DDW-2024-012357

Safety & Security
Exam Review
Flagging & Barricades
•Most common traffic & pedestrian warning systems
*Flaggers
*Barricades
*Traffic Cones
•Flaggers should be 100 feet from work place
•Barricades should be placed at specific distances around the construction site
•Speed of traffic should affect spacing
On The Job Injuries
•Most commonly caused by
failure to pay close attention
to the job at hand
•You are responsible for
your own personal safety
•Everyone is responsible for
workplace safety
•Supervisor is responsible
for the safety program
Trenching & Shoring
•Needed to prevent injury
or loss of life
•4 ft. deep requires a
means of exit, usually a
ladder.
•Exits or ladders must be
provided at least every
25 feet.
Trenching & Shoring
•3 basic means of preventing cave ins
*sloping
*shielding
*shoring
•Trench wall protection is needed for
all trenches 5 ft. deep
•Means of access egress for trenches
deeper than 4 feet
•Ladders must extend 3 feet above
the surface excavation
•Soil must be placed at least 2 ft. from
edge of trench
Storage
•Pipe should be
adequately blocked
and stacked
First-Aid
•For respiratory failure -
know how to perform CPR.
•For bleeding - use direct
pressure and pressure
points.
•For 1st degree burns - use
ice or cold water.
•For shock - lay victim down
and cover them to keep
them warm.
•Have annual training in
CPR and First-Aid
Hydrogen Sulfide
•If you smell a rotten egg
type smell in a pit, do not
enter until proper
precautions been taken
•Blowers are the most
effective means to reduce
atmospheric hazards
•Ventilate until proper
oxygen levels are
reached (minimum19.5%)
Vaults
•Considered hazardous
•Prone have condensation on
electrical equipment
•They can collect toxic gases
•They are subject to flooding
•Calibrate air quality
•After ventilating, retest the air
Lockout/Tagged
•Lockout & tag electrical panels, compressed springs, gear motors, distribution valves, moving equipment, etc. before repairing
•Even though the circuit may off, there is control voltage still active in panels
•Tag needs to by signed by the person placing it on the equipment & only they can remove it
Accident Prevention
•Conditions around
worksite
•Attitude of the
employees to safety
•Having an effective
safety program
Fire Extinguishers
•Type A - Wood, paper, and other combustibles
•Type B - Fuels and oils
•Type C - Electrical equipment
•Type D - Metals
•For type C fires use dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher
•ABC type for multiple use
•Don’t use water base extinguisher on an electrical fire due to shock
Fuses & Breakers
•Found in electrical panels
•Determine the cause of the breaker tripping
or the fuse blowing out
•Electrical contacts that are dusty & burned need to be
cleaned to prevent fires
Electrical Motors
•Coupling guards
protect from injuries
•Only trained staff
should work on motors
•Lockout/tagout before
working on
Management
•Should provide a safe
working environment
•Should provide proper
tools & equipment
•Should provide safety
training
•Should provide
Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) as part
of right-to-know laws
Self Contained Breathing
Apparatus
•Should be used on chlorine leaks
•Store away from but near chemical buildings
•Periodic inspections should be performed & records should be kept
•Length of time depends on breathing patterns of the operator
Treatment Plant Safety
•Operators should be familiar with electrical apparatus in the work place
•Operators should be familiar with chemical handling equipment
•Operators should have a knowledge of specific hazards unique to the facility
Well Head Safety
•Prevent contamination
or pollution of the well
•Prevent accidents to
operators
Chlorine
•Gas is heavier than air
•Have eyewash/shower available
•Most leaks occur around control valve
•Cylinder liquid form expands 460 times
•When changing cylinders, shut gas off at cylinder first, evacuate lines
•Produces hydrochloric acid mixed with moisture
•Use rubber gloves & ventilate
•Should practice response once per year
•Inspect daily for leaks in system
Vandalism
•A thorough investigation should be conducted
•Record the condition
of premises
•Check water quality.
•Report damages and/or questionable conditions to supervisor.
Repair Kits
•A kit for 150 lb.
•B kit for ton cylinders
•C kit for train cars
Utility Vehicles
•Safety Equipment
•Proper tools
•Warnings flags
•Flares
•Flashlights
•First aid kits
Safety Inspection Reports
•Know who conducted
inspection.
•Prevent overlooking
safety features.
•Provides a record of
who inspected the
safety features of the
equipment
Tank Safety
•Test the atmosphere
in the tank prior to
entry
•Use safety belts &
harnesses when
climbing
•Provide adequate
ventilation while
working inside
Vulnerability Assessments
•Systematic process to
evaluate susceptibility
•VA’s & ERP’s viewed
only by need to know
personnel
•Determines types of
assailants, threats, &
probability
•Required for systems
3,300 or more
List Critical Components
•Source Types
•Treatment Plants
•Storage
•Power
•Distribution System
•Offices
•Communications
Source Water
•Ground Water
•Surface Water
•Purchased
Water
Treatment Plant Inventory
•Buildings
•Pumps
•Equipment- Basins, Clearwell, Filters, etc.
•Process Controls
•Treatment Chemicals & Storage
•Lab Chemicals and Storage
Laboratory Safety
•Hazardous materials
(acids, bases, toxic
materials)
• Fire and Explosives
• Cuts and bruises
• Electrical shock
• Burns (heat and
chemical)
Laboratory Safety
•Beware of hazardous chemicals
•Use caution when cleaning up spills
•Use care when handling glassware
•Never pipet liquids with your mouth, use a rubber suction bulb
•Practice good personal hygiene
•Use Personal Protection Equipment
•Safety glasses, rubber gloves, apron
Ferric Chloride
•Is a very corrosive
material
•Should prevent splashing
•Use eye protection,
rubber gloves, and
protective clothing
•When spilled on skin,
flush with large amounts
of water
Fluoride
•Victims exposed to
large amounts should
me removed from
area
•Operators should
know the hazards
contained in MSDS
Alum
•Alum is a mild corrosive
•Use rubber gloves and dust-proof clothing
•Exposure to dry alum dust greater than 15 mg/m3 for more than 8 hours is considered hazardous
•Need respiratory equipment around dry alum dust
•Need eye protection (goggles)
•Ventilation
•Never use the same conveyor system for alum and quicklime
•Potential for explosion
Caustic Soda Safety
•Strong caustic alkali and very hazardous
•Very reactive
•Dissolves human skin
•Generates heat with when mixed with water
•Reacts with amphoteric metals generating hydrogen gas which is flammable or explosive
•Use special precautions when handling
Chemical Safety for Acids
•Chemicals cause visible destruction or irreversible damage to skin tissue at the point of contact
•Swallowing can damage esophagus & stomach.
•Wear personal protective equipment
•Flush affected area with clean water
•Use sodium bicarbonate to neutralize acids
•Add acid to the water
Polymers
•Used as coagulant
and filter aids
•Keep polymer dust off
floors
•Will create very
slippery surfaces
when on floors
•Use inert, absorbent
material such as sand
to clean up spills
Potassium Permanganate
•Strong oxidizing agent, use caution
•Will react easily with organic materials
•Will ignite when in contact with antifreeze, sawdust compounds and many other materials
•All lubricants & fuels are potential fire hazards
•Store separately from other chemicals in a cool dry location
•Use dust masks and rubber gloves when handling & for cleaning up
Activated Carbon
•Is considered the most volatile powder
•Keep away from Cl2 compounds and KMnO4, possible spontaneous combustions
•The main problems are dust and fire control
•Will burn with intense heat, and without smoke or visible flame
•Keep electrical equipment clean
•Carbon dust can cause short-circuit fires
•Use explosion-proof electrical equipment
Explosions
•Don’t use sawdust to
absorb liquids
•Powder activated carbon
is the most volatile
powder
•Methane is the most
common combustible gas
Water Storage Information
•Storage Tanks- Buried,
Elevated, Above
Ground
•Pressure Tanks-
Hydropneumatic
Clear Areas
•Tall vegetation
•Overhanging trees
•Landscaping that can
hide intruders
•Trim trees and shrubs
•Unobstructed view of
critical facilities
Power Sources
•Primary Sources-
Power Company
•Auxiliary Sources-
Diesel, Natural Gas, &
Gasoline Powered
Generators.
Offices Inventory
•Buildings
•Computers
•Files
•Transportation- Work
Vehicles
Communications Inventory
•Telephones
•Cell Phones
•Radio
•Computer Control
Systems (SCADA)
Distribution System Inventory
•Pumps
•Pipes
•Valves
•Appurtenances- Flush Hydrants, Backflow Assemblies, Meters, Regulators, etc.
•Other Vulnerable Points
•Knowing your system is the best way to prevent contamination events & have alternate sources of water
Threats
•3 stages of threat management are possible, credible, & confirmatory
•2 side by side activities: threat evaluation and response decisions
•Survivability of a biological agent in the
water determines the severity of an event & they are difficult to detect
•Smallpox is a pathogen that has a high rate of secondary transmission
•Examples of biotoxins would be botulinum, anthrax (bacteria), smallpox (virus), plague (bacteria), ebola toxins (virus), etc.
Disasters
•FEMA lists 3 classifications: natural, technological and national security
•Natural hazards are determined by geological location and do not occur as a result of something man-made
•Require resources beyond the capability of local government
•Cyber attacks would be considered technological
•SARA (superfund amendments & reauthorization act) is legislation requiring utilities to report chemicals stored on site
Credibility
•Collection of samples
for analysis helps
determine the
credibility of a threat
•Analytical confirmation
is the most reliable
means of confirming a
water contamination
incident
Incident Command System
•A model tool for
command, control &
coordination of an
emergency response
to a public crisis
•Emergency Response
to Life, Property and
Environmental
Incidents
Emergency Response Plans
•Preparedness phase in emergency management
•Actions a system would take during an event or disaster
•Assigns specific responsibilities to individuals and teams
•Sets a command structure
•Should be updated annually
•Prepared by local officials
•Elevating the threat level should be based on evidence such as a security breach, along with signs of contamination and abnormal test results
Emergency Response
•An action plan should
be a short, concise
summary of the
emergency response
plan
•Lists critical
customers
•Accessed by need-to-
know personnel only
Four Phases In Emergency
Response Planning
•Preparedness- preparing emergency
response plans
•Responses- are initial actions taken during an emergency or disaster
•Recovery-
•Mitigation- actions taken to prevent an emergency or to lessen the harmful effects of an emergency such as backflow
prevention
Alarm Systems
•Alarm system that notifies
authorities and system
personnel of intrusion
•Should be considered for
buildings, tanks, pump
houses, & treatment
facilities.
Key Control
•Interlocking locks
•Contractors keys
•Control key access to critical
components of system
•Accountability for those having
access
•Do not duplicate engraved on keys
•Change pass codes and retrieve keys
when employees are terminated from
employment
Neighborhood Involvement
•Raise awareness around
facilities with flyers, bill stuffers,
or personal interaction
•Notify neighborhood watch
programs
•Disposable cameras
•Give call down list to neighbors
of whom to call
Exterior Lighting
•Good deterrent
•Intruders can be seen
and detected
•Motion Sensors
•Perimeter Lighting
Fencing Critical Infrastructure
•All critical facilities should have perimeter security fencing
•Should be inspected frequently
•Secured with chains & tamper proof locks
•Concrete jersey barriers should be considered to guard against accidental or intentional vehicle intrusion
Cyber Security
•Hard wired systems are
more secure than
wireless systems
•Secondary passwords
are designed to ensure at
least two people are
aware of changes being
made to critical
information technology
programs
Computer Protocols
•Password protected and
changed every 90 days
•Firewall protection
•Virus software that allows
continuous upgrades
•Cyber attack is an example
of a technological threat
•Backup files should be
stored at an off-site location
Treatment Plants
•Chemicals delivered with system personnel present
•Chemicals w/tamperproof seals
•Drivers I.D. should be checked by the operator
•Discuss security with suppliers
•Suppliers should background check their employees
•Store hazardous chemicals properly
•Monitor raw water
•Match all delivered goods with manifest and purchase order
Warning Signs
•Hazardous chemical buildings should have secure & restricted
access
•Facility Protected by Federal Law
•Unauthorized Access Prohibited
•Employees Only
•Authorized Personnel Only
Public Awareness
•Uniforms
•Employee I.D. cards for personnel
•System logos on water system vehicles
•Any critical items
should be removed such as maps, computers, keys, tools, etc.
Methods of Estimating
Contamination Spread
•Water flow analysis
•Hydraulic modeling
•Areas of customer complaints
•Field analysis
•Precursors to a contamination event can be on-line monitors that detect an unexpected change in pH and chlorine residual.
•Sarin is an example of chemical contamination
Distribution System
•Control use of fire
hydrants and valves
with locks
•Monitor system for
constant positive
pressure
•Implement backflow
prevention program
Checklist
•How to handle threatening phone calls
•How to handle complaint phone calls
•How to handle
suspicious activity reports
•Use of reverse 911 to warn public
Sensitive Information
•Remove sensitive information from Web
•Are maps, records and sensitive information in a secure location and labeled “Confidential”?
•Secure vehicles: maps, sensitive information, tools, keys, etc. could be stolen and should not be left in vehicle
Outreach
•How will you contact all customers within 24
hours of an emergency?
•Appoint a media spokesperson
•Contact nursing homes, hospitals, schools, &
prisons or anywhere immune-compromised
people may reside
Public Relations
•One spokesperson
•Restrict sensitive information distribution
•Procedure for public notification in the event of
an incident
•Procedures for customer complaint calls on taste, odor, color or other physical changes in water
quality