
Freeboard and Flood Protection•••••••••••••••••••21
Water Balance of Cells•••••••••••••••••••••••••••21
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS ••••••••....•..•••......••.•.•22
Design Section•••••••••••••
Site Preparation•••••••••••••••••••
22
22
Construction Materials•••••••••••••••••••••••••••23
Fill Placement•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••24
Cell Lining ••••••••••••••••••.•.•••••••••••25
Radiation Control and Reclamation ••••••••••••••••26
Ground Water Monitoring •••••..•••••••••••••••••••27
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)
Page
FOUNDATION DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS -MILL FACILITy ••••••••27
EARTHWORK 1II 27
Site Preparation••••••••••
Site Grading •••••••••••••
27
28
Excavation..•..•.•.....••.......•.•.....•....•...28
Compaction Criteria•••••••28
Surface Water Diversion••••••••••••••••••••••••••29
FOUNDATIONS.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••30
Bearing Capacity••••••••••30
Settlement •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••31
Lateral Pressure•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••31
Frost Protection••e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••31
Cement Type......................................31
REFERENCES •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••~•••••••••••••••33
APPENDIX A,FIELD EXPLORATION
APPENDIX B,LABORATORY TEST DATA
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Comparison of Alternate Disposal Sites•••••••••••5
2 Material Properties Used for Dike Stability
Analyses 17
3 Summary of Stability Analyses ••••••••••••••••••••20
B-1 Atterberg Limits Test Data
B-2 Permeability Test Data
B-3 Direct Shear Test Data
B-4 Chemical Test Data
-1-
REPORT
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETENTION AND MILL FACILITIES
WHITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
BLANDING,UTAH
FOR ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,.INC.
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of Dames &Moore's site investiga-
tion and design study for the proposed tailing retention system and mill
facilities near Blanding,Utah.iile general location of the site is shown
on Plate 1,Vicinity Map.
PURPOSE AND SCOPE
The purpose of the study was two-fold:
1.To select the most desirable tailing retention and mill sites
with regard to engineering and general environmental considera-
tions.
2.To provide geotechnical and hydrological parameters for prelim-
inary design of the tailing retention system and mill.inese
design studies provide the information required as part A of the
support data for an operating license.
To accomplish these purposes,the scope of work was completed in two
phases.The first phase,or site selection phase,included the following
items:
1.Review of existing engineering,topographic and geologic data
for tentative selection of possible retention sites,followed
by preliminary engineering calculations of areal depth require-
ments for each site.
2.A field reconnaissance of each potential retention site and
the mill site for a preliminary assessment of geotechnical
and environmental conditions.
3.Design of a drilling and sampling program for the retention
areas and the mill site selected as being the most suitable
sites based on the preceding office and field investigations.
-2-
The second phase,or detailed field exploration and preliminary
design phase,included the following items.
1.A subsurface investigation program of the areas defined in the
site selection phase which included;drilling,logging and
sampling of 28 borings;field permeability measurements by means
of packer tests in five of those borings;and installation of
five standpipe piezometers.
2.A surface investigation program which included detailed geologic
mapping of the site area and investigation of potential clay and
sand borrow areas.
3.A laboratory testing program which included moisture and density
determinations,Atterberg limit determinations,grain size
analyses,consolidation tests,compaction tests,permeability
tests on undisturbed and recompacted samples,triaxial compres-
sion and direct shear tests on undisturbed and recompacted
samples,and chemical analyses.
4.A program of engineering analysis and preliminary design which
included:
a.Seismology study to derive seismic design criteria for
'use in slope stability,foundation stability and liquefac-
tion potential analyses.
b.Foundation design and site grading criteria for the mill
area.
c.Layout of the tailing retention system and dike design,
including recommendations for slope angle,crest width,
dike height and volumes,freeboard,construction materials,
compaction criteria,and the calculation of pond capa-
city-surface area relationships.
d.Estimates of seepage from the tailing areas under various
lined and unlined conditions to evaluate alternatives for
seepage control.
e.Design of the layout and installation details for monitor
wells.
f.Evaluation of the control of surface runoff.
g.Design of a final reclamation program for the tailing
retention facility.
5.Preparation of this report,which summarizes Dames &Moore's
conclusions and recommendations,presents appropriate con-
struction plans and sections and documents the supporting field,
laboratory and engineering data.
-3-REVISED
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
The uran~um processing mill and tailing retention facility planned
for construction by Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.,near Blanding,Utah
will mill ore from approximately 100 relatively small mining operations
in the Four Corners Region.Feed for the mill is presently being stock-
piled at two buying stations,one located on the project site and the
other located 122 miles away by "road near Hanksville,Utah.
The mill is planned to process 2000 tons per day (tpd)of uran~um
ore using an acid leach process.The solid wastes (tailing)produced by
the mill will be slurried to approximately 50 percent water by weight.
This slurry will be transported in a pipeline to the tailing retention
facility.Any excess water which ~s not permanently entrained in the
tailing will be evaporated from the surface of the pond.During the
projected IS-year life of the mill approximately 11 million tons of solid
tailing will be produced at a rate of 2000 tpd.Tailing will be per-
manently contained in the tailing retention facility.The objective of
the design of the tailing retention system is to provide permanent safe
containment for the required quantity of tailing with a minimum of impact
on the surrounding environment.
since the natural soils and bedrock at the site are permeable,
some type of lining system will be required to control seepage from the
disposal area.Laboratory testing on the soils indicates that these
materials respond to compaction with a decrease in permeability of
approximately one order of magnitude.Regardless of the type of seepage
control system used,observation wells will be established at appropriate
locations around the pond perimeter for monitoring of ground water
quality.
Precipitation and annual evaporation rate must be accounted for in
water balance calculations.Storm runoff outside the retention facil-
ity area will,at most locations,flow naturally away from the tailing
retention area.Runoff from the main drainage depressions north of the
mill site and tailing retention area must be prevented from flowing
uncontrolled.
-4-
The emanation of radioactive gases from the surface of the tailing
retention facility IT.ust be controlled in accordance with applicable rules
and regulations.
RETE~TION SYSTE~SELECTION
Prior to the selection of the tailing retention system detailed in
this report,several concepts were considered.These included:uSlng
tailing to backfill the mines from which ore was extracted;burial in a
single large pit;storage behind "conventional"dams or dikes;and
storage In cells constructed partially below grade.
(See additional study~Appendix I>on AUernati1)e 7aiUngs lJis-
posal Systems dated April>19?8 by Western Knapp Engineering with Energy
Fuels'staff comments.)
ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTS
Backfilling Mines
Replacing the tailing in the mlnes from which the ore was extracted
was considered but this alterna.:ive is not suited to a central milling
operation which'serVlces approximately 100 small,widely distributed
mines with diverse o~T,erships.The management of such a procedure would
be very ciifficult because tailing could only be backfilled in mines which
were depleted and inoperative.Placement of the tailing in an active
mlne could interfere with mining operations and could create a radon
exposure hazard to miners.Adequate control of the transportation,
handling and storage of the tailing,and monitoring the effects of the
tailing on the environment would be virtually impossible.Transporta-
tion costs for this alternative would be prohibitive.
Large Pit
Total burial of the tailing would requlre the excavation and
disposal of a volume of soil and underlying sandstone bedrock equal to
the volume of the tailing.This requirement 'lOuld lead to additional
disturbance of land and would be prohibitively expenSlve.It would also
be very difficult and expensive to effectively control seepage from the
sidewalls and botton of the pit.t-loreover,the pit would place the
tailing closer to the ground water than other alternatives and a high
potential for ground water contaoination would result.
Revision 1 5-15-78
-5-
Conventional Surface Retention
Four conventional retention sites were studied.
these are shown on Plate 2,Plot Plan.
The locations of
Two of the conventional alternatives could be classified as dams,
where the tailing would be contained J.n a valley by means of a dam of
considerabIe height,while the other two al ternatives are essentially
ponds,where the tailing would be contained over a large area of the
gently sloping surface of the mesa by dikes of relatively low height.
East Site -This would involve constructing a 120-foot high dam across
Corral Creek Canyon which is east of the buying station,'across Highway
163.The reservoir surface area would be relatively small,which is
beneficial for reclamation purposes.However,the drainage area for the
reservoir is large,and flood control would a problem.Also,sealing the
steep canyon walls,which are mostly sandstone,wo.uld be difficult.The
reservoir surface area,drainage area and maximum dam height for this
and the other alternatives discussed in this section are summarized in
Table 1.
TABLE 1
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATE DISPOSAL SITES
Dam
Site
Surface
Area (acres)
Drainage
Area (acres)
Maximum
Dam Height (feet)
East 120 3400 120
West 68 850 230
North 215 420 80
South 250 590 65
Proposed 70 70 45
Pond System (each cell)(each cell)
West Site - A dam could be constructed across a mJ.nor tributary of the
Westwater Creek Canyon.While this site would have the least pond
-6-
surface area and a moderate drainage area,the dam itself would have to
be quite high in order to provide the required storage capacity.Also,
the toe of the dam would be in the flood plain of Westwater Creek.
Control of seepage into the nearly vertical sandstone canyon walls would
be extremely difficult.Also this site would encroach upon a well-
preserved Moqui Indian cliff dwelling.
North and South Sites Both of these would entail the construction
of a single long dike to contain the tailing on the gently sloping mesa
between the Westwater and Corral Creeks.Relatively low dikes and large
pond surface areas would result.For these conditions,seepage would be
expected to travel downwards to the water table in the mesa,some 50 to
100 feet below the ground surface.Because of the close proximity of the
north site to the Westwater Creek Canyon,seepage into this drainage
would have a relatively short flow path.
Retention Cells
The scheme finally selected for the tailing retention system will
comprise three rectangular trenches lined with impermeable membranes each
cell with a storage capacity of 5 years.This system will be constructed
in 3 stages and could be reclaimed in three stages.Other advantages
inc lude;small surface areas,partial burial of the tailing below the
existing ground surface,effectively zero cell seepage and reduced dike
heights.The scheme is described in detail in subsequent sections of
this report and illustrated on Plate 2.
PROJECT VICINITY CONDITIONS
TOPOGRAPHY,VEGETATION AND CLIMATE
The site is located on the gently rolling,slightly sloping White
Mesa in San Juan County,Utah,approximately 6 miles south of Blanding.
The mesa is comprised of about 29,000 acres and is bounded on the west by
the deeply incised Westwater Creek and Cottonwood Wash and on the east by
Corral Creek.The southerly sloping topography creates a drop in eleva-
tion across the project site (see Plate 2)of about 150 feet,from a
maximum elevation of approximately 5700 feet at the northern end about to
-7-
a minimum elevation of approximately 5550 feet at the southern end.
Ground surface elevation over the proposed tailing retention and mill
sites varies by approximately 50 feet.All creeks and drainages in the
vicinity of the site are intermittent,although a few springs are located
in the canyon walls.
Vegetation consists principally of Pinyon-Juniper woodland along the
rocky slopes of the deeply incised canyons,with Big Sagebrush community
being dominant on the deeper soil and flatter terrain of the mesa.
Typically,temperatures ~n the area range from highs near 100°F in
summer to lows below zero in winter.Annual precipitation at the site
averages about 12 inches and is distributed relatively uniformly.The
average total annual evaporation rate ~s about 64 inches per year.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Structure
The geologic structure at the project site H sinple.Strata of the
underlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are nearly horizontal with only
slight undulations along the caprock r~ms of the mesa.Faulting is
absent.In much of the area surrounding the project site the dips are
less than one degree.The prevailing regional dip is about one degree to
the south.The low dips and simple structure are in sharp contrast to
the pronounced structural features of the Comb Ridge Monocline to the
west and the Abajo Mountains to the north.
Jointing ~s common in the exposed Dakota-Burro Canyon sands tones
along the mesa's r~m.Most of the joints are essentially parallel to
the cliff faces.Since erosion of the underlying weaker Brushy Basin
mudstones removes both vertical and lateral support of the sandstone,
large joint blocks cOIlli'l1only break away from the cliff leaving joint
surfaces as the cliff face.Because of this,it is not possible to
determine if the joints influenced the development of canyons and cliffs.
However,from a geomorphologic standpoint,it appears that the joints are
related to the compaction of the underlying strata and,therefore,are
-8-
sedimentary features rather than tectonic ~n or~g~n.Whatever the
original cause,two sets of joint attitudes exist ~n the resistant
sandstones at the project site.These sets range from N10-18°E and
N60-85°E and nearly parallel the cliff faces.
Geotechnical Conditions at the Proposed Site
The geotechnical conditions of the site were investigated ~n detail
during September 1977.A total of 28 borings were drilled and this
information was supplemented by site reconnaissance.The field explora-
tion program is described in detail in Appendix A.
The mill site is covered by relatively thin reddish-brown silty
fine sand and fine sandy silt soil layer which ranges from 7.5 to 14.5
ft in thickness.These soils are of a loessal origin,but have been
partially reworked by surface water (probably precipitation runoff).In
general,they are loose at the surface,are medium dense within 1 to 2
feet,and become more dense with an increase ~n depth.In places,these
materials are slightly to moderately cemented with calcium carbonate.
The tailing retention site ~s underlain by the same soil types.However,
the thickness of soil in this area ranges from 3 to 17 ft.
In 11 of the 28 borings drilled during the field investigation,a
light gray-brown to grayish-green,stiff to very-stiff,silty clay was
encountered below the loessal soil materials.It is possible that these
silty clays are highly weathered shales of the Upper Cretaceous Mancos
Formation.Thickness of the silty clays range from 1.5 to 11 ft.The
thinner layers could be mudstones and claystones that are known to
be included in the upper marine facies of the underlying Dakota Sand-
stone,but the thicker layers tend to indicate that these materials could
be Mancos shale.Regardless of origin,these materials have undergone
substantial weathering and should be classified as soil rather than
rock.
Underlying the loessal soils and silty clays is the Dakota Sandstone
Formation.This formation is composed of a hard to very hard,fine-to
-9-
coarse-grained sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone.It ~s poorly to
highly cemented with silica or calcium carbonate,sometimes with iron
oxides.Losses of drilling fluid during the subsurface investigation
indicate that permeable zones exist within the formation.The contact
between the Dakota Sandstone and the underlying lower Cretaceous Burro
Canyon Formation is extremely difficult to de~ect ~n a drill hole without
continuous coring.Sometimes it may be identified by a thin greenish-
gray muds tone layer beneath the DakotaI s basal conglomerate.Where the
sandstones of the Dakota rest on Burro Canyon sandstones,the contact can
hardly be distinguished even in outcrops.From a geotechnical appraisal,
the physical properties and characeristics of the two formations are
nearly identical,even sharing the same joint patterns and having similar
zones of high permeability.
SEISHOLOGY
Seismic History of Region
Because of the region's late settlement,the record of earthquake
occurrences in the Colorado Plateau and surrounding regions dates back
only 125 years.Documentation of the early events was based solely on
newspaper reports that frequently recorded effects only in the more
populated areas which may have been some distance from the epicenters.
Not until the late 1950s was a seismograph network developed to properly
locate and evaluate seismic events in this region (Simon,1972).
From a tectonic standpoint,the project area is within a relatively
stable portion of the Colorado Plateau.The area is noted for its
scarcity of historical seismic events.In contrast,the border between
the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province and Middle Rocky
Mountain Province (which ranges from 155 miles west to 239 miles north-
west of the site)is one of the most active seismic belts in the western
United States.
The epicenters of historical earthquakes from 1853 through 1976
within a 200 mile radius of the site are shmvn on Plate 3,Regional
Epicenter Map.More than 450 events have occurred ~n the area,of which
-10-
at least 45 were damaging;that is,having an intensity of VI or greater
on the Modified Mercalli Scale.
Relationship of Earthquakes to Tectonic Structures
The maj ori ty of recorded earthquakes in Utah have occurred a long
an active belt of seismicity that extends from the Gulf of California,
through western Arizona,central Utah,and northward into western British
Columbia.The seismic belt is possibly a branch of the active rift
system associated with the landward extension of the East Pacific Rise
(Cook and Smith,1967).
It is significant to note that the se1sm1C belt forms the boundary
zone between the Basin and Range and the Colorado Plateau-Middle Rocky
Mountain Provinces.This block-faulted zone 1S about 47 to 62 miles
wide and forms a tectonic transition zone between the relatively simple
structures of the Colorado Plateau and the complex fault-control-
led structures of the Basin and Range Province.
Another zone of se1sm1C activity is in the vicinity of Dulce,New
Mexico near the Colorado border.This zone,which coincides with an
extensive series of Tertiary intrusives,may also be related to the
northern end of the Rio Grande Rift.This rift is a series of fault-
controlled structural depressions extending southward from southern
Colorado through central New Mexico and into Mexico.
SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY
Site Drainage
All project facilities are located on a relatively flat,slightly
sloping mesa on which the surface water drainage patterns are poorly
defined.Westwater Creek to the west and Corral Creek to the east are
the major drainage channels which define the mesa;however,the southern
end of the project drains directly to Cottonwood Wash below its conflu-
ence with Westwater Creek.The majority of project features will be
constructed within that portion of the mesa which drains to Cottonwood
Wash.Corral Creek,on the eastern edge of the mesa,receives runoff
-11-
flow from only a small part of the buying station.
Drainage,shows a plan of the project site drainage.
Plate 4,Si te
Normal Annual Conditions
The average annual surface water yield of this region expressed as
depth has been estimated as 0.5 inches or less.If all this runoff
occurred in one day,a pond would form against the north side of the
northern retention cell just slightly larger than the 100 year pond shown
on Plate 4.Such a pond would be approximately two to four feet deep.
This water could easily be evaporated in the following twelve months,
s~nce the annual evaporation in the project area is about 64 inches.
However,the annual runoff,does not occur ~n a single day;ra~her,
it occurs in several smaller parts throughout the year.Therefore we
expect that a pond would only rarely form and then for only a few days.
The alternate filling and evaporating would limit the pond size to less
than one acre in most years and in dry years,no pond would form at all.
Flood Flows
The drainage of interest is that area which contributes to flow
across the mill site and to the impoundment caused by the northern
tailing cell.North of the mill the topography causes a concentration of
surface water runoff at two points as it enters the fenced area around
the mill and tailing retention sites.These drainages turn west within
the restric ted area and then join to form one drainage which exits the
fenced area along the western perimeter.At the northern fence line the
areas for these drainages are 41 acres and 20 acres for the western and
eastern basins respectively.
Using the results of a precipitation analysis and the rational
formula for flood flows with a SCS (Soil Conservation Service)curve
number of 60,the peak flood flows with a recurrence interval of 100
years have been computed to be approximately 41 cfs and 20 cfs for the
western and eastern basins respectively.The probable maximum precipita-
tion,which would occur as a thunderstorm,would produce a peak flow
-12-
(curve number 85)of about 540 cfs ~n the western basin and 265 cfs ~n
the eastern basin.
GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY
Ground Water Regime
The project site,located on a flat-top mesa approximately 2 to
3 miles wide,is partly covered with a thin veneer of loessal soils which
in some places is underlain by the Mancos shale and in other locations by
the Dakota sandstone formation.The Mancos .is not an aquifer at the
site.Stratigraphically below the Mancos shale is the Dakota sandstone,
the Burro Canyon formation and the Morrison formation which yield fresh
to slightly saline water to springs and shallow wells in the project
vicinity.Both the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon formation crop
out in the canyon walls and valleys on Cottonwood Creek and Corral Creek
near the site.The formations are continuous beneath the site,extending
from the outcrops in Corral Creek Canyon east of the site to the Canyon
of Cottonwood Creek and Westwater Creek west of the site.
Recharge
In the project vicinity,the Dakota sandstone and the Burro Canyon
formation locally receive recharge from infiltration of rainfall on the
fla t-Iying mesa.
In the site area,the Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation
are well jointed by a series of sub-parallel joint sets trending between
roughly NIO-18E and N60-85E.These joints provide pathways for the
percolation of rainfall and downward infiltration of ponded surface
waters on the site.The joints also act as conduits for the local
movement of ground water underneath the site.
Ground Water Depth
As shown on the logs of borings ~n Appendix A attached to this
report the ground water depth is in the range of 50 to 60 feet in the
mill area and 70 to 100 feet in the tailing retention area.This water
-13-
1S thought to be a perched table confined to the Dakota sandstone
and Burro Canyon formations.
Ground Water Movement
The I<1ovement of ground water occurr1ng at shallow depths 1n the
Dakota sandstone and Burro Canyon formation at the project site is
believed to be confined to a very local area.These formations are
exposed and crop out 1n the canyon walls of the surface drainages both
east and west of the site.The near surface formations dip one or two
degrees to the south.Thus,wat'er percolating into the near surface
formations of the project site,such as the Burro Canyon and Dakota
sandstone,will generally migrate southward downdip.It is probable that
slight ground water mounding may occur in the central part of the mesa at
the site.Ground water levels may be higher in elevation in the center
of the mesa and lower in elevation to the east and west where some of the
shallow depth ground water drains from the mesa through springs and seeps
in the canyons of Westwater,Cottonwood and Corral Creeks.
It appears that the shallow ground water forming the water table
throughout the project vicinity has a gradient toward the south-south-
west.The general ground water gradient appears to be related to the
general topographic gradient;i.e.,the highest elevations ~re generally
at the northeastern edge afehe project site near Highway 163 and the
lowest elevations are at the property's southwest corner.Based on the
recorded water levels as shown on the boring logs and assuming that the
water table is continuous throughout the site,it can be calculated that
the water table gradient under the mill site is about 0.03,and that
under the tailing retention area is 0.01.
A number of "permeability"tests were conducted in boreholes during
the geotechnical investigation of the mill site and tailing retention
site.The tests used packers and injection of water under pressure for
various periods of time.The results of these "permeability"tests
indicate that,1.n general,the hydraulic conductivity ("horizontal
permeability")of the formations belo'",the water table,on the average,
v
-14-
ranges between 5 and 10 feet per year.However,it should be noted that
some of the packer tests conducted above the water table indi~ated a much
higher hydraulic conductivity while a few packer tests conducted both
above and below the water table indicated a much lower hydraulic con-
ductivity for selected intervals.
Using the formula based on Darcy'sLaw
Ki
e
where:
V the rate of movement of ground water through formation
K ="permeability";hydraulic conductivity of formation
(measured as 5 to 10 ft/yr)
e =porosity of formation (assumed as 20 percent)
i =gradient (calculated as 0.03 at mill site use 0.01 at
tailing retention site)
the average rate of ground water movement through the water-saturated
portion of the formation below the water table can be estimated.Thus,
based on the recorded values and implied assumptions,it ~s estimated
that,on the average,the shallow ground water movement at the mill site
is approximately 0.01 to 0.02 ft per year toward the south-southwest and
the shallow ground water movement at the tailing retention site is
approximately 0.0025 to 0.01 ft per year toward the south-southwest.
DESIGN OF TAILING RETENTION FACILITY
GENERAL
The tailing retention system will consist of three individual,
rectangular lined cells with horizontal bottoms.The cell dikes will be
constructed from materials excavated from within the cell interiors.As
a result the bottom of the cells will generally be below the existing
ground level.The excavated material will also be used for covering the
cells during final reclamation.Topsoil will be removed and stockpiled
before commencement of other construction activities.The location and
layout of the cell system and topsoil storage-borrow area are shown on
Plate 2.
-15-
Each cell will have a surface area of approxiQately 70 acres to meet
water balance requirements.Cell depths of approxiQately 37 feet will
provide storage capacity for approximately 5 years of mill operation at a
feed rate of 2000 tpd,and including 5 feet of freeboard fot containing
precipitation and wave action.Construction of the cells will be
staged so that each cell will be completed shortly before the preceding
cell is filled.This will result in a m1n1mum of site disturbance and
exposed cell surface area at anyone time.It is intended to commence
operation with the north cell and then to construct and 'operate the
middle and south cells 1n turn.The elevation versus surface area and
capacity curves for the north cell is given on Plate 5.The correspond-
ing curves for the middle and south cells would be similar to the north
cell except for different elevations.
The north cell has been designed to achieve an approximate balarce
between excavated material and dike fill requirementso The middle and
south cells are designed to provide a sufficient excess of excavated
material to enable adequate covering of the adjacent cell during reclama-
tiono The south cell will be covered by material borrowed immediately to
the south unless sufficient material is generated 1n the cell's con-
strue tion.
The interior.of each cell will be constructed with a horizontal
bottom and uniformly sloping sides.This regularity will facilitate the
installation of the impermeable membrane liner which will be installed in
each cell to control seepage.To protect the liner from damage,a layer
of fine sand and silt bedding will be placed over the excavated rock
surface ,prior to installation.Following installation'of the liner,a
covering layer of fine sand arid silt will be installed over the entire
liner surface to protect the liner from wind loads,abrasion,punctures
and similar accidents.Typical sections illustrating lining details are
shown on Plate 6.
Dikes will be constructed with constant interior and ~xterior slopes
of 3 (horizontal):1 (vertical)..Considering the fact that the cell
-16-Revised
lining should prevent significant seepage through the dikes,these slope
angles are conservative from the point of view of dike stability.
The angles are also appropriate for reclamation of the exterior dike
slopes and for facilitating liner installation on the interior dike
slopes.
The cells will have no spillway facilities since each will be a
closed system with ample freeboard for storage of the design storm as
defined by Regulatory Guide 3.11.
Following paragraphs of this section summarize the analyses which
were completed in designing the tailing retention facility and detailed
design recommendations.
DESIGN ANALYSES
Seepage
Field permeability testing (packer tests)indicated that the perme-
ability of the Dakota sandstone is generally in the range of 5 to 10 feet
per year and that zones of high permeability are also present.Labora-
tory tests on the natural soils indicated permeabilities ranging from 3.9
to 144 feet per year.These results indicate that seepage from the
tailing cells could possibly enter shallow ground water.Therefore it
will be necessary to use a lining in the cells.Results of the labora-
tory permeability testing on compacted samples of the soil from one
location on the site indicate that some of the soil could be suitable for
use as a compacted lining.The quantity of on-site material which could
be used as a lining has not been determined and the effect of acidic
tailing effluent on the caliche (calcitic)soils has not been investi-
gated.Shale formations (predominantly from the Jurassic Morrison
formation)outcrop in valley bottoms and canyon walls around the site,
and these clay shales could be used for a lining.However these shales
are only slightly weathered and would require considerable effort for
placement and compact ion.With proper compaction,the shales should
provide a relatively impervious lining.
Material Properties
The physical properties of the materials which will be involved
l.n the construction of the tailing cells were evaluated by means of
-17-
field explorations and laboratory testing.These are summarized 1.n
Appendices A and B,respectively.The material properties which were
used in the stability analyses of the dikes are shown on Plates 7
and 8,Stability Sections,and are listed below in Table 2.
TABLE 2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED FOR DIKE STABILITY ANALYSES
Material Bulk Density Friction Angle Cohesion
Type (lbs/cu ft)(degrees)(lbs!sq ft)
In Situ Fine Sand
and Silt (SM!ML)110 28 0
Compacted Find Sand
and Silt (SM!ML)125 33 0
Saturated Tailing 62.4 0 0
In Situ Sandstone 130 45 10,000
Compacted Sandstone 120 37 0
In Situ Clay/Clay-
stone 130 20 3,000
Seismic Design Criteria
The project site is located-in a region known for its scarcity of
recorded seismic events.Although the seismic history for this region 1.S
barely 125 years old,the epicentral pattern,or fabric,is basically set
and appreciable changes are not expected to occur.Most of the larger
seismic events in the Colorado Plateau have occurred along its margins
rather than in the interior central region.Based on the region's
seismic history,the probability of a major damaging earthquake occurring
at or near the project site is very remote.Studies by Algermissen and
Perkins (1976)indicate that southeastern Utah,including the site,is in
an area where there is a 90 percent probability that a horizontal accel-
eration of four percent gravity (0.04 g)would not be exceeded within 50
years.
Minor earthquakes,not associated with any seismic-tectonic trends,
can presumably occur randomly at almost any location.Even if such an
-18-
event with an intensity as high as VI should occur at or near the project
site,horizontal ground accelerations probably would not exceed 0.05 g
and almost certainly would be less than 0.10 g (Trifunac and Brady,
1975).Both of these values are used in stability analyses which follow.
Liquefaction Evaluation
Liquefaction of a soil mass ~s typically brought about when a series
of dynamic pulses results in rapid densification of a saturated soil
mass.This increases pore pressure and reduces shear strength,and as a
result,the mass acts like a fluid.Tbe potential for liquefaction
wi thin a particular soil mass under a given dynamic loading depends on
the existence and location of the water table and the gradation and
relative density of the soil mass.
Although the fine sand and silt sections of the dikes (Plate 6)
have a grain size distribution suited to liquefaction,adequate com-
paction and the absence of saturation in this material will minimize the
possibility of liquefaction.The compacted sandstone portion of the
dikes (Plate 6)will be completely drained and the material is too coarse
to experience liquefaction.
The tailing material constitute the only component of the tail-
ing retention system which can be considered susceptible to liquefac-
tion.However,as the stability analyses which are described in the next
section illustrate,even if the tailing did liquefy the stability of the
tailing retention system would not be adversely affected.
Stability Analyses
Method of Analyses -The stability of the dike which will be con-
structed to contain the tailing was analyzed using dike sections A-A'
and B-B',as shown on Plates 7 and 8.Section A-A'can be considered a
critical stability section because it is located where the dike height
is greatest.Section B-B'has been analyzed to evaluate the effect of
the claystone layer,which in places underlies the dikes,on the stabil-
ity of the dikes.
-19-
The Simplified Bishop method,which ~s based on the assumptions of
limiting equilibrium mechanics,was used to perform the stability analy-
ses.This is a method of slices which has been shown to produce accurate
results over a wide range of conditions.The forces acting on each slice
are determined so that the total driving forces and resisting forces
along the assumed failure circle can be calculated.The factor of safety
is then defined in terms of moments about the center of the failure arc
as the moment of the shear stresses along the failure surface divided by
the moment of the weight of the soil in the failure mass.
the slope stability analyses.In order to account for the
possible earthquake loadings on the dikes,a pseudo-static
was used in which the dynamic loads of the earthquake are
effect of
analysis
replaced by a static,horizontal force equal to the product of the
seismic coefficient and the weight of the soil mass.Seismic coeffi-
cients of 0.05 g and 0.10 g were used to simulate earthquake loading
conditions.
To facilitate calculations,a Dames &Moore computer program was
used for
As indicated on the stability sections,a phreatic surface has
been assumed to occur through the compacted fine sand and silt at the
same level as the maximum tailing elevation within the cell.The
phreatic surface is then assumed to drop rapidly through the compacted
sandstone to reflect the higher permeability anticipated for this
material.This phreatic surface is considered to be a reasonable
representation of the water distribution which could occur with an
unlined pond.However,the membrane liner should ensure that no sig-
nificant seepage occurs;therefore,the phreatic surface assumed for the
purpose of the analysis is conservative.
The tailing has been assigned zero shear strength for analysis
which models the situation in which the tailing have liquefied.This
is considered to be very conservative,particularly for low level seismic
activity characteristic of the site areas.
-20-
Results of Stability Analyses The results of Dames &Moore's
stability analyses,as pres~nted on Plates 7 and 8 and summarized in
Table 3,indicate that the dikes are conservatively designed with regard
to stability.
Case A-A'represents the usual situation,where the dike foundation
consists of fine sand and silt overlying sandstone,while case B-B'
represents the less common situation where a highly weathered claystone
lies between the fine sand and silt and the sandstone.
Yne end of construction condition specified for analysis ~n Regula-
tory Guide 3.11 (Design,Construction,and Inspection of Embankment
Retention Systems ~or Uranium Mills)has not been considered because
there are no highly impermeable materials to be used in the construction
in which excess pore water pressures could be sustained for any sig-
nificant length of time.
No upstream stability analysis has been undertaken on section B-B'
since section A-A'is the higher and,therefore,a more critical case.
TABLE 3
SUMMARY OF STABILITY ANALYSES
Case
A-A'Downstream Slope
Earthquake
Loading (g)
0.00
0.05
0.10
Minimum Calculated
Factor of Safety
2.21
1.89
1.65
Minimum Factor of
Safety Required by
Regulatory Guide 3.11
1.5
1.0
A-A'Upstream Slope
B-B'Downstream Slope
0.00 2.05 1.5
0.05 1.54
0.10 1.22 1.0
0.00 2.35 1.5
0.05 2.01
0.10 1.74 1.0
/"-
-21-
All factors of safety calculated considerably exceed the m~n~mum
values designated by Regulatory Guide 3.11.The stability analyses
indicate that the stability of the dikes would be adequate even without
the membrane liner.
Settlement
Settlements of the dikes are expected to be less than one half inch.
These settlements should be elastic and instantaneous during con-
struction.Therefore,long term settlements are not expected to occur.
Freeboard and Flood Protection
Each cell has been designed with a final freeboard of 5 feet at its
maximum tailing storage level (USBR,1974).Additional freeboard will
exist at all times other than when the cell is filled to design capacity.
Since only the precipitation wh~ch falls directy on the cell's surface
can enter it,this freeboard is adequate to accommodate the design
storm of approximately 17 inches of rain and still leave over three feet
of freeboard for wave action.Therefore,there is no need for a spillway
which would be incompatible with the objective of containment of tailing
and effluent liquids.
Water Balance of Cells
The surface areas of the cells have been determined based on water
balance requirements and maximum utilization of the project site.
The 70-acre surface area in each cell would on average evaporate approx-
imately 300-acre feet of water annually.Based on the mill processing
2000 tpd,about 540-acre feet per year of water will be discharged into
the cell.Approximately l70-acre feet per year of water will be per-
manently entrained within the voids of the tailing solids.Therefore,
about 370-acre feet per year of excess water will enter the cell.
The excess of water entering the pond over that which will be
evaporated on average results is a net surplus of approximately 70-acre
feet of water annually.This will ensure that there is always sufficient
excess water to adequately cover the tailing and reduce radon gas
-22-
emissions and dust problems,even in years of unusually high evaporation.
Depending on the actual rate of buildup of surplus water it may be
necessary to complete the construction of the middle and south cells
before their tailing storage capacity is required in order to utilize
their evaporative capacity.
DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS
Design Section
Based on Dames &Moore's engineering evaluation of the foundation
and embankment materials and the requirements of construction and recla-
mation,the dike section shown on Plate 6,Typical Sections,is recom-
mended as being a suitable configuration of all dike construction.The
sec tion consists of 3 (horizontal):1 (vertical)side slopes for both
interior and exterior slopes.The recommended crest width of 15 feet
will provide access along the crest for vehicular traffic and meet state
crest width requirements.Use of compacted fine sand and silt for the
interior segment of the embankment and compacted sandstone for the outer
portion is in accordance with good engineering practice,since this will
resul t in a more permeable downstream shell,even though the membrane
liner should result ~n no significant seepage through the dike.The
exact proportions of fine sand and silt and of sandstone used in con-
struction is not critical.The maximum constructed dike height would
be approximately 45 feet,although the average dike height would be about
one half that amount as measured from the present ground surface.
The cell bottoms will be covered by a nominal 6-inch layer of
rolled,low carbonate fine sand and silt to provide a smooth surface for
the installation of the liner.Following installation of the liner,a 1
foot layer of fine sand and silt will be installed as a cover on the cell
bottom and interior slopes to protect against damage from wind,sunlight
wave action and equipment operations.
Site Preparation
The upper 6 inches of soil at the site should be stripped and
stockpiled for later use for revegetation.The underlying soil does not
-23-
have a high organic content,and would be suitable for dike construc-
tion.Any vegetation,roots,debris,perishable or otherwise
objectionable material should be removed from any surface on which the
raised embankment is placed and nene of this material should be incorpor-
ated in the fill material.This stripping should be performed to the
satisfaction of a qualifed soils engineer.
Prior to placing any filIon a stripped soil surface the soil should
be scarified and conditioned to a depth of at least 8 inches and compac-
ted according to the same criteria specified for fill materials ~n a
later sec tion.
Construction Materials
Both the fine sand and silt and the sandstone material excavated
from within the cell should provide suitable materials for embankment
construction.However,any clay or claystone or clayey sandstone encoun-
tered in the excavation should not be incorporated into the dikes
because of possibly unfavorable shear strength and permeability charac-
teristics.The clayey materials may be stockpiled for later use in the
cover over the top of the tailing.
The fine sand and silt can generally be excavated by dozers and
scrapers without blasting,although some ripping may be required in the
highly calcareous zones.Low carbonate fine sand .:md silt,which gen-
erally occurs within the upper few feet of the surface should be sep-
arately stockpiled for use as bedding material for the cell liner.The
more calcareous material can be used for dike construction as it 1.S
excavated.No additional breaking down of this material beyond what ~s
achieved during excavation and compaction should be required.
If soft or unstable materials are encountered during this process
they should be removed and replaced T"ith proper fill.In areas where
fill will be placed on excavated rock surfaces,the surfaces should
be smoothed so that no local projections or cavities greater than 3
inches are present.This smoothing process probably could be accom-
plished with a heavy dozer or heavy sheepsfoot compactor.
-24-
The sandstone which underlies the fine sand and silt may in part be
excavated by scrapers after ripping,but soree blasting may also be
required.Some crushing of the sandstone may be required to obtain a
satisfactory size distribution.All sandstone used for dike construction
should be minus 6 inch.
The construction of the north cell will involve the excavation of
approximately 440,000 cubic yards of fine sand and silt,and approxi-
mately 575,000 cubic yards of sandstone/claystone.All of the fine sand
and silt and approximately 480,000 cubic yards of the sandstone/claystone
will be used in dike construction and.bedding and cover placement for the
liner.This should result in a slight excess of excavated material which
may be later used for cover material over the tailings or in the con-
struction of the next dike,depending on whether it is clayey or not.
The earthwork volumes involved ~n construction of the middle and
southern cells will depend on the amount of cover material which ~s
required to reduce the radon gas emission from the previous cell to an
acceptable level.For example,if 6 feet of cover is required,this will
involve the excavation and placement of approximately 700,000 cubic yards
of material ~n addition to the material required for dike construction
and bedding and cover for the liner.Therefore the final design of these
cells cannot be formulated until reclamation plans are finalized.
Fill Placement
The materials placed in the embankments should be carefully control-
led with inspection and testing by a qualified soils engineer.Fine sand
and silt used in the construction of the embankments should be placed ~n
lifts not exceeding eight inches in loose thickness,and should be
compacted to at least 95 percent of maximum dry density as defined by the
AASHTO*T-99,method of compaction.Adjustments in moisture content of
the on site material may be necessary to achieve adequate compaction.
*American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
-25-
For the most part it 1.S expected that water will have to be added to
achieve satisfactory compac tion resul ts.Sheepsfoot rollers or self-
propelled compactors should be suitable for this compaction.
Fine sand and silt placed as bedding material for the membrane line
should be placed in a single lift and rolled smooth with a drum type
roller.The interior surfaces of the dikes should be finished in a
similar manner.
Sandstone used 1.n the construction of the embankments should be
screened to remove oversize material and placed in lifts not exceeding
one foot in loose thickness.The sandstone should be compacted by
approximately four to six passes of a sheepsfoot roller.
The distribution of material in the fill should be such that there
are no lenses,pockets or streaks of material differing substantially
from the surrounding fill.Fill should not be placed on frozen surfaces,
nor should snow,ice,or frozen material be incorporated into the fill.
Cell Lining
In order to control seepage to the maximum extent practical,mem-
brane liners will be installed on all.interior cell surfaces.Such
control of seepage may be achieved by the use of 20 mil (0.020 inch)
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)on the cell bottom and 20 mil chlorinated
polyethylene (CPE)on the interior side slopes.The more expensive CPE
is recommended on side slopes because it is stable even when exposed to
long periods of direct sunlight.Although all liner materials will have
a 1 foot thick soil cover,the use of CPE on side slopes should protect
against the possibility of liner deterioration should wind or operational
procedures temporarily remove the soil cover.If the soil cover is ever
removed,it should be replaced as soon as feasible.
Since membrane liners can be damaged and their effectiveness
diminished by improper handling and installation,careful installation
procedures will be necessary.Therefore,the liner should be installed
-26-
under the supervision of a suitably qualified engineer.The surface on
which the liner is layed should be smooth and free from any projections
which could puncture the lining.The strength of all splices,seams and
joints,and the physical characteristics of the materials used should
meet the specifications of the fabricator.Furthermore,it is recom-
mended that the PVC/CPE bond be fabricated in the factory rather than on
site.This would make it possible to bond only like materials in the
field.
Radiation Control and Reclamation
Nuclear Regulatory Commission guidelines call for keeping radon gas
emission from the reclaimed tailing retention area to twice background.
Normally,a soil cover comprised of on-site soil is used for this pur-
pose.The thickness of the soil cover depends on the ability of the
soils to inhibit radon gas emanation.Clayey soils are generally the
mos t effective and require the least thickness,while gravelly soils
would be least effective.
For this project a mixture of on-site fine-grained sand and silt and
sandstone is planned to be used for the soil cover.The required thick-
ness of this cover is calculated to be approximately 9 feet.The
material to cover the first cell will be obtained from the excavation for
the second pond and a similar sequence will be used to cover the second
pond.Material to cover the third cell will come from either stockpiling
material during the construction of the third cell or from a borrow area
immediately south of the third cell or both of these.
Following placement of the 9-foot layer of cover material,the
entire surface will be topdressed with about 6 inches of previously
stockpiled topsoil and revegetated.The borrow area will be graded to
blend in "'Tith adjacent topography,covered with about 6 inches of top-
soil,and revegetated.
-27-
Ground Water Monitoring
The tentative design of a pre-operational ground water monitoring
program consists of 3 or more observation/monitoring wells to be
installed at location predominantly down gradient from the mill site and
tailing retention site (Plate 2).
In general,the monitor wells should be constructed of 4-or 6-inch
diameter PVC plastic casing (as shown on Plate 9)to a depth below the
lowest expected water level.The lower portion of the well should be
screened with either PVC plastic well screen or stainless steel screen.
The top of the screened portion of the well should be higher than the
highest expected water level.The annular space between the borehole
wall and the casing should be filled with clean,inert,natural stone
filter material for the entire screened interval.The remainder of
the annular space,above a 5-foot bentonite seal on top of the filter,
should be grouted or backfilled with a mixture of the drill cuttings and
grout or bentonite.A concrete seal should be placed around the exposed
PVC casing at the ground surface to prevent surface water from entering
the borehole around the casing.For further protection a steel casing
with a large cap and lock should be placed around the PVC plastic casing
and should be seated in the cement seal.
FOUNDATION DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS -MILL FACILITY
In this section of the report,preliminary earthwork and foundation
design recommendations are provided for the mill facility.These recom-
mendations are based on the findings of the field investigation in the
proposed mill site area.
EARTH'..IORK
Site Preparation
Prior to the construction of any foundations at the mill site,all
grasses and other vegetation should be removed from the foundation area.
Although there is no highly organic topsoil,the upper 6 inches of soil
should be removed and stockpiled for later use in revegetation.
,.
-28-
Site Grading
Site grading may require m~nor cut slopes within the fine sand and
silt,although no cut slopes are expected to exceed 10 feet in height.
Excavating all cut slopes at an angle of 3 horizontal to 1 vertical or
flatter should ensure stable slopes while making revegetation feasible.
Slopes in fill areas should also be 3 horizontal to 1 vertical or
flatter.Fine sand and silt excavated from the ground surface in the
vicinity of the mill site should provide an adequate fill material w~en
properly compacted.The soil or rock surface upon which fill is placed
should be prepared in the same manner as prescribed for the tailing cell
construction.
The mill site should be graded so that water flows away from the
mill structures and to enable the collection of any spills from the mill
circuit for pumping to the tailing retention system or back into the
mill circuit.
Excavation
Excavations for foundations on other facilities around the mill area
may be constructed with unsupported vertical side slopes up to a maximum
depth of 4 feet.
Excavations deeper than 4 feet should be shored if the side slopes
are vertical.Unsupported excavations deeper than 4 feet should be
constructed with side slopes of 1 horizontal to 1 vertical or flatter.
Compaction Criteria
All structural fill should be placed in lifts not exceeding 8 inches
~n loose thicknes s.Each lift in structural foundation areas should be
compacted to a density of at least 95 percent of the maximum dry density
as determined by the AASHTO T-99 method of compaction prior to placing
successive lifts.A compacted dry density of 90 percent AASHTO T-99
maximum dry density should be adequate for fill areas which will not
support structural foundations.
-29-
Fill should not be placed on a frozen surface,nor should snow,~ce,
or frozen material be incorporated into the fill.The fill should be
placed at or near its optimum mois ture content,and should be inspected
and approved by a qualified soils engineer during placement.
Surface Water Diversion
The probable maximum precipitation as a thunderstorm would produce a
peak flow (curve number 85)of about 540 cfs in the western basin and 265
cfs "in the eastern basin.These are nearly instantaneous flows and they
could cause a substantial amount of damage if they occurred and were not
controlled.Therefore,flood control dikes which will be high enough to
collect and store the probable maximum flood volume should be constructed
just north of the mill site.These dikes would be 10 to 15 feet high.
An 8-inch diameter corrugated metal culvert pipe should be constructed
under these dikes to allow a s low release of the stored flood waters.
Each of these pipes would have a discharge of about 6 cfs under max~mum
conditions.This water would then be collected in a small ditch which
would conduct the flows safely to the western perimeter of the mill site.
It would then flow in the natural drainages and impound upstream of the
tailing retention system (Plate 4).
Overland flood flows from the mill site together with flows from the
other parts of the drainage area shown on Plate 4 will collect along
the perimeter of the tailing cells.The tailing cells will have two
areas of impoundment;the first,along the northern edge where the
contributing drainage area is 221 acres and the second,along the eastern
edge where the contributing drainage area is 35 acres.The volume of
storage created north of the tailing cells is large enough to contain
even the probable maximum flood (PHF)without the release of water and
without submerging project facilities.The maximum pond depth along the
northern tailing cell resulting from the PHF would be about 13 feet.
Thus any radioactive solids accidentally released during a flood,or
any other time,would be washed into the impoundment.This would prevent
their getting into Westwater Creek.
-30-
FOUNDATIONS
Bearing Capacity
Based on our field and laboratory investigations,it appears that
foundations for the mill facilities can be satisfactorily established on
natural soil or on fill consisting of properly compacted fine sand and
silt.Conventional spread and continuous-wall foundations should ade-
quately support most of the mill facilities,although mat foundations may
be required for some heavy mill equipment.
For spread and continuous-v.7all foundations established on natural
soil or compacted fill,an allowable net bearing pressure of 3600 pounds
per square foot may be used for design purposes.A minimum foundation
width of I foot is recommended.Exterior foundations should be estab-
lished at least 3 feet below adjacent final grade for confinement and/or
frost protection purposes.Interior foundations not subjected to the
full effects of frost may be found at a depth of 18 inches.
Hat foundations established on on-site material can be designed
using an allowable net bearing pressure of 3600 pounds per square foot
provided that the loading is static.Hat foundations should be estab-
lished at least 18 inches or 3 feet below adjacent final grade depending
upon whether they are interior or exterior,respectively.
Separate design criteria are required for mat foundations supporting
vibrating equipment such as crushers and ball mills.Of particular
concern is the upper few feet of the soil,since this is the zone in
which vibratory compaction forces will be greatest,and below this depth
calcareous cementation generally 1ncreases.Mat foundations for vibra-
ting equipment should be excavated down to the cemented caliche zone and
backfilled with compacted,well-graded sand and gravel.It is estimated
that approximately 4 feet of excavation below grade would be required for
this type of foundation.The allowable net bearing pressure for this
type of foundation should be taken as 3600 pounds per square foot.
-31-
Settlement
Settlements of structures founded on in situ soil or compacted fill
and designed for the recommended maximum bearing pressure are expected to
be minor.Settlements of spread and continuous wall foundations are not
expected to exceed 1/4 inch,while settlements of mat foundations should
not exceed 1/2 inch.
Lateral Pressure
Lateral movements of foundations can be resisted by passive soil
pressure and frictional resistance between the base of the foundation and
the underlying soil.The passive lateral earth pressure may be calcula-
ted by assuming that the soil against the foundation is a fluid with a
unit weight of 300 pounds per cubic foot.Where foundations are not
poured neat against in situ soil,backfill against the foundation should
consist of on-site soil and should be compacted to at ·least 95 percent of
AASHTO T-99 maximum dry density.The upper 1 foot of soil should be
neglected when making the passive pressure calculation.A friction
coefficient of 0.35 between the base of the foundation and the underlying
soil may be used for calculating lateral load resistance.Passive soil
resistance and frictional resistance should be combined only after one or
the other has been reduced by 50 percent.
The active force exerted on a wall may be calculated by assuming
that the soil against the foundation is a fluid with a unit weight of 40
pounds per cubic foot.
Frost Protection
All water lines should be placed at least 3 feet below the lowest
adjacent ground surface to prevent freezing.Exterior foundations
should also be placed 3 feet below lowest adjacent grade.
Cement Type
Sulfate analyses on four soil samples taken from boreholes within
the proposed mill area indicate consistently low contents of soluble
s~l~ates.The maximum concentration of soluble sulfates in any sample is
0.078 percent,which
attack.There fore,
-32-
~s rated as giving a negligible degree of sulfate
in accordance with U.S.Bureau of Reclamation
Guidelines (1966),the use of special sulfate resistant cement should not
be necessary.
**
The following are attached and complete this report:
References
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Plate 9
Appendix A,
Appendix B
Vicinity Hap
Plot Plan (in Hap Pocket)
Regional Epicenter Map
Site Drainage
Area -Capacity Curves for
North Pond
Typical Sections
Stability Section A-A'
Stab{lity Section B-B'
Sketch of Typical Ground Water
Honitoring Well
Field Exploration
Laboratory Test Data
Respectively submitted
DAHES &MOORE
Larry K.Davidson
Partner
Ronald E.Versaw
Senior Engineer
LKD:REV:GH:t 19
-33-
REFERENCES
Algermissen,S.T.,and Perkins,D.M.,1976,A probabilistic estimate
of maximum acceleration in rock in the contiguous United States:
U.S.Geol.Survey Open File Report 76-416,45 p.
Cook,K.L.,and
June 1965:
Smith,R.B.,1967,Seismicity in Utah,1850 through
Seismol.Soc.America Bull.,v.57,no.4,p.689-718.
Simon,R.B.,
Region,
1972,Seismicity in Geologic Atlas of the Rocky Mountain
Rocky Mountain Assoc.Geologists,Denver,Colo.,p.48-51..
Trifunac,M.D.,and Brady,A.G.,1975,On the correlation of se~sm~c
intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion,
Seismol.Soc.America Bull.,v.65,no.1,p.139-162.
U.S.Bureau of Reclamation,1966,Concrete Manual,Dept.of the Inter-
~or,p.12.
U.s.Bureau of Reclamation,1974,Design of small dams,p.274.
PLATE
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~-----.-------"'''';'
10601080110011201140
410--1t!+__L~_+~W:Y~O~M~IN~G~_J_----~~N-__1--
"
MEXICO
COLORADO
SAN JUAN
BASIN
FIELDUNITA
BLACK MESA
""BASIN
«Q«>w
2
o~\~hI~~..-I//-:.,
~IARIZONAI
350-1-----F_L_A_G_s-t-A_F~~"'_:E;_::_----=+_=="._-~'k_----~k____;;>L~--------t---
200 -H LBROOK
'I.1/Cf:(~'''''--''-''-'--=~--t-
LEGEND KEY TO EARTHQUAKE EPICENTERS
SYMBOL MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY
UNCLASSIFIED FAULT VIII
THRUST FAULT:
SAW TEETH ON UPTHROIVN SIDE VII
VI
~NORMAL FAULT:
HACHURES ON DOWNTHROWN SIDE
---+-----ANTICLINAL AXIS
-;..DOME
V
IV OR LESS OR NO
INTENSITY GIVEN
NUMBER REFERS TO MULTIPLE
EVENTS IN SAME LOCATION.
INTENSITY OF LARGEST EVENT
IS PLOTTED.
REGIONAL TECTONIC MAP
SHOWING HISTORIC EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTERS WITHIN 200-MILE
RADIUS OF THE PROJECT SITE
References:Cook and Sm;th,1967j Hadsel1,1968;
Simon.1972;Coffman and Von Hake,1973a.
1973b,1974.and 1975;Coffman and Stover.
1976;Giardina,1977;tWAA,1977.Tectonic
base after Cohee ET AL,1962.25
SCALE
25 50
MILES
75 100
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE 3
~
SUB-BASIN AREA INCLUDING
AREA BEHIND FLOOD CONTROL
DIKES 221 acr..
PLATE 4
(
I
\
I
\
I
f
Ii
I
(
I
{(
g(
i~\(
)
~
I
(
I\\
)'-
(
\~\\
SITE DRAINAGE PLAN
.........
"-~2000=1500
\
SCALE
1000==-FEET
500
\
MAIN DRAINAGE
BASIN BOUNDARY
AREA =256 ac...
\
SUB-BASIN BOUNDARY
"
--
SUB-BASIN BOUNDARY
o
.;:
\
"
/
~r \::1:==FLOOD CONTROL
DIKES WITH s"DIA.
CMP OUTLETS
SUB-BASINAREA35ac,.
,.
----/
"\
--,'\.
t r,,\'---y-ARROWS INDICATE FLOW DIRECTION
OF SURFACE RUNOFF
tI
\ty
t
f
SUB-BASIN AREA
41 acrea
'\
//
/./
/././/r
/.
/.
/I"
--
\,......,,,
I,
I
\
\
\oJ V ~)
v
t
t
/'
;
\:
--
.......
I
\
\
""Of-
,
--
;
.,
.---
\~
..,k"
,.
"--~\
~
--
,#'
/./
//
1/
(I
,\
~........
....--,
'\\...../)"".....//[//(/,(
"'\)//~/~/~
//CJ
II ,s:-
'1 /II "-/1;...",<»
('(~""»)
//
III.",//.....-//_/
:~;
"./~::1
':1i
CELL STORAGE CAPAC I TY (TONS X 106 )
o 1 2 3455,626-+--.L----lL.-----:.l.---L...+3 5
//30
5,620 /
/
/
/
/25
I-w /w
LL /
Ul /~
l')I-Z ./w.....20 w
--l LL.....5,610 /<{
l-I I
l-
LL D.-
O /w
0
D.-/0 15 ...J
I-...J
I w
z 0
0.....
l-I<{
>w /--l 10
w 5,600 /
/
/5
/
I
5,591 0
50 55 60 65 70 75
CELL SURFACE AREA (ACRES)
KEY:
STORAGE CAPACITY ---
SURFACE AREA
AREA-CAPACITY
CURVES FOR NORTH CELL--.
PLATE 5
20 0 20
I I I
SCALE IN FEET
'.~:.f~<~~
6"MINIMUM ROLLED SAND
AND SILT LINER BEDDING
3d~
ANCHOR TRENCH
FOR CELL LINER
COMPACTED SANDSTONE
IN SITU FINE SAND AND SILT
IN SITU DAKOTA SANDSTONE
3__________II
TYPICAL SECTION C-CI THROUGH NORTH CELL DIKE
ELEVATION 5627'
-------------;:::::.
CELL BOTTOM ELEVATION 5591'
200 0 200
I I !
SCALE IN FEET
--- - - ----"'----~---------::;;.
CELL BOTTOM ELEVATION 5570'(CELL BOTTOM ELEVATION 5579'APPROXIMATE EXISTING
GROUND SURFACE
-----~-----------~
CR -.I J.---15'CREST ELEVATION 5616'-.I I+--15'CREST ELEVATION 5627'-.j r-15'EST ELEVATION 5607'1 I MAXIMUM TAILING ELEVATION 5602'...~MAXIMUM TAILING ELEVATION 5611'...-._____MAXIMUM TAILING ELEVATION 5622'..."....,,""<:>I____--::::::::::::::=----:::::::::::::::::::::::::'"--::::::::::::;:::c:::::-~
NOTES:
ALL DIKE SLOPES 3(HORIZONTAU :I(VERTICLD
SEE PLATE 2 FOR LOCATION OF SECTIONS
~r5700ww
!:':;
z t-5600a
i=«>w...J L5500w
TYPICAL SECTION 0-01 THROUGH CELL SYSTEM
TYPICAL SECTIONS
DAMES a MOORE
PLATE 6
FS=2.21
PLATE 7
DAM••"MOOR.
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
STABILITY SECTION A-A
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =0.05g FS=1.89
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg FS=I.65
STATIC CONDITION
FEET
WOWI!!
IN SITU SANDSTONE
IS =/30 PCF
Jf =45°
c =10,000 PSF
3
I L.----
-/
COMPACTED FINE SAND
AND SILT,-
1$=/25 PCF
Jd =33°
c =0 PSF
2S =110 PCF t¥=28°c=0 PSF
FS=2.05
FACTORS OF SAFETY
UPSTREAM SLOPE
IN SITU FINE SAND
AND SILT
SATURATED TAILINGS
is =62.4 PCF
Jlf =0°
c =0 PSF
*NOTE:PHREATIC SURFACE USED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS APPROXIMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF CELLS WERE UNLINED.SINCE CELLS
WILL BE LINED.NO PHREATIC SURFACE SHOULD EVER DEVELOP.
STATIC CONDITION
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =0.05g FS=1.54
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg FS=1.22
-5750
-5740
-5730
-5720
-5710
-5700
-5690
-5680
I--5670
W
Wu..-Z -5660
0i=«>-5650W
-'W
-5640
-5630
-5620
-5610
-5600
-5590
-5580
-5570
-5560
-5550
-5540
·0:.-!
j
·~:l
DAMESB MOORE
ASSUMED PHREATIC SURFACE*
FEET
20 0 20I I I
STABILITY SECTION B-B'
IN SITU SANDSTONE
IS =130 PCF
Rf=450
c =10,000 PSF
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
IN SITU CLAYSTONE 1=130 PCF ,,=200 c=3,000 PSF
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =0.05g FS =2.01
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg FS =1.74
STATIC CONDITION FS=2.35
COMPACTED FINE COMPACTED SANDSTONE
SAND AND SILT IS=120 PCF
is =125 PCF ;1'=3r
g=330 c=0 PSF
c =0 PSF
IN SITU FINE SAND AND SILT 11=110 PCF ~=28°c=O PSF
3Ii_____SATURATED TAILINGS
IS =62.4 PCF
Rf=00
c =0 PSF
*NOTE:PHREATIO SURFAOE USED IN STABILlT"J CALOULATIONS APPROXIMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF OELLS WERE UNLINED.SINOE CELLS
WILL BE LINED.NO PHREATIC SURFACE SHOULD EVER DEVELOP.
-5720
-5710
-5700
-5690
-5680
-5670
-5660
i=W
W -5650!:!::
Z0i=-5640«>w...J
W -5630
-5620
-5610
-5600
-5590
-5580
-5570
-5560
-5550
,
~-;)
.:~
PLATE 8
,---/-
4 OR 6 INCH DIAMETER
PVC CASING (SCHEDULE 40 TO 120,
DEPENDING ON FINISH ED DEPTH
AND EXPANSIVE SOIL/ROCK
CONDITIONS)
PVC CAP ON BASE
OF CASING
PVC OR STAINLESS STEEL WELL
SCREEN OPPOSITE WATER TABLE
(TOP OF SCREEN ABOVE HIGHEST
EXPECTED WATER LEVEL AND
BOTTOM OF SCREEN BELOW
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL)
a-INCH STEEL PROTECTOR PI PE
EMBEDDED IN CEMENT GROUT
(5 FEET LONG VI IT H HI NGED
CAP &LOCK)
2 FEET PROJECTION ABOVE
LAND SURFACE
WELL,
1I~--""'1CENTRALIZER
iR---WELL SORTED,CLEAN,
FILTER PACK OF ROUNDED,
QUARTZ SAND
..AI"I:~f-_-BENTONITE OR CEMENT GROUT
SEAL IN ANNULAR SPACE
( 5 FE.ET MINIMUM THICKNESS)
.~..._....~..:.;~
......_:....
._:::0---
CEMENT SEAL
GROUT "-
LAND SURFACE ~
'-
...-=-":,,,,,,;"I cf
I._.::~~~::;;?,lSI
LOOSELY CEMENTED·..·;':..~cJ
SANDSTONES &.S~A~.~::t~~:/~,
ANNULAR SPACE----------~~~~
BACKFILLED WITH
BENTONITE AND
DRILL CUTTINGS
MITURE OR CEMENT
GROUT (FROM
BENTONITE OR "'-'......,-
GROUT SEAL ._-..~'.;&.;.-
TO LAND SURFACE)
ALLUVIAL SAND &
--- ---
Q...
0."."'...,')'.':."
HIGHEST EXPECTED WATER L~"~EC :~H:~:~- - - - - - - -":~··~~N/{
....~.'
ANTI~I:;;~~A~I~AN~0NA.L ..'::~'.:~..~.?><::
......-:.~:::-~-.:':
...~._..:~:.'.~~.'~~:~~._..._-.\.':"".._=-.-'..:':=;:::.'.;~.~~~
LOWEST EXPECTED WATER LEVEL :;.e;:.
..:.-;;:-::-..
SKETCH OF TYPICAL GROUND WATER MONITORING WELL
(FOR WATER TABLE OR PERCHED GROUND WATER)
DAM•••MOO••
PLATE 9
APPENDIX A
FIELD EXPLORATION
GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE
During the site selection phase of the investigation,a brief
geologic reconnaissance visit was conducted at each of the feasible,
al ternate tailings disposal areas.These areas are shown on Plate 2 in
the text of this report.During this geologic reconnaissance,general
geologic,topographic,and environmental considerations for each of the
four sites were studied.This information was used to help select the
most suitable tailing retention site.
A more detailed geologic reconnaissance was carried out at the site
after the proposed location of the tailing retention facility had been
selected.The purpose of this reconnaissance,which was conducted by an
experienced engineering geologist,was to identify the general geologic
conditions at the site,including the relationships of the geologic
units,the locations of springs,and the general occurrences of potential
borrow sources for the pond construction.
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
Subsurface conditions at the site area were investigated by dril-
ling,sampling,and logging a total of 28 borings which ranged ~n depth
from 6.5 feet to 132.4 feet.Of these borings,23 were augered to
bedrock to enable soil sampling and the estimation of the thickness of
the soil cover.The remaining 5 borings were drilled through bedrock to
below the water table,with continuous in situ permeability testing where
possible and selective coring in bedrock.Standpipes were installed in
each of the cored holes to enable monitoring of the water table level.
Four shallow borings and one deep hole were drilled within the porposed
mill site.Ten shallow borings and one deep hole were drilled ~n the
immediate vicinity of the proposed tailing retention facility.The
remaining holes were located around the perimeters of and within the
North and South alternative sit~s.The locations of all borings are
shown on Plate 2,Plot Plan,in the text of this report.
The field exploration program was conducted and supervised by an
experienced Dames and Hoore soils engineer.The borings were advanced
using a truck mounted CME 55 rotary drilling rig using 4 inch diameter,
continuous-flight augers in soil and a tricone bit in the bedrock.
Relatively undisturbed soil samples were obtained using a Dames &
Hoore soil sampler Type U,as shown on Plate A-I.Disturbed soil samples
were recovered from the Standard Penetration Test sampler.Selective
diamond coring in the bedrock was achieved using a 5 foot long NX double
tube core barrel with a split inner tube.
The soils encountered in the borings were classified by visual and
textural examination in the field,and a complete log for each boring was
maintained.Field classifications were supplemented and verified by
inspection and testing in the Dames &Hoore laboratory.A graphical
representation of the soils encountered in the borings is presented on
Plates A-3 through A-II,Log of Borings.Along with written descriptions
of the soils,data on in situ moisture content and density,type of
sample obtained,blow counts,and ground water levels are presented on
the logs.The terminology used to describe the soils encountered in the
borings is shown on Plate A-2,Unified Soil Classification System and
Graphic Log Symbols.
A geotechnical log was maintained for all rock core recovered
during drilling.The following items were logged:
1)Rock type and description of rock material
2)Core run and percent recovery
3)Descripton of rock defects,such as bedding plane breaks and
joints
4)Rock quality designation (RQD:the RQD is a modified core
recovery percentage in which only the pieces of sound core over
4 inches long are counted as recovery)
5)Degree of alteration or weathering
6)Relative strength of the rock
The core log for each cored hole is presented as the continuation of
the soil log for the same hole.Information on bedrock between the cored
section was developed from drill response and interpolation from avail-
able core.
Single packer field permeability tests were performed on the
bedrock to provide in situ permeability data.Permeability was measured
over the full length of the bedrock where field conditions permitted.
Results of the permeability tests are presented on the boring logs.
***
The following plates are attached and complete this Appendix:
Plate A-I Soil Sampler Type U
Plate A-2 Unified Soil Classification System and
Graphic Log Symbols
Plate A-3 through A-II Log of Borings
FOR SOILS DIFFICULT TO RETAIN IN SAMPLER
ALTERNATE ATTACHMENTS
.CORE.RETAININGDEVICELOCKING
RING
SPLIT
FERRULE
SPLIT BARREL
THIN.WALL ED
SAMPLING TUBE(INTERCHANGEABLE
LENGTHS)
SOIL SAMPLER TYPE U
CHECK VALVES
VALVE CAGE
CORE.RETAINER
RINGS
(2-1/2"0.0.BY I"LONG)
CORE.RETAINING's:l~----DEVICERETAINERRINGREtAINERPLATES(INTERCHANGEABLE WITHOTHERTYPES)
BIT ___
HEAO
COUPLING
NOTCHES FOR
ENGAGINGFISHINGTOOL
WATER OUTLETS
DRIVING OR PUSHINGMECHANISM
NEOPRENE GASKET
SPLIT BARREL --(TO FACILITATE REMOVALOFCORESAMPLE)
NOTE:
"HEAD EXTENSION"CANBEINTRODUCEOBETWEEN"HEAD"AND "SPLIT BARREL"
PLATE A-I
MAJOR DIVISIONS GRAPH LETTER TYPICAL DESCRIPTIONSSYMBOLSYMBOL
CLAYEY SANDS,SAND-CLAY M'XTURES
WELL -GRADED GRAVELS I GRAvEL-
SAND MIXTURES,LITTLE OR
NO FINES
SIL!Y SANDS,SAND-SILT MIXTURES
POORLY -GRADED SANDS,GRAVELLY
SANDS,LITTLE OR NO FIHES
POORLY-GRADED GRAVELS,GRAVEL-
SAND MIXTURES,LITTLE OR
NO FINES
WELL-GRADED SANDS,GRAVELLY
SANDS,LITTLE OR NO FINES
SILTY GRAVELS,GRAVEL-SAND-
SILT M'XTURES
CLAYEY GRAVELS,GRAVEL SAHD·
CLAY MIXTURES
GW
GM
GC
GP
SW
SP
SC
SM
CLEAN SAND
(LITTLE OR NO
FINES
lLlTTLE OR NO
FINES)
CLEAN
SANDS WITH FINES
(APPR[C,AeL£"MOUNT
OF FINES)
F:~::O GRAVELS WITH FINES
APPRECIABLE AMOUNT
OF FINES)
SAND
AND
SANDY
SOILS
GRAVEL
AND
GRAVELLY
SOILS
MORE THAN
OF COARSE
liON ~
ON NO.4 SIEVE
MORE THAN ~O%
or COARSE FRAC-
TION ~
NO.4 SI[VE
COA RSE
GRAINED
SOILS
MORE TIiAN &0 %
Of MATERIAL IS
.~THAN NO.
~90 51 EVE 'SIZE
ML
INORGA~IC SIl.TS AND VERY rlf'llE
SANDS,ROCK FLOUR,SILTY OR
CLAYEY FINE SANDS OR CLAYEY
SILTS WITH SLIGHT PLASTICITY
HIGHLY ORGANIC SOILS
FINE
GRAINED
SOILS
MORE THAN &0 OIl)
OF MATERIAL 1$
~THAN NO.
200 SIEVE SIZE
SILTS
AND
CLAYS
SILTS
AND
CLAYS
LIQUID LIMIT
JJ.ll THAN ~O
LIQUID LIMIT
lift~THAN 50
CL
OL
MH
CH
OH
PT
INORGANIC CLAYS OF LOW TO MEDIUM
PLASTICITY.GRAVELLY CLAYS,
SANDY CLAYS,SILTY CLAYS,LEAN
CLAYS
ORGANIC SILTS AND ORGA~IC
SILTY CLAYS OF LOW PLASTICITY
INORGANIC SILTS,MICACEOUS OR
DIATOMACEOUS FINE SAND OR
SILTY SOILS
INORGANIC CLAYS Of HIGH
PLASTICITY,FAT CLAYS
ORGANIC CLAYS OF MEDIUM TO HIGH
PLASTICTY,ORGANIC SILTS
PEAT,HUMUS,SWAMP SOILS
WITH HIGH ORGANIC CONTENTS
NOTE:DUAL SYMBOLS ARE USED TO INDICATE BORDERLINE SOIL CLASSifiCATIONS.
SOIL CLASSIFICATION CHART
SOS SANDSTONE ~=:,~--"1 SL.N SILTSTONE
-----..:-~
f--";',P,;.'.~',--------CLS CLAYSTONE r~d~~~'.,0'.,CGL CONGLOMERATE----O,}--------,00
GRAPHIC LOG SYMBOLS FOR ROCK
UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
AND GRAPHIC LOG SYMBOLS
PLATE A-2
BORING NO.
EL.5629.0 FT.
BORING NO.5
EL.5632.9 FT.
20-----
D-
E-
TED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
8MI RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,.ML MEDIUl1 DENSE..
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
.2%-97 -53
~16
SQI ~GREEN TO BROWN,FINE-GRAINED Sl\.N2"~d~STONE;LAYERED ltEDIUr.1 TO WELL C
MENTED WITH LITTLE POORLY CEMEN
20-----
i-WWu.
:!!:10
:J:I-0-WQ
15LIGHTBROWN,SILTY CLAY,HAH'.~
(WEATHERED CLAYS1'ONE)
MEDIUM BROWN,VERY FINE-GRAINED
SANDSTONE;INTERLAYERED WELL-
CEMENTED AND THIN,POORLY-
CEMENTED BANDS
HOLE C0/1PLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH Cl\L-
CITE STRINGERS
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
8MML
75
20
50/
ISJ 3"""".....1-.......
6.0%-118
I-WWu.
:!!:10
:J:I-0-WQ
15
BORING NO.2
EL.5634.3 FT.
BORING NO.6
EL.5633.5 FT.
OFF-WHITE SANDSTONE,VERY WELL
CE1·1ENTEil
LIGHT BROWN TO GREEN CLAY
(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE),HARD
HOLE COMPLETED 9/18/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
t1EDIUN DENSE
GRADES CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS AND OCCASIONAL
ZONES OF MASSIVE CALCITE CE-
MENTATION
8MIML
ISJ39
I-WW 90u.
:!!:5.6%-108 .10"
:J:I-0-WQ
.82
15
20
RED-BROWN FlUE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
8MIML
50/.5,>"
90/
l-5.7%-110 1 "W ;:Wu.
:!!:GREEN-BROWN SILTY CLAY (WEATHERED
:J:CLAYSTONE),HARD
l-.880-W 15Q
8D8 GREENISH-BROWN,FINE-GRAINED SAND-
50/STONE;INTERLAYERED WELL CEt-·BNTED
ISJ 1"AND POORLY-CEMENTED BANDS
20
25-----HOLE COMPLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
KEY
BORING NO.4
EL.5623.2 FT.
A-B.
DC
ISJ C
INDICATES DEPTH AT WHICH UNDISTURBED SAMPLE WAS EX-
TRACTED USING DAMES &MOORE SAMPLER
INDICATES DEPTH AT WHICH DISTURBED SAMPLE WAS EXTRACTED
USING DAMES &MOORE SAMPLER
INDICATES SAMPLE ATTEMPT WITH NO RECOVERY
INDICATES DEPTH AT WHICH DISTURBED SAMPLE WAS·EXTRACTED
USING STANDARD PENETRATION TEST SAMPLER
INDICATES PACKER TEST SECTION
PERCENT OF CORE RECOVERY
RQD*
INDICATES NC CORE RUN
DRY DENSITY EXPRESSED IN LBS/CU FT
BLOWS/FT OF PENETRATION USING A 140-LB HAM10IER
DROPPING 30 INCHES
FIELD MOISTURE EXPRESSED AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE DRY
WEIGHT OF SOIL
PERMEABILITY MEASURED BY SINGLE PACKER TEST IN FT/YR
NOT APPLICABLE (USED FOR RQD IN CLAYS OR MECHANICALLY
FRACTURED ZONES)
ELEVATIONS PROVIDED BY ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
A
B
I~
D
ET
IF1
F
NA
NOTE:HOLE COMPLETEU 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
0 8MI RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND BIL'J',ML MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAI..-
CrrE STRINGERS
.1%-107.70
18D8SQI GREEN PINE-GRAINED SANDSTONE;IN
~2"TEHLAYERED ~vELL CEMENTED AND
POORLY-CEMENTED BANDS
ISJ 5~/
15,-------'''-
:J:I-0-WQ
I-WWu.
:!!:
*ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION --PERCENTAGE OF CORE RECOVERED IN
LENGTHS GREATER THAN 4 INCHES
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-3
BORING NO.3
EL.5634.4 FT.
5.1%-113.64 -m"-CL BROWN SILTY CLAY (WEATHERED CLAY-
STONE),HARD
rsJ 130----
DRILLING IKDICA'lES UNFRACTURED,
WELL CEMEN'IED SP-.NDSTONE
LIGHT GRAY,FINE-GRAINED SAND-
STONE,POORLY CEMENTED IN PARTS
HOLE COMPLETED 9/14/77
INTERLAYERED E,ANDS OF SANDY,GREEN
CLAYSTONE AND PALE BROWN SANDSTONE
LIGHT BROWN TO PALE GRAY,FINE TO
MEDIU1-1-GRAINED SANDS'l'ONE
MATCH LINE---I
I
I
I
I
T
I 71
15
I
I
I
I 4.9
I
I
I
I
T
I
I
I
I
0
I
I
I 98
I 73
I
T
I--,-
I
I
I
I
I
I 0.6
I
I
I
I
I
I
-l
145 _
140
120
135
100
130
105
110
125
85
95
90
I-WWlL
~115
i=..WQ
LINE
LIGHT TO MEDIUI1 GREEN-BROWN,
MEDIUM TO COARSE-GRAINED SAND-
STONE
LIGHT GRAY,MEDIUM GRAINEDI WELL
CEMENTED SANDSTONE WITH ORANGE
LIMONITE S'rAINED BANDS
CONGLOMERATE IN LIGH'l'GRAY,FINE
SAND MATRIX FROM 62.4 TO 63 FT
GROUND WATER LEVEL 56.8 FT
11/4/77
DRILLING INDICATES GENERALLY
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE WITH
MINOR CONGLOMERATE BANDS
GRADES THROUGH WHITE SILTSTONE
TO A GREEN CLAYSTONE
YELLOW,MEDIU14-GRAINED SANDSTONE
WELL eEl·1ENTED
RED-BROWN,FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH MINOR
CALCITE STRINGERS
DARK GRAY,FUJi!:GRAINED,SIL'l'¥
SANDSTONE WITH YELLOW BANDS;MOSTLY
WELL CEMENTED DUT WITH SOME THIN,
SOFT,CLAYEY BANDS
~MATCH
0:.,SM/ML
58
72
98
85
43
50/
2"
100
.6%-100
.0%-108 .35
5-----
0-----
0----
5
T
30 I
I 568
I
T
5 'I
l-Iw 2.8wIlL
~0 I
:t:II-..+WQ I
5 'I
I 5.8
I
o I
I
-l
I
55 I
I
I
I 16.2
60 I
I
I
T
65 I
I
I
I 5.3
70 I
I
.1..
I
75 I
I
I
I 3.2
80 I
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-4
BORING NO.7
EL.5656,9 FT.
BORING NO.8
EL.5668.4 FT.
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
GRADING TO MASSIVE CALCITE
CENENTATION
GRADES TO VERY HARD
DARK GRAY,SILTY CLAYSTONE,
WEA'l'HERED WITH YELLOW-ORANGE IRON
STAINING,GEl~ERALLY VERY DRY
GREEN,NEDIUM TO COARSE GRAINED,
WEATHERED SA~DSTONE
CLS
54/
1816"
50/--:--02""----
SM/ML
~
50/
[SJ 6"
1:>1 37
10
I-WWIL.
~15
:>:l-n.Wc
20
RED
E
S
N
HOLE CONPLETED 9/18/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
"8M,RED-BROlvN FINE SAND AND SILT,0'",ML MEDIU/l DENSE
"GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCIT90/STRINGERS AND OCCASIONAL ZONE9%-103 _11"..:OF MASSIVE CALCITE CEMENTATIO
~PALE BROWN,FINE GRAINED,WEATHE97/ISDS
[SJ 10"SANDS1'ONE,GRADING HARDER
lSI ~~/DARK BROWN TO DARK GRAY,FINE TO
MEDIUr-~GRAINED,~vEATHERED SANDST
GRADES HARDER AND TAN COLORED
INTERBEDDED HARD AND VERY HARD,
LIGHT GRAY SA:NDSTQNE
20-----
3.
I-WWIL.
~10
:>:l-n.Wc
15
SDS DARK GRAY,HEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE,
RELATIVELY UNC~NTED
OFF-WHITE,MEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE,
~vELL CEMENTED
25 ------1","",'110
FT.
BORING NO.
EL.5690.9
RED-BROWN FINE SAUD AND SILT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS AND SOME ZONES
OF MASSIVE CALCITE CEMENTATION
LIGHT BROWN,FINE GRAINED,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE
II
FT.
HOLE COMPLETED 9/19/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
SM/
,ML
50/1814~"
BORING NO.
EL.5677.8
30-----
o
HOLE COl-lPLETED 9/19/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
."SM/RED-BROWNML FINE SAND AND SILT,
DENSE
85/GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
7%-106 -10""CITE STRINGERS
GRADING VERY CALCAREOUS AND
VERY DENSE
[SJ 84/8"
K1 70 85'S YELLOiv TO GREE~,FlUE TO MEDIUM
GRAINED,WEATHERED SANDSTONE
GRADING HARD I GREEN.MEDIUr-I T
COARSE-GRAINED SANDSTONE
20-----
6.
I-WWIL.
~10
:>:l-n.wc
15
GRADING WELL CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/18/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
15-----
NO./4
FT.
BORING
EL.5597.5
NO.13
FT.
BORING
EL.5602.4
I-WWIL.
~
i!=n.wc
50/D~"
10-----
SM/ML
~
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
PALE GREEN,MEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE
BECOMES VERY WELL-CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/18/77
NO GROUND \vATER ENCOUNTERED
SM/
ML
3.n-l05 _42
l-SWWIL.
~
:>:l-n.10wc
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
LIGHT GRAY TO OFF-WHITE,MEDIUM
TO COARSE-GRAINED SANDSTONE,VERY
WELL CEMENTED
COLOR GRADES TO YELLOW-TAN
15-----
HOLE COMPLETED 9/18/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-5
10
GRADES HARDER TO GREEN SANDSTONE
ISJ 78
GRAY-BROWN,MEDIUN GRAINED,NODER-
ATELY TO POORLY-CEt1ENTED SANDSTONE,
HIGHLY FRACTURED BY DISI<ING PERPEN-
DICULAR TO CORE AXIS
GROUND WATER LEVEL 99.8 FT,11/4/77
HOLE COMPLETED 9/27/77
PALE GREEN,MEDIUM GRAINED,HARD,
SILICIFIEu SANDSTONE.
PALE GREEN,SANDY CLAYSTONE FROM
107.7 TO 108.2 FT
DARK GREEN,MEDIUM GRAINED,CLAYEY
SANDSTONE,MODERATELY HARD WITH MINOR
INCLUSIONS OF DARK BROWN,ANGULAR
GRAVEL-SIZED CHERT
MATCH LINE,r
I
I-
80
0
-
1.1
I v:_
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 100
I 89
I L
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 0.3
I
I
I
I
I
I III
I ~JJ..
95
80
115
120
85
90
100
130
125
135
...Ww11.105
3'
:I:Ii:wc
110
MOTTLED OFF-WHI'l'E AND GREEN,
WEATHERED SILTY CLAYSTONE
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT
OCCASIONAL THIN,CARBONACEOUS
BANDS CONTINUE
POORLY-CEMENTED PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE
IN BROWN,SANDY MATRIX,SOME UNCEMENTED
SANDY BANDS
MEDI~M-GRAiNEDSANDSTONE,MODERATELY
CEHENTED,WITH IRON STAINING ALONG
HORIZONTAL FRACTURE
GRADES WELL CEMENTED
BLACK,HIGHLY WEATHLRED,SOFT,
LAMINA'l'ED CLAYSTONE WITH ORANGE
LIMONITE-STAINED LAYERS
MEDIUM BROWN,FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
SANDSTONE;VARIES FROM MODERATELY
CEMENTED TO VERY POORLY-CEMENTED
Mf:DIUr-t GRAY,CI.AYEY SII.TS'l'QNB
MODERATELY-CEI-1ENTED TO POORLY-CEMEN'l'ED
SANDSTONE
GREEN,FINE TO MEDIliM-GRAINED,
WEATHERED,CLAYEY SANDSTONE
VERY WELL CEMENTED,LIGHT GRAY TO OFF-
WHITE,MEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE
BANDED,LIGHT TO MEDIUM GREEN'SILT-
STONE,CLAYEY AND SOFT IN PART
DARK GRAY TO BLACK,I-lEDIUM GRAINED,
WELL CEMENTED,CARBONACEOUS SANDSTONE
WITH SOl-IE SOFT,BLACK,CLAYEY BANDS
NO.9
FT.
SM/ML
SOS
~-SLN
93
56
BORING
EL.5679.3
T
I
I
I
...l..
I,
.~~(,.........-----+=--=::..-c::-CLS
SO/
ISJ 2~"
20
50
70
SOS OFF-WHITE TO GREEN,CLAYEY,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE
I
I
I
I
I
I 0
I
25 _.L-I --1~~••~I
I
.L _
I ~""~---SLN
30 _L-'_...g.9,!-S-f-e-c=-:.c=-e-==CLSI28
I
I
35 I 2.7
I
1
I
I
15
,
,2.0
I
55 .....'----1:"":""1I
I
1
60..J--
I
I
I 0••••:.CGL
65 -'L----i:.;,:,·i;";{:,.;;.:b.,,,.,,,1
I SOS
I
I
I 0.7
Iii 40w11.
3'
75
80
i MATCH LINE
LOG OF BORINGS
DA_ES B _OORE
PLATE A-6
BORING NO.1.2
EL.5648.1 FT.
~SOS GREEN AND YELLOW,FINI;TO MEDIU~1
50/GRAINED,.;CATHCRED SANDSTONE
r;;]2"
30
15 SOME CIRCULATION nEGAINED BUT
STILL LARGE WATER LOSSES
WELL-CEMei.'lTED SANDSTONE
BECOMES LESS CEMENTED
POORLY-CEr1ENTED SANDSTONE
GROUND WATER LEVEL 81.3 FT,11/4/77
CIRCULATION LOST,STILL APPEARS
WELL CEMENTED
POORLY-CE~4ENTED SANDSTONE
WELL-CEMLNTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CEMENTED,POSSIBLY CONGLO!1-
ERATE OR FRACTURED SANDSTONE
MODERATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
,~
I 1 1-"7-
+
I
I
I
I,
I
I 10.7
I
I
I
I,
I
J..
125
85
120
115
100
80
90
95
...~l05
lL
~
i!=IL~10
FINE SAND AND SILT,
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH THIN
LAYERS OF VERY CALCAREOUS
MATERIAL
MODERATELY-CEM~NTED SANDSTONE
GENERALLY MODERATELY-CENENTED
SANDSTONE
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
SECOt-IES LESb CLAYEYi MOST
CIRCULATION LOS'!
GREEN,FINE GRAINED,CLAYEY,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE ~VITH YELLOW
AND RED IRON STAINING
VERY LIGHT BROWN TO GRAY,NEDIUM-
GRAINED SANDSTONE WITH SONE ORANGE
STAINING;MODERATELY TO WELL
CEMENTED AT TOP,BECOMES POORL¥-
CEMENTED AT 35 FT
RED-BROWN
DENSE
SM/
:ML
54/'.
181 6"
-
-
0.9
79.2
88/
6.2%-104.4"
r
I
'
I 5.1 100
20 --'---+---I""",,::JINi\
i-
I
25 -.L-'----t"""'1
I
I
I,
i!=ILWC
I
I
I
35 _.L-'_-I:1::;0_0_1:::1I67
lii .l.
~I
~40 -.1-'-----11:"""1
I,
I
45...J'L-----II:",,:""1
I,
I
TE
HOLE COMPLETED 9/29/77
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
BORING NO.15
EL.5600.7 FT.
SM/RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,ML MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCI
•63 ·ICLS
STRINGERS
---GREEN,WEATHERED CLAYSTONE---------------------------------r;;]81 SOS GREEN,FINE TO MEDIU1~-GRAINED
SANDSTONE
GRADES l'lELL CEMENTED
15-----
130
135
....wWlL
~
i!=IL~10
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE,APPAR-
ENTLY WITH OCCASIONAL FRACTUREu
ZONES
LIGHT BROWN,MEDIUM-GRAINED SAND
STONE,MODERATELY CENENTED,GRADING
WELL CEMENTED
WELL CEMENTED
Tl0J
140
1.4
~OO ~-~::_~~-:~·_:~-;C;L:s~~5~t'"'~.,,'W 'W,ro.NE W~TH
-,__-+",NA,,--+::c:_:c SOME RED IRON STAINING,SOF'l'
_SOS ~GREEN,FINE GRAINED,MODER
ATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
INTERLAYERED SANDSTONE AND SANDY
CLAYS'rOi:~B
50
I
I
I
55
I
+
I
60
I
I,
I65I
I
I,
70 I
I
I
75 1
I
I
I
80 ,
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-7
BORING NO.17
EL.5582.0 FT.
16
FT•.
BORING NO.
EL.5597.5
6.3%-104 _9C(:
:J:50/Ii:~1~"~10 -----~''''''''''I
...WWlL
~10
:J:...0-Wc
15
SM;:....:ML
'"79 '.Sos
50/
~2~"
RED-BRONN FINE SAND AND SILTI
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS \VITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
GRADES DENSE
PALE GREEN TO WHITE,FINE TO
COARSE-GRAINED SANDSTONE,ALTER-
NATING WELL-CEHENTED AND POORLY-
CE~IENTED BANDS
BEeOHES COi'lTINUQUSLY WELL-
CE~IENTED
...5.5%-105.76
WWlL
~
15------
SM/ML
.,.:~
SOS
RED-BROW:'\J FINE SAND AND SILT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS AND INCLUSIONS
GREEN,FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
SANDSTONE,INIITALLY WEATHERED,
GRADING WELL CEMENTED
LAYERED POORLY-CEMENTED AND
WELL-CEMENTED,POSSIBLY SOME CLAY-
STONE LAYERS
LAYERED WELL-CEMENTED AND VERY
WELL-CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER E~COUNTERED
20-----HOLE COMPLETED 9/10/77
.1l0 GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED BORING NO.21
EL.5584.5 FT.
BORING NO.18
EL.5608.5 FT.
10
.SM/
;Ml.
93/.._11", .~
!Sf19
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIml DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
OFF-WHITE,POORLY CEMENTED,
WEATHERED SANDSTONE WITH LAYERS
OF WEATHERED CLAYSTONE
...WWlL
~
:J:...0-lDWc
15
ISM/RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,...ML LOOSE TO MEDIUl1 DENSE
=~~='CLS GREEN CLAY WITH SOME GYPSUH
.52 ---CRYSTALS,(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE}
STIFF TO VERY STIFF
SOS GREEN,FINE GRAINED,WEATHERED
SANDSTONE
~~~(
BECOMES WELL-CEl4ENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
GREEN SANDSTONE...W~Ilil ;?~'!.i.i"i:f:,:-:-~~15 ------t=--~c_cCL~GREEN,WEATHERED CLAYSTONE WITH
::I:OAAJ.\IGB IRON STAINING
Ii:Wc
BORING NO.22
EL.5585.3 FT.
50/=-=-=-r;;]4"---
25 -----1---:.:---:
73/
12.5%-118.10l!'
SM/
ML RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
BORING NO.20
EL.5570.4 FT.55/~6"
50/1lil4"
BECOMES WELL-CEMENTED
GRADES CLAYIER
GREEN,FIt~L GRAIillED,'i4EATHi:::RED
SANDSTONE WITH HIGH CLAY CONTENT,
POORLY-CEMENTED
LIGHT BROWN TO OFF-WHITE,SILTY
CLAYElOI-------t~
lL
~
i=0-~15-----~:::""'::1
HOLE COHPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
50/:::-=-=-00"...._1-......
30 -----
10-----
5()I
00".....................
...WWlL
~
:J:Ii:Wc
-80
.,SM/
ML
SOS
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
LIGHT BROWN1 FINE TO MEDIUM-
GRAINED SANDSTONE,GRADING WELL-
CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
20-----F:::::::j
25------
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-a
BORING NO.19
EL.5600.3 FT.
115
In BROWN-YELLm-J,COARSE-GRAINED SANDSTONE
-~FINE GRAVEL CONGLOMERATE WITH CON~:0;"0::CGL 81D-
ERABLE COARSE-GRAINED SAND AND CAL-
85 SDS CAREOUS MATRIX
8 120
BROWN TO YELLOW,COARSE-GRAINED SAND-
_L STONE WITH CONSIDERABLE NEAR HDRr
ZONTAL FRACTURING AND SOME ORANGE
IRON STAINING,MODERATELY CEMENTE0
943
125
,'SM/
':'ML
93/'
2.4'%-92.11"
,':
APPEARS CLAYEY
MODERATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
BECOMES LESS CEMENTED AND CLAYEY
GRADING LESS CEMENTED
VERY POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
POORLY-CEHENTED SANDSTONE WITH
OCCASIONAL BANDS OF GRAVEL OR
CONGLm-1ERATE
VERY WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
VERY POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
VERY WELL-CEl1ENTED SANDSTONE
GROUND WATER LEVEL 110 FT,11/4/77
MODERATELY-CEMENTED CLAYSTONE
POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE WITH
MINOR HARD LENSBS
MODERATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
GRADES LESS CEMENTED
MODERATELY WELL-CEMENTED CONGLOMERATE
OR FRACTURED SANDSTONE,GRADING BETTER
CEMENTED
,r-'
V
95
80
85
90
100
110
...WWIL
:!:105
~ILWQ
GRAY-GREEN,FINE TO l1EDIUM GRAINED,
WEATHERED,CLAYEY SANDSTONE \H'l'H
ORANGE AND YELLOW IRON STAINING
BECOMES LESS WEATHERED WITH LESS
CLAY,PREDOMINANTLY GRAY WITH
ORANGE IRON STAINING,MODERATELY
CEMENTED,MEDIUM GRAINED
GREEN,FINE TO MEDIUt-l-GRAINED
SANDSTONE,t,vEATHBRED,WITH SOME
ORANGE AND YELLOW IRON STAINING
BECO!1ES VERY LOOSE,POSSIBLY
~\lITH VOI;J$
BECOMES DENSE
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WTIH
CALCITE STRINGERS
GRADES VERY CALCAREOUS AND
VERY DENSE
',.95/
lSl 9"
.,10
-
~
85/
lSl 9~"
98
71
SO/J 4~"
I
I 7.0
I
I
I
J..
I
I
25
30
35
45
20
10
15
...WWIL
~40
~ILWQ
HOLE COMPLETED 9/25/77
50 I
.L
WATER RETURN COMPLETELY LOST
130-----
55
-
LIGHT GRAY,MEDIUM TO COARSE-GRAINED
SANDSTONE;HIGHLY FRACTURED ALONG
HORIZONTAL BEDDING,CONSIDERABLE
LIMONITE STAINING ALONG BEDDINGFRACTURES;MODERATELY CEMENTED TO
UNCEMENTED,CORE LOSSES ASSUMED
DUE TO WASHING AWAY OF UNCEMENTED
ZONES
60 -----,F""~I
LIMITED WATER RETURN
65 ------1"":'''1 BECOMES VERY UNCEHBNTED,WATER
RETURN LOST
70
75
HOLE LOST AT 72 FT;HOLE 19A
DRILLED 15 FT SOUTH OF HOLE 19,
NO WATER RETURN OBTAINED;NO
SAMPLING POSSIBLE;HOLE LOGGED
FROM DRILLING PROGRESS
VERY WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE (72 FT)
MODERATELY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE (73 FT)
80
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-9
BORING NO.23
EL.5555.9 FT.
BORING NO.27
EL.5555.0 FT•
HOLE COMPLETED 9/10/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
BORING NO.29
EL.5655.0 FT.IAPPROX.l
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND t\lATER ENCOUNTERED
RED-BROi'm FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CZ\LCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRINGERS
GREENISH,FL-JE TO 11EDIUt-'!-GRAINED
SANDSTONE,VERY WELL-CEt-lliNTED
.".'SM/
".ML
10
I-WWIL.
:!:
:J:Ii:wc
RED-BROW~FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CAL-
CITE STRINGERS
GRADES MEDTUN-GRAINED
MOTTLED COLORS FROM RED TO
-VHiITE AND YELLOW
YELLOW TO LIGHT BROWN,MEDIUM TO
COARSE-GRAINED SAND (WEATHERED
SANDSTONE)
CL GREEN TO WHITE MOTTLED CLAYSDS(WEATHERED CLAYSTONE)
OFF-WHITE TO YELLOW BROWNI MEDIUM
TO COARSE-GRAINED,POORLY CEMENTED
SANDSTONE,GRADES WELL CEMENTED
I-WWIL.
:!:10
:J:l-lLwc 69/
1SI10~"
15
20------
BORING NO.24
EL.5573.4 FT
I-wWIL.
:!:
i!=lLl!l
SM/
ML
'1--SDS
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE
GRADES MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS
WHITE TO SLIGHTLY TAN SANDSTONE
BECOMES NELL-CEMENTED
I-wWIL.
:!:
i!=ISI~?/fh 10 -------1;;:;;;;;;:1c
15------
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEnIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRINGERS
OFF-WHITE,FINE GRAINED,WEATHERED
SANDSTONE,GRADES WELL-CEMENTED
OFF-WHITE,FINE TO MEDIUM GRAINED,
f.10DERATELY WELL-CEHENTED SANDSTONE
LIGHT BRm'1N,FINE TO r-1EDIU~1 GRAINED,
t'lELL-CEI1Ei.~TED SANDSTONE
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
10 HOLE COMPLETED 9/30/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
26
FT.
BORING NO.
EL.5578.3
:uwIL.
:!:
~wc
10 -----
RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CALCAREOUS WITH CALCITE
STRINGERS
OFF-HHITE,FINE TO MEDIUM-GRAINED
SANDSTONE,WEATHERED,GRADING WELL-
CEt-1ENTED
VERY WELL CEMENTED
HOLE COMPLETED 9/17/77
NO GROUND WATER ENCOUNTERED
LOG OF BORINGS
DA_ES e _OORE
PLATE A-l0
LIGHT GRAY,WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
GRADES DARKER GRAY
HOLE COMPLETED 9/21/77
LIGHT GRAY,MEDIUM GRAINED,WELL-
CEMENTED SANDSTONE;FRACTURES
GENERALLY NEAR HORIZONTAL
GENERALLY LIGHT GRAY SANDSTONE WITH
OCCASIONAL BANDS OF BROWN,CLAYIER
SANDSTONE
LIGHT GRAY TO OFF-WHITE,FINE TO
MEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE,WELL
CEHENTED
GRAVEL AND PEBBLE CONGLOMERATE WITH
SANDY HATRIX IN PLACES UNCEHENTED
MATCH LINE
~\r
I nn,4.3 :
I -r '.::.;:CGL
I 100 :oooo:y:
I 83 SOS
J._L
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
10 .3
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.L -~
I 100
I 100
I
I _L
I
I
I
I
I
[0.2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-'-
'..~BORING NO.28
EL.5547.6 FT.
0 I"'80
:'",ML RED-BROWN FINE SAND AND SILT,
'-.:::MEDIUM DENSE
GRADING CIILCAREOUS WI'I'H
.69 CALCITE STRINGERS
5 "85
76/GRADES LIGHT BROWN AND VERY DENSE'""0 90
,BECOMES LOOSE
'"15 ,,',
5 95
-,
BECOHES VERY DENSE
0
ISJ ~~(,ORANGE TO YELLOW,HEDIUM TO FINE
GRAINED,SILTY SAND (WEATHERED 100
'.,.SANDSTONE)~
-,
5 I-
94 LIGHT GREENISH-GRAY,FINE TO ::JI05
I 0 81 MEDIUM-GRAINED SANDSTONE WITH u.
I SOME GRAVEL TO PEBBLE-SIZED IN-~
T -'--CLLSIONS;SOilE MINOR LIMONITE :J:
STAINING;FRi\CTURES HORIZONTAL I-
0
lL~llO
I
I
I 0
5 LIGHT GREEN,FINE-GRAINED SAl\'D-115
STONE WITt!LAYERS OF GREEN CLAY-I STONE UP TO 4 INCHES THICKI-w [,Wu.I~o I 100 120
:J:80l-I r<IEDIUM TO LIGHT BROWN,HEDIUH TOlLW--"-COARSE GRAINED,WLLL-CEHENTED SAND-a STONE,IRON STAINING EVIDENT AT
CONTACT WITH OVERLYING FINER-
5 GRAINED SANDSTONE 125
0 130
55 135
CIRCULATION LOST-,
LIGHT GRAY,MEDIUr-l TO COARSE-
60 2 GRAINED SANDSTONE WITH SECTIO~S OF
0 VERY POORLY-CEMENTED SANDSTONE
-'--INTERLAYERED,POORLY-CEr-tENTED AND
WELL-CEMENTED SANDSTOi>lE AND CON-
GLOHERATE
65
70 ------""":":1
CASING INSTALLED TO 74 FT
75 ------J":"""I y GROUND I;ATER LEVEL 75.7 FT,11/4/77T
I
I
80_L.-I__J.-""
~MATCH LINE
LOG OF BORINGS
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE A-ll
APPENDIX B
LABORATORY TEST DATA
GENERAL
Representative soil samples obtained from the borings were sub-
jected to various laboratory tests to aid in their identification and
to study their engineering properties.The laboratory tests included
moisture and density determinations,Atterberg limits determinations,
grain-size analyses,compaction tests,permeability tests,consolidation
tests,direct and triaxial shear strength tests,and chemical analyses.
MOISTURE AND DENSITY TESTS
Moisture and density tests were performed on selected,relatively-
undisturbed soil samples to define the in situ moisture content and
density of the soils;to aid in classifying the soils;and to help
correlate other test data.The results of the moisture and density tests
are presented on the left side of the boring logs on Plates A-3 through
A-I!.
ATTERBERG LIMITS
Atterberg limits w~re measured on several soil samples from bulk
samples of potential borrow sources.These tests provide information
regarding the plasticity of the clayey and silty soils.The results of
the Atterberg limits tests are presented in Table B-1,Atterberg Limits
Test Data.
GRAIN-SIZE DETERMINATIONS
Grain-size determination tests were performed on representative
soil samples from the vicinity of the proposed tailing retention area and
from potential borrow sources for clay and sand.The purpose of these
tests was to enable accurate classification of the samples.Hydrometer
tests were used to determine the grain-size distribution of material in
the silt and clay size range for some of the samples.The results of the
grain-size determinations are presented on Plates B-1 through B-4,
Gradation Curves.
TABLE B-1
ATTERBERG LIMITS TEST DATA
Sample Depth Liquid Plastic
Location (ft)Limit Limit
L-C Ranch 0 143.0 18.0
L-C Ranch 0 228.5 34.6
Cottonwood 0 72.4 22.4
Canyon
US 47 and Utah 0 45.1 18.7
262
*Obtained using Blenderized Method
COMPACTION TESTS
Plasticity
Index
125.0
193.9
50.0
26.4
Classification
CH
CH*
CH
CL
Compaction tests were performed on a bulk sample of material
obtained adjacent to borehole 19.This material is representative of the
fine sand and silt which may be used in the construction of parts of the
dikes and as bedding and cover material for the cell liners.The purpose
of the compaction tests was to provide the compaction criteria for this
material.Once the compaction tests were completed,several recompacted
samples were prepared in the laboratory to simulate the as-constructed
condition of the dike.These samples were subjected to permeability and
strength testing so that this information could be used -in our analysis
of the stability and seepage characteristics of the dikes.
The compaction tests were performed ~n accordance with the AASTHO
T-99 method of compaction.The results of the compaction tests are
presented on Plate B-5,Compaction Test Data.
PERMEABILITY TESTS
Permeability tests were performed on relatively undisturbed samples
and on recompacted soil samples.Samples used for recompaction were from
a bulk sample taken adjacent to borehole 19,and were compacted to
approximately 95 percent of AASHTO T-99 maximum dry density.The tests
were performed ~n accordance with the method described on Plate B-6,
Method of Performing Percolation Tests.The results of the permeability
tests are presented in Table B-2,Permeability Test Deta.
CONSOLIDATION TESTS
Consolidation tests were performed on two relatively undisturbed
samples of silty fine sand and one sample of weathered claystone,all
from borings in the mill area.The purpose of these tests was to evalu-
ate the compressibility of the on-site soils.The tests were performed
in accordance with the method described on Plate B-7,Hethod of Perform-
ing Consolidation Tests.The consolidation test results are presented on
Plate B-3,Consolidation Test Data.
SHEAR STRENGTH TEST DATA
DIRECT SHEAR TESTS
Direct shear tests were performed on four relatively undisturbed
samples of fine sand and silt obtained from borings in the mill area to
determine strength characteristics of the in situ aeolian s"md and silt.
The tests were run with varying confining pressures,wi th the samples
being saturated prior to testing.The tests were performed in accordance
with the procedure described in Plate B-9,Method of Performing Direct
Shear Friction Tests.The results of the direct shear tests are presen-
ted in Table B-3.
TABLE B-3
DIRECT SHEAR TEST DATA
Dry Confining Peak
Boring Depth Density Pressure Shear Strength
Number (ft)(pcf)(psf)(psi)
1 5 117.8 1000 925
3 4 107.3 2000 1600
2 9-1/2 109.4 4000 2325
5 5 97.3 6000 3680
TABLE B-2
PERMEABILITY TEST DATA
-~~~.~:<·."·~·-.---..'.r·~~..,.<>_~..~;,_-.....•.'~A',~.-·_.i"";·d'r....:.:'·:·.¥·
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
Consolidated-undrained triaxial compression tests with pore pres-
sure measurements (TX-CU/Pp)were performed on relatively undisturbed and
.recompacted samples of silty fine sand.The recompacted samples were
compacted to approximately 95 percent of AASHTO T-99 maximmn dry density.
The tests were performed to determine the strength parameters of these
materials,and the results were used in our stability analyses.The
tests were run with varying confining pressures to simulate the pressures
which would be exerted on the soils by the dikes.The samples were
consolidated at the assigned confining pressure and saturated prior to
testing.
The tests were performed in accordance with the procedure described
on Plate B-lO,Methods of Performing Unconfined Compr,~ssion and Triaxial
Compression Tests.The results of the triaxial compression tests are
presented on Plates B-ll and B-12.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Chemical analyses were performed on soil samples from the proposed
mill site to determine the percentage of soluble sulfates contained in
the soil.Soluble sulfate content is required for determining the
appropriate cement type required for foundations and all other concrete
structures at or below grade.The results of these tests are presented
in Table B-4,Chemical Test Data.
TABLE B-4
CHEMICAL TEST DATA
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Magnesium Sodium Calcium Total pH
Boring Depth as as as Soluble
Number (ft)MgS04 NaS04 CaS04 Solids
1 4.5 0.013 0.042 0.032 0.382 7.65
2 4 0.010 0.032 0.068 0.112 7.90
4 4 0.012 0.018 0.055 0.090 7.69
5 4.5 0.009 0.020 0.029 0.088 7.63
***
The following plates are attached and complete this appendix:
Plate B-1 Gradation Curves
Plate B-2 Gradation Curves
Plate B-3 Gradation Curves
Plate B-4 Gradation Curves
Plate B-5 Compaction Test Data
Plate B-6 Method of Performing Percolation Tests
Plate B-7 Method of Performing Consolidation Tests
Plate B-8 Consolidation Test Data
Plate B-9 Method of Performing Direct Shear Friction Tests
Plate B-10 Methods of Performing Unconfined Compression and
Triaxial Compression Tests
Plate B-ll Triaxial Compression Tests
Plate B-12 Multi Phase Triaxial Compression Tests
0001GRAINSIZEINMILLIMETERS00000
U.S.STANDARD·S;~SIZE
00 31N.1.11 IN.!lI4IN.!lI81N.4 10 40 60 100 20D
I I
90 I I
I I I'I
I I,I "--~,
70 ,------I'-1-
oo
..-
40
--
'0 I :
20 I I
I
'0 I
0 I, ,'0 1.0 0.1 O.,
>-CD
Jr...Zu:
I-Z...<.>Jr...0..
ANCOARSEMEDIUM FINE SILT OR CLAY
--
~I++---+-------t
-+-
-+++-+-ffi-tc1++.L._
,"
60 100 20D
+¥.+-f-It---+t-Ittt-tl-1----1f---tlfftHl-t-H---+---+ttt-T H-t-'-i----
HtH-+++--I----
U.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
rrrn-1n-......-31N.1.11 IN.!lI4IN.!lI81N.4 10 20 40I
!!:!-ll.J....L...L..L---,,~oo!-JU.J...J.....LJ.....JJ....-,'o .J.JJ...LJ.....JJ....-"J,!.O.ll-LLJLW_L---,fo.f-,ULl..Ll....L-L_"o.J,!of-,LiJLL...L..L-;:-O.~OO'
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
1ttI1+t+--+-+-·--jfH'tH-+·1 -r--
1ttI1+t+--+-+------IIttIt-tt_t_1-r----
1tttH-++-+--IfttI++-+-+-t--+HIItH++--ff-:--tttil+tt+-J---li--ttI+t1ht--f'H-,-+ttiH++--t-+----ttt++~+-+___I-___t
'00
90
l-X'"...70
;0
>-CD
Jr oo...zu:40...Z...'0<.>Jr...0..20
'0
0'000
ANFlHECOARSEMEOIUN FINE SILT OR CLAY
0,0010.01
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
U.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N IlllN !lI41N!lI81N.4 10 20 4060100 20D00I
90 I I I
I I ,I
I I
I "._~,,----
70 "--r 1-----
S<
--~
oo .,
--
40
--
'0 I
20 I I
I
'0 I
0 I
'000 '00 '0 '.0 0.1
>-CD
Jr...Zu:
I-Z...<.>Jr...0..
FINE COARSE MEDIUM
CLASSIFICATION
FINE SILT OR CLAY
GRADATION CURVES
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE B-1
u.s.STANOARO SIEVE SIZE
0.0010.01101.0 0.1
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
1001000
00 31N.I.S IN.5f4IN.5f81N.4 10 20 40 60 100 200
I ......
90 f-I I I
I I """I
I I,I ,
------
70
t f-----
j
'"-
40
--
'0 I
20 I I
I
10 I
0 I
I-Z'"Ua:"'Q.
L N
FlHE COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT OR ClAY
++-H----t!--tt+t-rr.-H--+-tt+t++-It-+-+--/tttI++-+-+---t=-~loI.ld:7+-H_~--
0.001
-
I
0.01
-
i --
-----1---
f-----
-r---flt++-H--+-+------i
60 tOO 200
10 1.0 0,1
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
I -I I
u.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
3IN.I.SIN.5f4IN.5f81N.4 10 20 40
'00
lttt++-t-t+-t+/Iti-t-H-~I_--ttttiilH--lHI--tttttt;HH~-tttil++I "
1ttttt-H--+----+t1H+t-H--trI---+ttt-Ht++--li---ttt+-t++++-,
100
90
l-X'""';0
>-CD
a:'"'"zu:40I-Z'"'0"a:
"'Q.20
'0
01000
FINE COARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT OR CLAY
0.0010.01.0 0.1GRAINSIZEINMILLIMETERS
u.S.STANOARD SIEVE SIZE
31N ISIN 5f41N 5f81N.4 10 20 40 60 100 20000II"""-
90 I I "I I III
;I -------
70
'"-
40 ,
'0 .....-+~I---~
I --_1-_
20 I I
I ........
'0 I
0 I'000 100 '0 1
l-X'""';0
>-CD
a:'"zu:
I-Z'"Ua:"'Q.
SILT OR CLAYFINECOARSEMEOIUN
CLASSIFICATION
SILT WITH FINE SAND ANDL.:.:.:...__.L.._---'-L.:.__-'--"'SO~_E_C!:_A_'__'______'______'___....J.__L.:.___'
GRADATION CURVES
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE B-2
0.0010.01101.0 0.1
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS
u.s.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N IIIIN ~4IN~81N.4 10 20 4060100 200
1001000
100 I I
90 I I ,....
I I I "'ll<I I
I -..-I---
10
.-
'"~.-
40 f"lii
'0 -I ,..-
20 I I
I
10 I
0 I
I-Z'""~Q.
FINE COARSE MEDIUM
CLASSIFICATION
SILTY CLAY WITli A TRACE OFFINETOMEDIUNSAND
FINE SILT OR CLAY
I :"'000...
u.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N.1.11 IN.~4IN.~81N.4 10 20 40 60 100 200
I100
90
l-ll<
X'"'"10
;0,.6<CD
a:'"'"Z;;:
40I-Z'"'0"a:
'"Q.20
10
01000 100
II
10 1.0 0.1GRAINSIZEINMILLIMETERS 0.01
lii.--
--
0.001
FINE COARSE MEDIUM
CLASSIFICATION
SILTY CLAY WITH A TRACE OFFINETOMEDIUMSAMD
FINE SILT OR CLAY
0.0010.01101.0 0.1GRAINSIZEINMILLIMETERS
I ....
I """"'"
u.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N.1.!lIN.~4IN.~81N.4 10 20 4060 100 200
I
100
H++++-H-+---I-HII+-I++-+--li--~Ht+-+-+---+1++++-JH---+--++lJI+++-t--+----l++++H-+-~
100
90
l-
X'"'"10
;0,.
CD
a:'"'"Z;;:40I-Z'"'0ua:'"Q.20
10
01000
FINE COARSE MEDIUM
CLASSiFICATION
SU.TY CLAY WITH A TRACE OFFINETOMEDIUMSAND
FINE SILT OR CLAY
GRADATION CURVES
DAMES e MOORE
PLATE B-3
U.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N.1.1i IN.314IN.3I81N.4 10 20 40 60 100 200100
90
I-'"XC>
Ui 70
~
1;;&
a:"'50Z;;:40
I-~'0Ua:"'...20
10
01000 100
I I
++-H---l!-:-:
I
._,---
"
10 1.0 0.1
GRAIN SIZE IN MILLIMETERS 0.01
,-
w-
t---
0.001
L AFINECOARSEMEDIUM
CLASSIFICATION
FINE SILT OR CLAY
0.001
--1------
1--
0.01
1J
I
SILT OR CL.AY
1----I
FINE
I\.
-f---
t--
j-
AN
10 1.0 0.1GRAINSIZEINMILLIMETERS
FINE COARSE MEDIUM
CLASSIFICATION
J----
--I--;....-+l+H-lH-+-1f---
U.S.STANDARD SIEVE SIZE
31N.1.1iIN.314IN.3181N.4 10 20 40 60 100 200
100
H+l-+++-+--+---MI+++--t--jf--++++Ht+-+---1r----+t1'\l-H++---+HiHf-t+~-I---m++++I...ji----1
H+++++-+--+----
1H++l-1-++---+J-!Ij-j+f+-*Il"iIiO.::~II
100
90
l-XC>
"'70
~
1;;&
a:"'50z;;:
40I-Z"''0ua:"'...20
10
01000
GRADATION CURVES
DAMES B MOORE
PLATE 8-4
SAMPLE NO.19A DEPTH 1'-21 ELEVATION 56001
SOIL FINE SANDY SILT (ML/SM)
LOCATION BLANDING,IJTAH 0
OPTIMUM MOISTURE CONTENT 14 PERCENT
MAXIMUM DRY DENSITY-l...,,16L--cPL.:C"'-'F'------_
METHOD OF COMPACTIONAASHTO T-9:..,.9o.-_
25
MOISTURE CONTENT IN ~OF DRY WEIGHT
5 10 15 20
-
~
/~~
"\
100
~120
140
o150
~110
Q
>...enz
l&JQ
.,.:
lLI30
::i,
enCD.J
90
COMPACTION TEST DATA
_•••••00••
PLATE 8-5
The quantity and the velocity
of flow of water which will es-
METHOD OF PERFORMING PERCOLATION TESTS
1
cape through an earth structure
or percolate through soil are
dependent upon the permeability
of the earth structure or soil.
The permeability of soil has
often been calculated by empir-
ical f<}rmulas but is best de-
~I
f \II \
j
termined by laboratory tests,
especially in the case of com-
pacted soils.
A one-inch length of the
core sample is sealed in the
percolation apparatus,placed
under a confining load,or sur-
charge pressure,and subjected
to the pressure of a known head
of water.The percolation rate
is computed from the measure-
ments of the volume of water
which flows through the sample
in a series of time intervals.
These rates are usually ex-
pressed as the velocity of flow
in feet per year under a hy-
draulic gradient of one and at
APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING PERCOLATIONS TESTS
Shows tests in progress on eight samples simultaneously.
a temperature of'20 degrees Centigrade.The rate so expressed may be adjusted for any set of condhions involving
the S8J!le s.)il by employing established physical laws.Generally,the percolation rate varies over a wide range at
the beginning of the test and gradually approaches equilibrium as the test progresses.
During the performance of the test,continuous readings of the deflection of the sample are taken by means of
micrometer dial gauges.C he amount of compression or expansion,expressed as a percentage of the original length
of the sample,is a valuable indication of the compression of the soil which will occur under the action of load or
the expansion of the soil 3.S saturation takes place.
DAM•••MOO••
PLATE 8-6
METHOD OF PERFORMING CONSOLIDATION TESTS
CONSOLIDATION TESTS ARE PERFORMED TO EVALUATE THE VOLUME CHANGES OF SOILS SUBJECTED
TO INCREASED LoADS.TIME-CONSOLIDATION AND PRESSURE-CONSOLIDATION CURVES MAY BE PLOT-
TED FROM THE DATA OBTAINED IN THE TESTS.ENGINEERING ANALYSES BASED ON THESE CURVES
PERMIT ESTIMATES TO BE MADE OF THE PROBABLE MAGNITUDE AND RATE OF SETTLEMENT OF THE
TESTED SOILS UNDER APPLIED LOADS.
EACH SAMPLE IS TESTED WITHIN BRASS RINGS TWO AND ONE-
HALF INCHES IN DIAMETER AND ONE INCH IN LENGTH.UNDlS-
TURBED SAMPLES OF IN-PLACE SOILS ARE TESTED IN RINGS
TAKEN FROM THE SAMPUNG DEVICE IN WHICH THE SAMPLES
\lIERE OBTAINED.LOOSE SAMPLES OF SOILS TO BE USED IN
CONSTRUCTING EARTH FILLS ARE COMPACTED IN RINGS TO
PREDETERMINED CONDITIONS AND TESTED.
IN TESTING,THE SAMPLE IS RIGIDLY CONFINED LATERALLY
BY THE BRASS RING.AXIAL LOADS ARE TRANSMITTED TO THE
ENDS OF THE SAMPLE BY POROUS DISKS.THE DISKS ALLOW
DEAD LOAD-PNEUMATIC
CONSOL IDOMETER
DRAINAGE OF THE LOADED SAMPLE.THE AXIAL COMPRESSION OR EXPANSION OF THE SAMPLE IS
MEASURED BY A MICROMETER DIAL INDICATOR AT APPROPRIATE TIME INTERVALS AFTER EACH
LOAD INCREMENT IS APPLIED.EACH LOAD IS ORDINARILY TWICE THE PRECEDING LOAD.THE IN'-
CREMENTS ARE SELECTED TO OBTAIN CONSOLIDATION DATA REPRESENTING THE FIELD LOADING
CONDITIONS FOR WHICH THE TEST IS BEING PERFORMED.EACH LOAD INGREMENT IS ALLOWED TO
ACT OVER AN INTERVAL OF TIME DEPENDENT ON THE TYPE AND EXTENT OF THE SOIL IN THE
FIELD.
PLATE B-7
PRESSURE IN LBS.lSQ.FT.
oo.;t
(\Jo
o 0 0o0 0o0 0o0 0rl).;t LO
oooo(\J
oooQ
o 0 0o0 0o0 0
rl).;t LO
ooo(\J
ooo
o 0 0o0 0
rl).;t LO
oo(\J -
=.--."'-.--;,-:::=.:::.........~---':':r~.:-fIr,•..........'IC:•••.............-::.,....
~............••~SAMPLES SATURATED............"".~----""'l ~.,....
.........."......•'"""..r...r-........•••~~,........•••I...."I"-~,
......-~..'",
--"""......•\"REBOUN~1'-0 .....
j.•..~....I.....~-,
'..'"....~..~,..~--,
.~.~
~~
It.
••..................,.....'..••......\•••••........•.\---..---.........r_REBOUND.A ..........---+...........\..••--~~\
..T~.
REBOUND~-I..........~.......--\---......~......~
BORING SOIL TYPE MOISTURE CONTENT DRY DENSITY SYMBOLINPERCENTINLBS.lCU.FT.
NO.DEPTH BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER
3 4'(SM)SILTY FINE SAND 7.6 18.0 100 112 ---
3 14'(CL)WEATHERED CLAYSTONE 15.1 17.1 113 117 ---
4 4'(SM)SILTY FINE SAND 5.1 13.9 107 119 .........
oo
.02
.04
.06
~.10
.18
.14
.00
•16
zo~<t
<5 .12(f)zou
::cuz
".08(f)w::cuz
CONSOLIDATION TEST DATA
D oo••
PLATE 8-8
METHOD OF PERFORMING DIRECT SHEAR AND FRICTION TESTS
DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ARE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE
THE SHEARING STRENGTHS OF SOILS.FRICTION TESTS
ARE PERFORMED TO DETERMINE THE FRICTIONAL RE-
SISTANCES BETWEEN SOILS AND VARIOUS OTHER MATE-
RIALS SUCH AS WOOD,STEEL,OR CONCRETE.THE TESTS
ARE PERFORMED IN THE LABORATORY TO SIMULATE
ANTICIPATED FIELD CONDITIONS.
EACH SAMPLE IS TESTED WITHIN THREE BRASS RINGS,
TWO AND ONE-HALF INCHES IN DIAMETER AND ONE INCH
IN LENGTH.UNDISTURBED SAMPLES OF IN-PLACE SOILS
ARE TESTED IN RINGS TAKEN FROM THE SAMPLING
DIRECT SHEAR APPARATUS WITH
ELECTRONIC RECORDER
DEVICE IN WHICH THE SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED.LOOSE SAMPLES OF SOILS TO BE USED IN CON-
STRUCTING EARTH FILLS ARE COMPACTED IN RINGS TO PREDETERMINED CONDITIONS AND TESTED.
DIRECT SHEAR TESTS
A THREE-INCH LENGTH OF THE SAMPLE IS TESTED IN DIRECT DOUBLE SHEAR.A CONSTANT PRES-
SURE,APPROPRIATE TO THE CONDITIONS OF THE PROBLEM FOR WHICH THE TEST IS BEING PER-
FORMED,IS APPLIED NORMAL TO THE ENDS OF THE SAMPLE THROUGH POROUS STONES.A SHEARING
FAILURE OF THE SAMPLE IS CAUSED BY MOVING THE CENTER RING IN A DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR
TO THE AXIS OF THE SAMPLE.TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT OF THE OUTER RINGS IS PREVENTED.
THE SHEARING FAILURE MAY BE ACCOMPLISHED BY APPLYING TO THE CENTER RING EITHER A
CONSTANT RATE OF LOAD,A CONSTANT RATE OF DEFLECTION,OR INCREMENTS OF LOAD OR DE-
FLECTION.IN EACH CASE,THE SHEARING LOAD AND THE DEFLECTIONS IN BOTH THE AXIAL AND
TRANSVERSE DIRECTIONS ARE RECORDED AND PLOTTED.THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF THE SOIL
IS DETERMINED FROM THE RESULTING LOAD·DEFLECTION CURVES.
FRICTION TESTS
IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE BETWEENSOILAND THE SURFACES OF VARIOUS
MATERIALS,THE CENTER RING OF SOIL IN THE DIRECT SHEAR TEST IS REPLACED BY A DISK OF THE
MATERIAL TO BE TESTED.THE TEST IS THEN PERFORMED IN THE SAME MANNER AS THE DIRECT
SHEAR TEST BY FORCING THE DISK OF MATERIAL FROM THE SOIL SURFACES.
PLATE 8-9
METHODS OF PERFORMING UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
THE SHEARING STRENGTHS OF SOILS ARE DETERMINED
FROM THE RESULTS OF UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS.IN TRIAXIAL COMPRES-
SION TESTS THE TEST METHOD AND THE MAGNITUDE OF
THE CONFINING PRESSURE ARE CHOSEN TO SIMULATE
ANTICIPATED FIELD CONDITIONS.
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION AND TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION
TESTS ARE PERFORMED ON UNDISTURBED OR REMOLDED
SAMPLES OF SOIL APPROXIMATELY SIX INCHES IN LENGTH
AND TWO AND ONE-HALF INCHES IN DIAMETER.THE TESTS
ARE RUN EITHER STRAIN-CONTROLLED OR STRESS-
CONTROLLED.IN A STRAIN-CONTROLLED TEST THE
SAMPLE IS SUBJECTED TO A CONSTANT RATE OF DEFLEC-
TION AND THE RESULTING.STRESSES ARE RECORDED.IN
A STRESS-CONTROLLED TEST THE SAMPLE IS SUBJ ECTED
TO EQUAL INCREMENTS OF LOAD WITH EACH INCREMENT
BEING MAINTAINED UNTIL AN EQUILIBRIUM CONDITION
WITH RESPECT TO STRAIN IS ACHIEVED.
I
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST UNITYIELD,PEAK,OR ULTIMATE STRESSES ARE DETERMINED
FROM THE STRESS-STRAIN PLOT FOR EACH SAMPLE AND
THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES ARE EVALUATED.THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES ARE PLOTTED ON A MOHR'S
CIRCLE DIAGRAM TO DETERMINE THE SHEARING STRENGTH OF THE SOIL TYPE BEING TESTED.
UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS CAN BE PERFORMED ONLY ON SAMPLES WITH SUFFICIENT COHE-
SION SO THAT THE SOIL WILL STAND AS AN UNSUPPORTED CYLINDER.THESE TESTS MAY BE RUN AT
NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT OR ON ARTIFICIALLY SATURATED SOILS.
IN A TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST THE SAMPLE IS ENCASED IN A RUBBER MEMBRANE,PLACED IN A
TEST CHAMBER,AND SUBJECTED TO A CONFINING PRESSURE THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE
TEST.NORMALLY,THIS CONFINING PRESSURE IS MAINTAINED AT A CONSTANT LEVEL,ALTHOUGH FOR
SPECIAL TESTS IT MAY BE VARIED IN RELATION TO THE MEASURED STRESSES.TRIAXIAL COMPRES-
SION TESTS MAY BE RUN ON SOILS AT FIELD MOISTURE CONTENT OR ON ARTIFICIALLY SATURATED
SAMPLES.THE TESTS ARE PERFORMED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED:THE CONFINING PRESSURE IS IMPOSED ON THE SAMPLE
AT THE START OF THE TEST.NO DRAINAGE IS PERMITTED AND THE STRESSES WHICH
ARE MEASURED REPRESENT THE SUM OF THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES AND PORE
WATER PRESSURES.
CONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED:THE SAMPLE IS ALLOWED TO CONSOLIDATE FULLY UNDER
THE APPLIED CONFINING PRESSURE PRIOR TO THE START OF THE TEST.THE VOLUME
CHANGE IS DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE WATER AND/OR AIR EXPELLED DURING
CONSOLIDATION.NO DRAINAGE IS PERMITTED DURING THE TEST AND THE STRESSES
WHICH ARE MEASURED ARE THE SAME AS FOR THE UNCONSOLIDATED-UNDRAINED TEST.
DRAINED:THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES IN A SAMPLE MAY BE MEASURED BY PER-
FORMING A DRAINED,OR SLOW,TEST.IN THIS TEST THE SAMPLE IS FULLY SATURATED
AND CONSOLIDATED PRIOR TO THE START OF THE TEST.DURING THE TEST,DRAINAGE
IS PERMITTED AND THE TEST IS PERFORMED AT A SLOW ENOUGH RATE TO PREVENT
THE BUILDUP OF PORE WATER PRESSURES.THE RESULTING STRESSES WHICH ARE MEAS-
URED REPRESENT ONLY THE INTER-GRANULAR STRESSES.THESE TESTS ARE USUALLY
PERFORMED ON SAMPLES OF GENERALLY NON-COHESIVE SOILS,ALTHOUGH THE TEST
PROCEDURE IS APPLICABLE TO COHESIVE SOILS IF A SUFFICIENTLY SLOW TEST RATE
IS USED.
AN ALTERNATE MEANS OF OBTAINING THE DATA RESULTING FROM THE DRAINED TEST IS TO PER-
FORM AN UNDRAINED TEST IN WHICH SPECIAL EQUIPMENT IS USED TO MEASURE THE PORE WATER
PRESSURES.THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TOTAL STRESSES AND THE PORE WATER PRESSURES
MEASURED ARE THE INTERGRANULAR STRESSES.
PLATE 8-10
KEY 0 ®®-I ~4BORING/1~/7 J1 /74-
SAMPLE /:z 3
DEPTH (FEET).Bu~*;f3Uc.,k ,8",,-(.*J3{,,(~
~,.%/3·3 18,2 /3.g /3·/
~I Yd'PCF 1/1.I II/,Z.I/I,f /1/·:5
>-z I 80 o.S'29 0.527 ().5Zt!'o,052.G
y .:;%(,J'1.-6$'%r::.e ~<::'7 %
t.J,%/8.2 17·t;IG·7 1(;./
;;i I Yd.PCF /1!-·7 117,1 1/7 0 120''5
~I 8t 0·481 o.f'5O a .C/S"/0.1-0
Y ~0.'/c;o %/00 %100 .,~~100 <;0;t_,/0
BACK PRESSURE (psI)rS'6·/72 .2-IC;!"1~5
95%
DRY DENSITY
TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
ON SIL TY FINE SAND COMPACTED TO
OF AASHTO T-99 MAXIMUM
1O
,J;~
~
Ib'~
x«~
o.;£<'
5,Qo
--"--43g
0'1 -0'3
a,.KSF
1<0'1 -0'3 ~
~(O'I +0'3)
u •!-f(sF
A.u/(0'1 -0'3
STRESS
CONDITION
&I %
£,%
TIME TO
FAIL (MIN.)----
:2 I 0'3.l'(sF
w0:>-Ul
--'~o>-
TIM~­
FAIL (MIN.)E 0'3 •\4(sF
0:_ _
t;;0'1 -0'3
~O'I',.{~
~t(O'I -0-3)w __
LL 1--::;'2 (0'1 +0'3)
u.~-F--
0~-o-3
0'1/0'3
/6
--
\
\,
'"
14
"
----;=140 C=300 PSF~
12
--
'\
\
10
----./'----
8
~=33°C=O
6
-~--­/
EFFECTIVE STRESS
TOTAL STRESS
42
o t'I 't I &L I ~I I I'iii
o
lJ...
00
~
2
8
.
00 6
00
W
0::
t-
OO
0::
<{4w:c
00
NORMAL STRESS.KSF
(MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO)TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST REPORT
CONSOUl),4T€D -UI(/OR41Neo TR.IA'</~C,.T~'YTYPEOFTEST?VIm ,PoR~PReSSURE'Mc.4.S(./PeM~AjT_
TYPE MATERIAL Co/V'!Pt4CT~D co~e
,/01271 77
,Ie>12}1 7
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICATION Rc/)DISH -..€~OWN CC-"lYeY
LIQUID L1MIT_-_PLASTIC L1MIT_-__SPECIFIC GRAVITY,Gs
PROJECT E-Iv c-R G Y puc c..S
LOCATION De AJ v e .tt:?
JOB NO.9'773-015-14 PREPARED BY /PI!
CHECKED BY ~~
S'/c.....~
2/0 (4 N.\
PLATE B-11
MULTI PHASE TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS
ON SILTY FINE SAND AT NATURAL DENSITY
x«~
115'~
.0.0
,
~
,"i-
t-
"t'I ,...'
gt2.
~
·~eo~
,,5"'
B
B
BORING
SAMPLE
KEY
DEPTH (FEET)
1J,"lfo
l.I,"lfo
~Il'"d'PCF
...·f
..JEIl'"d'PCF
z .0
BACK PRESSURE (PSI)
STRAIN RATE
(INCHES IMINUTE)---
STRESS
CONDITION
£.".
TIME TOFAIL(MIN.)
Ul 0"3,PSF
Ul...0"1 -a3It:~--Ul 0"1,PSF..J~l(al -(3)0~1(0",+(3)
u ,PSF
uj-
1:."lfo
TIME TO
FAIL (MIN.)
Ul a3 ,PSFUl'"It:.~al -0"3Ul...al •PSF>j:t(al -(3 )u......~(al +0"3)......
u,PSF
A,u/(~-O';
a-~/o-3
•to5
c-o
----
~--¢-13.5°C=O
;/
-
-----
/"'"
V "
/\
\
i
,L \\
6
i
7
i
8
i
9432
EFFECTIVE STRESS
TOTAL STRESS
I.L.
(f)
~
4
5
.
(f)3
(f)
wc:::
I-
(f)
c:::«2w:c
(f)
;k
.'
]
'~
NORMAL STRESS.KSF
(MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE STRESS RATIO)TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST REPORT
TYPE OF TEST D -CU -PP
TYPE MATERIAL e,,.....,Silt:\F.SA..,!
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICATlON--=S:!..M-L.-I-I...1.M--,--",f-~_
LIQUID L1MIT.l:J/A-PLASTIC L1MIT~SPECIFIC GRAVITY,Gs ~.U-4.S!2U~
PROJECT EN E_Il.~'1 CU t.\Sa
LOCATION ~LA~Ql.blI\-Uy:
JOB NO.DSCtZ3=-~tS:'"V\PREPARED BY \-We....,[\IIJ I ))
CHECKED BY •I I
PLATE 8-12
APPENDIX I
REPORT
INVESTIGATION OF ALTERNATIVE TAILINGS
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
•energy fuels nuclear,inc.
executive offices.suite 445.three park central.1515 arapahoe •denver.colorado 80202 •[phone]
~-:lay 2,1978
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Fuel Processing &Fabrication Branch
Division of Fuel Cycle &Material Safety
7915 Eastern Avenue
Silver Springs,Maryland 29096
ATTENTION:Mr.Ross Scarano
RE:Docket No.40-8681
Alternative Tailing Disposal Systems
White ~-:lesa Uranium rHll
Gentlemen:
On February 8,1978,Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.submitted to
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission a Source Material License
Application for the proposed White Mesa Uranium Mill near
Blanding,Utah.The application was accompanied by an Environ-
mental.Report prepared by Dames &Moore,our environmental con-
sultants (see Docket No.40-8681).
On March 24,1978,your letter was received requiring Energy
Fuels Nuclear,Inc.to address,in more detail,alternatives
for the disposal of tailings.
Western Knapp Engineering ("Western Knapp"),a Division of Arthur
G.McKee &Company,was asked by Energy Fuels to perform an in-
dependent study of alternative tailings disposal systems for the
proposed White Mesa Uranium Mill.·Their report entitled "The
Investigation of Alternative Tailings Disposal Systems"is sub-
mitted herewith and is an addendum to the Environmental Report.
The alternatives studies by Western Knapp,following a field
inspection of the area,included:
•
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Alternative Tailing Disposal Systems
White Mesa Uranium Mill
May 2,1978
Page Two
Conventional disposal of total tailings in above-
grade containment basins which are sealed with
natural soils inplace.Variations include con-
struction of a containment embankment of the tail-
ings material derived from the mill operations,
and construction of engineered earth-filled embank-
ments of borrow material.
Disposal of total tailings in excavated basins
partially or completely below grade.
Segregated disposal involving a separation of the
total tailings into a sand component and a slime
component.With this method,the sand component
is dry enough to allow storage in unlined exca-
vations.The slime component is impounded in im-
permeable evaporation ponds.
Filtration of the total tailings in order to de-
water them to a level where it is unnecessary to
line the tailings storage basin or area.The
liquid component will be evaporated in impermeable
evaporation ponds.
Off site disposal in mines.
Additional matters studied include neutralization,
chemical fixation,use of alternative cover mate-
rials,and use of clayey sands and plastic membranes
for lining ponds.
A.Evaluation of Alternatives
The following tables represent a summary of Western Knapp's
evaluation of the various tailing disposal alternatives.
Alternatives Studied Type oe Liner Advantages Diadvantaqcs •
Down
after
tv
8":JIi
(l)
ro
"O::S::E::J::lCPJPJ:JI-'::JlQf.<:1-'-rt 1-"
ro rtrortroIiro::s:~p,
I-'rortCJ:l
\.0 00 1-'-rt-.....IPJ~PJ
00 (l)rtCr.:>1i8mPJPJ::J I-'-Z1-'-I-'s::s::1-'-0S::JI-'lQ (l)::s:PJ1-'-t:1 IiI-'1-'-
I-'OO~~(l)OlQ00s::PJ I-'I-'PJrtCJ:lOf.<:Ii00'<:rt
(l)()S 0
00 ~
1-'-00001-'-o
::J
Mound 011'all tour sicies aft.er CQlil-
pl~tion~therefore,aestlletics not
as good as 2..above.Integrity of
linC-:'r Qve,IT long term not known.
Extremely large excavaten [.Ii t re-
quired for sa~d~stora9(~.Excessive
amount of;spoil left after (~roject
compl(>t(~d~Long term int(~qrity uf
liner not known.Extremely tJigtl
CO!;\t•.
Large pitn~quil;"ed for sand but-ial
and large mound exposed whc'n cCJ'J,:·n:d.
SliSl'\e J?o;r:;l;:iQn rL'qtli t·t;5 lany·arC';l j
c-xtr:('mely lClr~w borrow ,:,0'("(1 rt:~lIi fL'.}
fOl'cover.gXC"(I~.isiVt'.:JllIlJllnl of Sl,,)i]
ll'~l a~L<:r pn,j('ct ',,'mr,Jd(·'].
f::xtn:ffic'ly hi~lh cost..
Exposure to Emosion during opera-
tion greater than if dike con-
structed in onp stage.Hadan
emission g,n'atl?.l."than for full
height construction due to larger
expos~d tailings surfac(~'.
Lqrge borrow arbl required.
Integrity a.nd stability question-
able;radon emission from facu of
embankment uncontrolled.
Large borrow a!lea rc:quired.
Stability excellent;short term as
well as long term,Radon ga~en\-
ission is low during operations be~
cause o~staged rec~amQtion\
Radon emis.sion cont,Qlled on sand por-
tion a.s sand taili.ng~cover;{~Q p.r.ogn.:'s-
siV~ly,during operation.Sli~~rortion
covered wi th water:durinq opf·I;latiQn..
Stability of Sand disl?ou~l ·~y~tf.·m i'i
£>xcellr.·nt as matq-j.al b.belQw grade,
Stability of slime pond embankment
excellent as outs.ide slope oJ;eInbilnk.,.
ment covered witt,~iJ?-·);ap..
Long term stability excellent when
rip-rapped.Control o{radon
emission very good as bulk oJ;tail-
ings will be kept below water during
operation~
Short term as well as long term
stability excellent,Radon control
during operation good~Erosion dur,..
ing and a.(tet;',operation excellent"
Less disturbed area,no borrow re-
quired.
Radon emissions lowf slime portion
of tailings buried below sands or
water during operation,exposed sand
c:overed with soil when final height
reac:hed.System would blend since
natul;'al material is.used f;or J::If!clama-
tinn cover.Stability,long term ~s
well as short term,i~excellent be-
cause down slope embqnkment is pro-
tected with rip-rap or concrete\
Same as 2,above after pro~ect com-
pleted.
Same as 5~~boye~
No ~ine~used in bas.in ~o~dew~te:r;ed
sanq$..Linel;.in evaporation ponel is
o~sca,i~ied and rec:oll\f)acted natural
soils.
Syn thetic membrane..
Natural ~oils scarified and
recompacted•.
Natural inplace soils,scarieied
and recompactcq.
Same a~2,above,
Natural inplace soils,sCa~ified
and recompacted..
4.Engineered embankment --
Horizontal stage const:r;uction.
Rip-rap after last stage con-
structed.
6.Disposal in excavated basins
totally below grade.
Disposal In Excavatpd Basins:
5.Disposal.partially below
gr<lde.(Dames &Moore suqges,t-
ed method.)
~regated Disposal,
7.Sand-slime sepat;"ation..Sa.nds
buried below grade after being de-
watered.Slimes stored in eyapQJ;l-
ation pond.
3.Engineered ernb~nkment --
Vertical stage construction.
slope protected with rip-rap
last stage corlstructed.
2.Engineered embankment --Full
height construction prior to mill
start-up.Down slope protected
with rip-rap before operation•.
Conventional Disposal:
1.Dam construction using tail-
ings sands.
•Alternatives Studi~d Type of Liner Advantage"_____.....:D:.:i:.:s:..:::a4van~
tvh:j ..oCIi
Jod:S:::8::t:'C:::
PJPJ::t ......::slQ10<:1-'-rl"1-'-ro rl"rortroIiro::s p,
:S:PJ......rorl"(f)
\.0 CIl 1-"rl"-...JPJ<:PJ
CO ro rl"c:::roIi1-3 CIlPJPJ::s I-'-Z
1-'-I-'CCI-'-()S::s ......
lQ ro:s:PJ
1-'"0 Ii
......1-'"
......CIl~'dro
OlQ
CIl CPJ......
......PJrl"(f)O'<IiCIllo<:rl"ron~§
1-"
CIl
CIl
1-"o::s
Same as 8 •.
Gela,tinous and low density pre-
cipitate increases total volume
o(tailings resulting i'n larg(:'r f)ond
art2a requirernE·nt.Underlying sand-
stone high in 1tme;th<..'n..fore,if
seepage Qccurs a non-Ill~utta)iz(·d.
).iguid will eyelltually b~neu-
tralized..
Tl.?chnolQgy ~o:t;'long term unknown.
COCit prohibitive•.
Widely dispersed and scatter12di hard
to cont.rol;minf~s ope-rat.ing;divcr~f-J
ownership o(mines.No open pit
available,Underground mines are
wide-ly scattered for a radium of 100
miles around the mill site.
Extremely large pit require-d for
burial Of solids.Large area dis-
turbc:d for burial and solution
evaporation ponds.Large spoil
mound oyer area.Extn~mely high cost.
IJiqhly questionable that Nhite Hc~;a
Uranium tailin9 can be filter(~d due
to tlH::clay C'ont(~nt of the VaI.1iO\.l~j
ore types.,
Same as 7~~plus long tc'rm integrity
of liner unknown~
Material is ,eturned to previously
disturbed a,eas 'and below surface
stQr~ge.
None ~pparent",
Reduced emissions could be eXI?e.cted.
Advantages sqrne as 7~,except sta-
bility may be better on the partially
below grade disposal of slimes.
Same as 8,;stability excellent for
both portions.
Stability excellent ~or solids,Radon
emission controlled during oper.ation
as solids covered with soil..
None
None
None
None,as tailings dewatered..
Sames as 8.
Synthetic membrane on slimes por-
tion.Sands dcwater€:d and no lining
used..
Offsite Disposal In Mines:
11.Disposal in mines..
13.Chemical Fixation
12.Tailings Neutralization
Additional Considerations:
8.Same as 7.,except slimes
buried partially below grade.
9.Same as 7.,except slimes
buried totally below grade.
Filtered Tailing Dispos~:
10.Filtered tailings.
•united States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Alternative Tailing Disposal Systems
White Mesa Uranium Mill
May 2,1978
Page Five
B.Methods Selected
Based on the Western Knapp investigation,Energy Fuels recommends
as the preferred system for tailings disposal the engineered em-
bankment (full height or stage construction)using scarified and
recompacted natural inplace soils for seepage control.This al-
ternative represents an environmentally sound,reliable and reason-
able method of tailings management.
The second preferred alternative is the disposal of tailings
partially below grade in excavated basins (cells)(Dames &Moore
suggested method)in which a synthetic membrane liner is used.
An alternate clay liner could be considered for this design.
In either case,rip-rap wi.ll be extensively employed on all down-
slope embankments for long term stability.
C.Methods Rejected
Disposal of tailings totally below grade,with or without particle
segregation or filtration,would require the excavation of approxi-
mately 9,000,000 cubic yards of material for the proposed IS-year
operation.Removal of this yardage would constitute a large min-
ing operation and produce an enormous pit.Because a major part
of the pit would be in solid rock,extensive drilling and blast-
ing would be required before loading and haulage of the broken
material to adjoining areas.This would be prohibitively expensive
and have serious environmental impacts.The excavating equipment
required for a project of this size is as follows:
8 Truck-Mounted Rock Drills
2 ANFO Trucks
6 IS-Yard Front End Loaders
12 8S-Ton Dump Trucks
4 D-9 Ripper Tractors (Bulldozers)
2 Water Trucks
2 Graders
The time required to excavate 9,000,000 cubic yards of material
(mostly from solid rock)would be one and one-half years or more.
In addition,approximately 2S0 acres of land would be excavated.
An equal (or larger)area of land would be permanently disturbed
by the placement of the 9,000,000 cubic yards'(11,000,000 cubic
yards in loose state)of rock and soil removed from the pit.
Although a part of this excavated material would ultimately be
used for cover over the pit area,the bulk of it would remain as
an elevated land mass scarring the surrounding area.
•
Revised 5/9/78
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Alternative Tailing Disposal Systems
White Mesa Uranium Mill
May 2,1978
Page Six
D.Natural Liner Material On The Property
Samples of the silty and clayey sands overlying the tailing
reservoir area were taken by Western Knapp and submitted to Chen
&Associates of Denver,.Colorado for laboratory permeability
tests.The results are presented in the following tabulation:
Dry Moisture Pressure Cofficient of
Sample Density Content Head Permeability
North 110.2 pcf 13.0 14.5 Ft.0.03 Ft./Yr.
South 107.9 pcf 13.8 14.5 Ft.0.081 Ft./Yr.
A copy of Chen &Associates'laboratory report is included in the
Western Knapp report.Permeability tests performed by Dames &
Moore on remolded samples of similar material,compacted to 95%
of the optimum,in accordance with the specifications of AASHTO T-99,
gave permeabilities (K)ofO.35Ft./Yr.;0.56 Ft./Yr.;and 0.19 Ft./
Yr.On the basis of the above laboratory permeability rates,
Western Knapp concluded that the silty and clayey sands overlying
the tailing reservoir area are more than acceptable for tailings
and solution seepage control when scarified and recompacted,and
preclude the need for a synthetic membrane.·A preliminary seis-
mograph survey was performed over the tailing area.This survey
showed the sandy clay soil and sandy silty soil varied from four
feet thick up to eighteen feet thick over the entire area (refer
to the attached seismograph survey).
In addition to the low permeability of the scarified and recom-
pacted soil,the physical properties of the tailings material
are such that they will tend to decrease seepage to a great ex-
tent.An average of 30%of the tailings.material is minus 325
mesh.
The Western Knapp Engineering report shows capital and operating
cost estimates for the alternative disposal systems.A summary
of these costs is attached hereto.
We feel it would be very helpful for all concerned if a repre-
sentative of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission could visit the
site in the very near future.This would provide a better under-
standing of the site characteristics and general area in relation
to the proposed tailings plans.
•United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Alternative Tailing Disposal Systems
White Mesa Uranium Mill
May 2,1978
Page Seven
We sincerely believe that the submission of Western Knapp's
report as an addendum to our environmental report will satis-
factorily complete our application such that your review may
proceed expeditiously.
Sincerely,
';?p~2J~~Led
Muril D.Vincelette
Vice President-Operations
MDV/jp
Attachments
NIELS()NS INC()I{'I~)llA:\.."rJ':])
General Contractors
PHONE [phone] P.O.Box 1660
CORTEZ,COLORADO 81321
April 10,1978
Mr.D.K.Sparling
Manager of Uranium Processing
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
Suite 445,Three Park Central
1515 Arapahoe
Denver,Colorado 80202
SUBJECT:Seismograph Survey of Blanding Mill Site
San Juan County,Utah
Dear Don:
On March 28,1978,at the request of your office a seismograph
survey was made of several proposed pond areas at the subject
site.
The purpose of this seismic survey was to primarily determine the
velocity and depth of bedrock and evaluate its excavation characteris-
tics.At seven of the seismograph locations bedrock,which we
assume to be Dakota Sandstone,was encountered with a velocity range
of from 6,500 feet per second to 8,400 feet per second.Our
experience has shown that in most cases it is necessary to drill
and shoot sandstone of this velocity range.It is generally not
economically feasiable or physically possible to rip sandstone of
this velocity with a current model Caterpillar D-9 tractor using
a single tooth ripper.
Material in the velocity range of from 3,100 feet per second to
5,000 feet per second was encountered over the more dense bedrock
at several locations as well as at several locations where hard
rock was not encountered within 33 feet of the surface.
We are also assuming this to be sandstone although we suggest
that this data be correlated with your drill logs to confirm the
rock type.It is anticipated that the material in this velocity
range will rip with a D-9 tractor without great difficulty.
The surface material is a sandy silt of a velocity range of from
800 feet per second to 1,750 feet per second.A more compact or
cemented soil often underlies the unconsolidated silty sand.This
more dense soil has a velocity range of from 1,700 feet per second
to 2,450 feet per second.Light ripping of the compacted or cemented
soils will facilitate loading into scrapers.
"AN EQUA.L OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER'·
"
General Contractors
PHONE 565~8461 P.O.Box 1660
CORTEZ.COLORADO 81321
April 10,1978
-2~
Mr.D.K.Sparling
A copy of the summary of our seismic results is attached.
This is accompanied by copies of a drawing showing the
location of each of our seismograph profiles.
Yours very truly,
NIELSONS,INC.
:_(;j/~/l:~/~i'h'-/!'V~<---
Arnold G.Hampson P.E.
Vice President -
Engineering
AGH:Is
cc:file,Mr.FRank Seeton,James H.Tinto
Encl:as noted above
·'AN EQU,a"L..OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER"'
SEISMOGRAPH SURVEY
BLANDING MILL SITE
SAN JUAN COUNTY,UTAH
SEISMIC
TEST
NUMBER VELOCITY DEPTH
1 Vl =1,500 f.p.s.0-11'
V2 =7,400 f.p.s.11-33'
2 Vl =900 f.p.s.0-6'
V2=7,000 f.p.s.6-33'
PROBABLE
MATERIAL
Sandy-Clay Soil
Dakota Sandstone
Sandy-Clay Soil
Dakota Sandstone
EXCAVATION
'-CHARACTER
Unconsolidated Soil
Drill &Shoot Rock
Unconsolidated Soil
Drill &Shoot Rock
3 V =1,300 f.p.s.0-3'Sandy-Clay Soil Unconsolidated Soil1
V =2,000 f.p.s.3-9'Sandy-Clay Soil Compact Soil2
V =3,100 f.p.s.9-33'Dakota Sandstone Soft Rippable Rock3
4 Vl =900 f.p.s.0-4'
V2 =4,000 f.p.s.4-33 1
Sandy-Clay Soil
Dakota Sandstone
Unconsolidated Soil
Soft Rippable Rock
5 V =900 f.p.s.0-3 1 Sandy-Clay Soil Unconsolidated Soil1
V =1,700 f.p.s.3-15'Sandy-Clay Soil Compact Soil2
V =6,500 f.p.s.15-33'Dakota Sandstone Drill &Shoot Rock3
6 V =1,300 f.p.s.0-5 1 Sandy-Clay Soil Unconsolidated Soil1
V =4,200 f.p.s.5-13 1 Dakota Sandstone Medium Soft Rippable2Rock
V =6,800 f.p.s.13-33 1 Dakota Sandstone Drill &Shoot Rock3
-1-
SEISMOGRAPH SURVEY
BLANDING MILL SITE
SAN JUAN COUNTY,UTAH
SEISMIC
TEST
NUMBER VELOCITY
7 VI:::1,250 f.p.s.
V2=2,200 f.p.s.
V3=6_,500 f.P .s .
PROBABLE EXCAVATION
DEPTH MATERIAL 'CHARACTER
0-3'Sandy-Clay Soil Unconsolidated Soil
3-18'Sandy-Clay Soil Compact Soil
18-33'Dakota Sandstone Drill.&Shoot Rock
8
9
Vl =1,400 f.p.s.0-6'
V2 =4,400 f.p.s.6-33'
Vl =1,300 f.p.s.0-6'
V2 =5,000 f.p.s.6-33'
Sandy-Silty Soil
Dakota Sandstone
Sandy-Silty Soil
Dakota Sandstone
Unconsolidated Soil
Medium Soft Rippable
---Rock
Unconsolidated Soil
Medium Hard Rippable
Rock
10 V =1,500 f.p.s.0-5'Sandy-Silty Soil Unconsolidated Soil1
V =2,450 f.p.s.5-17'Sandy-Silty ·Soil Compact,Cemented SoL2
V =7,000 f.p.s.17-33'Dakota Sandstone Drill &Shoot Rock3
11 V =800 f.p.s.0-5'Sandy-Silty Soil Unconsolidated Soil1
V =3,500 f.p.s.5-13'Dakota Sandstone Medium Soft Rippable2Rock
V =8,400 f.p.s.13-33'Dakota Sandstone Drill &Shoot Rock3
12 Vl =1,400 f.p.s.0-7'
V2 =4,500 f.p.s.7-33'
Sandy-Silty Soil
Dakota Sandstone
-2-
Unconsolidated Soil
Medium Soft Rippable
Rock
SEISMOGRAPH SURVEY
BLANDING MILL SITE
SAN JUAN COUNTY,UTAH
SEISMIC
TEST
NUMBER VELOCITY DEPTH
13 Vl =1,750 f.p.s.0-6'
V2=3,700 f.p.s.6-33'
PROBABLE
MATERIAL
Sandy-Silty Soil
Dakota Sandstone
-3-
EXCAVATION
CHARACTER
Unconsolidated Soil
Mediu~Soft Rippable
Rock
SUt'1HARY OF COSTS FOR VJI.RIOGS TAILI:;GS DISPOSAL :·:ETHODS
Develoned bv Wpstern-KnaoD E~qineering
~hitc Mesu Ur~nium Project
Estimated Tot~l Capital,QDeratinc,and Recla~ation Cost
Conventional Disposal
9,918,000
11,724,000
Dam construction using tailings sands $7,393,000
SClgineered embankment -Full Height '.'ith
rip-rap 9,893,000
Enqineered Embankment -Sta~c Construction:
-(a)Vertical (with rip~rap)
(n)Horizontal (with rip-rap)
Disposal in Excavated Basins
(253,000)*
(2,064,000)
(2,064,000)
(2,931,000)
Disposal partially below grade $17,278,000 (10,131,000)-Dames &Moore Method
Disposal totally below grade 34,757,000 (28,944,000)
Segreaated Dis~osal
Sand-slime separation and with slime
evaporation pond:
Hydroc'cclones Hydrocyclo~es +Sc=een
Above grade pond (90 acres)
Partially below grdde Pond (90 acres)
Below grade Pond (90 acres)
Small ponds,above grade (multiple
25 acre ponds)
$13,947,000 (6,658,000)
27,288,000 (15,333,000)
33,423,000 (21,801,000)
18,947,000 (6,658,000)
19,173,000
27,513,000
33,648,000
19,173,000
(6,723,000)
(15,397,000)
(21,865,000)
(6,723,000)
Filtered Tailinq Dis~osal Truck Haulaqe Belt Convevors
With belt extractors
With disc filters
Offsite Disposal in ~ines
No cost estimate developed
Additional Considerations
Total neutralization
Slime neutralization only
Chem1cal fixation
$25,610,000
25,449,000
$21,367,000
18,815,000
105,500,000
(6,069,000)
(5,651,000)
(476,000)
(476,000)
(500,000)
25,528,000
25,376,000
(7,518,000)
(7,099,000)
~:OTE:*The nUP."'.bers in parenthesL?s represent the capital cost.See ~'~estern-Knapp Engineering re?ort
for brea%-down of cstinated costs,unit rates,etc.and cost of concrete slope protection in
lieu 0:rip-rap.
l
INVESTiGATioN
of
ALTERNATivE
TAili NGS DispOSAL Sys TEMS
VVHITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
Blanding,Utah
Prepared for
ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
Denver,Colorado
McKee__wk.Contract No.2247
April 1978
Mel<ee
wke
TWX 910-374-2855,TLX 34-9398,CABLE:WKECO
April 28,1978
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
3 Park Central,Suite 445
1515 Arapahoe
Denver,Colorado 80202
Attention:
Subject:
Gentlemen:
Mr.D.K.Sparling
Project Manager
White Mesa Uranium Project
Tailings Disposal Studies
McKee Job 2247E
It is a pleasure to transmit to you fourteen copies of our report covering the investigation
of Alternative Tailings Disposal Systems.This work was completed in accordance with
our letter to you dated March 30,1978.
We trust that this report fulfills your requirements,and we will be pleased to discuss
the contents with you at your convenience.
Very truly yours,
WESTERN KNAPP ENGINEERING,
a Division of Arthur G.McKee &Company
~;&2Z~-
W.Riethmeier
Vice President and
Assistant to the General Manager
WESTERN KNAPP ENGINEERING • A DIVISION OF ARTHUR G McKEE &COMPANY
2700 CAMPUS DRIVE,SAN MATEO,CALIFORNIA 94403 •TELEPHONE [phone]
McKee ____wke
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY
ALTERNATIVE TAILINGS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
General
Conventional Disoosal
Disposal in Excavated Basins
Segregated Disposal
Filtered Tailings Disposal
Offsite Disposal In Mines
Additional Considerations
COST ESTIMATES
Summaries of Estimated Costs
Unit Price Schedule
Operating Cost Estimates
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
1 - 1
2 -
3 -
3 - 1
3 - 1
3 -13
3 -16
3 -24
3 -30
3 -30
4 - 1
4 - 2
4 - 7
4 - 8
(
\
INTRODUCTION
McKee -----,___wke
Section 1
INTRODUCTION
This report has been prepared in response to the request by Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.
for Western Knapp Engineering,a Division of Arthur G.McKee &Company,to further
investigate alternative tailings disposal systems for the White Mesa Uranium Project near
Blanding,Utah.
The report presents the results of McKee's investigations and is supplemental to the Dames
&Moore report issued in January 1978,titled,"Site Selection and Design Study,Tailing
Retention and Mill Facilities,White Mesa Uranium Project,Blanding,Utah"which is
Exhibit H of the Environmental Report for the White Mesa Project,San Juan County,
Utah,dated January 30,1978.
This report contains a summar~description of alternative tailings disposal systems,capital
and operating cost estimates,drawings and diagrams developed by McKee,and excerpts
from the Dames &Moore report.
1 - 1
SUMMARY
McKee ___wke
Section 2
SUMMARY
Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.intends to construct a 2000-ton-per-day mill for the recovery
of uranium and vanadium from ores purchased in the vicinity of Blanding,Utah.
Operation of the mill will involve the disposal of tailings.In order to assist in selection
of the most acceptable tailings disposal method,McKee has studied the available disposal
systems and has estimated the capital and operating costs of each over the assumed 15-year
life of the installation.Significant characteristics of each system have been reviewed.These
include long-term stability,emmission controls,and personnel requirements.
The tailings disposal systems studied include the following:
1.Conventional disposal of total tailings in above-grade containment basins which are
sealed with natural soils in place.Variations include construction of a containment
embankment with tailings material derived from the mill operations,and construction
of engineered earth-filled embankments of borrow material.
2.Disposal of total tailings in excavated basins partially or completely below grade.
3.Segregated disposal involving a separation of the total tailings into a sand component
and a slime component.With this method,the sand component is dry enough to
allow storage in unlined excavations.The slime component is impounded in
impermeable evaporation ponds.
4.Filtration of the total tailings in order to dewater them to a level where it is
unnecessary to line the tailings storage basin or area.The liquid component is
evaporated in impermeable evaporation ponds.
5.Offsite disposal in mines
In addition,comments are included on neutralization,chemical fixation,the use of
alternative cover materials,and the use of clayey sands and plastic membranes for lining
ponds.
2 - 1
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS
McKee -------,___wke
Section 3
ALTERNATIVE TAILINGS DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
GENERAL
The studies made for this report consider the geological and topographical conditions within
and adjacent to the boundaries of the Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.mill site,six miles
south-southwest of Blanding,Utah.The general geological structure of the area and detailed
geotechnical conditions of the site are described in Dames &Moore's Report titled,"Site
Selection and Design Study,Tailing Retention and Mill Facilities,White Mesa Uranium
Project,Blanding,Utah,"dated January 17,1978 (excerpts furnishing design data are
included in Appendix A of this report).The discussion of alternatives in this report should
be reviewed in conjunction with those in the Dames &Moore environmental report.
Together,the alternatives constitute a thorough discussion of tailings disposal opportunities.
The White Mesa uranium project is located on a gently rolling,slightly sloping mesa in
San Juan County,Utah (see Figure 3-0).The slightly sloping topography creates a drop
of approximately 150 feet in elevation across the project site.The maximum elevation
within the project boundaries is approximately 5700 feet at the northern end and 5550
feet at the southern end.The ground surface within the tailings disposal area is slightly
rolling,with a slope of approximately one percent toward the south.Temperatures range
from 100 F in summer months to below zero in winter.Annual precipitation averages
about 12 inches.The average annual evaporation rate is approximately 64 inches per year.
Following is a discussion of the tailings disposal alternatives explored.
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
For the purposes of this report,conventional disposal is defined as the impoundment
of total plant tailings produced by the concentration process in the mill without further
treatment of any nature.Impoundment is above ground in reservoirs constructed of tailings
or of naturally occurring earth and rock materials.
3 - 1
FIGURE 3-0
3 -2
McKee -------,__wke
Several alternative impoundment methods have been reviewed.These are:1)dam
construction using tailings sands,2)disposal from a full-height engineered embankment
built of borrow material,and 3)disposal from an engineered embankment built of borrow
material in stages.
Dam Construction Using Tailings Sands
Description
There are many active mining operations throughout the world using some form of this
method of tailings disposal.For this report,McKee has explored the three common methods
used in the mining industry.
Upstream Method (Figures 3-1 and 3-2)
With this method,the oldest technique used by the mining industry,an initial
engineered starter dam is constructed of selected borrow material at the downstream
toe of the ultimate dam.Tailings are discharged on the upstream side of the starter
dam and toward the center of the tailings basin until they reach the crest of the
starter dam.The crest of the dam is then successively raised by constructing dikes
of coarse tailings material upstream from the initial starter dam and depositing the
tailings from the crest of these successive dikes.
Downstream Method
With the downstream method,an initial engineered starter dam from select borrow
material is required,but then,as the crest of the dam is raised by subsequent stages,
the centerline of the crest shifts downstream and away from the center of the basin.
Each subsequent stage is constructed on top of the downstream slope of the previous
stage.As the tailings discharged into the basin reach the crest of a stage,the next
stage is constructed.
Cycloning is used to separate the sands from the slimes.The sands are used for
dam construction and the slime portion is diverted to the impoundment basin.
Centerline Method
With the centerline method,the crest remains in the same vertical position as the
crest is raised in stages.An initial engineered starter dam from borrow material
is constructed.As the tailings discharged from the dam into the basin reach the
crest level,the next stage is constructed of sands separated from the tailings by
cyclones.As in the downstream method,the slimes portion of the tailings from
the cyclone is diverted to the impoundment basin.
3 - 3
McKeewke
'.,,
/
SS'b)(\~"'-,ryI\+-f 1 (",-,'~,--,I ,-../"l ..'"t
'
,'0(I I •.",',"
q r I ''\"~,••!'v')/0 /;/(,]j\~\,l "",,,,',~\
(,.•#"qN",_1 'I,!;'I)7""~~/"I'"
,\f "SO ..'~j;;'Jt"\S:J '{'"I~s~c;.T r I}/'\"r \"'-,'/if :;+_ON~~1)/\,)\Llf':Y
, I /FIGURE 3--1 -j /""\
CONVENTION ..SITE PLAN AL DISPOSAL
_
________<,.EXCEPT FOR STAGED CONSTRUCTION______-HORIZONTAL)
3 - 4
McKee ---,__wkct
EXISTING GROUND SURFACE
TRENCH AS REQUIRED TO REMOVE COARSESANDORHIGHLYPERMEABLEMATERIAL
CREST OF DAM AT
EL.5&03 "]---~~~=-~~-=~----~X.~~-=::------~_
._~;;,-~-............TOP OF STARTER DAM ~~_::1LJ!!:<::=_~---~---
AT EL.55&5 ~~---,~~:.-.:::::-..-_
LOOSE
SURFACE SAND
SECTION-TAILINGS DAM
~~
-----
l...-------
/v
1/
7
1/
%00
5&00
to 5590
Ulu.
~5580
5570
55'0
5550
5540
o 3 4 5 ,7
MILLION CUBIC YARD
10 II
MIL L SITE
\
CAPACITY CURV E
LINE
PLAN-STARTER pAM &TAILINGS POND
FIGURE 3-2
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
CONSTRUCTION USING TAILINGS SAND
UPSTREAM METHOD
3 - 5
MCKee --,___wke
Comments
Negative factors include the risk of liquefaction from seismic vibration and susceptibility
to human error during operations.
Exposure to erosion during operations is high,particularly for the downstream and the
centerline methods,as any slope protection can only be applied to the final stage.Because
of the use of tailings materials for construction,'emission of radon gas and blowing of
tailings sand could be high.
Groundwater contamination should be minimal,because of the compacted clayey sand
bottom under the basin and the sealing effect of the tailings slimes.
After completion of reclamation with a cover of natural materials,all three systems would
blend into the surrounding landscape.
These methods of tailings disposal are the least expensive.The total cost for the upstream
construction is estimated at $7,393,000,and costs for the other two methods would be
of the order of $8,000,000.These totals include capital,operating,and reclamation costs
for the expected 15-year life of the operation.
Engineered Embankment -Full Height (Figures 3-1 and 3-3)
Description
This system involves construction of an engineered embankment of borrow material to
the full height required to contain the tailings for the life of the plant.Since the basin
created by the embankment is filled with tailings by distribution from the top,construction
of the embankment must be completed before the system can be used.The system provides
sufficient surface area for evaporation of tailings water.Adequate volume is provided in
the reservoir to contain precipitation from the maximum probable storm.Diversion trenches
are provided above the tailings basin for storm drainage.
The embankment consists of a downstream zone of permeable sandstone with an upstream
zone of relatively impermeable compacted clayey sand and silty sand to prevent seepage
of tailings water.
The upstream zone of impermeable material will tie into the compacted natural soils of
the reservoir basin to control seepage under the tailings embankment.
Test data of the vicinity show that over the entire tailings reservoir area,silty and clayey
sands forming the bottom overlying bedrock extend from a minimum depth of six feet
to more than 30 feet.Permeability tests performed by Dames &Moore on remolded samples
of this material,compacted to 95 percent of the optimum,in accordance with the
specifications of AASHTO T-99,gave permeabilities (K)of 0.35 foot per year,0.56 foot
3 -6
McKee__wke
SGIO
SGOO
[;j 5590
au...
;!5580
5570
5560
5550
FINISHED CREST OF DAM TAILINGS LINE
___---'A"-.'T---=-EL."'-"'5~"'0"'_8_=7-:!;::;,..."-~~~==~~--L~__TA_IL=IN-=GS__
SILTY SAND
CORE
SECTION -TAILINGS DAM
E.L.56087
~7-'
----
--------------I~/'
1/
/
II
5540
o 4 5 "7 8MILLIONCUBICYARD
CAPACITY CURVE
10 "
1I
MI LL SITE
\
\
I
rTAILINGS
I
/
LINE
PLAN -TAILINGS POND FIGURE 3-3
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
ENGINEERED EMBANKMENT -FULL HEIGHT
3 - 7
McKee ~___wke
per year,and 0.19 foot per year.Subsequent permeability tests conducted by Chen and
Associates on different samples of the same materials from the reservoir basin indicate
extremely low permeabilities of .001 foot per year,.03 foot per year,and .08 foot per
year (see Appendix B).These rates are more than acceptable for tailings and solution
seepage control and preclude the need for a synthetic membrane.
The tailings dam will be designed with a final freeboard of five feet.A mixture of silty
and clayey sands will be continuously placed on.the exposed tailings sand beach as soon
as it has reached the design level in order to limit radon gas emission and to control
blowing of tailings sands.
Downstream slope protection is provided in order to prevent erosion of the slopes after
abandonment of the site.This protection is provided by 12 inches of riprap (100 percent
passing 12-inch mesh)over six inches of gravel bedding;or alternatively by a four-inch
thick concrete shotcrete cap reinforced with wire mesh.
Comments
The short-and long-term stability of this system is considered excellent because of the
zoned construction of the embankment and the protection of the downstream slope by
riprap or concrete.Emission of radon gas is low during operation of the mill because
the slimes portion of the tailings is buried below the sands and,as the tailings reach
full height,they are immediately covered with soil.Possibilities of groundwater
contamination are minimal due to the very low permeability of the remolded and
compacted in-situ clayey sands.
Although projecting above the existing ground level,this system would blend into the
terrain because of the use of natural materials for reclamation.However,areas disturbed
during borrow operations will require reclamation.
A minimum of personnel is required to operate this system.The system has a low total
cost of $9,893,000.
Engineered Embankment -Staged Construction
Two variations of an engineered embankment,suitable for staged construction at this site,
were evaluated.In both cases,all of the design and construction details are the same
as for the full-height engineered embankment.
\
3 - 8
McKee ---,___wke
Staged Construction -Vertical (F igu res 3-1 and 3-4)
Description
This alternative provides for construction of the engineered embankment in three stages.
Each stage is sized to retain the tailings from five years of mill operation.When the depth
of tailings approaches the allowable freeboard the embankment is increased in height.
Sufficient area is provided for evaporation of tailings water and sufficient volume is
provided to contain precipitation from the maximum probable storm.Diversion trenches
are provided above the tailings basin for storm drainage.
Design and construction standards for the embankment,downstream protection,and the
basin bottom are identical to those for the full-height construction.
Comments
Because of the similarity of construction of this system to that of the full-height
embankment,the short-term stability is considered very good.Exposure to erosion during
operation is somewhat higher because of the unprotected slopes.However,after completion
of reclamation,this system is equal in long-term stability to the full-height embankment.
During operation,emission of radon gas and fugitive dust is greater than is the case with
a full-height embankment because of the larger exposed tailings surfaces.Exposure to
groundwater contamination is minimal for the same reasons as for the full-height
embankment system.The final reclaimed system will blend well into the surrounding
terrain.However,areas disturbed during borrow operations require reclamation.
Operating personnel requirements are low.The total cost of $9,918,000 equals that for
a full-height embankment,but the advantage of staged construction is the distribution
of capital expenditure throughout the life of the operation.
Staged Construction -Horizontal (Figures 3-5 and 3-6)
Description
This disposal method involves a basin approximately 5000 feet long by 2200 feet wide
and an adjacent evaporation pond 4000 feet long by 540 feet wide.A full-height
engineered embankment is constructed from borrow materials around a portion of the
basin,and a partial-height embankment is constructed around the rest.The partial-height
engineered embankment is sufficiently high to guard against any seepage or failures of
the active pond.The evaporation pond consists of a full-height engineered embankment
with a compacted,clayey sand bottom.
3 -9
McKee__!I!!!wke
EL.5540
CORE
J:Iy.\,,:\
5AND5TO E y.\
~~NI5tc.D5~~~STOF DAM J i~'LT'~;5TAILINGS
---=---;E.~L-.~55=-:S:-:9--=--~~).-~!;!;;:;:::~··15'--~---_--t;=__-~?
::>l<::::o..j-=-,Cc..:E:.:L:.::.5:::58::5 ---- -
SECTION -TAILINGS DAM
E 5 BL.60t)7
EL 5603 -::::~
EL5595 ---.--.--
EL.55B5 .-/
;/
/
/
1/
Sf,10
5600
5590
t;;
w 5580u.
~5570
5560
5550
MIL L SITE
5540
o
MILLION CUBIC YARD
CAPACITY CURVE
8 10 \
I
It----TAILINGS LINE
/
PLAN -TAILINGS POND FIGURE 3-4
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
ENGINEERED EMBANKMENT
STAGED CONSTRUCTION -VERTICAL
3 -10
MCK!!
)
3 -11
(/
~~-:.7
/
McKee ----,___wke
1000'TYFlICA L •
-------~.--f--..~
CP,ESTAT~
ELE.V.5G20
SANDSTONE.
-GROUNDLINE.
--....~----
SECTION@
TAILINGS---------------_""":.:::._----------~
"/"v~.."""
TAILINGS LINE.
\'II"'/1 "...,..."
STARTER DIKE
3 4 5 G 8 ~10 II
MILL ION CUSIC YARD
CAPACITY CURVE
1000'TYP.
5T GE 1
4000'
P LAN
MILL SITE
TAlLI NGS.LINE.
~
r
FIGURE 3-6
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
ENGINEERED EMBANKMENT
STAGED CONSTRUCTION -HORIZONTAL
3 -12
McKee -,__wke
A small,dividing embankment is constructed in the main basin creating the first of five
segments (Figure 3-6).The dividing embankment is made of tailings sands by using the
upstream method previously described.The tailings are delivered to the top of this
embankment and distributed into the first segment.Excess liquid is decanted into the
evaporation pond outside the tailings area.As each divided segment is filled to design
capacity,it is covered with sufficient soil to limit radon gas emission.The reclamation
program includes capping the downstream slope with riprap or concrete,as previously
described.
Comments
Short-term stability of this system during operation is considered excellent because of
the provision of a secondary containment and evaporation pond and immediate provision
of downstream slope protection.Long-term stability after complete reclamation is also
considered excellent.Radon gas and fugitive dust emission during operations is reduced
to a minimum,because of the small area of exposed tailings at any given time.As with
previously described systems,remolded in-situ clayey soils will prevent contamination of
groundwater.The tailings will project above the general terrain,but,the reclaimed mound
should blend into the surrounding scenery.The areas disturbed during borrow operations
require reclamation.
The cost of $11,724,000 for this system is somewhat higher than for the two previously
considered systems.Capital expenditure will be distributed throughout the life of the
project.Operating personnel requirements are low.
DISPOSAL IN EXCAVATED BASINS
This method includes tailings disposal systems wherein pits are excavated for the purpose
of below-grade disposal of total plant tailings produced by the mill,without further
treatment of any nature.Two alternatives were investigated:disposal of the tailings partially
below grade;and disposal of the tailings completely below grade.
Disposal Partially Below Grade
Description
This system was suggested by Dames &Moore and involves disposal partially below and
partially above grade.The following description is extracted from the Dames &Moore
report titled,"Site Selection and Design Study,Tailing Retention and Mill Facilities,White
Mesa Uranium Project,Blanding,Utah,"dated Janary 17,1978.
3 -13
McKee ----,__wke
"...The tailing retention system will consist of three individual,rectangular lined
cells with horizontal bottoms.The cell dikes will be constructed from materials
excavated from within the cell interiors.As a result the bottom of the cells will
generally be below the existing ground level.The excavated material will also be
used for covering the cells during final reclamation.Topsoil will be removed and
stockpiled before commencement of other construction activities....
"Each cell will have a surface area of approximately 70 acres to meet water balance
requirements.Cell depths of approximately 37 feet will provide storage capacity
for approximately 5 years of mill operation at a feed rate of 2000 tpd,and including
(sic)five feet of freeboard for containing precipitation and wave action.Construction
of the cells will be staged so that each cell will be completed shortly before the
preceding cell is filled.This will result in a minimum of site disturbance and exposed
cell surface area at anyone time.It is intended to commence operation with the
north cell and then to construct and operate the middle and south cells in turn....
"The north cell has been designed to achieve an approximate balance between
excavated material and dike fill requirements.The middle and south cells are
designed to provide a sufficient excess of excavated material to enable adequate
covering of the adjacent cell during reclamation.The south cell will be covered
by material borrowed immediately to the south unless sufficient material is generated
in the cell's construction.
"The interior of each cell will be constructed with a horizontal bottom and uniformly
sloping sides.This regularity will facilitate the installation of the impermeable
membrane liner...in each cell to control seepage.To protect the liner from damage,
a layer of fine sand and silt bedding will be placed over the excavated rock surface
prior to installation.Following installation of the liner,a covering layer of fine
sand and silt will be installed over the entire liner surface to protect the liner from
wind loads,abrasion,punctures and similar accidents....
"Dikes will be constructed with constant interior and exterior slopes of3
(horizontal):1 (vertical).Considering the fact that the cell lining should prevent
significant seepage through the dikes,these slope angles are conservative from the
point of view of dike stability.The angles are also appropriate for reclamation of
the exterior dike slopes and for facilitating liner installation on the interior dike
slopes.
"The cells will have no spillway facilities since each will be a closed system with
ample freeboard for storage of the design storm as defined by Regulatory Guide
3.11."
Appendix A summarizes the analyses which were completed by Dames &Moore in designing
the tailings retention facility and the detailed design recommendations.The cost of riprap
for slope protection has been included in the cost estimate.
3 -14
McKee -----,__wke
Comments
The short-term stability of ponds for this system during operations is not as great as
for the systems described earlier because the partition embankments between cells are
exposed to erosion.However,after full reclamation on completion of operations and
protection of all exposed downstream slopes,the long-term stability is considered excellent.
Control of emission of radon gas and fugitive dust is excellent because the tailings are
disposed of below liquid level.Contamination of groundwater is prevented by the use
of a synthetic membrane in the bottom and the sides of the ponds.After reclamation,
a relatively high mound will project above the general ground surface but should blend
into surroundings.It will be protected against downstream erosion and will be designed
to blend into the terrain.No large borrow areas are required and reclamation requirements
are minimal.Operating labor requirements are low.The cost of this system is $17,278,000.
Disposal Totally Below Grade
Description
This method of disposal is similar to that described above for disposal partially below
grade,except that the disposal basin excavation is sufficient to store all tailings below
grade.
Although with this method the tailings are completely below grade,both the cover material
and the spoil will project above grade.The combined volume of the above-grade cover
and spoil will be approximately 115 percent of the total volume of the tailings.The
estimated total output of tailings during the milling operation over a 15-year period is
9,000,000 cubic yards.Below-grade disposal therefore requires an excavation of
approximately 250 acres to a depth of 23 feet.Even after use of some of the spoil to
cover the tailings to a depth of nine feet,a spoil pile equivalent to an area of 90 acres
to a height of 30 feet remains.
Comments
If the White Mesa Uranium project included an open-pit mine,total burial might be a
feasible and environmentally desirable method for disposing of the tailings.Since there
is no open pit mine available,McKee has evaluated the implications of storage below
grade in excavations developed specifically for tailings disposal.
The short-and long-term stability of this system is excellent.Emission control of radon
gas and fugitive dust is very good because of the submergence of the tailings under the
liquid level.Groundwater contamination is prevented by the provision of a plastic
membrane.The reclamation cover projects above the general terrain.No borrow areas
are required.However,a massive amount of excavated material from the burial pit remains
on the surface and requires reclamation.
3 -15
\"
McKee --.__wke
Operating labor is low.Due to the tremendous expense associated with excavation,the
cost of this system is $34,757,000,which is extremely high for the benefits achieved.
SEGREGATED DISPOSAL
Description
Segregated disposal involves:1)separation of tailings into a sand component and a slime
component by means of standard metallurgical cyclones;2)disposal of the sands in unlined
trenches with earth cover;and 3)impoundment of the slimes in clay or plastic membrane
lined evaporation ponds.The purpose of the separation is to produce a sand product
which is dewatered to a point where it can be disposed of in unlined impoundment basins
or trenches.Figures 3-7,3-8,and 3-9 furnish a graphic presentation of this method.
The principal piece of equipment involved in this method is the Mobile Disposal Unit
shown in Figures 3-10 and 3-11.This unit consists of a self-propelled crawler with a
diesel-powered running gear on which the sand and slime separation equipment is located.
Figure 3-8 is a general layout of the sands burial trenches and slimes settling pond and,
when studied in conjunction with Figure 3-9,provides a graphic concept of this method
of disposal.
Prior to placing the Mobile Disposal Unit in operation,the first disposal trench will be
excavated and the overburden will be placed to one side of the trench at a sufficient
distance so as not to interfere with the operation of the Mobile Disposal Unit.
The proposed path of the Mobile Disposal Unit is shown on Figure 3-8 as it fills each
trench.After the Mobile Disposal Unit has filled a section of trench,the tailings sand
will be leveled to natural grade elevation.The overburden will be placed and compacted
as cover over the deposited sands by a dozer or compactor (as illustrated in Figure 3-9)
for radon emission control purposes.
The tailings sands will be buried and will cover an area of approximately 310 acres.A
total volume of 5,000,000 cubic yards of excavation will be required for this purpose.
Assuming a nine-foot cover of overburden,all the excavated material will be used.
The slimes evaporation pond or ponds will be above,below,or partially below grade and
will provide an evaporation area of approximately 90 acres.The following alternative
methods of slimes pond construction have been considered:
Above-Grade Slimes Pond
With this method an above grade pond is created by construction of an engineered
dike.The natural soils within the pond are scarified,wetted,and compacted to
95 percent of the optimum,in accordance with ASSHTO T-99 requirements.The
~-1R
McKee -:___wke
3 -17
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GENERAL LAYOUT
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3 -21
McKee ---,___wke
dike construction requires approximately 1,482,000 cubic yards of fill materials.
The construction material,including the nine feet of reclamation cover,must come
from borrow within the project site.
Partially Below-Grade Slimes Pond
With this method,the pond is formed partially by excavation and partially by
building a suitably engineered embankment from the excavated material around the
perimeter.This is necessary in order to create the volume estimated to be required
for the slimes (3100 acre feet)for the total life of the plant,plus an allowance
of five feet of freeboard.Total volume of excavation for this pond is approximately
2,000,000 cubic yards.Of this volume 400,000 cubic yards are used for embankment
construction,leaving 1,600,000 cubic yards for a cover.The pond is Iined with
a membrane on a sand bedding and with a sand cover similar to the construction
described under Disposal in Excavated Basins.To prevent erosion of the downstream
slopes of the embankment after abandonment,12 inch riprap or a four-inch concrete
cap is provided.
Below-Grade Slimes Pond
In this method the slimes pond is totally below grade.The total volume of excavation
is 7,000,000 cubic yards,of which 3,630,000 cubic yards are estimated to be in
rock.Of this material 1,300,000 cubic yards are required for an estimated nine-foot
cover·over the pond on completion.The remaining 5,700,000 cubic yards of
excavated material will be waste.
The pond will be plastic membrane lined on the inside as described earlier.Since
the final tailings level will be below grade level,no riprap or concrete protection
is required.
Small Slimes Ponds,Above Grade
This method of slimes disposal consists of a series of small ponds of approximately
25 acres,above grade.The discharge of the slimes is cycled from pond to pond
allowing the slimes to dessicate.The ponds are sealed with natural soils and
embankments are constructed to the same criteria as described earlier under full
height embankments.
Two methods for the separation of tailings into sands and slimes were studied:1)
hydrocyclones only,and 2)hydrocyclones with a dewatering screen.
3 -22
McKee -----,__wke
Hydrocyclones (F igu re 3c12)
Using the Mobile Disposal Unit,a separation is made at approximately 200 mesh resulting
in a sands component of 70 percent of total tails and a slimes component of 30 percent
of total tails.Sands are delivered to a burial trench at approximately 75 percent solids.
Dewatering to 80 to 85 percent solids is accomplished in the.trench by pumping away
excess water which drains rapidly from the deposited sands.The slimes are delivered to
the slimes evaporation pond.
In case of emergency or breakdown of the Mobile Disposal Unit,the total mill tailings
will be directed to the slimes pond.
Hydrocyclones in Series with a Dewatering Screen (Figure 3-13)
The Mobile Disposal Unit shown in Figure 3-11 is similar to that shown in Figure 3-10,
except that a dewatering screen is added in series with the hydrocyclones.The addition
of the dewatering screen will raise the solids level in the sands discharge to over 80 percent,
reducing the need for dewatering in the trench.
Comments
The short-·and long-term stability of the sand disposed of is excellent.The stability of
the slimes evaporation ponds during the operation phase increases with the degree to which
these ponds are placed below grade.
Emission of radon gas and fugitive dust at the sands burial site is minimized by the
progressive covering of deposited sand with excavated material.In all considered alternatives
for slimes evaporation ponds,control of radon gas and fugitive dust is equally good because
the slimes are submerged beneath the liquid surface.
For all slimes evaporation ponds,the risk of groundwater contamination is considered
negligible because of compacted natural clay soil bottoms or membranes provided.Exposure
to groundwater contamination from the sands is minimal in either case,but may be
considered lower where the dewatering screen is used.
The area of the sands burial site will have the soil cover projecting above grade,and,
in the case of the slimes ponds,depending on the degree of depression below grade,either
the reclaimed pond will project above grade,or the volume of excavated waste will form
a pile on the surface and will require reclamation.
3 -23
McKee -,___wke
The costs for this system are:
Hydrocyclones Hydrocyclones and
Only Dewatering Screens
$18,947,000 $19,173,000
$27,288,000 $27,513,000
with a.single above-grade
slimes evaporation pond
with a single partial
below-grade slimes evap-
oration pond
$33,423,000
$18,947,000
$33,648,000
$19,173,000
with a single total below-
grade slimes evaporation pond
with several small above-
grade slimes evaporation ponds
FILTERED TAILINGS DISPOSAL
Description
Vacuum filtration to reduce the moisture of the total tailings prior to disposal offers
the possibility of reducing the moisture to a level which will allow disposal in unlined
basins.
After filtration the tailings will be deposited in excavated tailings trenches and covered
with soil for final reclamation.The liquid removed from the tailings will be pumped to
one of a series of lined evaporation ponds and later reclaimed as described later.
The total volume of filtered tailings to be buried is 9,000,000 cubic yards,which cover
400 acres 15 feet deep.In order to balance total excavation quantity against cover
quantity,ten-foot excavation depth has been assumed.This results in the tailings disposal
pile projecting five feet above grade plus nine feet of cover,resulting in a final elevation
14 feet above grade.Covering of the tailings will follow deposition throughout the life
of the plant.Excavation volume is estimated to be 6,200,000 cubic yards.
A series of small ponds is provided to satisfy evaporation requirements.These ponds will
be constructed of naturally occurring clayey and silty sands.The ponds will all be above
grade,will vary from six to eight feet in depth,and will have a compacted clay bottom.
For reclamation at the end of the milling operation,the clays forming the bottom of
the evaporation basin will be excavated to a depth necessary to remove any traces of
contamination.The excavated clays will be placed in pits and buried to the required depth.
3 -24
McKee------------:-----------------------~__wkct
,TAILINGS
FHOM PLANT
DILUTION TANK
W/AGITATOR
PUMP
FIGURE 3-12
SEGREGATED DISPOSAL
CYCLONES
FLOW DIAGRAM
I PORTABLEiHOSE
I
I PORTABLEU9~~='=:)
C==,=>
c=~--
---,
I
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DISPOSAL
_____I___+_-~UMPr~-;oBi~UNiT-----~~=--
L fiiF '-:Y~LONE5------,-
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(I)SPARE
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COMMON LINE FOR
TAILINGS
EMERGENCY DUMPING
r------
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!
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MOUNTED ON FLOAT
CAl
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01
McKee__WkC----------------------------------------.1
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H_TAILINGS EMERGENCY
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rr=--------------------TAILINGS_______________---------+--=--------:::\_FROM PLANT
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SLIME SETTLING POND
I~RTABLE HOSE
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C:=~_,
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FIGURE 3-13
SEGREGATED DISPOSAL
CYCLONES AND SCREEN
FLOW DIAGRAM
McKee ----,__!!!!!wke
Removal of dewatered tailings will be accomplished by truck haulage or,alternatively,
by a system of conveyors between the filters and the disposal trenches.
The following alternative methods of filtration are available:
Belt Extractor
This type of horizontal belt filter is currently being used in South Africa for filtration
of gold-uranium ore slurries.The major reason for consideration of this type of filter
is its high unit capacity.A negative factor is that it has not been extensively used in
the mining industry,thus there is a scarcity of reliable operating information on the unit.
To dewater the total tailings,two belt filters will be required 24 feet wide by 80 feet
long.Figure 3-14 furnishes a flow diagram of required equipment and Figure 3-15 shows
the arrangement of the extractor plant.
Disc Filters
Disc filters will accomplish the same result as belt extractors,but more units will be
required.
This alternative will substitute four 10-foot,6-inch diameter,11-disc filters in place of
the two belt extractors suggested above.Operation will be similar to that for the belt
extractors.
Comments
The short-and long-term stability in burial of the tailings filtercake is excellent.The
short-term stability of the solution evaporation ponds during mill operations is good,and
burial of the precipitates and the contaminated underlying soils in the pond on completion
of operations resu Its in excellent long-term stability.
Control of emission of radon gas and fugitive dust at the filtercake burial site is considered
to be very good.Exposure to contamination of groundwater is considered to be low because
of the low liquid content of the filtercake.Risk of groundwater contamination caused
during the operation of the evaporation pond is considered minimal because of the low
permeability of the compacted in-situ clay materials in the pond bottom.
On completion of the reclamation work,the low relief of the tailings and cover,as well
as the absence of any surface borrow pits,should result in an aesthetically acceptable
landscape.
3 -27
McKee------------:...------------------------~--.ftING
FROM PLANT
TRUCK
~
STATIONARY
BELT CONVEYOR
BELT
CONVEYOR
BELT
CONVEYOR
SCREW
CONVEYOR
SURGE BIN
SURGE BIN
BCREW
CONVEYOR
~
FIGURE 3-14
FILTERED TAILINGS DISPOSAL
BELT EXTRACTOR
FLOW DIAGRAM
SCREW
CONVEYOR
¥!&H@
SCREW
CONVEYOR
rw:;;--
CRAWLER
-------1\/\
STACKER
\BELT FEEDERI---.
SPRAY SOLUTION
DISTRIBUTOR
DISTRIBUTOR
RETURN SOLUTION
HOLDING TANK
...~I:=:MERGENCY DUMP
LINE TO POND
I r--cA'O-_LL_~~~~~E~]
_I 89 CI{:+526 ~/~J1 tL-----1---f------D-.
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SUMP
SLIMES POND
MOISTURE
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,
McKee -----------------------t__wke
Estimated costs involved are as follows:
Belt Extractor
$25,610,000
$25,528,000
Disc Filter
$25,449,000
$25,376,000
Truck Haulage
Portable Conveying
.1
Further test work will be required to ascertain that the proposed filters have sufficient
dewatering capability.Operating personnel requirements are high.
The success of this method depends to a large extent upon the amenability of the ores
processed in the mill to the filtration process.In a custom mill,such as would be
constructed by Energy Fuels Nuclear,Inc.,the variety of ores treated may pose
insurmountable reliability problems for the filtration methods described above.
OFFSITE DISPOSAL IN MINES
The White Mesa Uranium Mill is a custom milling operation which receives ore from up
to 100 small,very widely distributed mines throughout southern Utah.The mines are
under diverse ownership and are located from 50 to 200 miles from the mill site.Ore
is shipped from the mines to the mill by truck.In order to transport the tailings back
to the mines by truck,it would be necessary to obtain the consent of mine owners and
to provide for total filtration of the tailings,as described earlier.To transfer the tailings
off site at a rate of 2000 tons per day would require approximately 80 truckloads leaving
the plant each day.The control of transportation,unloading,storage,and placement of
the tailings in the mines (most of which are operating underground mines)would be
extremely difficult and would be hazardous to the ongoing mining operation.
Monitoring of radon gas emissions,particulate emissions,groundwater contamination,and
other detrimental environmental effects would be virtually impossible.Offsite disposal
of the tailings from the White Mesa Uranium project is therefore considered to be
environmentally unacceptable.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Neutralization
Neutralization is a method that has been suggested to reduce the concentration of heavy
metals and eliminate the acid in the solution associated with the tailings.Neutralization
can be applied to any of the tailings disposal methods discussed earlier.It is accomplished
by introducing milk of lime into the tailings stream.A suggested neutralization flowsheet
is shown in Figure 3-16.
3 -30
McKee
i~wke
TAILINGS
FROM PLANT
WA,E-I<.
r4--
TO ATMOSPHERE
DUST
COLLECTOR'
~--I.I n n o 1---1..LIME BIN-+-
I-PNEUMATIC
TINE
r-.JE.UTRAUZING TANKS W/A6ITATOR.5
TRUCK
(J ".
~ti\~"Q:Y"t::I~(i)"FEEDER -0
~WATER
G----Uk-
PUMP MILK OF LIME
S1"ORAGE,.TANK
I!"III"II!I'I
w
w.....
TO DILUTION
TANK
]LIME SLAKER
~L"~'
-G--1
PUMPS
REJECT
FIGURE 3-16
NEUTRALIZATION PLANT
FLOW DIAGRAM
Me~(eer-~W'~f.fS
I
The implications of neutralization as related to the various tailings disposal methods are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
Conventional Disposal and Storage in Excavated Ponds
It is anticipated that neutralization of the tailings will precipitate about 200 pounds of
salts (including water of hydration)per ton of tailings.Precipitate is expected to be
gelatinous and of low density;this will increase the total volume of tailings.Special control
of seepage will not be required.
Estimated capital and operating costs for neutralization of total tailings are $21,367,000.
Segregated Tailings
Neutralization will be applied to the slimes portion of the tailings only.
It is anticipated that the neutralization of slimes will precipitate about 180 pounds of
salts per ton of tailings.This material will report with the slimes,will increase the weight
of slimes by the amount precipitated,and is estimated to reduce the percent solids of
the resulting mixture to approximately 40 percent.Under these conditions the evaporation
pond size would be approximately 180 acres,compared to the 90 acres required for
un-neutralized slimes.The size of the pond when neutralization is used makes it less
desirable environmentally than a smaller pond.
Estimated capital and operating costs for neutralization of the slimes portion of the tailings
are $18,815,000.
Filtered Tailings
In this system most of the heavy metals are contained in the liquid extracted from the
tailings at the filter.This liquid is pumped to an evaporation pond where the salts are
precipitated by evaporation,thus precluding the requirements for neutralization.
Chemical Fixation
Chemical fixation has been suggested as a method of tailings stabilization.Chemical fixation
of industrial waste has been developed by several companies including:Chemfix,Division
of Environmental Science,Inc.,I.U.Conversion Systems,Inc.,Dravo,Inc.,and Chicago
Fly Ash Company.
L _
3 -32
McKee ---,___wke
In all fixation systems,proprietary chemicals are mixed with the waste sludges,and the
resulting mixture is pumped onto the land.Solidification occurs within a few days to
a few weeks.Some of these processes result in the formation of a matrix in which wastes
are entrapped;in others,pollutants,such as heavy metals,are said to be chemically bound
in insoluble complexes.
Chemical fixation should result in reduced emission·of both gaseous and liquid effluent.
The aesthetics should be no different from that of other methods of disposal.
Indications of typical costs are in the range of $7 to $36 per ton of tailings treated.
Assuming a nominal figure of $10 per ton of tailings,the indicated capital and operating
costs over the 15-year life of the project become $105,500,000,making this method
of stabilization extremely expensive.
Cover Capping with Concrete or Asphalt
The possibility of placing a total capping of concrete or asphalt over the entire reclaimed
tailings pile in order to increase long-term stability and possibly reduce radon gas emission
was considered.
A six-inch thick concrete cap will cost about $22,000,000 for covering the 230 acres
of tailings.This will reduce erosion and deter burrowing animals.It is generally agreed,
however,that capping will have little effect on radon gas emission.In time,deterioration
and cracking would set in.Concrete capping is not recommended in view of its cost and
negative factors described above.
Asphalt is less durable than concrete.Because of this,the use of an asphalt capping is
not recommended.
Impermeable Pond Linings
Two types of seepage barriers are provided for basins and ponds in the alternative disposal
systems studied.These are:(1)linings of compacted,naturally-occurring clayey sand,and
(2)plastic membrane linings.
Compacted clayey sand bottoms are used for lining basins and ponds constructed on grade.
Test work has shown the naturally-occurring clayey sand to be an excellent material from
which to construct pond linings.These linings are constructed by scarifying,wetting,and
compacting one foot of the clayey sand under controlled conditions
For disposal below grade where the soil mantle must be disturbed and the underlying
.sandstones must be blasted,a 20 mil PVC plastic membrane is provided along the lines
suggested by Dames &Moore.(This was described earlier in this report under Disposal
in Excavated Basins,Partially Below Grade.)
3 -33
COST ESTIMATE
McKee -,___wkct
Section 4
COST ESTIMATES
Separate capital,operating,and reclamation costs were developed for the tailings disposal
systems studied.These costs are presented in this section.
Capital items include total constructed tailings handling and processing equipment,cyclone
separators,screens,pumps,filters,pipelines,conveyors,trucks,bulldozers,and similar
equipment.Also included as capital items are all costs associated with pond and
embankment construction during the life of the operation.A current schedule of rates
used for the earthworks cost estimate is also included.
Operating costs include direct costs for raw materials,labor and supervision,fringe benefits,
power,maintenance labor,and materials for tailings handling,treatment,and spreading
in preparation for reclamation.Details on the operating cost estimates are included in
the operating cost tables at the end of this section.
Reclamation costs include earthwork,labor,and materials required to restore the tailings
disposal site and the adjacent area to an environmentally acceptable condition.
The costs for neutralization of tailings and chemical fixation were developed in terms
of per ton of tailings treated and can be applied to any of the tailings systems.
All costs are reported in current 1978 dollars and have not been escalated or discounted.
4 - 1
McKee -,__wke
SUMMARIES OF ESTIMATED COSTS
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
Dam Construction Using Tailings Sands
Capital Cost
Operating .Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
Engineered Embankment -Full Height
a.With Riprap Slope Protection
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
$253,000
1,563,000
5,577,000
$7,393,000
$2,064,000
1,563,000
6,266,000
$9,893,000
b.With Concrete Slope Protection in
Lieu of Riprap $10,648,000
Engineered Embankment -Staged Construction
Staged Construction -Vertical
a.With Riprap Slope Protection
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
$2,064,000
1,563,000
6,291,000
$9,918,000
b.With Concrete Slope Protection in
Lieu of Riprap
4 - 2
$10,672,000
McKee -----,___wke
Staged Construction -Horizontal
a.With Riprap Slope Protection
b.
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
With Concrete Slope Protection in
Lieu of Riprap
$2,931,000
1,563,000
7,230,000
$11,724,000
$13,134,000
DISPOSAL USING EXCAVATED BASINS
Disposal Partially Below Grade
(Dames &Moore Proposal)
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
Disposal Totally Below Grade
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
SEGREGATED DISPOSAL
Sand and Slime Separation with Cyclones
a.With Slimes Evaporation Pond
Above Grade
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total Cost
4 - 3
$10,131.000
1,563,000
5,584,000
$17,278,000
$28,944,000
1,563,000
4,250,000
$34,757,000
$6,658,000
7,626,000
4,663,000
$18,947,000
McKee -,___wke
b.With Partial Burial of Slimes
Evaporation Pond
Capital Cost $15,333,000
Operating Cost 7,626,000
Reclamation Cost 4,329,000
Total Cost $27,288,000
c.With Total Burial of Slimes
Evaporation Pond
Capital Cost $21 ,801,000
Operating Cost 7,626,000
Reclamation Cost 3,996,000
Total Cost $33,423,000
d.With Several Small Slimes
Evaporation Ponds
Capital Cost $6,658,000
Operating Cost 7,626,000
Reclamation Cost 4,663,000
Total Cost $18,947,000
Sand and Slime Separation with Cylcones
and Dewatering Screen
a.With Slimes Evaporation
Pond Above Grade
Capital Cost $6,723,000
Operating Cost 7,787,000
Reclamation Cost 4,663,000
Total Cost $19,173,000
b.With Partial Burial of Slimes
Evaporation Pond
Capital Cost $15,397,000
Operating Cost 7,787,000
Reclamation Cost 4,329,000
Total Cost $27,513,000
4 - 4
;;",;",M..c.Kee ---;_wke
4 - 5
McKee '------,
_illilllliwke
b.With Belt Conveyor System for Tailings
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Reclamation Cost
Total·Cost
OFFSITE DISPOSAL
No cost estimate developed.
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Neutralization of Tailings
a.Total Neutralization
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Total Cost
b.Partial Neutralization (Slimes Only)
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Total Cost
Chemical Fixation
Capital Cost
Operating Cost
Total Cost
4 - 6
$7,099,000
14,171,000
4,106,000
$25,376,000
$476,000
20,891,000
$21,367,000
$476,000
18,339,000
$18,815,000
$500,000
105,000,000
$105,500,000
McKee '---___wke
UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE
The earthwork and membrane unit prices used in the estimate were quoted by a general
contractor working in the area and are current.The prices are as follows:
1.Excavate,load,hau I and compact weathered rock -$1.20/cubic yard
2.Drill and Blast Hardrock -$1.00/cubic yard
3.Load,Haul and Compact Hardrock -$1.50/cubic yard
4.Placing Sand Bedding -$1.25/cubic yard
5.Sand Cover for Plastic Membrane -$1.25/cubic yard
6.Furnish and Install Plastic Membrane -$0.33/square foot
7.Excavate weathered rock and haul to stockpile -$0.70/cubic yard
Vendors quotes were received for the belt extractor and disc filter systems.Current in-house
prices were used for the remainder of the process equipment.
4 - 7
OPERATING COST ESTIMATE
CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL
DISPOSAL USING EXCAVATED BASINS
BASIS OF ESTIMATE Ip Pipeline Capital Cost 439,700
Operating Time
Days Der year 350
Hours per d<3.Y 24
Operating Labor
1.4 Pipeline Operators $6.50/hr.
1.4 Helper $5.50/hr.QUANTITY __$_PER $per0.15 Cat driver $6.50/hr.OPERATING COST ITEMS QUANTITY
UNITS PER Year UNIT Year
r-1aintenance Labor RAW MATERIALS
two man shifts Der v.re8k
waqe rate $6.50/hr.
Cat Operating Cost
include depreciation (5 vear
life)fuel oil ma:tntC'nance $22/hr.RAW MATERIALS SUBTOTAL
OIRECT COSTS
I '".'""Labor man years 2.95 49,900
Supervision
Payroll Benefits %of wage~32 19,500 (2)
Steam
Electricity t4kwh 84 20 1,700
Air
Water -Purchased or Process
Water -Plant or Cooling
Fuel -Gas·Coal·Oil
Cat Operation hr.420 22 9,240
Maintenance Materials (1)%Ip 3 13,000 13,000
Maintenance Labor man years 0.6 18,200 10,900
Factory Supplies
OlRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL 104,200
1,563,000
INOIRECT COSTS
Depreciation
Controllable Indirect
Noncontrollable Indirect
INOIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL
TOTAL OPERATING COST
NOTES
MATERIAL UNIT AT SOURCE FREIGHT UNLOADING IN STOCK
(
RAW MATERIAL COST (1)Maintenance material based on 3%of pipeline
capital cost.
(2)Includes benefits of maintenance labor.
TABLE 1
4 - 8
OPERATING COST ESTIMATE
SEGREGATED DISPOSAL
BASIS OF ESTIMATE Ip Capital Cost CYclone Plant plus Pipeline $764,000
Ip Capital Cost Cyclone and Screening Plant plus Pipeline $789,000
Operatinq Time
Davs per year 35Q
Hours per day 24
Shifts per day
Cyclone Plant 3 CyclonesCyclones&Screens 3 On1v Cyclones
ROOIn 3 QUANTITY __$_PER $perOPERATINGCOSTITEMSQUANTITY plusUNITSOperatingLaborPER~UNIT year Screens
1.4 Pipeline operator $6.50/hr.RAW MATERIALS
4.2 Cyclone operator $6.50/hr.
1.4 Helper $5.50/hr.
4.2 Cyclone &Screen $6.50/hr.
1.4 Cat Operator $6.50/hr.
~aintcnance Lahor RAW MATERIALS SUBTOTAL1.0 Cyclones $6.50/hr.
1.0 Cyclones &Screens $6.50/hr.OIRECT COSTS
Cat operating cost including de-Labor man years 12.6 17,900 225,500 225,500
orcciation (five year)fuel,oil and Supervision man years 1.4 25,200 35,300 35,300
maintenance Payroll Benefits %of wage 32 (2)89,300 89,300
Hourly C?st $22.00/hr.Steam
Supervision one Electricity Mkwh 2395 20 47,900 2,579 20 57,600Foreman
Hourlv rate $9.0/hr.Air
Water -Purchased or Process
Water -Plant or Cooling
Fuel -Gas -Coal -Oil
Cat operation hrs.2800 22 61,600 61,600
Maintenance Materials (1)4%Ip 30,600 31,600
Maintenance Labor man years 1.0 18,200 18,200 18,200
Factory Supplies
OIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL 508,400 019,100
7,626,000 7,787,000
INDIRECT COSTS
Depreciation
Controllable Indirect
Noncontrollable Indirect
INOIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL
TOTAL OPERATING COST
NOTES
RAW MATERIAL COST
MATERIAL UNIT AT SOURCE FREIGHT UNLOADING IN STOCK
4 - 9
(1)Maintenance material based on 4 percent
of capital costs.
(2)Maintenance labor benefits included.
TABLE 2
OPERATING COST ESTIMATE
FILTERED TAILINGS DISPOSAL WITH TRUCKS
BASIS OF ESTIMATE Ip Belt Extractor Filter Plant including Pipeline $2,395,000
Ip Disc Filter Plant including Pipeline $1,976,900
oneratinq Time
Days ner year 350
Hours per day 24
Shifts per day 3
Belt DiscOperatinqLaborExtractorFilter4.2 Filter Operators $6.SO/hr.QUANTITY QUANTITY __$_PER $Per Quantity $Per $Per4.2 Truck Drivers $6.50/hr.OPERATING COST ITEMS UNITS PEA Year UnitUNITYearPerYear Year
1.4 Cat Driver $6.SO/hr.
RAW MATERIALS
Maintenance Labor Flocculant lbs.70,000 1.29 90,300 90,3001.4 Lcaciman $6.50/hr.
1.4 Helper $5.50/hr.
Supervision one Foreman
Hourly rate $9.Q/hr.RAW MATERIALS SUBTOTAL 90,30090,300
Truck oneration including
depreciation,fuel,oil,OIRECT COSTS
maintenance Labor man years 9.8 18,200 178,400 178,400
Hourly rate $3l/hr.Supervision man years 1.4 25,200 35,300 35,300
Payroll Benefits 0 of wages 32 (2)83,500 83,500
Steam
Electricity Mkwh 8,835 176,700 10,530 20 210,600
Air
Water -Purchased or Process
Water -Plant or Cooling
Fuel -Gas·Coal·Oil
Cat Operation hrs.2,800 22 61,600 61,600
Maintenance Materials (1)4%Ip 95,800 79,000
Maintenance Labor man years 2.8 16,800 47,000 47,000
Factory Supplies 8,400 260,400TruckOperationhours31260,400
OIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL 938,700 ~~~,C100
1,029,000 1,046,100
INOIRECT COSTS
Depreciation
Controllable Indirect
Noncontrollable Indirect
INOIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL
TOTAL OPERATING COST
15 year cost 15,435,00b 15,692,00C
NOTES
(1)Maintenance labor benefits included.
RAW MATERIAL COST
MATERIAL UNIT AT SOURCE FREIGHT UNLOADING IN STOCK
(2)Maintenance materials based on 4%of
plant cost Ip.
TABLE 3
4 -10
OPERATING COST ESTIMATE
FILTERED TAILINGS DISPOSAL WITH CONVEYORS
BASIS OF ESTIMATE Ip Belt Extractor Filter Plant including Pipelines $4,310,300
Ip Disc Filter Plant including Pipelines $3,892,200
Operatin'1 Time
Days per Year 35n
Hours per day 24
Shifts opr dav 3
Belt Disc
Oneratin(J Labor Extractor Filter
4.2 Filter onerators $6.5/hr.
OPERATING COST ITEMS QUANTITY QUANTITY __$_PER $Per Quantity $Per $Per4.2 Conveyor onerators $6.5/hr.UNITS IvearPER~UNIT Year Per Year Unit4.2 Cat onerators .
RAW MATERIALS
~aintenancc Labor Flocculant Lbs.70,000 1.29 90,300
1.4 Lcadman $6.5n/hr.
90,300
].4 Helper $5.50/hr.
Supervision'one Foreman
Hourlv rate $9.0/hr.RAW MATERIALS SUBTOTAL 90,300 90,300
OIRECT COSTS
Labor man year 12.6 18,200 229,300 229,300
Supervision man year 1.4 25,200 35,300 35,300
Payroll Benefits (1)%of wage~3.2 99,800 99,800
Steam
Electricity Mkwh 9,571 20 191,400 11,264 20 225,300
Air
Water -Purchased or Process
Water -Plant or Cooling
Fuel -Gas·Coal·Oil
Cat Operations hours 2,800 22 61,600 61,600
Maintenance Materials (2)4%!p 172,400 4%Ip 155,700
Maintenance Labor man years 2.8 16,800 47,000
Factory Supplies
OIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL 836,600 854,400
926,900 944,700
INOIRECT COSTS
Depreciation
Controllable Indirect
NoncontrOllable Indirect
INDIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL
TOTAL OPERATING COST
15 year cost 13,904,00 14,171,000
NOTES
(1)Maintenance labor benefits included.
RAW MATERIAL COST
MATERIAL UNIT AT SOURCE FREIGHT UNLOADING IN STOCK
(2)Maintenance materials based on 4%of plant
capital cost Ip.
TABLE 4
4 .11
OPERATING COST ESTIMATE
ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
NEUTRALIZATION
BASIS OF ESTIMATE 3.1 Ip Partial Neutralization 3.2 Ip Total Neutralization
()peratinq Time Mech 453,500
Davs per vear 350 hp 230
Hours per day 3
Shifts per day 3
Tailinqs Neutralized
Partial 3.1 Partial Neutralization 3.2 Total Neutralization
Slime dry tpd 5930·QUANTITY QU~NTJTY _$__PER ~Quantity $Per $Per
Contained solution tpd 2767.0 OPERATING COST ITEMS UNITS ."p8r UnitPERYearUNITYe""Y Per Year Year
Precipitated produced tP01 350.0 RAW MATERIALSCaOrequiredtpd50.0
Total same slimes plus Pebble lime ton 17,500 6,075 1,063,100 20,300 60.75 1,233,200
sands tpd 1387.0
Conta:lned solution tpd 461.0
Yrcciuitate produced tpd 58.0
CaO required tpd 8.0
RAW MATERIALS SUBTOTAL 1,063,100 1,233,200LimePlantOperations
4.2 Operators 86.50/hr.01RECT COSTS
~aintenance Labor Labor man years 4.2 18,200 76,400 4.2 18,200 76,400
Lead 1 man shift/wk.Supervision
Helper 1 man shift/wk.Payroll Benefits (1)%of wages 32 26,000 32 26,000
Steam
Electricity Mkwh 1,694 33,900 33,900
Air
Water -Purchased or Process
Water -Plant or Cooling
Fuel -Gas·Coal·Oil
Maintenance Materials %Ip 4.0 (2 )18,200 18,200
Maintenance Labor man years 0.3 16,800 5,000 0.3 16,800 5,000
Factory Supplies
DIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL 159,500 159,500
1,222,600 1,392,700
INDIRECT COSTS
Depreciation
Controllable Indirect
Noncontrollable Indirect
INDIRECT COSTS SUBTOTAL
TOTAL OPERATING COST
15 year cost 18,339,00C ~0,891,000
NOTES
(1)Maintenance labor benefits included.
RAW MATERIAL COST
MATERIAL UNIT AT SOURCE FREIGHT UNLOADING IN STOCK (2)Maintenance materials based on 4%of lime
plant costs.
TABLE 5
4 -12
APPENDIX A
EXCERPTS FROM THE DAMES AND MOORE REPORT
McKee --'-------,__wke
EXCERPTS FROM DAMES &MOORE REPORT
09973-015-14 .
SITE SELECTION AND DESIGN STUDY
TAILING RETENTION AND MILL FACILITIES
WHITE MESA URANIUM PROJECT
BLANDING,UTAH
FOR ENERGY FUELS NUCLEAR,INC.
DESIGN ANALYSES
Seepage
Field permeability testing (packer tests)indicated that the premeability of the Dakota
sandstone is generally in the range of 5 to 10 feet per year and that zones of high
permeability are also present.Laboratory tests on the natural soils indicated permeabilities
ranging from 3.0 to 144 feet per year.These results indicate that seepage from the tailing
cells could possibly enter shallow ground water.Therefore it will be necessary to use
a lining in the cells.Results of the laboratory permeability testing on compacted samples
of the soil from one location on the site indicate that some of the soil could be suitable
for use as a compacted lining.The quantity of on-site material which could be used as
a lining has not been determined and the effect of acidic tailing effluent on the caliche
(calcitic)soils has not been investigated.Shale formations (predominantly from the Jurassic
Morrison formation)outcrop in valley bottoms and canyon walls around the site,and
these clay shales could be used for a lining.However these shales are only slightly weathered
and would require considerable effort for placement and compaction.With proper
compaction,the shales should provide a relatively impervious lining.
Material Properties
The physical properties of the materials which will be involved in the construction of
the tailing cells were evaluated by means of field explorations and laboratory testing.These
are summarized in Appendices A and S,respectively.The material properties which were
used in the stability analyses of the dikes are shown on Plates 7 and 8,Stability Sections,
and are listed below in Table 2.
A - 1
McKee ------,__wke
TABLE 2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES USED FOR DIKE STABILITY ANALYSES
Material
Type
In Situ Fine Sand
and Silt (SM/M L)
Compacted Fine Sand
and Silt (SM/M L)
Saturated Tailing
In Situ Sandstone
Compacted Sandstone
In Situ Clay/Claystone
Seismic Design Criteria
Bulk Density
(Ibslcu to
110
125
62.4
130
120
130
Friction Angle
(degrees).
28
33
o
45
37
20
Cohesion
(Ibs/sq tt)
o
o
o
10,000
o
3,000
The project site is located in a region known for its scarcity of recorded seismic events.
Although the seismic history for this region is barely 125 years old,the epicentral pattern,
or fabric,is basically set and appreciable changes are not expected to occur.Most of
the larger seismic events in the Colorado Plateau have occurred along its margins rather
than in the interior central region.Based on the region's seismic history,the probability
of a major damaging earthquake occurring at or near the project site is very remote.Studies
by Algermissen and Perkins (1976)indicate that southeastern Utah,including the site,
is in an area where there is a 90 percent probability that a horizontal acceleration of
four percent gravity (0.04 g)would not be exceeded within 50 years.
Minor earthquakes,not associated with any seismic-tectonic trends,can presumably occur
randomly at almost any location.Even if such an event with an intensity as high as VI
should occur at or near the project site,horizontal ground accelerations probably would
not exceed 0.05 g and almost certainly would be less than 0.10 g (Trifunac and Brady,
1975).Both of these values are used in stability analyses which follow.
Liquefaction Evaluation
Liquefaction of a soil mass is typically brought about when a series of dynamic pulses
results in rapid densification of a saturated soil mass.This increases pore pressure and
reduces shear strength,and as a result,the mass acts like a fluid.The potential for
liquefaction within a particular soil mass under a given dynamic loading depends on the
existence and location of the water table and the gradation and relative density of the
soil mass.
A - 2
McKee -------,___wke
Although the fine sand and silt sections of the dikes (Plate 6)have a grain size distribution
suited to liquefaction,adequate compaction and the absence of saturation in this material
will minimize the possibility of liquefaction.The compacted sandstone portion of the
dikes (Plate 6)will be completely drained and the material is too coarse to experience
liquefaction.
The tailing material constitute the only component of the tailing retention system which
can be considered susceptible to liquefaction.However,as the stability analyses which
are described in the next section illustrate,even if the tailing did liquefy,the stability
of the tailing retention system would not be adversely affected.
Stability Analyses
Method of Analyses -The stability of the dike which will be constructed to contain the
tailing was analyzed using dike sections A-A'and B-B',as shown on Plates 7 and 8.
Section A-A'can be considered a critical stability section because it is located where the
dike height is greatest.Section B-B'has been analyzed to evaluate the effect of the
claystone layer,which in places underlies the dikes,on the stability of the dikes.
The Simplified Bishop method,which is based on the assumptions of limiting equilibrium
mechanics,was used to perform the stability analyses.This is a method of slices which
has been shown to produce accurate results over a wide range of conditions.The forces
acting on each slice are determined so that the total driving forces and resisting forces
along the assumed failure circle can be calculated.The factor of safety is then defined
in terms of moments about the center of the failure arc as the moment of the shear
stresses along the failure surface divided by the moment of the weight of the soil in
the failure mass.
To facilitate calculations,a Dames &Moore computer program was used for the slope
stability analyses.In order to account for the effect of possible earthquake loadings on
the dikes,a pseudo-static analysis was used in which the dynamic loads of the earthquake
are replaced by a static,horizontal force equal to the product of the seismic coefficient
and the weight of the soil mass.Seismic coefficients of 0.05 g and 0.10 g were used
to simulate earthquake loading conditions.
As indicated on the stability sections,a phreatic surface has been assumed to occur through
the compacted fine sand and silt at the same level as the maximum tailing elevation within
the cell.The phreatic surface is then assumed to drop rapidly through the compacted
sandstone to reflect the higher permeability anticipated for this material.This phreatic
surface is considered to be a reasonable representation of the water distribution which
could occur with an unlined pond.However,the membrane liner should ensure that no
significant seepage occurs;therefore,the phreatic surface assumed for the purpose of the
analysis is conservative.
A-3
McKee -,__wke
The tailing has been assigned zero shear strength for analysis which models the situation
in which the tailing have liquefied.This is considered to be very conservative,particularly
for low level seismic activity characteristic of the site areas.
Results of Stability Analyses -The results of Dames &Moore's stability analyses,as
presented on Plates 7 and 8 and summarized in Table 3,indicate that the dikes are
conservatively designed with regard to stability.
Case A-A'represents the usual situation,where the dike foundation consists of fine sand
and silt overlying sandstone,while case 8-8'represents the less common situation where
a highly weathered claystone lies between the fine sand and silt and the sandstone.
The end of construction condition specified for analysis in Regulatory Guide 3.11 (Design,
Construction,and Inspection of Embankment Retention Systems for Uranium Mills)has
not been considered because there are no highly impermeable materials to be used in
the construction in which excess pore water pressures could be sustained for any significant
length of time.
No upstream stability analysis has been undertaken on section 8-8'since section A-A'
is the higher and,therefore,a more critical case.
TABLE 3
SUMMARY OF STABILITY ANALYSES
Case
A-A'Downstream Slope
A-A'Upstream Slope
8-8'Downstream Slope
Minimum Factor of
Earthquake Minimum Calculated Safety Required by
Loading (g)Factor of Safety Regulatory Guide 3.11
0.00 2.21 1.5
0.05 1.89
0.10 1.65 1.0
0.00 2.05 1.5
0.05 1.54
0.10 1.22 1.0
0.00 2.35 1.5
0.05 2.01
0.10 1.74 1.0
All factors of safety calculated considerably exceed the minimum values designated by
Regulatory Guide 3.11.The stability analyses indicate that the stability of the dikes would
be adequate even without the membrane liner.
A-4
McKee -----,__Wke
Settlement
Settlements of the dikes are expected to be less than one half inch.These settlements
should be elastic and instantaneous during construction.Therefore,long term settlements
are not expected to occur.
A-5
McKee ____wke
TABLE B-2
PERMEABILITY TEST DATA
Boring Depth Soil Surcharge Permeability (k)
Number (tt)Classification Pressure .(ft/yr)(em/sec)(psf)
6 9 SM/ML 1000 11.6 1.2 X 10-5
7 4-1/2 SM/ML 1000 10.3 1.0 X 10-5
10 4 SM/ML 1000 12.4 1.2 X 10-5
12 9 SM/ML 1000 144 1.4 X 10-4
16 4-1/2 SM/ML 1000 21.6 2.1 X 10-5
17 4-1/2 SM/ML 1000 92.8 9.0 X 10-5
19 4 SM/ML 1000 70.1 6.8 X 10-5
22 4 ML 1000 3.9 3.8 X 10-5
Recompacted ML 1000 0.35 3.4 X 10-7
Recompacted 1 ML 1000 0.56 5.4 X 10-7
Recompacted 1 ML 1000 0.19 1.8 X 10-7
A-6
r ~,....-,;
FS=2.21
PLATE 7
........MOOII,.
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
STABILITY SECTION A-A'
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.05g FS=I.89
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg FS=L65
STATIC CONDITION
20 0 20,,
FEET
ASSUMED PHREATIC SURFACE*
COMPACTED SANDSTONE
~=120 PCF
6=37"
c =0 PSF
•=130 PCF
If =45°c =10,000 PSF
IN SITU SANDSTONE
,//"
COMPACTED FINE SAND
AND SILT
/"
~0 125 PCF
6 =33°
c =0 PSF
~oliO PCF 11'=28°c=0 PSF
FS=2.D5
FACTORS OF SAFETY
UPSTREAM SLOPE
IN SITU FINE SAND
AND SILT
SATURATED TAILINGS
~=62.4 PCF
~=0°c =0 PSF
*NOTE:PHREATIC SURFACE USED IN STABILITY CALCULATIONS APPROXIMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF CELLS WERE UNLINED.SINCE CELLS
WILL BE LINED.NO PHREAT1C SURFACE SHOULD rVER DEVELOP,
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =0.05g FS=154
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.IOg FS=1.22
STATIC CONDITION
-5750
-5740
-5730
-5720
-5710
-5700
-5690
-5680
;:-5670
WW~
Z -5660
0;:<»I >-5650W..JW
'-J I
-5640
-5630
-5620
-5610
-5600
-5590
-5580
-5570
-5560
-5550
-5540
*NOTE:PHREATIC SURFACE USED IN STABILITI CALCULATIONS APPROXIMATES
CONDITION THAT WOULD DEVELOP IF CELLS WERE UNLINED.SINCE CELLS
WILL BE LlI>JED.NO PHREATIC SURFACE SHOULD EVER DEVELOP.
"""•••MOOR:.
STABILITY SECTION B-B'
ASSUMED PHREATIC SURFACE*
/
3~I
20 0 20I!!
FEET
FS=2.35
COMPACTED SANDSTONE
~=120 PCF '
p=37°
c=0 PSF
IN SITU CLAYSTONE .=130 PCF ,,=20°c=3,OOO PSF
IN SITU SANDSTONE
~=130 PCF,,=45°
c =10,000 PSF
FACTORS OF SAFETY
DOWNSTREAM SLOPE
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.05g FS =2.01
EARTHQUAKE LOADING =O.lOg FS =174
STATIC CONDITION
COMPACTED FINE
SAND AND SILT
6 =125 PCF
,,=33°c =0 PSF
IN SITU FINE SAND AND SILT .=110 PCF ~=28°c=OPSF
3:1 _______SATURATED TAILINGS
6=62.4 PCF
Rf=0°
c =0 PSF
-5720
-5710
-5700
-5690
-5680
-5670
-5660
t:w
-5650w
!!:
z:t>I 0
>=-5640<{>W00I..JW -5630
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-5610
-56CO
-5590
-5580
-5570
-55bO
-5550
PLATE 8
APPENDIX B
CHEN AND ASSOCIATES,INC.
LABORATORY TESTING
SOIL &FOUNDATION
ENGINIElING
RECEIV ED h:~~25 1978 ~m
h d ·t ·~J~C en an assocla.es,Inc.'~l'-'"
CONSULTING ENGINEERS
88 S.ZUNI DENVER,COLORADO 10223 3031744·7105
1824 EAST FIRST STAEET •CASPER,WYOMING.12801 •3071234-2128
April ·24,1978
Subject:Laboratory Testing.
Job No.16,149
Energy Fuel Nuclear,Inc.
1515 Arapahoe Street
Denver,Colorado 80202
Attention:Mr.Don Sparling
Gentlemen:
Enclosed herewith are the results of laboratory permeability,
c~actlon,gradation and plasticity tests on the sample.submitted to
us.PermeabIlIty tests were performed over·.minimum 7-day period to
achieve sample wetting,.nd the results are presented In the following
tabulation:.
Compaction
Dry MoIsture Pressure Coeffldent of
Sample Densltx Content Head Permeab 111 tx
Morrison Shale 98.8 pcf 13.7%26.1 ft.,1.I x -3
~10 ft./yr.
North 110.2 pcf 13.0%14.5 ft.3.0 x -210 ft./yr.
South 107.9 pcf 13.8%14.5 ft.8.1 x -210 ft./yr.
If you have any questions,or If we can be of further service,please
call.
SLP/bn
Encls.
Sincerely,
CHEN AND ASSOCIATES,INC.
By~=1...JlJ~Steven L.~lak,P.E.
B-1
CHEN AND ASSOCIATES
Consulting Engineers
Soil and Foundation Engineering
GRADA nON TEST RESULTS
GRAVEL 0/0 ~"NU 11 0/0 -';Il I AND "'....89 %
LIQUID L.lMIT 40 %PLASTICiiY INLJE:"20 %
MOlsruR£-PERCENT OF DRY W£Icrl"..T
til
III~
).
~
til
Z
Iol
,.....,Q
':1 >-
':-!E
0
100
•
COMPACTION TEST RESULTS
COMPACTION TEST PROCEDURE ASTM 0698-70,Method A
104.0
20.5
-t----+-----+_..-~~--+-----
~-.__T_------_.
#16,149
SAMPLE OF
FROM
Morrison Shale
Dt:PTH
B-2
Fig.CA-3
CHEN AND ASSOCIATES
Consulting Engineers
Soil and Foundation Engineering
..•.O~•III10&.
--_.--_.
----_._....---
---f--
-=---_.._-4-.---
+--;"4--::=-~__-:-.::=~
-+-+-+--'--+-----.T:1-_--
-=1 ----==----:~.-=--:-::::-r t ---1--"--_.-
'I4NO-----.,--llltlJr:n aI..iDIOM i coUR I rlN(C coAl!!COUlfl
ClClI -OJ1 01.,.-
DIA.U I f II 0'flAil
Cl.AY IfiLUTfCl TO liLT -I--.-,-L-.-,-T-,c-l-C;.!.!l_
....-.....;.;.;."""-T.m,.;-::jm~~r=-'-"-=--+_·---=-~u-=~--!ITAIlC~:~·-:1I11~~E ATAbY'~~-~~OUAII~-0::1::-
.!l()e4&()e)()-..=S--."'-~...,,,,'r !-r
.--.__.._r---10
;
I,
GRADATION TEST RESULTS
GRAVEL.%SAND 28 %SILT ANd CLAY
~IQUID LIM I r 22 .%PLASTICI TV INDEX 6
MOISTuRE -PERCENT OF DRY WE:IGHT
130
116.2
12.6
--+--
__+-.1--+--~-
._-.......
i:~~-t·4~--:
'0
I
'40 r---r--r'-~'
,.'00 ~-__.+--.__:-_J-~:t '-.-----:-_-r ':F~~-
t ,-r"--t----t--r --r--t----.+-~l-:-=t---~;~~~+~-=:~t.~==:·--_.~~t--·,-=-·-,---r'---.'t~~~:-::-:1-::__'--_+j-_-ll-_-+------r-
t -+.-+--t--t--.-··--t+_.•
'20
COMPAC TION r£5T
CA'2Fig.
B-3
(;E p rH
COMPACTION
ASTMPROCEDURE
TEST RESULTS
0698-70,Method A
clay--c1ayey slItOFSandy
North
SAMPLE
FROM#16,149
CHEN AND ASSOCIATES
Consulting Engineers
Soil and Foundation Engineering
to
III
10
SIEV£:AHAlY$I!
--
HYDItO"ET("ANALYSIS
,l1li.TIII[ItUD'.••,ii IO.IN .._,,,I....
..•¥III~
;
I,
GRADATION TEST RESULTS
0/0 SAND 21 %!>I L T AND GL..A Y<.iRAVEl.
1..IQl!lO '_IMIT 24 %PLASriCITY INUF.X 12
...
79 0/0
%
11.101 STURE PERCENT OF"DRY WEIGHT
80
113.5
13 .8
COMPACTION TEST RESULTS
COMPACTION TEST PROCEDURE ASTM 0698-70,Method
#16,1 49
SAMPLE
FROM
OF Sandy clay
South OEP TH
B - 4
Fig.3 CA-~