DDW-2024-008178

South Davis
Water District
407 West 3100 South • Bountiful, UT. 84010
[phone] • [e-mail]

REPORT
We are pleased to present you with a look at the
quality of the water delivered in 2023. Included
in this report is a look at where your water comes
from, what we are doing to protect your water
from potential contaminants, how it compares to
EPA and State of Utah standards, tips on
maintaining safe water in your home, and how
you can help conserve this precious resource.
The South Davis Water District is committed to
providing you with safe, clean, great tasting
drinking water.

The SDWD’s drinking water
comes from 1 spring, 6 wells,
and 1 surface water treatment
plant. The treatment plant
treats water from the Weber
River. The treatment plant is
owned and operated by the
Weber Basin Water
Conservancy District. The
SDWD, like many other public
water suppliers in the area,
purchases some of its culinary
water from Weber Basin.

Our spring water is collected underground and
diverted into a holding tank. The Enoch Spring
provides millions of gallons of fresh, clean, great
tasting water to the eastern bench area of the
District in Bountiful.

Our North Canyon, Bona Vista, and Val Verda
wells provide water to the eastern portion of
Bountiful and North Salt Lake areas that reside
within the SDWD. Water is boosted from these
wells to two large tanks at higher elevations
named 1A and 2A, where it is held for
consumption. This water is both chlorinated and
fluoridated before it enters these tanks.

Our three Val Vista Wells pump water to a large
tank located in the middle of the District called
3A. This reservoir serves the middle portion of
the District in Bountiful as well as a portion of
Woods Cross.

Water from the treatment plant is fed directly
into the District’s distribution system. This
water is occasionally boosted from this location
up to the 3A tank as the need arises, but the
majority of this water serves the bottom portion
of the District.

The chart below shows the number of gallons
consumed from each source, and the percentage
each source contributed.

SOURCE GALLONS %TOTAL

The SDWD has a Drinking Water Source
Protection Plan that can be viewed at our office.
It provides information such as potential sources
of contamination and our designated source
protection areas. The source protection zones for
each well and spring are estimated based on the
time it takes a drop of water to travel to the well
or spring collection point. All of the wells in the
SDWD have surface grout seals that are in good
condition. The Enoch Spring has an impervious
clay layer over the Enoch spring that has been
found to be in good condition.

The layers of sediment above the portions of the
aquifer in our area are classified as unconfined.
Unconfined refers to the ability of the formation
to allow potential contamination from surface
activity. Unconfined aquifers are susceptible,
because they do not have a barrier such as a clay
layer that protects the aquifer from exposure to
the surface.

Common household chemicals pose a great risk
to aquifers. Paints, cleaners, motor oil, gasoline,
antifreeze, and lawn & garden chemicals that are
disposed of in the gutter or backyard can migrate
to rivers and streams or filter down through the
ground and pollute aquifers.

Residents can help to prevent water pollution by
employing best management practices when
storing, using, and discarding fertilizers,
pesticides, and other household hazardous
wastes properly.

The types of prioritized potential contamination
sources, with #1 being highest risk of affecting the
North Canyon Well 43,386,467 19.13%
Bona Vista Well 3,581,641 1.58%
Val Vista Well #1 7,451,026 3.29%
Val Vista Well #2 7,903,134 3.48%
Val Vista Well #3 12,246,775 5.40%
Val Verda Well 11,005,983 4.85%
Enoch Spring 26,919,700 11.87%
Surface Water Treatment Plant 114,292,238 50.40%

2023
wells and springs, are as follows:

1. Residential and commercial pesticide,
herbicide, and fertilizer use.
2. Residential sewer system leaks.
3. Streets and roadways – transport spills and
road clearing with deicing salts.
4. Existing and abandoned wells that have
become contaminated.

Use the following guidelines when using
pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers:

• Only purchase the amount and kind of
fertilizer or pesticide needed, and store in
locked dry cabinets.
• Do not allow fertilizer and pesticide spills to
be washed into the storm drain system.
• Dry pesticide and fertilizer spills should be
swept up and later applied at the rate
specified on an area where needed.
• Liquid pesticide and fertilizer spills should
be soaked up using absorbent material
(such as sawdust, cat litter, or soil) and then
taken to a household hazardous waste
collection site.
• Never apply fertilizers near wells.
• Do not spray or apply pesticides near walks
or driveways. This will help prevent
pesticides from washing off into the storm
drain system.

Household hazardous wastes (HHWs) are
discarded materials that are ignitable, corrosive,
reactive, toxic, or otherwise listed as hazardous
by the EPA. Paint, used motor oil, gasoline,
antifreeze, or lawn and garden chemicals that are
disposed of in the gutter or your backyard can
migrate to rivers or filter down through the
ground and pollute aquifers. The following best
management practices should be employed when
handling HHWs:

• Completely use the product before
disposing of the container.
• Return unused portions to community
household hazardous waste collection
programs.
• Do not flush HHWs down the toilet, down
the sink, down a storm drain, or pour on the
ground.

Please don’t spoil the water supply for yourself
and everyone else! Dispose of paint, used motor
oil, and other hazardous chemicals in a proper
and safe manner.
For more information on the nearest location for
hazardous waste disposal and free disposal
community events, please contact:
➢
➢
➢
If you would like additional information on
HHWs, and ways to minimize the impact of
potential contamination sources on our water
resources, please visit the Utah Division of
Drinking Water website at:
As stated above, the SDWD received 50.4% of its
drinking water in 2023 from a surface water
treatment plant. The following describes the
treatment process used to clean and disinfect
surface water.
Coagulation and flocculation are the first steps in
the treatment process. The goal of this stage is to
bind up the suspended particles in the raw water
by adding a coagulant as it first enters the water
treatment plant. Floc, which is a tuft-like
aggregate, is produced from the mixing of the
coagulant in the raw water.
Over time, as more suspended matter is bound,
the smaller aggregates of floc become larger
particles of floc.

Sedimentation is the second stage of water
treatment. The objective of this stage is to
remove the floc. This is accomplished as the floc
settles out of the water in long sedimentation
basins. The cleaner water is drained off the
surface of the sedimentation basin and sent to
the next stage.

Filtration is the third stage of water treatment.
The purpose of this stage is to remove the
remaining suspended particles and dissolved
⌂
constituents. This is accomplished by passing
the water through a filter composed of different
layers of sand and gravel.
Disinfection is the fourth stage of water
treatment. A small amount of chlorine, or other
disinfecting chemical is added. This is used to
kill any remaining germs and keeps the water
safe as it travels to the public. This treatment
process removes cryptosporidium and giardia
from the water; however, it cannot guarantee
that 100% of the microbes are removed.
Monitoring by Weber Basin indicates the
presence of cryptosporidium and giardia in the
source water. Current testing methods don’t
allow them to determine if the organisms are
dead or if they are capable of causing disease.
Therefore, UV light is administered to the water
in order to prevent these microbes, if they are
present, from reproducing and causing sickness.

Microfiltration is the fifth stage of water
treatment. At this stage the water is passed
through a special pore-sized membrane to
separate any remaining microorganisms and
suspended particles. Disinfection is applied
again as the final stage of the process.

With ever increasing growth and the nature of
the regional climate, there is no question that we
will encounter future drought years. Future
drought cycles will have an even greater effect
than previous drought because of the increased
population and higher demands on water
systems. Conservation and improved water
efficiency needs to become a way of life for all of
us by incorporating better water use practices
and valuing this precious resource more than
ever.

The South Davis Water District is committed to
conserving. The District has strongly enforced a
watering time policy, which is, residents cannot
water between 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.

As the above chart shows, irrigation water usage
has dropped since 2000. Since 2000, the District
has used an estimated average of 2.0 acre feet of
water per acre of irrigatable land.

The District’s culinary water loss is something
that the District is trying to improve by replacing
old leaky pipes.
Last year, the District lost an estimated 23.6
million gallons from leaks and undocumented
hydrant use. This was 11.5% of total production.
Even though much of this water goes back into
the aquifer to be pumped out and used
down-stream, it still represents a loss of
electricity, treatment chemicals, and creates
unnecessary wear and tear on pumps. It also
requires the District to have more storage
capacity than is otherwise necessary. The District
is committed to continue bringing this number
down.

The above graph shows that culinary
consumption has decreased significantly.
Population has increased within the District by
15%, since 2009. Notwithstanding this increase in
population, the District’s gallons per capita per
day culinary use since 2009 has dropped from 80
gpcpd to 52 gpcpd. The District’s residents are
doing a very good job at conserving culinary
water.

Utah Legislature passed a bill forcing pressurized
secondary water providers to meter each
individual secondary connection by 2030. The
District metered some connections in 2023. As
you can see from the above secondary
consumption graph, the District has reduced
consumption significantly.

For more information on water conservation,
please visit these web sites:

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DISTRICT SECONDARY USE
Once the water passes from our system and
through the meter, you become a partner with us
in making sure it stays fresh and clean. Here are
some things to consider.
Water Heater
Check the temperature
setting for your water heater.
Water that is too hot can
create a burn hazard, while
water that is too cool can
create a perfect environment
for bacteria to grow. You may
also want to consider
installing a pressure regulator
to prevent any sudden surges
to your water heater. These
can be found at any general
plumbing supply store, or you
can have a plumber install one for you.
Filters and Purifiers
All types of filters and
purifiers (point of use
devices) need to be properly
maintained and monitored.
Neglected devices may not
work as intended; become a haven for microbial
growth; or shed filter material into your home’s
tap water. Even the filter in your refrigerator
needs to be properly maintained to protect your
family.
Water
Softeners
Since the hardness of your
water can range anywhere
from 14 to 30 grains per
gallon, it is important to
monitor the settings on your
water softener regularly to
make sure that you are
treating your water properly.
Over treating your water is
wasted money while under
treating is not effective.
Unused Rooms
If you have a kitchen or bathroom that rarely gets
used, you should make a point of running water
through the faucets on a frequent basis. Stagnant
pipes and fixtures are susceptible to microbial
growth. Flushing unused water lines regularly
will help prevent this.

A backflow event is when water that is potentially
contaminated is pushed or drawn into a culinary
water supply.

One type of backflow event can be created
through a high pressure contaminated source
pushing into a clean potable source. An example
of this occurrence could be a dentist office using
a suction device which uses a water pump
creating a venturi effect by accelerating the water
through pressurization. If the suction device
does not have a proper backflow device installed;
this pressurized,
contaminated water
could enter the
culinary supply.
Another type of
backflow event can
be created by a
negative pressure or
suction effect. One
example could be a culinary
sprinkler system tied into the home’s culinary
service line without a backflow assembly. If the
residents use enough water in the house that
there is a vacuum created sucking air through the
sprinkler heads, contaminating the resident’s
water supply with fertilizer or E. coli bacteria.

A cross-connection is when there exists a
physical connection between a potable source of
water and a source of contamination. The most
worrisome cross-connection in our area is that of
a culinary service line being connected into an
irrigation main or vice versa. Fortunately,
neither of these have occurred in our District, but
it has occurred in other areas. This can result in
people becoming very sick. The District
monitors contractors very closely in order to
prevent this sort of cross-connection.
There are other connections that are not
technically cross-connections because they have
a check valve, but the check valve system they
have is not up to today’s standards. One such
connection is the Utah riser. This fire
suppression connection is actually allowed in
businesses as long as they were existing before
new laws were put into place. Most of these fire
sprinklers have propylene glycol in them to
prevent freezing. The check valves that are on
the Utah riser are not up to current standards,
but because it would cost the business owner so
much to upgrade, the State lets them slide. The
check valves on these risers can leak, and there is
no means of testing them.

You will usually know your fire suppression
system is leaking if there is a very distinctive
smell and taste. If there is propylene glycol in
your water supply it will smell and taste like a
rotting onion. Even though propylene glycol isn’t
toxic, it is extremely unpleasant to drink or
smell. If you have a fire suppression system in
your place of business, and you start tasting and
smelling onions in your water, chances are very
high that your fire suppression system is leaking
into the water supply. We would highly
recommend not waiting until it leaks, however.
Just get your Utah riser replaced with a proper
unit that can be tested annually.

You are required to have your backflow device
tested by a certified technician every year. This
report must be sent to the water department. It
is imperative that you have the correct assembly
installed, and that it is tested annually.

If you have any questions regarding potential
cross-connections or backflow devices, please
contact the water department at 801-295-4468.

Drinking water, including bottled water, may
reasonably be expected to contain at least small
amounts of some contaminants.

The sources of our drinking water include rivers,
springs, and wells. As water travels over the
surface of the land or through the ground, it
dissolves naturally-occurring minerals and, in
some cases, radioactive material. The flowing
water can pick up substances resulting from the
presence of animals or from human activity.
Below are some of these contaminants that may
be present in source water.
such as viruses
and bacteria, may come from sewage treatment
plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock
operations, and wildlife.

Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present
in the environment and are used as an indicator
that potentially harmful bacteria may be present.
Utah DDW regulations require the District to test
a minimum of 10 samples per month for total
coliform and E. coli bacteria. The District did not
have any positive samples in 2023 for total
coliform or E. coli.
such as salts and
metals, can be naturally-occurring or result
from urban storm water runoff, industrial,
domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas
production, mining, or farming.
may come from a
variety of sources such as agriculture, urban
storm water runoff, and residential uses.
including synthetic and
volatile organic chemicals, are by-products of
industrial processes and petroleum production,
and can also come from gas stations, urban storm
water runoff, and septic systems.
can be
naturally-occurring or be the result of oil and gas
production and mining activities.
if present in elevated levels, can cause
serious health problems, especially for pregnant
women and young children. Lead in drinking
water is primarily from materials and
components associated with service lines and
home plumbing.
The District is responsible for providing high
quality drinking water, but cannot control the
variety of materials used in plumbing
components from the meter to the home. When
your water has been sitting for an extended
period, you can minimize the potential for lead
exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2
minutes before using water for drinking or
cooking.
The District samples from homes known to have
galvanized service lines. If your service line is
galvanized, it is highly recommended that you
replace it.

For more information on lead in drinking water,
contact the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (1-
800-426-791), or visit www.epa.gov/safewater/lead.

RADON is a radioactive gas that you cannot see,
taste, or smell. It is found throughout the U.S.
Radon can be released into the air via water, and
then inhaled.

At this time, radon monitoring is not required by
the EPA; however, the EPA is considering making
radon monitoring a requirement. The proposed
MCL for radon is 4,000 pCi/L for systems which
have a public education program for radon.

CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA are microbial
pathogens found in surface water throughout the
U.S. Although filtration removes
cryptosporidium and giardia, the most
commonly-used filtration methods cannot
guarantee 100 percent removal. Monitoring
conducted by Weber Basin indicates the presence
of cryptosporidium and giardia in the raw water
prior to treatment. Weber Basin uses UV light in
the water treatment, which inhibits these
organisms from reproducing and causing
sickness.

Ingestion of cryptosporidium may cause
cryptosporidiosis, an abdominal infection.
Symptoms of infection include nausea, diarrhea,
and abdominal cramps. Most healthy individuals
can overcome the disease within a few weeks.
However, immuno-compromised people are at
greater risk of developing life-threatening
illness. Cryptosporidium must be ingested to
cause disease, and it may be spread through
means other than drinking water.

CHROMIUM is an odorless and tasteless metallic
element. Chromium is found naturally in rocks,
plants, soil, volcanic dust, and animals. The most
common forms of chromium that occur in
natural waters in the environment are: Trivalent
chromium (chromium-3) and Hexavalent
chromium (chromium-6). Chromium-3 is an
essential human dietary element. It is found in
many vegetables, fruits, meats, grains, and yeast.

Chromium-6 occurs naturally in the
environment from the erosion of natural
chromium deposits. It can also be produced by
industrial processes. There are demonstrated
instances of chromium being released to the
environment by leakage, poor storage, or
inadequate industrial waste disposal practices.
Chromium 6 is the more toxic of the two forms of
chromium. The District tested for Chromium 6
in 2014 and found no trace of this contaminant in
the water at that time.

PER AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES
(PFAS) are a group of manufactured chemicals
that have been used in industry and consumer
products since the 1940s. One common
characteristic of concern with PFAS is that many
of these chemicals break down very slowly, and
can build up in humans, animals, and the
environment over time.

People can be exposed to PFAS in a variety of
ways, including drinking contaminated water,
eating certain contaminated foods, swallowing
contaminated dust, or using products made with
PFAS.

The District tested for PFAS in March 2023, as part
of EPA’s UCMR 5 testing series. The EPA has not
yet adopted a maximum contaminant level
(MCL) for PFAS. The results of this first round of
PFAS testing showed that the District had some
PFAS in some of its sources. Fortunately, the
amounts reported were lower than the MCL
levels that the EPA was looking at possibly
instituting.

The second round of UCMR 5 sampling in
September 2023 also showed that the District had
PFAS in some of the sources. The District took
follow-up PFAS samples in coordination with the
State Division of Drinking Water (DDW). These
follow-up results again showed amounts of PFAS.
However, the results were inconclusive. Some
sources that showed PFAS originally were now
showing zero PFAS, and sources that showed zero
PFAS originally were now showing PFAS. In one
case, one well showed PFAS, but a sample point
directly in line with the well showed zero PFAS.
Due to the inconsistencies in these samples, the
District and DDW will be doing additional
testing. The next series of testing will be
conducted by DDW staff to rule out operator
error. PFAS testing is difficult due to the nano
quantities that are being tested. The EPA is
testing for PFAS in parts per trillion. This is
roughly equivalent to a drop of PFAS in an
Olympic sized swimming pool. As stated above,
if the results of the PFAS tests already conducted
are accurate, the District does not have levels of
PFAS above EPA’s proposed MCL.

We are committed to providing safe drinking
water to our customers, and we will do what is
necessary to do this. If the District does have
levels of PFAS in the water that is above the levels
that the EPA may implement, the District will do
what is necessary to be in compliance. This could
include installing treatment or removing
contaminated sources from the system.
The water provided by the South Davis Water
District meets or exceeds all EPA and Utah State
water quality requirements. The treated surface
water that the District purchases from Weber
Basin has won numerous awards for water taste
and quality.

We at the South Davis Water District are
committed to providing our residents with the
best possible drinking water. We strive to go the
extra mile with our water quality.
The following are definitions for some terms and
abbreviations that you may be unfamiliar with.
Detected Contaminant - Any contaminant
detected at or above its minimum detection
limit.

MDL - Minimum Detection Limit is the lowest
level at which a contaminant is detected
with a specified degree of certainty.

MCLG - Maximum Contaminant Level Goal is
the level of a contaminant in drinking
water below which there is no known or
expected risk to health.

MCL - Maximum Contaminant Level is the
highest level of a contaminant that is
allowed in drinking water.

LRAA - Location-based running annual average.

NA - Not applicable (there is no Federal or State
MCL and/or MCLG).

ND - Not detected
NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (a measure
of the cloudiness of the water).

PPM - parts per million, or milligrams per liter
(mg/l).

PPB - parts per billion, or micrograms per liter
(µg/l).

PPT – parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter
(ng/l).

pCi/L - picocuries per liter (a measure of
radioactivity).
The following page contains all the regulated and
unregulated drinking water contaminants that
we detected during this year. We test for over 130
contaminants (i.e., pesticides, herbicides,
organic compounds, etc.) with almost all being
non-detectable.

Not all contaminants are required to be sampled
for every year. The EPA and State of Utah have
established that, in some circumstances, if a
source of water goes a determined period
without having detected certain contaminants,
or the detected contaminants remain at
consistently low levels for a determined period of
time, that source may qualify for reduced
monitoring.

Some of the surface water data, though
representative, are more than one year old.
Because the concentrations of certain
contaminants do not change frequently, the state
allows less frequent monitoring.

The presence of contaminants in the water does
not necessarily indicate that the water poses a
health risk. These contaminants are harmful if
ingested in certain amounts. The EPA
determines these amounts for public water
systems, and creates regulations that allow for a
large cushion of safety. The FDA regulates limits
for bottled water companies. More information
about contaminants and potential health effects
can be obtained by calling the Environmental
Protection Agency's Safe Drinking Water Hotline
(1-800-426-4791).

Some people may be more vulnerable to
contaminants in drinking water than the general
population. Immuno-compromised persons such
as those undergoing chemotherapy for cancer
treatment, persons who have undergone organ
transplant, people with immune system
disorders, some elderly, and infants can be
particularly at risk from infections. These people
should seek advice about drinking water from
their health care providers. EPA/Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) guidelines on appropriate
means to lessen the risk of infections by
Cryptosporidium and other microbial
contaminants are available from the Safe
Drinking Water Hotline [phone]).
-- Data is derived from samples collected from 2017 through 2019 except for fluoride and nitrate, which are from 2023.

1Fluoride levels in the District are adjusted to maintain levels between 0.6 and 0.8 ppm.
2The State of Utah requires monitoring for sodium even though no MCL has been established.
3The MCL for sulfate and total dissolved solids is established by the State of Utah.

-- Data is derived from samples collected in 2023.

1The MCL and MCLG for per & polyfluoroalkyl and Lithium have not been established by the EPA.
(Disinfection Byproducts) – Data derived from 2023 samples.

1This value represents the running annual average for 2023.
Contaminants Average Low High MCL MCLG Violation Typical Sources
Arsenic (ppb) .0008 ND .0008 10 NA NO Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards.
Barium (ppm) 0.104 .066 .145 2 2 NO Erosion of natural deposits; discharge of drilling wastes.
Fluoride1 (ppm) 0.711 .126 1.03 4 4 NO Erosion of natural deposits; water additive.
Nitrate (ppm) 1.79 .406 2.54 10 10 NO Runoff from fertilizer use; erosion of natural deposits.
Selenium (ppb) .617 .001 1.30 50 50 NO Erosion of natural deposits; discharge from mines.
Sodium (ppm) 103 35.6 152 NA2 NA NO Erosion of natural deposits.
Sulfate (ppm) 32.4 22.0 37.7 1,000 3 NA NO Erosion of natural deposits.
Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) 941.5 488 1,220 2,0003 NA NO Erosion of natural deposits.
Cyanide (ppb) .336 ND 4 200 200 NO Discharge from metal, plastic, or fertilizer factories.
Contaminants Average Low High MCL MCLG Violation Typical Sources
PFHxS (ppt) 7.7 ND 14 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
PFBS (ppt) 2.5 ND 3.1 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
PFOA (ppt) 5.3 ND 5.3 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
PFBA (ppt) 2.1 ND 2.1 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
PFHxA (ppt) 3.7 ND 5.1 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
PFPeA (ppt) 4.2 ND 5.8 NA1 NA1 NO Manufactured chemicals used in many products.
Lithium (ppb) 0.18 ND .23 NA1 NA1 NO Erosion of natural deposits, and use in pharmaceuticals.
Contaminants LLRA1 Low High MCL MCLG Violation Typical Sources
Trihalomethanes (ppb) 25.7 .60 56.3 80 NA NO By-product of drinking water chlorination.
Haloacetic Acids (ppb) 17.2 ND 32.1 60 NA NO By-product of drinking water chlorination.
– Data derived from 2023 samples. (Bacteria testing derived from 120 samples)

1 Highest monthly number of positive samples.
2This value represents the highest single measurement of combined filter readings taken every four hours during 2023.
3This value represents the lowest monthly percentage of combined filter readings meeting less than 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month during 2023.

-- Data is derived from samples collected from 2015 through 2023.

Contaminants HMNP1 MCL MCLG Violation Typical Sources
Total Coliform Bacteria 0 1 SAMPLE 0 NO Naturally present in the environment.
Fecal Coliform & E. coli 0 1 SAMPLE 0 NO Human and animal fecal waste.
Contaminants Percentage MCLG High2 MCL Typical Sources
Turbidity 100%3 0.00 NTU 0.03 NTU 0.3 NTU Sediments from runoff.
Contaminants Average Low High MCL MCLG Violation Typical Sources
Gross Alpha Particles (pCi/L) 1.31 -.07 10.4 15 0 NO Erosion of natural deposits.
Gross Beta Particles (pCi/L)
Combined Radium (pCi/L)
4.13
0.61
2.4
0.16
7.0
0.98
50
5
0
0
NO
NO
Decay of natural and man-made deposits.
Erosion of natural deposits.